Turkısh Foreıgn Polıcy II (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

Which of the following refers to one of the three grand ideas of the late Ottoman Empire?

Pan-Turkism

Pan-Islamism

Pan-Occidentalism

Pan-Modernism

Pan-Nationalism

Açıklama:

Although original Kemalist principles underwent various mutations, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s foreign policy views, like his political views, in essence represented a break with the past. His renunciation of the three grand ideas of the late Ottoman Empire (i.e. Pan-Ottomanism, Pan Islamism, and Pan-Turanism) with his principles Republicanism, Secularism, and Nationalism respectively had foreign policy implications. In this sense, his foreign policy was an extension of his domestic policies, recognizing the vital connection between the internal organization of the new state and its foreign policy (Váli, 1971: 55), and the fact that stable international relations needed for internal stability and domestic reforms he was planning.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Which of the following pact determined the aim of Turkish foreign policy during the War of Liberation until the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923?

Saidabad Pact

Baghdad Pact

National Pact of 1920

Balkan Pact

Warsaw Pact

Açıklama:

It is important to highlight that the foreign policy especially during the War of Liberation until the signature of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 had only one aim in mind: to secure the independence and territorial integrity of the country within national borders, which were defined by the National Pact of 1920.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following is the first state to recognize the National Pact and the Ankara Government?

Germany

France

Greece

Great Britain

Soviet Union

Açıklama:

The Soviet Union became the first state to recognize the National Pact and the Ankara Government with the signing of Treaty of Moscow in March 1921.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

Which of the following sea is the subject of 'Mare Nostrum Policy' of Mussolini in 1930s?

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Caribbean Sea

Baltic Sea

North Sea

Açıklama:

Italy and Mussolini, after 1925, started to develop ideas that could only be understood in terms of Italian aspirations for Turkish territories. Thus, when Mussolini declared at the 2nd Fascist Congress on March 19, 1934, that “Italy’s historical objectives are in Asia and Africa” and that “this should be considered a natural expansion”, this was understood as a threat to Turkey, though Mussolini claimed that “he had not meant Turkey, which he considered a European power” (Ataöv, 1965: 135-136). The disclaimer was far from reassuring, as 95% of Turkish territory was in Asia. His frequent references to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum (Our Sea) caused anxiety in Turkey, which became suspicious of the concentration of Italian forces around the Dodecanese islands, where a number of merchant-vessels were sunk by unidentified submarines starting from 1937.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

Which of the following country is the one of those taking a part in the Tripartite Alliance?

Britain

Germany

Italy

USSR

Greece

Açıklama:

First, Britain, France and Turkey concluded the Tripartite Alliance in October 1939.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which of the following can be conceptualized as the position of Turkey during WWII?

Belligerent

Non-alignment

Neutrality

Active neutrality

Positive neutrality

Açıklama:

Turkey was non-belligerent during the war but not neutral in the strictest meaning of the term and its non-belligerence favored the Allies in general. Turkey preferred to label its position as “active neutrality”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

Which of the following refers to an establishment of the Western block during after The WWII?

Tripartite Pact

Pact of Steel

Kellogg-Briande Pact

NATO

Warsaw Pact

Açıklama:

As the war was essentially won by the U.S. and the USSR and most of Europe was left devastated, the other countries tended to cluster around these two powers, which led to the emergence of a bi-polar system. In this context, the Western bloc established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on April 4, 1949, and the Eastern bloc founded the Warsaw Pact in May 1955.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

Which of the following country did not show a support for the Eisenhower Doctrine?

Turkey

Lebanon

Iran

Iraq

Syria

Açıklama:

The declaration of the Eisenhower Doctrine on January 5, 1957 was particularly important for Turkey’s western grounding. Turkey was among the countries, alongside with Lebanon, Iran, and Iraq, that welcomed the doctrine, which declared that the U.S. would assist those countries in the Middle East who request American economic or military assistance in case of Soviet threat. however, Syria and Egypt did not show a support.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Which of the following is related with the fact that Turkey allowed its military bases to be used for non-NATO purposes?

Eisenhower Doctrine

Warsaw Pact

Balkan Pact

Saadabad Pact

Treaty of Ankara

Açıklama:

Turkey allowed its military bases to be used for non-NATO purposes with the support for the declaration of the Eisenhower Doctrine.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

Which of the following gives a start to a begining of a new area and indicates the end of Cold War in the international foreign policy arena?

The establishment of NATO

The fall of Berlin Wall

The Gulf War

The Iran-Iraq War

The establishment of COMECON

Açıklama:

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 not only signified the beginning of a new era in international relations but also indicated to new openings for Turkey. The end of the Cold War meant that Turkey could no longer follow its traditional Cold War policies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following was the foreign policy strategy of the Anatolian Government against the European imperialİst powers at the end of WWI?

Being a status quo power

Exploiting the inter-Allied divisions

Pursuing an imperialist foreign policy

Strengthening the Allied cohesion

Getting the support of the US

Açıklama:

Although the Allies were able to impose the Sèvres Treaty on the Ottoman Empire, they were not able to demonstrate a unified front afterwards due to inter-Allied divisions, which were skillfully exploited by Ankara.
Exploiting the inter-Allied divisions

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the following was not a goal behind the policy of being a status quo power for the period 1923-1939?

Dependency on liberal principles and foreign capital

Revisionism in foreign relations

Focusing on domestic state-building and nation-building

Sustaining full independence

Promoting stability and peace in international relations

Açıklama:

Turkish Republic was not among revisionist countries that were not satisfied with the agreements signed after WWI and acted to change the post war balance of power.
Revisionism in foreign relations

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following reflects the liberal understanding that international politics is a continuation of the domestic principles?

Breaking with the past ideals

Giving priority to stability in foreign affairs

Directing country's energy on obtainable goals

Atatürk's all principles having foreign policy implications

Sustaining cultural and political westernization

Açıklama:

Atatürk's principles Republicanism, Secularism, and Nationalism respectively had foreign policy implications. In this sense, his foreign policy was an extension of his domestic policies, recognizing the vital connection between the internal organization of the new state and its foreign policy and the fact that stable international relations needed for internal stability and domestic reforms he was planning.
Atatürk's all principles had foreign policy implications

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of the following was not among the major states Turkish Republic dealt with through use of a balancing policy during 1930s?

Britain

Germany

France

Soviet Union

United States of America

Açıklama:

During 1930s, Turkey faced three groups of major states to deal with: (1) Britain and France; (2) Germany and Italy; and (3) the USSR. As a relatively small power with a weak economy, Turkey had to establish a balanced relationship between these major states. While Turkey’s priority at this time was to resolve its outstanding problems and establish good relations with the first group, the policy toward the second group was mainly to keep its distance in order to protect the country from their possible expansionist policies. Turkey also used its friendship and close relations with the USSR as a counterweight to both the first and second groups.
United States of America

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

Turkey, Britain, and France signed the Tripartite Alliance on October 19, 1939, a month after WWII started. It included a declaration with nine articles. Which of the following articles, enabled Turkey most to stay out of armed conflict?

France and the UK would lend maximum assistance to Turkey in case of attack from a European power

Turkey would lend maximum assistance to France and the UK in case of a war in the Mediterranean

Turkey would pursue friendly neutrality in case France and the UK would declare war to a European state

Turkey's wartime responsibilities would begin only after the Allies supplied military equipment to Turkey

Turkey could not be forced into action that would drag it to conflict with Soviet Russia

Açıklama:

Turkey in the Tripartite Alliance managed to insert clauses that its responsibilities would begin only after the Allies fulfilled their obligations to supply various military equipment to Turkey to enhance its defense capabilities. So France and the UK could not compel Turkey for action before provision of the equipment at the first place.
Turkey's wartime responsibilities would begin only after the Allies supplied military equipment to Turkey

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

At the end of WWII, Turkey was isolated internationally and was facing the Soviet pressure on its north-eastern borders. The policy Turkey had followed during the war was sufficient to keep it out of the war but left Turkey without allies. Which of the following was the reason declared by the USSR when rejecting to extend the 1925 Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality?

Need for a settlement for the Straits

Turkey's alliance with the USA

Radical changes during WWII

Turkey's empty chair at Yalta and Potsdam Conferences

Support during the War of Liberation

Açıklama:

It was decided at Yalta that only those countries that were in a state of war with Germany and Japan as of March 1, 1945 would be invited to attend the San Francisco Conference of the United Nations as founding members, Turkey declared war on both Germany and Japan, effective from February 23, 1945. A month later, the Soviet Union informed Turkey that the 1925 Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality, which had been the basis of Turkish-Soviet relations for 20 years, would not be extended because of the “radical changes that had taken place during WWII” and there was a transformed environment where the balance of power in Eastern Europe had shifted in favor of the USSR as avictorious power.
Radical changes during WWII

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Turkey’s foreign policy in the 1950s was mainly geared toward developing a closer relationship with Western institutions and aligning itself with the Western bloc.The 1960s, however, saw a shift in strategy and expansion of Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Eastern Bloc and the Third World countries. Which of the following was the milestone in deterioration of relations with the West?

Cuban crisis

Cyprus crisis

Korean war

Arab-Israeli conflict

Military coup

Açıklama:

The Cyprus dispute had the major role in a shift in foreign policy. During the 1960s, the lack of Third World support in the UN for the Turkish position on Cyprus pushed Turkey to approach the non-aligned nations. It was another Cyprus crisis in the 1970s that finally broke Turkey’s western-depended foreign policy as Turkish-American relations plummeted after the US imposed an arms embargo on Turkey because of the military intervention in Cyprus.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the following was the neoliberal approach integrated to Turkish foreign policy in the post-cold war atmosphere of 1980s?

Westernization

Closer relations with Europe

Economy first

Neutralization

Turkish-Islamic synthesis

Açıklama:

While trying to keep Turkey’s Western pillar intact, Özal was also keen on adding new components to Turkey’s regional connections, mainly due to the demands of his export-led growth policy and “economy first” approach. This was instrumental in inducing an economic perspective to Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs hitherto rather classical approach to foreign policy making.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

As the end of the Cold War diminished the importance of the East-West bipolarity, regional issues and frozen disputes were activated and changed the political climate around Turkey. Which of the following was the new responsibility in foreign policy?

Be member to regional organizations

Act as a balancer between US and Russia

Develop closer relatons with the European Union

Be a model for neighborhoods and develop regional policies

Improve Turkish-Greek relations

Açıklama:

Turkey appeared as a model to various regions, including Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East, and its connection to these regions forced it to become more concerned with its neighborhoods and develop regional policies.
Be a model for neighborhoods and develop regional policies

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is the philosophy behind the foreign policy line "enterprising and humanitarian foreign policy" in the last decade?

Economy first

Order building

Zero problem with neighbors

Precious loneliness

Soft power

Açıklama:

The Foreign Ministry declared a new policy line, titled “enterprising and humanitarian foreign policy,” that ambitiously aims at political, economic, humanitarian, and cultural cooperation at the global scale. Turkey, with its fifth largest global diplomatic network, tries to maintain its global and regional ties with countries in diverse areas including the Balkans, the Middle East, Africa, Southern Caucasus, and Central Asia as well as the Americas, Europe, and Asia. One of the most widely instruments of Turkey in these new areas of connection is its growing humanitarian aid and related policies that can be related with developing the soft power of the country through public diplomacy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

I.Turkey has never published a full-scale official “foreign policy strategy.
II. Turkey has always been stable in foreign affairs regardless of the ministers.
III. Turkey has been using the same published doctrine in foreign affairs since the 1950s.
IV. Turkey's foreign policy witnessed various ministers and governments that make it difficult to organize regular practices.
Which of the above is/are true about Turkey's foreign policy?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I and IV

Açıklama:

Statements I and IV are true about Turkey's foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which of the following denoted the birth of the Turkish Republic with its complete independence, including its economic and political aspects?

Treaty of Lausanne

Treaty of Sykes-Picot

Treaty of Sevres

Treaty of St. Jean De Maurienne

Treaty of London

Açıklama:

Treaty of Lausanne denoted the birth of the Turkish Republic with its complete independence, including its economic and political aspects.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

Which of the following solved the Straits Problem?

Saidabad Pact

Montreux Convention

National Pact

Treaty of Lausanne

St. Jean De Maurienne

Açıklama:

Montreux Convention solved the Straits Problem in 1936.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which of the following is the first state to recognize the National Pact and the Ankara Government?

Britain

France

Italy

The Soviet Union

The United States of America

Açıklama:

The Soviet Union is the first state to recognize the National Pact and the Ankara Government with the signing of Treaty of Moscow in March 1921.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which of the states seek for Mare Nostrum (Our Sea) policy for the Mediterranian Sea after the World War I period?

France

The Soviet Union

Italy

Greece

Germany

Açıklama:

Italy with its leader Mussolini seek for Mare Nostrum (Our Sea) policy for the Mediterranian Sea after the World War I period.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which of the following events started World War II?

Germany’s invasion of Poland

German occupation of Stalingrad

The Blitz

Invasion of Paris by the German troops

Italy's declaration of war on Britain

Açıklama:

World War II started with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following is signed in 1939 among Turkey, Britain, and France against German and Italian aggression?

Ankara Treaty

Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality

Sadabad Pact

Tripartite Alliance

Warsaw Pact

Açıklama:

Tripartite Alliance is signed in 1939 among Turkey, Britain, and France against German and Italian aggression.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established?

1955

1945

1949

1951

1960

Açıklama:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which of the following signifies the military aspect of U.S measures following World War II?

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

The Warsaw Pact

The Marshall Plan

The World Bank

The Truman Doctrine

Açıklama:

The Truman Doctrine signifies the military aspect of U.S measures following World War II.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which of the following supported military assistance to pro-American forces from Afghanistan to Nicaragua, Angola, and Cambodia in the 1980s?

The Warsaw Pact

The Truman Doctrine

The Marshall Plan

The Reagan Doctrine

The Green Belt Strategy

Açıklama:

The Reagan Doctrine supported military assistance to pro-American forces from Afghanistan to Nicaragua, Angola, and Cambodia in the 1980s.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

Which of the following is the effect of the struggles with the victorious countries of World War I and the Treaty of Lausanne on Turkey's foreign policy?

By gaining independence, Turkey became a status quo power in its foreign policy.

Turkey minimised external threats by allying with victorious countries.

Turkey followed an economic policy completely closed to the outside world.

Turkey has tended only to military interventions in international relations.

Turkey was effective in foreign policy only by making regional agreements.

Açıklama:

The international and domestic dynamics of the period were quite challenging for newly independent Turkey, which differed from its predecessor in terms of its social, political, economic structures and ideological orientations. The main goal of both its domestic and foreign policy was to achieve full independence in the economic, political and security fields. While struggling with the victorious powers of World War I to overturn the system they wanted to establish in Anatolia, Turkey became a status quo power after signing the Treaty of Lausanne, which came to symbolise Turkey's achievements
The Treaty of Lausanne granted Turkey independence in the international arena and the country became a status quo power after this treaty. This situation enabled Turkey to accept the current situation in its foreign policy and to follow a strategy to protect this success.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

In which international treaty did France consider the occupation of Mosul to be a violation?

1915 London Agreement

Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916.

1917 Treaty of St. Jean De Maurienne.

1920 Treaty of Sevres.

1919 Treaty of Versailles.

Açıklama:

France saw the British invasion of Mosul as a violation of the Sykes-Picot agreement.
France saw the British occupation of Mosul as a violation of the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement. This agreement envisaged that Mosul would be under French influence and the British occupation of this region seriously disturbed the French.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

How did the economic policy adopted at the 1923 İzmir Economic Congress affect Turkey's foreign policy?

By adopting the socialist economy, it established an alliance with the Soviet Union.

It was isolated from international relations with its closed economy model based on agriculture

Dependence on foreign capital based on liberalism required a peaceful foreign policy.

An introverted policy was followed by strengthening the feudal structure.

Revisionist policies were adopted by increasing military expenditures.

Açıklama:

After independence, Turkey needed a period of stability and peace in its international relations in order to focus on state-building and nation-building processes at home. Moreover, the Izmir Economic Congress of 1923 adopted liberalism as the guiding principle of the new Turkish economy and its dependence on foreign capital required a peaceful foreign policy.
At the Izmir Economic Congress, a liberal economy was adopted and dependence on foreign capital made it necessary for Turkey to pursue a peaceful foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

Which of the following was the main objective of Turkish foreign policy from the War of Independence until the Treaty of Lausanne?

Revitalising the Ottoman Empire

To establish a military alliance with the Soviet Union

To ensure independence and territorial integrity within the borders determined by the Misak-ı Milli

To assume the leadership of the Islamic world

To encourage immigration to Europe

Açıklama:

The sole aim of foreign policy in this period was to secure full independence and territorial integrity within the national borders drawn by the Misak-ı Milli (1920). For the details of the solution to this problem, see the section titled Independence Based on Realism on page 6.
The sole aim of the foreign policy in this period was to secure full independence and territorial integrity within the national borders drawn with the National Treaty of Misak-ı Milli

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of Turkish foreign policy in Atatürk's era?

The principle of full independence

Cooperation with the victorious states

Participation in regional pacts

Anti-system

Accepting economic aid

Açıklama:

Ataturk's foreign policy did not adopt Turkey's "anti-system approach". For detailed information on this issue, see the section titled Independence Based on Realism on page 6.
After the independence proclaimed in the Misak-ı Milli and most of the borders were secured by the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey, satisfied with its borders, became a status quo power in its international relations and began to pursue policies aimed at increasing its security through various alliance systems. In this context, Turkey, uniquely among the losers of World War I, did not develop an anti-system approach throughout the period and tended towards close co-operation with the victorious states of Britain and France.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which of the following was not realised during the Atatürk period?

Balkan Pact

Sadabat Pact

Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union

Montreux Straits Convention

NATO

Açıklama:

Atatürk himself played a leading role in the establishment of the Balkan Pact in 1934 and the Sadabat Pact in 1937 and accepted economic aid from the Soviet Union.
NATO was established in 1949, which was after the Atatürk era (Atatürk died in 1938). All other options took place during Ataturk's reign.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Which of the following correctly describes Turkey's main objective in World War II?

neutral by preserving territorial integrity

Actively participate in the war

Joining the Axis Powers

To establish an alliance with the Soviet Union

To take a leading role in the establishment of the post-war order

Açıklama:

During World War II, Turkey's main objective was "not to get involved in the conflict and to protect its territorial integrity".
Turkey's main objectives in World War II were to avoid involvement in the conflict and to survive occupation. Due to the frequently changing policies of the parties, Turkey had to develop innovative policies and responses to cope with conflicting demands from all sides throughout the war

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

In which of the following is the main reason for Turkey's declaration of war against Germany and Japan at the end of World War II given correctly?

To fight against these countries militarily

to be among the founding members of the UN

Taking a stand against the Soviet Union

Receiving military aid from Britain and the USA

Gaining prestige in domestic politics

Açıklama:

When it was decided at Yalta that countries that had declared war on Germany and Japan as of 1 March 1945 would attend the United Nations Conference in San Francisco as founding members, Turkey declared war on both countries on 23 February 1945. One month later, the Soviet Union informed Turkey that the 1925 Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality, which had formed the basis of Turkish-Soviet relations for 20 years, would not be extended due to "the radical changes that occurred during World War II" (MFA, 1973: 248). What Turkey had feared throughout the war had now come true.
According to the decision taken at Yalta, it was stated that "the countries that were at war as of 1 March 1945 would be among the founding members of the UN". Turkey declared war against these two countries in order to take part in the new world order.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

What did Article 2/1 of the 1929 Protocol between Turkey and the USSR require?

Provide economic assistance to each other

Parties to consult each other before taking action

The parties to conduct joint military exercises

prohibit the parties from forming alliances with other states

To prevent the parties from expanding their borders

Açıklama:

Article 2(1) required the parties to consult each other before taking action..
Turkey insisted that a provision be added to the Triple Alliance which would prevent it from becoming the victim of a Soviet attack if it fulfilled certain treaty obligations. Thus, the Second Protocol to the Triple Alliance stipulated that "Turkey cannot be forced into any action which might lead to an armed conflict with the USSR". Moreover, Article 2(1) of the 1929 Protocol between Turkey and the USSR (extending the 1925 Treaty) required the parties to consult each other before taking action.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which of the following did Turkey not use to support its strategy of remaining neutral in World War II?

Contradictions between Axis and Allied states

Differences of opinion within the Allies

Deterrence of military power

The importance of geostrategic position

emphasising different threats in different periods

Açıklama:

Turkey did not emphasise the deterrence of its military power. It clearly stated other options to remain neutral.
Turkey skilfully exploited disagreements both between the belligerents and within the Allied Powers to remain neutral in World War II. For example, at the beginning of the war, Turkey informed Germany that it distanced itself from the Axis Powers because of Italy's aggressive behaviour and demanded Germany to control Italy. On the other hand, when the non-aggression pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union in June 1941, Turkey played the Soviet threat card against German pressure. Turkey also used threats of invasion from the Axis powers or Russia as leverage against Allied pressure to enter the war. Until 1943, it cited the German threat as a reason for not entering the war on the side of the Allies, while in 1940 and after 1943 it cited the Soviet threat as a reason for not implementing the Triple Alliance. Due to Turkey's geostrategic position, the Allies generally had to accept Turkey's arguments for not entering the war, as an invasion of Turkey by Germany or the USSR would have serious consequences for the Allies. Even within the British government there were differences of opinion about Turkey's neutrality. For example, after the German invasion of Greece on 28 October 1941, the British Ministry of Defence wanted Turkey to enter the war immediately to strengthen Greek defences. However, the British Foreign Office thought that putting pressure on Turkey would increase Turkey's demand for arms at a time when Britain was struggling to meet even its own needs.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 2

Soru 1

Kardak Rocks were a part of Dodecanese Islands which were first ceded by Turkey to Italy with the 1923 Lausanne Peace Treaty and then by ......... to Greece with the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

France

Italy

Spain

Great Britain

United States

Açıklama:

Kardak Rocks were a part of Dodecanese Islands which were first ceded by Turkey to Italy with the 1923 Lausanne Peace Treaty and then by Italy to Greece with the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

The Lausanne Peace Treaty employs three distinct articles concerning the status of the islands in the Aegean Sea. What are these articles?

12, 15 and 16

4, 8 and 12

21, 22 and 23

9,10 and 11

12, 19 and 20

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace Treaty employs three distinct articles (12, 15 and 16) concerning the status of the islands.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

.................... is a concept introduced by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1947 in order to divide the world airspace for aviation security purposes.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

Straits Regulation

Exclusive Economic Zone

League of Nations

Territorial Seas

Flight Information Region

Açıklama:

Flight Information Region is a concept introduced by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1947 in order to divide the world airspace for aviation security purposes. The airspace is thus delimited in between states so that each has an area of responsibility in/for which it provides flight information and alerting services.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

When was the Montreux Straits Convention signed?

1929

1947

1923

1936

1938

Açıklama:

The Montreux Convention was signed by Australia, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Japan, Romania, Yugoslavia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on November 9, 1936 in Montreux/Switzerland.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following development indicate to us after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey the country's economy policy based on liberal economic policy?

1981 State Planning Organization Conference

1934 Turkish Resettlement Law

1934 Balkan Pact

1919 Fourteen Points

1923 İzmir Economics Congress

Açıklama:

As the 1923 İzmir Economics Congress accepted liberalism as a guiding principle for new Turkey’s economy, the dependency on foreign capital necessitated a peaceful foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

When Turkey issued its NOTAM (“notice to airmen”) 714 about the Cyprus question?

1974

1968

1963

1964

2001

Açıklama:

Turkey issued its NOTAM (“notice to airmen”) 714 and declared that all aircrafts that would fly to the eastern side of the midline over the Aegean would submit relevant information to Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

I - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
II -Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
III - Lausanne Peace Treaty
IV - Paris Peace Treaty
In which option the chronological order of the above developments is given correctly?

I - III - II - IV

III - IV - II - I

I - IV - III - II

II - IV - I - III

III - I - IV - II

Açıklama:

1923 - Lausanne Peace Treaty
1947 - Paris Peace Treaty
1958 - Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
1982 - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

When the The Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared that a unilateral
Greek decision to extend its territorial seas up to 12 nm would constitute a cause of war (casus belli)?

in 1944

in 1990

in 1995

in 1999

in 1986

Açıklama:

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared in 8 June 1995 that a unilateral
Greek decision to extend its territorial seas up to 12 nm would constitute a cause of war (casus belli).
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared in 8 June 1995 that a unilateral Greek decision to extend its territorial seas up to 12 nm would constitute a cause of war (casus belli).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which of the following statements is false?

The term continental shelf has come to the agenda of the international law of the sea in the midst of the 20th century because of the developing technology.

Today, the breadth of the Turkish territorial seas is 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, whereas the Council of Ministers determined 12 nm in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

The Lausanne Peace Treaty established the current legal status quo in the Aegean Sea did not determine the breadth of the territorial seas of the parties in the region

Turkey signed and ratified the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea.

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) concept has recently been introduced by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Açıklama:

Turkey has not signed or ratified the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. One of the most striking reason of this attitude is the very provision of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the breadth of the territorial seas.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

The ..................... in Turkish foreign policy are often conceived to be limited with the Euphrates (Fırat) and Tigris (Dicle) rivers.
Which is the option that complete the above blank place correctly?

freshwater issues

grey zones

exclusive economic zone

continental shelf

Aegean disputes

Açıklama:

The freshwater issues in Turkish foreign policy are often conceived to be limited with the Euphrates (Fırat) and Tigris (Dicle) rivers.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

According to the views of various experts “the territorial and jurisdictional and the maritime disputes between Greece and Turkey” stem(s) from the following reason(s):

The legal arguments of the two countries are not compatible

Political concerns make the issues more complicated than they really are.

The United Nations is indifferent to the issues of these two countries.

a & c

a & b

Açıklama:

In your book, on page 33 it says that "Some observers suggest that these problematic issues between Turkey and its neighbors are somehow bound to remain unresolved since the legal arguments
of the parties are hardly compatible with each other." "Others however contend that it is not the difference of opinion regarding legal and technical details but simply the political concerns of the parties that make such otherwise solvable problems even more complicated. "
So, the correct answer is (E).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

The dispute between Turkey and Greece became an issue on 26 December 1995 when......

the Turkish cargo ship Figen Akat accidentally ran aground on the east islet and needed help.

the Greek cargo ship Tirere accidentally ran aground on the east islet and needed help.

two Greek and Turkish ships met around the islet and they were about to clash.

Greek citizens wanted to settle down on the islet.

researchers wanted to travel to Kardak for research purposes.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is (A). Before that the Kardak Rocks, two small islets were neglected because they were too small to be spotted on the map and they were not inhabited.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

According to international law, no state can extend its airspace beyond the outer limit of its territorial seas. As a result of this, what causes a problem between Turkey and Greece? .........................................................

While Greece has 6 nm of airspace, they want to extend it to 12 nm.

While Greece has 6 nm of airspace and wants to extend it to 10 nm.

Greece wants to have 3 nm more than its airspace.

Greece flies on Turkish airspace. This is a big problem.

Greece has 3nm of territorial seas but extends the limit the way they prefer.

Açıklama:

"International law not only entitles but also obliges states to have airspace
above their respective territories. Thus, no state can extend its airspace beyond the outer limit of its territorial seas, which is currently 6 nm for Greece." (p. 36). But they want to extend their territories to 10 nm. As a result, there is it dalaşı between the two countries. Read p. 36.
The correct answer is (B).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

The Greek islands of Chios, Icaria, Lesbos, and Samos are expected to be partially demilitarized, i.e. all naval fortifications and bases are prohibited according to…….

the July 1923 Treaty of Lausanne

Montreux Convention in 1936

Paris Peace Treaty in 1947

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Açıklama:

The correct answer is (A).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

What is the main reason for the problem in the Eastern Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey?

Both Turkish and Greek authorities claim The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea.

The problem is largely interconnected with the long-standing Cyprus question.

The dispute is over the use of natural resources under the sea and subsoil.

The lack of sufficient talks on the part of both countries.

The two countries both need mediation by independent international institutions.

Açıklama:

"The EEZ does not constitute an actual problem in the Aegean since neither of the parties has shown an official intention to claim EEZ in the region. The dispute is rather in the Mediterranean and largely interconnected with the long-standing Cyprus question." (p. 41 in your textbook): so, the correct answer is (B).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which one of the following is correct about the legal status of the Bosporus and Çanakkale straits?

Both commerce and warships enjoy free passage through the Straits by The Paris Treaty, the density of the marine traffic compelled Turkey to take measures by issuing some regulations known as Boğazlar Tüzüğü in 1998.

Commerce ships enjoy free passage through the Straits by The Montreux Convention, a 1936 agreement, and nothing has changed in the status since then.

War ships enjoy free passage through the Straits by The Montreux Convention, a 1936 agreement, the density of the marine traffic compelled Turkey to take measures by issuing some regulations known as Boğazlar Tüzüğü in 1998.

Commerce ships enjoyed free passage through the Straits by The Montreux Convention, a 1936 agreement, the density of the marine traffic compelled Turkey to take measures by issuing some regulations known as Boğazlar Tüzüğü in 1998.

All types of ships must pay some amount when they through the Straits by The Montreux Convention, a 1936 agreement, the density of the marine traffic compelled Turkey to take measures by issuing some limitations of their passage known as Boğazlar Tüzüğü in 1998.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is (D). Read page 43 in your textbook.
Comment: This is a very hard question, not proper to ask in an exam that distance-learners are taking. Secondly, the choices are too long, hard to digest and understand. I slightly changed choice C to make sure that D stands as the only correct answer. This could stay as a practice question, but it is not necessarily wise to ask this in the exam.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

The Harmon Doctrine states that a country is absolutely sovereign over the part of an international river in its country borders. That means that…………………

upstream states would not have any obligation whatsoever towards downstream states.

upstream states would be obliged towards downstream states.

downstream states would not have any obligation whatsoever towards upstream states.

all riparian states make use of the freshwater as they please.

they cannot divert the water from an international watercourse.

Açıklama:

"The Harmon Doctrine - literally meant that upstream states would
not have any obligation whatsoever towards downstream states. " (p.45)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Neither the Harmon Doctrine nor the Absolute Integrity Doctrine was fair enough because they were in favor of upstream and downstream states, respectively. As a result, .........

new international law orders that no state can utilize these waters.

these water resources must be used in equal terms according to the United Nations.

all riparian states must share their freshwater resources within their borders in a fair manner.

these two archaic doctrines were abandoned in the middle of the 20th century and the Restricted Sovereignty Doctrine reconciled their extremist points.

these two archaic doctrines have been left out and neither state has sovereignty over the rivers.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is (D). Read page 45 in your textbook.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Why does Turkey adopt an upstream strategy in its freshwater policy although it is a downstream state concerning the rivers the Orontes (Asi), Maritsa (Meriç)?

It is because these rivers are vital for the irrigation of the lands of the region.

It is because the Euphrates-Tigris basin causes floods and harms the economy in the region.

It is because the Orontes and the Maritsa rivers are not very important for the country.

It is because the Euphrates-Tigris basin is not the most important water resource in the area.

It is because the Euphrates-Tigris basin is vital for the irrigation of the arid lands of the southeast region.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is (E).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

What challenges does Turkey have in terms of international relations in its region?

the Turkish-Greek territorial disputes in the Aegean

maritime disputes in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean

the freshwater policies of Turkey, a downstream state, behaving as an upstream state

the unfair and non-egalitarian structure of the UNSC

All of the above

Açıklama:

All these are issues that Turkey has to deal with, so the correct answer is (E).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which document tackles with the "grey zones" in Aegean Sea?

Treaty of Sévres

Armistice of Mudros

Treaty of Versailles

Lausanne Peace Treaty

Montreux Convention

Açıklama:

A close look at the arguments of the parties suggests that the main instrument expected to shed light on the status of such “grey zones” is the Lausanne Peace Treaty, for it is the eventual binding document that resolved the ownership of all territories of the Ottoman Empire who presumably possessed all formations in the Aegean Sea until the 20th century

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

What is the exact upper limit of the airspace?

3nm

6nm

12nm

24nm

Not determined

Açıklama:

The exact upper limit of the airspace is not determined by any international legal instrument.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

According to Greece, which document permits remilitarization of Greek Islands?

Armistice of Mudros

Treaty of Sèvres

Treaty of Versailles

Lausanne Peace Treaty

Montreux Convention

Açıklama:

Concerning the first group, Greece contends that the 1923 Lausanne Convention on the Turkish Straits has been replaced by the 1936
Montreux Convention so that the demilitarized status of all relevant islands are repealed.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

What is the most important factor determining the value of the continental shelf?

Militaristic value

Natural resources

Defensive reasons

Territorial expansion

It is not important

Açıklama:

The term continental shelf has come to the agenda of the international law of the sea in the midst of the 20th century because of the developing technology, which proved that the immediate submarine areas are quite rich in natural resources and may well be exploited.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which country is not a part of Exclusive Economic Zone controversy in Eastern Mediterranean?

Algeria

Cyprus

Turkey

Greece

Egypt

Açıklama:

In this context, the Greek Cypriot Administration (GCA) apparently sought to bolster up its position in the Cyprus dispute. It not only signed a delineation and delimitation agreement with Egypt in 2003 on behalf of the whole island, it also unilaterally proclaimed its EEZ in 2004. Besides, the GCA and Greece, which jointly seek the cooperation of other coastal states against Turkey and the TRNC, claim that they not only form but also represent the maritime zones of the EU, which is also party to the 1982 UNCLOS.
Algeria

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which country has an intention to disobey Montreux Convention, even though it is not a signatory?

Great Britain

France

Italy

Greece

USA

Açıklama:

The USA, one of the leading (sea) powers ever since, has shown its intention to get the Montreux rules to which it is not a signatory.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which one is the most important fresh water basin for large scale irrigation for Turkey?

Orontes (Asi)

Maritsa (Meriç)

Euphrates- Tigris (Fırat- Dicle)

Halys (Kızılırmak)

Seyhan (Sarus)

Açıklama:

This is partly because of the utmost importance Turkey attributes to the Euphrates-Tigris basin that is vital for the large-scale irrigation of the arid lands of its politically sensitive southeast region.
Euphrates- Tigris (Fırat- Dicle)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which one is enacted for the purpose of ensuring safety of navigation, safety of life, property and marine environment by improving the safety of vessel traffic in the Straits?

Montreux Convention (1936)

UNCLOS (1982)

UN Water Convention (1997)

Turkish Straits Regulation (1998)

Lausanne PeaceTreaty

Açıklama:

The current 1998 Turkish Straits Regulation (Boğazlar Tüzüğü), which is applied to “all vessels entering or navigating within the limits of Turkish Straits”, is enacted for the purpose of ensuring “safety of navigation, safety of life, property and marine environment by improving the safety of vessel traffic in the Straits”
Turkish Straits Regulation (1998)

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

What happened after Greece brought the dispute over the continental shelf before the UN Security Council?

Greece won the case

Turkey won the case

Turkey rejected the Court's jurisdiction

The case is still being reviewed

The Council rejected the case

Açıklama:

Regarding the Aegean disputes, Greece brought the dispute
over the continental shelf before the UN Security Council and then instituted proceedings in the ICJ against Turkey in 1976. However, this was apparently an inchoate attempt as Turkey refused to
stand before the Court and rejected its jurisdiction.
Turkey rejected the Court's jurisdiction

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which of the following is not among the islands that no naval base or fortifications be established?

Crete (Girit)

Lesvos (Midilli)

Chios (Sakız)

Samos (Sisam)

Ikaria

Açıklama:

The first relevant instrument is the Lausanne Peace Treaty, Article 13 of which stipulates that “no naval base and no fortification
will be established” in the islands of Mytilene/Lesvos (Midilli), Chios (Sakız), Samos (Sisam), and Ikaria (İkarya).
Crete (Girit)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following countries mediated during the Kardak Crisis?

USA

United Nations

Germany

Russia

England

Açıklama:

The crisis, which had brought the parties to the brink of war, was defused, especially thanks to the mediation of the United States.
The crisis, which had brought the parties to the brink of war, was defused, mainly thanks to US mediation. However, the parties have essentially declared a return to the status quo ante. Moreover, it has become clear that the dispute is not limited to the reefs in question, but also involves other entities with similar (ambiguous) legal status.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Why did the captain of the ship Figen Akat refuse the Greek authorities' offer of assistance?

For claiming that the reefs are international waters

For defending that the cliffs are Turkish territory

Because he did not trust the Greek authorities

He thought they could get out of it on their own.

For saying that the legal status is unclear

Açıklama:

the captain clearly stated that the captain refused Greek assistance "claiming that this was Turkish territory".
The Turkish cargo ship Figen Akat ran aground near the Kardak Rocks and its captain refused the Greek authorities' offer of assistance, claiming that it was Turkish territory. After a few days of silence, both sides began to send diplomatic notes and public statements claiming ownership of the reefs and accusing the other side of pursuing revisionist policies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

How many nautical miles is Greece's airspace claim and how long has it been going on?

6 nm - since 1936

10 nm - since 1931

12 nm - since the 1960s

3 nm - since 1923

8 nm - since 1945

Açıklama:

Greece has been claiming 10 nm of airspace since 1931. However, territorial waters were determined as 3 nm in 1931 and 6 nm in 1936.
Airspace refers to the portion of the atmosphere over the national territory of a State. Since the territory of a State consists not only of land, but also of inland waters and territorial sea, including maritime areas, the outer limit of the territorial sea also determines the limit of the airspace. This established rule constitutes the basis of the ongoing airspace dispute between Turkey and Greece. Since 1931, Greece has been claiming an airspace of 10 nautical miles in width. However, Greece's territorial waters were 3 nautical miles wide at that date and were increased to 6 nautical miles only in 1936.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Which of the following is meant by the term "dogfight" between Turkey and Greece?

Tensions in diplomatic negotiations

Fisheries disputes on maritime borders

between Turkish and Greek warplanes

Debates between political leaders

I'd like to see the jurists' mutual claims

Açıklama:

The expression "dogfight" between Turkish fighter jets and Greek aircraft refers to close manoeuvres between military aircraft.
Turkey does not recognise Greek airspace claims, which are in clear violation of international law, and maintains that the area between 6 and 10 nautical miles cannot be included in Greek national airspace. For this reason, Turkish warplanes frequently fly in this area, which is recognised as international airspace, and engage in air contacts with Greek warplanes, known as "dogfights".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

On which of the following grounds does Greece justify the loss of the demilitarised status of the Dodecanese Islands?

Turkey's objections regarding these islands.

Turkey's reliance on the 1936 Montreux Convention.

The policies of the Soviet Union are still valid.

Changing international conditions with the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Greece ceded its right of defence.

Açıklama:

With regard to the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty, Greece firstly argues that a treaty cannot create rights or obligations for third countries and therefore Turkey cannot benefit from the provisions of a treaty to which it is not a party. Secondly, it claims that the demilitarised status of the Dodecanese Islands was imposed in the framework of the "political intentions" of the post-war Soviet Union, but that conditions changed radically (rebus sic stantibus) following the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Argues that the demilitarised status of the Dodecanese Islands was imposed as part of the post-war "political intentions" of the Soviet Union, but that conditions changed radically (rebus sic stantibus) following the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

According to the principle of rebus sic stantibus, what is required for a treaty to be amended?

Request of a single party

UN Security Council resolution

NATO's approval

International court judgement

of all signatory states

Açıklama:

By giving the example of Montreux in 1936, Turkey emphasises that treaty amendments can be made with the agreement of all original signatories
Turkey counters these arguments, arguing that the Paris Peace Treaty in fact establishes an objective regime. Therefore, whatever the rights, obligations and even expectations of third countries, the state party concerned must itself comply with its obligations erga omnes (towards all). It also emphasises that even if Greece claims rebus sic stantibus (change of status), it must convince all other states parties to renegotiate the treaty. A valid treaty can only be modified on rebus sic stantibus grounds if the original signatories collectively agree on a change, as Turkey did in the 1936 Montreux Convention.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Which of the following is not a correct information about the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention?

The right to the continental shelf covers only energy resources such as natural gas and oil.

The continental shelf may extend to a depth of 200 metres or, if deeper, to the area where natural resources can be exploited.

The continental shelf is defined as the seabed and subsoil adjacent to the landmass of the coastal state and islands

D) This convention gives the coastal State the exclusive right to explore and exploit the continental shelf.

The 1958 Convention is one of the first texts to define the concept of continental shelf in international law.

Açıklama:

The continental shelf does not only cover energy resources such as natural gas and oil. It also includes all mineral and non-living natural resources.
The demands of some states, particularly the USA, resulted in the adoption of the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention. According to this convention, the continental shelf is defined as the seabed and subsoil of the sea areas adjacent to the continental mainland and islands. The continental shelf may extend "to a depth of 200 metres or, if deeper, to the point where the waters above it allow the exploitation of its natural resources" (Article 1). However, the width of this area has always been a controversial issue. This is because coastal states are granted exclusive rights to explore and exploit mineral and non-living resources in these areas. The initially accepted criterion of "exploitability" was revised by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ stated that the continental shelf is a "natural extension of the coastal State's landmass under the sea and into the sea" and that this right exists ipso facto and ab initio (from the beginning). However, over time, it has become necessary to set a limit to the assumption that the landmass extends indefinitely into the sea in this way.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

Which of the following is not among the rights recognised to the coastal state within the scope of the Exclusive Economic Zone?

The right to explore and exploit living and non-living natural resources

to grant fishing rights to foreign vessels

The right to conduct marine scientific research

Right to build artificial islands and facilities

Power to protect and preserve the marine environment

Açıklama:

The concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was incorporated into international law by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982. This concept grants coastal states extensive rights over an area extending up to 200 nautical miles from their shores. The area in question includes not only the body of water, but also the seabed, the waters above it and the subsoil. Coastal states have exclusive rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage living and non-living natural resources within this area, as well as to engage in economic activities such as energy production from water, currents and wind. Coastal States may also establish artificial islands, facilities and structures within the EEZ, conduct marine scientific research, and protect and preserve the marine environment.
According to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal states are granted broad powers within the Exclusive Economic Zone. These powers include:

Option of research, operation, protection and management of living and non-living natural resources),
Building artificial islands, facilities and structures
Conducting marine scientific research
and to protect and preserve the marine environment

However, coastal states are not obliged to grant fishing rights to foreign vessels. The EEZ is the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal state and the sharing of these rights with other states depends on the approval of the coastal state

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which of the following refers to the main legal document determining the international status and transit regime of the Turkish Straits?

1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

1947 Treaty of Paris

1936 Montreux Straits Convention

1923 Lausanne Peace Treaty

1958 Geneva Convention on Territorial Waters

Açıklama:

1982 UNCLOS: This convention regulates concepts such as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf. However, it does not determine the transit regime for the Turkish Straits. 1947 Treaty of Paris: This treaty was signed between Italy and its allies after World War II and has nothing to do with the Straits. 1923 Lausanne Peace Treaty: Although Lausanne included provisions on the Straits, at that time, control was carried out through the Straits Commission. This regime was changed with Montreux. 1958 Geneva Convention on Territorial Waters: It is an important document in terms of maritime law, but it does not regulate the passage regime of the Turkish Straits.
The Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits and the Sea of Marmara) are geographically located within Turkey's territorial waters and internal waters, and normally fall within Turkey's full sovereignty. However, these straits have a special legal status in terms of international navigation. This status was determined by the Montreux Convention on the Straits signed in 1936. Montreux contains detailed rules regulating especially the passage of warships and granting Turkey various powers in this regard.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

How did Turkey interpret the Montreux Convention in the Varyag incident?

Turkey allowed passage to all warships.

Passed the aircraft carrier in violation of Montreux.

Turkey has stopped its warships.

The ship was defined as a "floating object" and allowed to pass.

completely refused to pass the Chinese ship.

Açıklama:

The Varyag Incident is an important example of Turkey's interpretation of the Montreux Convention. Turkey defined the Varyag as a "floating object" and allowed its passage in accordance with the requirements of the Montreux Convention. In this way, there was no violation of the Convention.
The aircraft carrier was purchased by China from Ukraine in 1998 and was planned to pass through the Turkish Straits en route to China. However, the Turkish authorities initially rejected this request, as they interpreted the Montreux Convention as prohibiting the passage of aircraft carriers. In response, China offered to send approximately two and a half million tourists to Turkey if the Varyag was allowed to be transferred to the mainland. In this context, China dismantled the Varyag's electronic systems, engines and rudder - elements indispensable for a ship - and technically transformed it into a "floating object". Thus, this object is no longer within the scope of the Montreux regime, but within the scope of Turkish domestic law. The Varyag was passed through the Turkish Straits in November 2001, accompanied by tugboats.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 3

Soru 1

A number of emerging states in the global south influence global affairs. Which of the following labels is not used for these states?

Emerging powers.

Middle powers

Progressive middle

rising/emerging middle powers

Rising powers

Açıklama:

These emerging states are generally labelled as rising/emerging powers, middle powers, or rising/emerging middle powers.
Progressive middle

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Global governance represents the capacity of the international system to offer government-like services in the absence of .......
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Civic society

International organizations

Local foundations

World government

Rising/ emerging powers

Açıklama:

Global Governance represents the capacity of the international system to offer “government-like services in the absence of world government.
Please revisit " Rising Middle powers and Global Governance" chapter in your book

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

What are the three common attributions middle powers are conceptualized by the growing IR literature?

Positional,behavioral and geographic attributions

global, international and local attributions

Multicultural, cosmopolitian and pluricentric attributions

Unilaterall, bilateral and multilateral attributions

Reformist, bystander and appeasing attributions

Açıklama:

The growing IR literature tends to conceptualize middle powers in terms of three common attributions: positional, behavioral, and geographic.
Positional,behavioral and geographic attributions

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Emerging middle powers have a ..... attitude while traditional powers' attitiude is .....
Which of the following correctly complete the sentence?

Structural/reformist

Appeasing/ reformist

Fundamental/ Structural

Appeasing/ Fundamental

Reformist/appeasing

Açıklama:

Emerging middle powers have a “reformist” attitude while traditional powers’ attitude is “appeasing”
Reformist/appeasing

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

Turkey's first stepping in global governance is when it first criticized the decision making mechanisms and the struture of the ......, which was established aftermath of the First World War.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

League of Nations

United Nations

The World Bank

World Health Organization

International Monetary Fund

Açıklama:

Turkey’s first stepping in global governance goes back to the 1920s, when it first criticized the decision-making mechanisms and the structure of the League of Nations, which was established in the aftermath of the First World War

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

When did Turkey make its first application for membership to European Economic Community?

1951

1955

1959

1961

1968

Açıklama:

Turkey made its first application for membership to European Economic Communit in 1959.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

As a middle power, which of the following dual role Turkey assumes in global governance?

Socialization and institutional power

Peacekeeping operations and material power

State building and climate change

Legitimizer/stabilizer and soft challenger

strength of civil society and trade power

Açıklama:

Turkey’s middle power activism in global governance gives the appearance of assuming a dual role of legitimizer/stabilizer and soft challenger.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

From the constructivist perspective, which of the following are the key factors in strengthening cooperation among states?

Norms and socialization.

Non-state actors and civil society

Elite interest and mentality

Trade interdependence and institutional power

The attitute toward international order and diplomatic cooperation

Açıklama:

From the constructivist perspective, norms and socialization are the key factors in strengthening cooperation among states.
Norms and socialization.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which of the following is not one of Organski's state categories?

Small powers

Middle powers

Great powers

Superpowers

Empires

Açıklama:

A.F.K. Organski was the scholar who first used the term in 1958, and he categorized states as superpowers, great powers, middle powers, and small powers.
Empires

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Why Turkey missed the opportunity to present the Turkish model as an example to the post-Soviet Turkic Republics in Caucasus and Central Asia at the end of the Cold War?

Western-centric approach to international order.

Lack of sufficient material resources.

Low-profile stance in international affairs.

Differentiated activism in the global governance system

Within system challenge to international order.

Açıklama:

The end of the Cold War provided Turkey with an opportunity to present the Turkish model as an example to the newly established post-Soviet Turkic Republics in the Caucasus and Central Asia. However, Turkey failed to perform this role efficiently, mainly due to its lack of sufficient material resources.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

"__________ refers to collective efforts to assess and address global problems and processes that go beyond the capacity of national states."
Which of the following completes the definition above correctly?

Global governance

Global power hierarchy

Pluricentric world

Global economy

Liberalism

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

I. It seeks to address the global
II. It involves transnational institutions and processes
III. It aims to achieve goals at the international level
IV. It aims to achieve goals of emerging middle powers
Which of the above are the main features of global governance?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

The concept of middle power was first used by the Mayor of Milan
In the specific field of International Relations, it was first used in 1958
A middle power is a state whose size is in between great powers and lesser powers
They are powers which are closer to western style of governance

Which of the above can be stated as correct regarding the term "middle powers"?

I-II-III

I-II-IV

I-III-IV

II-IV

I-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

positional
behavioral
geographic
economical

Which of the above are the common attributions of middle powers?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-II-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following isnot a G20 member?

European Union

Turkey

North Korea

India

Germany

Açıklama:

The correct anwer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

Turkey’s relatively low material power is advantagous in interfering more actively in global issues
Turkey’s high trade dependence strengthens its middle power internationalism in the global economy
The duality of roles regarding Turkey leads to a more active participation of in global governance
Turkey’s relatively weak civil society seems to have a positive impact on its recent activism in global governance

Which of the above can be stated as correct regarding the case of Turkey?

I-II-III

I-II-IV

II-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Turkey possesses less significant influence in regional organizations not only in its own neighborhood but also in other extra-regions.
Turkey has a growing material power pushing it to seek a more influential role in global affairs on different issue-specific areas.
Turkey has an increasing willingness to reinforce cooperation with the other powers bilaterally and within both regional and international organizations.
Turkey shares with the traditional middle powers both inside and outside looking perspectives about the Western liberal order.

Which of the above can be stated as a difference of Turkey's role in BRICS states compared to the other countries?

I-IV

I-II

III-IV

I-III

II-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the folloing are the BRICS countries?

Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa

Brazil-Turkey-India-China-South Korea

Turkey-Russia-India-China-South Africa

Brazil-Russia-Turkey-China-South Africa

Brazil-Russia-India-China-Japan

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

material power
the degree of states’ dependence on the global economy,
states’ behaviors toward the existing international order,
socializational and institutional power,
attitudes towards rising middle power

Which of the above are the factors that the change of states' participation in global governance may depend on?

I-II-III

I-II-V

I-III-V

II-IV-V

I-IV-V

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

States’ behaviors are generally conditioned by the elite interest and mentality.
The attitude of a country toward the international order also affects how, and to what degree, it participates in global governance.
When a country identifies itself with the international order by seeing itself as part of major global governance institutions,it can improve these institutions by actively participating in global governance.
Trade interdependence increases diplomatic cooperation among trade partners and positively affects their involvement in global governance through assuming more responsibilities.

Which of the above can be stated for the relation between the crital theory and global governance?

I-II-III

I-II-IV

II-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which one of the items below refers to collective efforts to assess and address global problems and processes that go beyond the capacity of national states?

global north

global governance

global south

middle powers

emerging powers

Açıklama:

In this regard, it represents the capacity of the international system to offer “government-like services in the absence of world government”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which one of the statements below doesn’t represent the features of global governance?

It involves transnational processes

It involves intergovernmental institutions

It seeks to address the global

It seeks to address the regional

It aims to achive goals such as human rights

Açıklama:

It includes a grand variety of cooperative problem-solving arrangements, which may be informal (practices and guidelines or temporary formations such as coalition of the willing) or formal (law and treaties or administrative structures and established practices), to manage collective affairs by various actors such as state authorities, intergovernmental organizations, private sector entities, or civil society organizations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Who did use the concept of middle power first from a historical perspective?

Canada

Australia

Mayor of Milan

South Korea

Turkey

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which one of the items below doesn’t belong to the qualities of the term middle power?

innovative

active

creative

passive

coalition building skills

Açıklama:

The contemporary use of the term “middle power” rather refers to states with “distinct diplomatic characteristics such as the active, creative, innovative, and entrepreneurial use of diplomacy, leveraging niche areas, coalitionbuilding skills, and normative and abiding good international citizenship.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

What does geographic attribution mean when conceptualizing middle powers?

It refers to those states geographically located between two great powers or between the system’s major powers ideologically

It refers to the type of diplomatic behavior they do, or could, display in common such as the pursuit of multilateral solutions to international problems.

It is related to a state’s position within an international hierarchy of states.

It refers to the type of diplomatic behavior they do, or could, display in common such as compromise in international disputes.

It refers to the type of diplomatic behavior they do, or could, display in common such as good international citizenship.

Açıklama:

The growing IR literature tends to conceptualize middle powers in terms of three common attributions: positional, behavioral, and geographic.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which one of the items below isn’t correct related with emerging middle powers?

Emerging middle powers favor greater reform to global economic rules and structures

Emerging middle powers don’t favor greater reform to global economic rules and structures

Emerging middle powers have a “reformist” attitude

Traditional powers’ attitude is “appeasing”.

The challenges claimed by the economically privileged governing elites in most of the emerging middle powers are reformist rather than fundamental or structural in nature.

Açıklama:

Compared to traditional middle powers, emerging middle powers favor greater reform to global economic rules and structures.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

When does Turkey’s first stepping in global governance go back to?

1960

1980

1920

1950

1990

Açıklama:

To begin with, Turkey’s first stepping in global governance goes back to the 1920s, when it first criticized the decision-making mechanisms and the structure of the League of Nations, which was established in the aftermath of the First World War.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which one of the items below wasn't one of the reasons why Turkey started to raise its voice against the UNcentered order and the UN’s unfair decision-making mechanisms?

the Iraqi war of 2003

the Arab Spring uprisings

the Syrian civil war

the Cyprus conflict

membership to European Union

Açıklama:

In the beginning of the 21st century, especially following the Iraqi war of 2003, the Arab Spring uprisings, and the onset of the Syrian civil war, Turkey started to raise its voice against the UNcentered order and the UN’s unfair decisionmaking mechanisms.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 29

When did Turkey make its first application for membership to European Economic Community (EEC)/European Union (EU)?

1956

1958

1957

1960

1959

Açıklama:

Regarding Turkey’s preferences in terms of the global governance system, one can argue that, since 1959 when Turkey made its first application for membership to European Economic Community (EEC)/European Union (EU), Turkey’s top institutional foreign policy priority has been integration with the Union as a full member.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which one of the items below doesn’t show Turkey’s capabilities as a rising middle power in global governance?

material power

its dependence on global economy

institutional power

the weakness of its civil society

its behaviors towards the existing international order

Açıklama:

Turkey’s capabilities also matter together with its preferences and strategies to grasp its relocation as a rising middle power in global governance. This chapter assumes that states’ participation in global governance may change depending on five main factors (Wang and French, 2013: 985-999): • material power, • the degree of states’ dependence on the global economy, • states’ behaviors toward the existing international order, • socializational and institutional power, and • the strength of their civil society.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

In which term represents the capacity of the international system to offer “government-like services in the absence of world government”?

International Regimes

New Institutionalism

Global governance

Supranationalism

Cosmopolitanism

Açıklama:

Global governance refers to collective efforts to assess and address global problems and processes that go beyond the capacity of national states. In this regard, it represents the capacity of the international system to offer “government-like services in the absence of world government” (Weiss and Wilkinson, 2013:208). It includes a grand variety of cooperative problem-solving arrangements, which may be informal (practices and guidelines or temporary formations such as coalition of the willing) or formal (law and treaties or administrative structures and established practices), to manage collective affairs by various actors such as state authorities, intergovernmental organizations, private sector entities, or civil society organizations (Weiss and Thakur, 2010).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which of the following is a correct statement about the historical development of the concept of "middle power"?

It was first defined by the United Nations in the 21st century.

The term was first introduced by A.F.K. Organski in 1990.

The term refers only to a state's economic power.

The concept was first used by the Mayor of Milan to rank states into three categories depending on their size.

It originated as a classification used in military alliances during World War II.

Açıklama:

From a historical perspective, the concept of middle power was first used by the Mayor of Milan to rank states into three categories depending on their sizes. He distinguished between grandissime (empires), mezano (middle powers) and picolli (small powers) (Parlar Dal, 2018: 4). In the specific field of International Relations (IR), A.F.K. Organski was the scholar who first used the term in 1958, and he categorized states as superpowers, great powers, middle powers, and small powers. In its traditional conception, a middle power is a state whose size is in between great powers and lesser powers, or whose position is in between extremes in ideological or political systems (Holbraad, 1971: 79 -83). The contemporary use of the term “middle power” rather refers to states with “distinct diplomatic characteristics such as the active, creative, innovative, and entrepreneurial use of diplomacy, leveraging niche areas, coalitionbuilding skills, and normative and abiding good international citizenship” (Parlar Dal, 2018: 4).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 33

How did Turkey's foreign policy shift in the 21st century?

Became passive and more dependent on Western guidance

Ignored the needs of least developed countries

Emphasized bilateral agreements only

Focused solely on Middle Eastern regional integration

Adopted a more active and critical stance toward the UN-centered order

Açıklama:

Historical evolution of Turkey’s position vis-à-vis Global Governance
• In the 1920s, Turkey harshly criticized the decision-making mechanisms and the structure of the League of Nations as being unfair and pro-UK.
• During Cold War, Turkey showed low-profile regarding global issues due to its proximity with the West, except for issues that directly concerned its national interests (such as the Cyprus issue).
• In the 1990s, Turkey lacked a combination of material resources and diplomatic and ideational power. It also avoided embracing a middle power model that could elevate and differentiate its position in the global system.
• Turkey’s long-lasting economic shortcomings, mainly due to its foreign debt and chronic inflation problems and its dependence since the 1980s on Western financial institutions such a
Historical evolution of Turkey’s position vis-à-vis Global Governance
• In the 1920s, Turkey harshly criticized the decision-making mechanisms and the structure of the League of Nations as being unfair and pro-UK. • During Cold War, Turkey showed low-profile regarding global issues due to its proximity with the West, except for issues that directly concerned its national interests (such as the Cyprus issue). • In the 1990s, Turkey lacked a combination of material resources and diplomatic and ideational power. It also avoided embracing a middle power model that could elevate and differentiate its position in the global system. • Turkey’s long-lasting economic shortcomings, mainly due to its foreign debt and chronic inflation problems and its dependence since the 1980s on Western financial institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF, limited Turkey’s capacity to pursue an autonomous global foreign policy. • In the 21st century, Turkey adopted a relatively active and autonomous attitude vis-à-vis international issues and became more vocal in criticizing the UN-centered order as being unfair and inattentive to the least developed countries’ needs.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which type of power implies that a state is more willing to follow international norms and participate in global governance?

Economic power

Institutional and socializational power

Military power

Environmental power

Demographic power

Açıklama:

States’ participation in global governance may change depending on five main factors (Wang and French, 2013: 985-999):
• material power,
• the degree of states’ dependence on the global economy,
• states’ behaviors toward the existing international order,
• socializational and institutional power,
• the strength of their civil society
Socializational and institutional power can be measured by looking at the length of a country’s membership in major international organizations. From the constructivist perspective, norms and socialization are the key factors in strengthening cooperation among states. States that share and follow common international norms are more willing to participate in global governance.
States’ participation in global governance may change depending on five main factors (Wang and French, 2013: 985-999): • material power, • the degree of states’ dependence on the global economy, • states’ behaviors toward the existing international order, • socializational and institutional power, • the strength of their civil society
Socializational and institutional power can be measured by looking at the length of a country’s membership in major international organizations. From the constructivist perspective, norms and socialization are the key factors in strengthening cooperation among states. States that share and follow common international norms are more willing to participate in global governance.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

What has driven Turkey’s recent activism in global governance despite a relatively weak civil society?

Pressure from international NGOs

Civil society-led campaigns

Strategic priorities and foreign policy choices made by political leaders

Influence of domestic business groups

Demands from the European Union

Açıklama:

Turkey’s relatively low material power compared to that of the non-traditional
(except South Africa) and traditional middle powers gives it an advantage in
interfering more actively in global issues through cooperation.
• Turkey’s high trade dependence strengthens its middle power internationalism in the global economy with its increasing interest in reforming the major global financial institutions.
• Turkey’s strong identification with the problems of global governance and its
increasing degree of socialization in the cultures and values of the major
international organizations also make it both a legitimizer (Cox and Sinclair, 1996:243; Cooper, Higgott, and Nossal:169) and a reform-seeker country. In the Turkish case, this duality of roles leads to a more active participation of Turkey in global governance pushing it to assume more global responsibilities.
• Turkey’s relatively weak civil society seems to have not negatively impacted its recent activism in global governance since this activism mainly stems from the political decision-makers’ own strategic priorities and foreign policy choices.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

What is a key similarity between Turkey and BRICS countries in terms of global governance aspirations?

Desire for a pluricentric, cosmopolitan, and just post-Western order

A shared preference for isolationism

Support for a unipolar, Western-led world order

Strict anti-Western alignment

Rejection of global institutions

Açıklama:

Turkey’s global governance strategy has both commonalities and differences with that of other rising middle powers, traditional (Western) or non traditional. On the one hand, Turkey’s aspirations for a pluricentric, relatively cosmopolitan, and just post-Western world order, which can be easily observed in Turkish leaders’ various discourses, share a certain common ground with those of the so-called rising BRICS states. On the other hand, Turkey’s challenge to the existing international order is not structurally anti-Western. The intrinsic Western features of its identity and its historical institutional attachments to the West keeps Turkey, to a great extent, from using blocking or hard bargaining mechanisms against its Western allies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 37

What major global event increased Turkey’s opportunity to take a more active role in global economic governance?

The formation of the BRICS alliance

The Iraq War

The 1999 EU-Turkey Customs Union

The 2008 global financial crisis

The Arab Spring

Açıklama:

After the G20’s establishment in 1999 on the side-lines of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank meetings on finance, Turkey initially adopted a pragmatic but relatively low-profile approach toward the G20 and avoided investing politically too much in the G20 as an international platform. Turkey’s policy entrepreneurship within the G20 has so far been weaker than that of other middle powers inside the G20. Here it must be reminded that Turkey’s inclusion in 1999 into the G20 came at a time when Turkish foreign policy had adopted a multidirectional and proactive approach in world politics, embedded in a new multilateral understanding reinforced specifically with the declaration of Turkey’s candidate status to the EU (Bagcı: 147-150). The 2008 global financial crisis provided Turkey with a new opportunity to actively participate in shaping the rules and institutions of the post-crisis global economy, as opposed to its previous standing as a peripheral partner and the passive compiler of rules imposed from above by the powerful core (Öniş, 2011: 55).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

What institutional reform within the IMF has Turkey shown interest in?

Removing voting rights for smaller states

Transferring IMF operations to the UN

Ending all IMF lending to developing countries

Privatizing IMF functions

Supporting quota reform to enhance institutional capacity

Açıklama:

Turkey’s presidency for 2015 seems to have opened up a new era, not only for Turkey’s middle power diplomacy and activism toward the G20, but also for its unfolding nuanced stance vis-á-vis changing global governance frameworks. Ankara perceived the 2015 rotating presidency of the G20 as a major opportunity to display Turkey’s rising status at the international level as an economic and political power as well as to raise the profile of the G20 as a major global political economy platform. Despite the fact that the G20 was elevated to the leaders’ level only after the 2008 global financial crisis, it has functioned with a weak organizational structure; it does not have a permanent staff or general secretariat. Since the financial crisis, Turkey has been supporting the idea of establishing a permanent secretariat for the G20 and showed interest in quota reform within the IMF in order to increase the institution’s capacity (Legase and Kaçar, 2010: 133,138).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following was not listed as a factor influencing Turkey’s global power status since the 2000s?

Strength of its civil society

Membership in the European Union

Increasing dependence on the global economy

Material resources

Possession of ideational and institutional power

Açıklama:

Aside from the change in the country’s foreign policy identity and civilizational perception, many other factors such as possessing the necessary material, ideational and institutional power resources, the increasing dependence on the global economy, and the strength of its civil society have also impacted Turkey’s global power status and contributed to its active involvement in global governance since the 2000s. During the first decade of the 2000s, Turkey’s active foreign policy agenda with its new ingredients such as mediation, conflict resolution, development aid, and humanitarian diplomacy, supported by the principle of zero problems with neighbors and a different civilizational and geopolitical understanding at the ideational level, have all led to the emergence of a new vision and strategy of global governance. Active participation in joint regional and international initiatives to address the emerging crises or ongoing conflicts have also affected the way and the extent that Turkey has involved in global governance during the last decade.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

What does President Erdoğan’s slogan “the world is bigger than five” reflect in terms of Turkey’s global vision?

Support for a just, equitable, and cosmopolitan international order

A rejection of cooperation with Western powers

A desire to expand the BRICS group

Opposition to all forms of international governance

A call for isolationism

Açıklama:

Turkey’s ideological and institutional belonging to the Western bloc as well as its close relations with the U.S, the hegemonic power of the system during the first decade of the 2000s, brought it closer to the Western traditional middle powers seeking revision in the international system through strengthened cooperation arrangements and mechanisms in the formal and informal global governance institutions and forums. The increasing tone of Turkey’s criticism of the UN’s decision making mechanism and Erdoğan’s “the world is bigger than five” rhetoric may also be assessed in terms of its search for a just, equitable, and cosmopolitan international order that is capable of collectively responding to international crises and human tragedies in some chaotic regions of the world. The ambitious foreign policy agenda adopted by Turkey during the first decade of the 2000s and its 2015 G20 presidency gave a clear signal for its future preferences: to take an active place in less hierarchical G20-type forums, where developed and developing countries are equally represented and middle power countries have relatively more maneuvering capacity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 4

Soru 1

Which one of the statements below doesn’t represent the situation of Turkey in terms of its geographical position?

It is a bridge between the two continents.

It is a bridge between civilizations.

It is a trading state, which seeks ways to increase its trade dependence on Europe.

It is a trading state, which aims to increase its economic relations with the Middle East and Africa.

It is a “liberal/democratic model” for the Muslim world.

Açıklama:

Turkey acts as a “trading state” which seeks to decrease its trade dependence on Europe.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which one of the statements below represents the position of Turkey during the Cold War years?

Turkey didn’t play a vital role in its region, partially for being a NATO ally.

Turkey managed to detach itself from its neighbors such as Syria and Iraq, in a hundred percent.

The bipolar international system between the US and the Soviet Union didn’t occur at that time.

A coup d’état, which occurred in Iraq after the signing of the Baghdad Pact couldn’t manage to overthrow its monarchy.

Turkey’s ties with its neighbors were principally framed by its NATO membership.

Açıklama:

During the Cold War years, Turkey played a vital role in its region, partially for being a NATO ally, since its accession (along with Greece) in 1952. As a result of the escalation of Cold-War politics and repercussions of the bipolar international system between the US and the Soviet Union, Turkey seemed to have detached itself from its neighbors to the south-east, especially Syria and Iraq. Despite the signing of the Baghdad Pact in 1955, Turkey’s relations with Iraq deteriorated after a coup d’état had occurred in Iraq, which overthrew its monarchy and brought Arab socialism to power. Throughout the Cold War era, Turkey’s ties with its neighbors were principally framed by its NATO membership and Ankara’s pro-Western profile.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

Which one of the statements below represents the situation of Turkey in terms of its location?

It doesn’t connect the Middle East, the Balkans, and the Caucasus regions.

It doesn’t represent a crossroads between Europe and Asia.

Today modern Turkey is the principal successor state of the Ottoman Empire.

The disintegration of the USSR and Yugoslavia didn’t have an effect on Turkey’s change of threat perceptions during the 1990s.

The ensuing Gulf War of 1990-91, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, didn’t play a role in Turkey’s change of threat perceptions, as well.

Açıklama:

With the collapse of the USSR and the bipolar international system, however, new threat perceptions and regional challenges produced a broader security agenda for Turkey. The disintegration of the USSR and Yugoslavia, as well as the ensuing Gulf War of 1990-91, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, immediately changed Turkey’s threat perceptions and increased insecurity in the region. Following the Gulf War and the establishment of a “safe haven” in northern Iraq, Baghdad’s authority broke down and the armed insurgency as well as terrorist attacks in the region gained momentum.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which one of the statements below doesn’t show how Turkey has positioned itself after end of the bipolar international system and the emergence of a new post-Cold War system?

Turkish political elites have aimed at finding long-term solutions to the conflicts in the region.

Turkish political elites have aimed at also finding other long-lasting problems at the global level.

Turkish foreign policy has been to maintain a balance between “security” and “freedom.”

The rise of AKP power aimed to establish a regional hegemony by using hard/material power instead of soft power.

Turkey’s new foreign policy aimed to cultivate political dialogue through economic instruments of trade and investment.

Açıklama:

The principles of Turkish foreign policy since the rise of AKP to power targeted to establish a regional hegemony through postulating new power capabilities, mainly in the form of soft power instead of hard/ material power.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which one of the statements below explains Turkey’s soft power policy in foreign affairs?

In Turkish foreign policy Turkey abstained from using the “zero problems with neighbors” policy.

In Turkish foreign policy toward promoting its position in the region Turkey used the “zero problems with neighbors” policy.

The “zero problems with neighbors” paradigm didn’t look for peaceful solutions to various issues between Turkey and other countries.

Turkey didn’t aim to enhance its international visibility by using soft power.

Turkey didn’t aim to enhance its regional hegemony by developing ties with international organizations via using soft power.

Açıklama:

One important strategy in Turkish foreign policy toward promoting its position in the region was the “zero problems with neighbors” policy. The “zero problems with neighbors” paradigm looked for peaceful solutions to various issues between Turkey and countries such as Greece and Armenia as well as several others in the Middle East and the Balkans. Turkey opted to enhance its international visibility as well as regional hegemony via developing its ties with international organizations. Turkey, in this regard, sought to act as the representative of the region and as a catalyst to reinforce newly emerging countries such as in Central Asia, and former communist countries in the Balkans to adhere to Trans-Atlantic and region-based institutions, including NATO, the Council of Europe, and Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

Which one of the statements below doesn’t explain the Europeanization of Turkish Foreign Policy in a correct way?

It didn’t aim building close ties with the European Union.

It didn’t reinforce the inauguration of accession negotiations with the EU for full membership.

The failure of the Annan Plan caused the subsequent deterioration of the EU and Turkish relations.

After the failure of the Annan Plan, EU negotiations didn’t lead a drastic change in the Western/liberal view of the AKP.

After the failure of the Annan Plan, Turkey didn’t incorporate ideological tools in its foreign policy.

Açıklama:

The failure of the Annan Plan and the subsequent deterioration of EU-Turkish relations on the accession negotiations led to a drastic change in the Western/liberal view of the AKP and encouraged Turkey to incorporate relatively ideological tools into its foreign policy. Therefore, some scholars argue that there occurred a shift from “Muslim Democrat” to “Political Islam” in Turkey’s approach (Çolakoğlu, 2019).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which one of the statements below doesn’t show how the AKP constructed its vision after its embracement of “zero problems with the neighbors”?

Abdullah Gül, the prime minister of Turkey of the time, paid a series of visits to Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.

Abdullah Gül, the prime minister of Turkey of the time, paid a series of visits, regarding the situation in Iraq immediately before the US strike.

Abdullah Gül, the prime minister of Turkey’s visits to a series of countries didn’t show Ankara’s newly rising active foreign policy strategy to discuss and identify Turkey’s interests.

Abdullah Gül, the prime minister of Turkey’s visits to a series of countries, showed Turkey’s concerns with the neighboring countries.

One of the outcomes of Abdullah Gül, the prime minister of Turkey’s visits to a series of countries, was the need to “work toward the maintenance of Iraqi territorial integrity”.

Açıklama:

The visits demonstrated Ankara’s newly rising active foreign policy strategy to discuss and identify its interests and concerns with the neighboring countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

After the speech of Abdullah Gül at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2004, how did Turkey position itself in the world and which of the statements below doesn’t show this position?

Turkey said that it is determined to deploy every effort aimed at strengthening peace.

Turkey said that it is determined to deploy every effort aimed at strengthening stability in its immediate region and beyond.

Turkey said that is taking the role of “bridge across civilizations”.

Turkey didn’t make a change in the longstanding metaphor about the Republic of Turkey, which was the importance of its geographic location.

The metaphor of bridge means the positioning Turkey between the Muslim, and Christian civilizations.

Açıklama:

In invoking the role of “bridge across civilizations,” Gül subtly changed a longstanding metaphor about the Republic of Turkey. Rather than emphasizing Turkey’s geostrategic location as a bridge between continents, this new framework was ideational in nature, positioning Turkey between the Muslim and Christian civilizations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

Which of the statements below doesn’t show Turkey’s position as a rising regional power?

Turkey used its active foreign policy centered on following the “zero problems with neighbors” strategy on its soap operas on TV, as well.

Turkey didn’t use its active foreign policy centered on following the “zero problems with neighbors” strategy by promoting democratic reforms, because it instead used hard power.

In order to develop economic interdependence, Turkey lowered its expectation in the process of democratization in some countries, including the Syrian Arab Republic.

If the democratization of the Syrian Arab Republic could have been realized, Turkey had been the regional hegemonic power.

Since the democratization of the Syrian Arab Republic couldn’t be realized, instead, Turkey became a “trading state” in the region.

Açıklama:

Turkey’s rising regional power during this period was not, however, without challenges. Turkey’s active foreign policy centered on following the “zero problems with neighbors” strategy and using its soft power capabilities such as soap operas as well as promoting democratic reforms, instead of resorting to hard power, was partially mitigated by the domestic character and dynamics of the incumbent regimes in the region, especially in the Middle East.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

What was the name of the policy that the later Minister of Foreign Affairs Davutoğlu offered after the Prime Minister Abdullah Gül?

proxy war

Parliamentary vote

Zero problems with neighbors

Central country

Democratization

Açıklama:

As configured by the Chief Advisor of the Office of the Prime Minister and later Minister of Foreign Affairs Davutoğlu, this policy has sought to reposition Turkey as a “central country”, exploiting its geographical location, and working toward creating and maintaining good relations with countries in the region (Oran, 2013: 404).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Which of the following have played a role in Turkey’s foreign policy change for the Middle East since 2000?

US intervention in Iraq
Arab-Israeli dispute
Civil war in Syria
Decline of US hegemony

I, II

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, III, IV

II, III, IV

Açıklama:

The developments in the Middle East such as the US intervention in Iraq, the long lasting Arab-Israeli dispute, the war in Syria are the fundamental issues that led Turkey to follow new regional policies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

All of the following are among the factors that restrained Turkey from establishing a regional hegemony EXCEPT

lack of geographical linkage

the outbreak of the Arab Spring

the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood leader

tense relations with Syria

public protests across the MENA region

Açıklama:

The outbreak of the Arab Spring or the public protests in the entire region as well as the fall of popularly elected leader of Muslim Brotherhood and strained relations with Syria have partially constrained Turkey from acting as a regional power.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following are the key elements of “zero problems with neighbors” policy?

pursuing active foreign policy
utilizing hard power
building economic relations
using soft power

I, II

II, III, IV

I, II, III

I, III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

The key determinants of “zero problems with neighbors” policy are pursuing active policy, strong economic relations, and increased use of soft power.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of the following soft power capabilities has Turkey used with its neighbors?

economic ties
cultural ties
historical ties
soap operas

I, II

I, II, III

II, III, IV

I, III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

Soft power is a persuasive approach to international relations, typically involving the use of economic or cultural influence. Turkey has used economic, cultural, and historical ties as well as soap operas to strengthen these ties.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

Which of the following is/are the historic reason(s) of conflict between Turkey and Syria?

water resources
PKK terrorist organization activities
Hatay border dispute

III

I, II

I, II, III

Açıklama:

The main areas of contention between the two countries were disputes over sharing water resources, activities of the PKK terrorist organization, and demarcation of the border that cuts across the Hatay province.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

All of the following were instrumental in strengthening the relationship between Turkey and Jordan EXCEPT

Crisis in Egypt

Crises in Syria

Crises in Lebanon

Crises in Iraq

Crises in Palestine

Açıklama:

The crises in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine have made it necessary for both Turkey and Jordan to enhance their cooperation to create and sustain stability in the Middle East.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following was the main reason for Turkey to strengthen its ties with countries in the Black Sea region?

The involvement of US in the region

Turkey’s need of energy

Multilateral political initiative

Annexation of Crimea to Russia

To become a member of the BSEC

Açıklama:

There have been two fundamental elements determining Turkey’s relations with its Black Sea counterparts: Turkish energy need and its geographical location suitable for transferring energy sources.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the following principles are the bases of Turkey’s Balkan policy?

security for all
regional ownership
high-level political tie
economic interdependence

I, II

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, III, IV

II, III, IV

Açıklama:

Turkey’s Balkan policy has been based on principles such as security for all, regional ownership, high-level political tie, and economic interdependence.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following are among the sources of strains with Russia?

annexation of Crimea
invasion of Georgia
Armenian - Azerbaijan dispute
Syrian war

I, II

I, III

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, III, IV

Açıklama:

Annexation of Crimea and Armenian-Azerbaijan dispute are among the sources of strains with Russia. When Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, “Turkey stayed relatively quiet”. Therefore, the invasion of Georgia did not cause any strain between the two countries. And, the Syrian war has been one area of cooperation between Turkey and Russia.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

The relationship between Turkey and Greece is affected by the disagreements in all of the following areas EXCEPT

Cyprus

minority groups

Aegean Sea

tourism

Exclusive Economic Zone

Açıklama:

The relationship between Turkey and Greece is shaped by four main areas of contention: The Cyprus question, disputes over the Aegean Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, and the minorities in both countries.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which word below best describes the position of Turkey?

Bridge

Castle

Highway

Intersection

Waterway

Açıklama:

Turkey occupies a unique geographical position due to its location at a junction between Asia and Europe. As Britannica states, “Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two continents”
Turkey occupies a unique geographical position due to its location at a junction between Asia and Europe. As Britannica states, “Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two continents”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

I-Collapse of Britton Woods System
II- Vietnam War
III- Devaluation of the US Dollar
IV- Establishment of NATO
Which of the above caused debates on the decline of US power and hegemony?

I-III-IV

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

With the Vietnam War and the collapse of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 after the devaluation of the US Dollar by 10% under the Nixon administration, new debates on the decline of US power and hegemony surfaced in the theoretical discussion of international relations

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

What does MENA stand for?

Mediterranean Nations and North Africa

Middle East and North America

Middle East and North Africa

Mediterranean Nations and North America

Middle East and New Africa

Açıklama:

A decisive moment regarding Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and the Arab world, in particular, has begun to appear as a direct result of the newly emerging foreign policy strategy of the AKP.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

I- ideology
II- cultural attraction
III- international institutions
Which of the above is/are the key components of soft power?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I-II and III

Açıklama:

Soft power, as defined by Joseph Nye in 1990, involves persuading or “getting others to want what you want” through the use of ideology, cultural attraction or international institutions

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

With which agreement did Syria acknowledge that PKK is a terrorist organization and committed to not providing it with any financial or logistical support?

Edirne Agreement

Hatay Agreement

Mardin Agreement

Adana Agreement

Antalya Agreement

Açıklama:

The most significant turning point in re-shaping Turkish-Syrian relations goes back to the Adana Agreement (Adana Mutabakatı), signed on October 2, 1998. By signing this agreement, Syria acknowledged that PKK is a terrorist organization and committed to not providing it with any financial or logistical support.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

When did Mavi Marmara incident happen?

2010

2011

2015

2017

2020

Açıklama:

Since the 2009 crisis at the Davos Summit (between the then Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the then Israeli President Shimon Peres) and the ensuing Mavi Marmara incident in 2010 (Tisdall, 2010), Turkey has downgraded its diplomatic relations with Israel in 2011 and further in 2018.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

What does BSEC stand for?

Black Sea Elaboration Corporation

Black Sea Economic Cooperation

Black Sea Economic Corporation

Black Sea Endorsement Cooperation

Black Sea Economic Confirmation

Açıklama:

Turkey has also followed an active foreign policy toward the Black Sea region through its membership in both NATO and the organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Why did bilateral relations with Russia deteriorate in 2014?

Because of the conflict in Russia.

Because of the conflict in Greece.

Because of the conflict in Crimea.

Because of the conflict in Turkey.

Because of the conflict in Bulgaria.

Açıklama:

Western countries immediately and strongly condemned the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008, but, in a sense, Turkey, stayed relatively quiet. Bilateral relations deteriorated because of the conflict in Crimea and the ultimate annexation of the Crimean territories in 2014.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which of the below was an opportunity Turkey had as a result of its close relations with Russia?

Trans-Anatolian pipeline

Baku-Tbilisi- Kars railway line

Nagorno-Karabakh issue

S-400 missiles

Balkan Security Conference

Açıklama:

One of the key areas of cooperation between Ankara and Moscow has been the Syrian war. Besides the Syrian war, both countries have relaunched energy projects and agreed to Turkey’s purchase of Russian S-400 missiles (ICG, 2018). Turkish President Erdoğan and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, have met more than ten times since 2016.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 30

Where did the Dayton Agreement finish the war?

Bulgaria

Bosnia

Greece

Albania

Romania

Açıklama:

Dayton Agreement is the peace treaty that formally ended the war in Bosnia. It was signed on November 21, 1995, by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, and set a “General Framework Agreement for Peace” in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the following is not one of the main principles guiding Turkey’s redefined foreign policy since the rise of the AKP?

Finding long-term solutions to the conflicts in the region and also to other long-lasting problems at the global level.

Prioritizing hard power and military intervention in foreign relations

To maintain a balance between “security” and “freedom.

To cultivate political dialogue through economic instruments of trade and investment.

Establishing a regional hegemony through postulating new power capabilities.

Açıklama:

The reconceptualization of security challenges as well as new geopolitical realities of the region have fostered Turkey to redefine and reinterpret its expectations and priorities (Kalın, 2012). The end of the bipolar international system and the emergence a new post-Cold War system have led Turkey to relocate itself in line with three principles. First of all, Turkish political elites have aimed at finding long-term solutions to the conflicts in the region and also to other long-lasting problems at the global level (Kalın, 2012: 9). The second principle of Turkish foreign policy has been to maintain a balance between “security” and “freedom.” The third pillar of Turkey’s new foreign policy lies behind the motive to cultivate political dialogue through economic instruments of trade and investment. Thus, the principles of Turkish foreign policy since the rise of AKP to power targeted to establish a regional hegemony through postulating new power capabilities, mainly in the form of soft power instead of hard/ material power.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

According to hegemonic stability theory (HST), what condition is most likely to lead to a stable international system?

The absence of any dominant world power

The presence of multiple competing regional powers

The dominance of a single hegemonic power

The collapse of international economic systems

A sudden increase in global literacy rates

Açıklama:

The concept of hegemony has been a part of international relations theory since the end of World War II, when the United States, as the leader of the new international system, to form an order with both incentives and occasional use of force. International organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) all served first as agents of establishing order under US hegemony and later of stabilizing the political structure (Eralp, 1997). However, with the Vietnam War and the collapse of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 after the devaluation of the US Dollar by 10% under the Nixon administration, new debates on the decline of US power and hegemony surfaced in the theoretical discussion of international relations (Wallerstein, 1993). Hegemonic stability theory (HST) is a theory of international relations that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single country (hegemon) is the dominant world power.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

What does Robert Keohane argue in his book After Hegemony regarding international cooperation in the post-World War II era?

The US is not likely to continue to dominate the international system, but that the institutions that can be traced back to the start of the US hegemony will most likely survive through the post-hegemonic cooperation.

Military force is the sole basis of sustaining global hegemony.

International cooperation collapses without a dominant hegemon.

Te military power (hard power capabilities) of the US around the world has marked the cornerstone of its hegemony.

The decline of US power eliminated its global influence completely.

Açıklama:

Realists have argued that the military power (hard power capabilities) and the military presence of the US around the world has marked the cornerstone of its hegemony and the hegemonic stability not only in the Middle East during the Cold War era but also in the international system. An American scholar, Robert Keohane, has defined a new approach to hegemonic stability. In his book After Hegemony, published in 1984, Keohane attempts to explain the influence of the US in world affairs in the post-World War II world, particularly focusing on the reasons for the decline in American influence by the early 1970s as well as how states achieve and retain international cooperation in a “post-hegemonic era.” In doing so, Keohane, as a neoliberal institutionalist, connects international political influence to certain causal mechanisms such as economic transformation, international regimes in specific issue-areas of international relations as well as specialized agencies (Keohane, 1984). Accordingly, the US continued to sustain its hegemonic position through its military and economic power as well as cultural and political influence until the early 1970s, at which point its power began to diminish considerably. Realists seek to understand the nature of US hegemony within the global system. Assessing the basis of the US power in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, Keohane argues that the US is not likely to continue to dominate the international system, but that the institutions that can be traced back to the start of the US hegemony will most likely survive. This is the era of, for Keohane, “post-hegemonic cooperation.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

Which foreign policy concept is an expression of Türkiye's expectation to eliminate political disagreements with countries with which it has a deep-rooted history in its region, and is a natural reflection of Atatürk's motto, "Peace at home, peace in the world"?

Soft power

Shift of axis

Zero problems with neighbors

The Europeanization of Turkish Foreign Policy

Strategic Depth

Açıklama:

Zero problems with neighbors is an expression of Turkey’s expectation of eliminating political discord with countries with which it shares a deeply rooted history in its region, and it is a natural reflection of the motto of Atatürk: “Peace at home, peace in the world” (MFA, 2019a).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

Which of the following best characterizes Turkey’s evolving foreign policy approach toward the MENA region under the AKP?

A return to Cold War-era isolationism and military dominance

A purely economic strategy focused solely on trade and investment

A neutral stance that avoids engagement in regional politics

An abandonment of regional diplomacy in favor of EU integration

A soft power-driven policy emphasizing its cultural and historical ties to the neighboring countries.

Açıklama:

A decisive moment regarding Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and the Arab world, in particular, has begun to appear as a direct result of the newly emerging foreign policy strategy of the AKP. As Oğuzlu argues, “the concept of soft power underlines the significance of perceptions others hold vis-à-vis the agent/actor” (2007: 82). Originally rooted in the vision of Ahmet Davutoğlu, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and former advisor to the prime minister, of being a regional soft power, Turkey began effectively to emphasize its historical and cultural ties to the neighboring countries as well as to countries with Turkish minorities across Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. As Turkey’s regional influence grew, so did its economic strength, built in part on regional investments. Davutoğlu was the key architect of the AKP’s foreign policy doctrine; he described the key pillars of Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Middle East in his book Strategic Depth, published in 2001 (Davutoğlu, 2001;Tisdall, 2010). Although Turkey’s soft power, or the idea of Turkey as a “model” of Muslim democracy, lost much of its attraction during the second decade of the 2000s, Ankara has remained determined to exert its ideological and Islamist influence abroad (Altunışık, 2008).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

Which of the following developments has radically changed this positive momentum in Türkiye's relations with Syria?

Disputes over sharing water resources

Refugee crisis

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)

The Arab uprisings

Euphrates Shield

Açıklama:

The Arab uprisings drastically transformed this positive acceleration in Turkey’s relations with Syria. The president and leader of the Ba’ath Party, Bashar al-Assad, was reluctant to respond to calls for democratization, that was not welcomed by the international community, including Turkey. Therefore, the events that started in Syria in March 2011 gradually escalated into a proxy war, which posed a threat to not only the regional security and stability but also Turkey’s southern borders. The war in Syria, which has brought political, security, and humanitarian challenges, also destabilized the regional equilibrium. Since the onset of the protests in the southern city of Deraa, the basic parameters of Turkey’s policy with regard to the developments in Syria have centered on preserving both the territorial integrity and unity of Syria, ending the bloodshed in the country as well as bringing the political transition process to a peaceful conclusion that would meet the justifiable demands of the Syrian people (MFA, 2019a).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

What role has the Astana Platform played in the Syrian conflict since its launch in 2017?

It has been an international initiative contributing to de-escalation areas, launching a constitutional committee, and adopting certain confidence-building measures between the Syrian parties.

It has worked to support regime change in Syria through military intervention.

It has promoted unilateral action by Turkey without cooperation from other states.

It has focused exclusively on economic reconstruction in post-conflict Syria.

It has led to Syria's reintegration into NATO-led regional frameworks.

Açıklama:

In order to sustain the ceasefire and to ensure the adoption of confidence-building measures between the conflicting parties, high-level meetings have been regularly organized in the capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan (previously called Astana), since January 2017 with the participation of Turkey, the Russian Federation, and Iran. In addition to the regular meetings, the three Astana guarantor states have held five summits and six foreign ministers’ meetings (see Table 4.1)In brief, the Astana Platform has played a significant role in establishing de-escalation areas, launching a constitutional committee and adopting certain confidence-building measures between the Syrian parties. It is the only international initiative that has made concrete contributions toward ending the conflict in Syria.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

What characterized Turkey’s foreign policy approach toward the Black Sea region following the Cold War?

Consistent support for NATO-led military expansion into Russia

A strategy centered exclusively on EU membership and Western integration

Passive engagement through limited diplomatic contacts

The energy needs and the country’s geographical location are suitable for transferring energy sources.

Strong alignment with U.S. military strategy in the region

Açıklama:

Following the end of the Cold War, Turkey has begun to rebuild its ties with its neighbors and coastal countries in the Black Sea region, including Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Romania, and Russia. Two fundamental elements of determining Turkey’s relations with its Black Sea counterparts have been Turkish energy need, on the one hand, and its geographical location suitable for transferring energy sources, on the other. Besides,Turkey has also followed an active foreign policy toward the Black Sea region through its membership in both NATO and the organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). However, the role of NATO and the US in the region has been debated for a long time. Until the annexation of Crimea, Ankara believed its interests in the Black Sea best served by keeping the U.S. at arm’s length. From 2001 onward, Ankara and Moscow promoted Black Sea Harmony and the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Task Group (Blackseafor), maritime security initiatives<
Following the end of the Cold War, Turkey has begun to rebuild its ties with its neighbors and coastal countries in the Black Sea region, including Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Romania, and Russia. Two fundamental elements of determining Turkey’s relations with its Black Sea counterparts have been Turkish energy need, on the one hand, and its geographical location suitable for transferring energy sources, on the other. Besides, Turkey has also followed an active foreign policy toward the Black Sea region through its membership in both NATO and the organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). However, the role of NATO and the US in the region has been debated for a long time. Until the annexation of Crimea, Ankara believed its interests in the Black Sea best served by keeping the U.S. at arm’s length. From 2001 onward, Ankara and Moscow promoted Black Sea Harmony and the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Task Group (Blackseafor), maritime security initiatives that sought to reduce risks of confrontation by excluding NATO from of the Black Sea (Kınıklıoğlu and Morkva, 2007).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which of the following is not among the principles on which Türkiye's Balkan policy is based?

Security for all

Regional ownership

Economic interdependence

High-level political dialogue

Military interventionism

Açıklama:

Turkey’s policy toward the Balkans since the early 2000s has centered on the motto of “we shared a common history” rather than on a role of a regional leader or protector. Turkey’s both new and pro-active Balkan policy since the early 2000s has been meeting the cultural, financial as well as religious/institutional needs of the Balkans, especially of the Turkish and Muslim communities (Aras 2009; Kalın 2011). Turkish foreign policy has also employed certain discourses and practices of soft power, particularly through religion (Demirtaş, 2017). Turkey’s Balkan policy has been based on such principles as “security for all,” “regional ownership,” “high-level political dialogue” and “economic interdependence” (Oran, 2013: 694).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 40

What is significant about Turkish President Erdoğan’s visit to Greece in December 2017?

It marked the signing of a new defense pact between the two countries.

It was the first official visit by a Turkish head of state to Greece since 1952.

It was the first time a Turkish president visited the Greek islands.

It led to the immediate resolution of the Cyprus issue.

It resulted in Greece joining the Organization of Turkic States.

Açıklama:

Compared to other countries in the region, Turkey’s ties with Greece have been historically turbulent and open to friction. Turkey and Greece have been at war with each other several times, and most recently, they came to the brink of a military conflict over the islet of Kardak (Imia) in 1996. The relations between these two NATO allies have been shaped by four main areas of contention. The Cyprus question (see also Chapter 6 in this volume) has been the most critical foreign policy issue for both sides since the internationalization of the problem in 1954. The second area of contention is the disputes over the Aegean Sea, including the delineation of territorial waters, continental shelf, airspace, and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Finally, minorities (both Greek-Orthodox minority in Turkey and the Muslim-Turkish minority in Greece) have always been a matter of friction between the two states. Turkish President Erdoğan paid an official visit to Greece, including Athens and K
Compared to other countries in the region, Turkey’s ties with Greece have been historically turbulent and open to friction. Turkey and Greece have been at war with each other several times, and most recently, they came to the brink of a military conflict over the islet of Kardak (Imia) in 1996. The relations between these two NATO allies have been shaped by four main areas of contention. The Cyprus question (see also Chapter 6 in this volume) has been the most critical foreign policy issue for both sides since the internationalization of the problem in 1954. The second area of contention is the disputes over the Aegean Sea, including the delineation of territorial waters, continental shelf, airspace, and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Finally, minorities (both the Greek-Orthodox minority in Turkey and the Muslim-Turkish minority in Greece) have always been a matter of friction between the two states. Turkish President Erdoğan paid an official visit to Greece, including Athens and Komotini, in December 2017. This visit has been the first official visit at the level of heads of state between Turkey and Greece since 1952 (MFA, 2019b).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

Which of the following has led to a change in the perception of threat for Turkey in the MENA region following the end of the Cold War?

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

Disintegration of the Soviet Union

End of the bipolar international system

Turkey's NATO membership

Disintegration of Yugoslavia

Açıklama:

The disintegration of the USSR and Yugoslavia, as well as the ensuing Gulf War of 1990-91, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, immediately changed Turkey’s threat perceptions and increased insecurity in the region. Following the Gulf War and theestablishment of a “safe haven” in northern Iraq, Baghdad’s authority broke down and the armed insurgency as well as terrorist attacks in the region gained momentum.
The correct answer is A: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Which of the following is not among the principles Turkey has has to relocate itself in line with following the emergence a new post-Cold War system?

Finding long-term solutions to the conflicts in the region

Finding solutions to long-lasting problems at the global level

Maintaining a balance between security and freedom

Cultivating political dialogue through instruments of trade and investment

Establishing a regional hegemony through material power

Açıklama:

The end of the bipolar international system and the emergence a new post-Cold War system have led Turkey to relocate itself in line with three principles. First of all, Turkish political elites have aimed at finding long-term solutions to the conflicts in the region and also to other long-lasting problems at the global level. The second principle of Turkish foreign policy has been to maintain a balance between “security” and “freedom.” The third pillar of Turkey’s new foreign policy lies behind the motive to cultivate political dialogue through economic instruments of trade and investment. Thus, the principles of Turkish foreign policy since the rise of AKP to power targeted to establish a regional hegemony through postulating new power capabilities, mainly in the form of sof
The correct answer is E: Establishing a regional hegemony through material power

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Which of the following is not among the post-Cold War strategies in Turkish foreign policy towards promoting its position as a regional hegemon?

endorsing regional cooperation in different fields

applying zero problems with neighbors policy.

limiting its ties with international organizations

acting as the representative of the region

being catalyst to reinforce newly emerging countries

Açıklama:

One important strategy in Turkish foreign policy toward promoting its position in the region was the “zero problems with neighbors” policy. The “zero problems with neighbors” paradigm looked for peaceful solutions to various issues between Turkey and countries such as Greece and Armenia as well as several others in the Middle East and the Balkans. Secondly, Turkey attempted to endorse regional cooperation in different fields on the premise that emerging regional cooperation would place it in a central position. Therefore, Turkey opted to enhance its international visibility as well as regional hegemony via developing its ties with international organizations. Turkey, in this regard, sought to act as the representative of the region and as a catalyst to reinforce newly e
The correct answer is C: limiting its ties with international organizations

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

............................ is a theory of international relations that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single country is the dominant world power.
Which of the following correctly fills in the blank above?

regional hegemony theory

liberal theory

balance of power theory

realist theory

hegemonic stability theory

Açıklama:

Hegemonic stability theory (HST) is a theory of international relations that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single country (hegemon) is the dominant world power.
The correct answer ia E: hegemonic stability theory

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which of the following events has led to a drastic change in the liberal view in Turkey's foreign policy towards incorporating relatively ideological tools?

Europeanization in Turkey’s foreign policy

The failure of the Annan Plan

Speed-up in EU-Turkish negotiations towards accession

The deterioration of MENA-Turkey relations

The structural transformation in foreign policy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

Which of the following concepts/strategies stands for "getting others to want what you want” through the use of ideology, cultural attraction or international institutions and has been a major component of Turkish foreign policy in the first decade of 2000s?

soft power

strategic depth

geostrategic location as a bridge

being a “model” of Muslim democracy

ideological and Islamist influence abroad

Açıklama:

Soft power, as defined by Joseph Nye in 1990, involves persuading or “getting others to want what you want” through the use of ideology, cultural attraction or international institutions.
Originally rooted in the vision of Ahmet Davutoğlu, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and former advisor to the prime minister, of being a regional soft power, Turkey began effectively to emphasize its historical and cultural ties to the neighboring countries as well as to countries with Turkish minorities across Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. As Turkey’s regional influence grew, so did its economic strength, built in part on regional investments. Davutoğlu was the key architect of the AKP’s foreign policy doctrine; he described the key pillars of Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Middle
The correct answer is A: soft power

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

Turkish foreign policy choices throughout the 2000s, enabled Turkey to become a “trading state”. Turkey opted for developing closer ties with the business circles at the domestic level and active engagement in its regions reinforced by economic considerations of Turkish business elites.
Which of the following has not been identified among the new roles for Turkey in the speeches and discourses of political elites and leaders?

regional leader

regional protector

regional subsystem collaborator

global collaborator

bridge

Açıklama:

The speeches and discourses of AKP-affiliated political elites and leaders identified new roles for Turkey such as being a “regional leader,” “regional protector,” “regional subsystem collaborator,” “global subsystem collaborator,” and “bridge”
The correct answer is D: global collaborator

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which of the following is the agreement Turkey incorporated Hatay province into its territory in 1939?

Adana Agreement

Ankara Agreement

Damascus Agreement

Mosul Agreement

Deraa Agreement

Açıklama:

Following the Ankara Agreement, Turkey incorporated Hatay province into its territory in 1939.
The correct answer is B: Ankara Agreement

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

Which of the following is not among the foreign policy moves Turkey took during the early 2000s toward the Balkans?

reinforcing Romania and Bulgaria in their accession to NATO

maintaining the post-Dayton order in Bosnia Herzegovina

supporting Albanians’ efforts of liberation in Kosovo

persevering the rights of Turkish minority communities in the region

pursuing a bilateral approach to strengthen ties in the region

Açıklama:

In addition, Turkey displayed a relatively less assertive or less active foreign policy toward the Balkans compared to its approach toward the MENA region. Yet, during the early 2000s, Turkey undertook foreign policy moves such as:

maintaining the post-Dayton order in Bosnia Herzegovina,

supporting Albanians’ efforts of liberation in Kosovo,

reinforcing Romania and Bulgaria in particular in their accession to NATO and other European-Atlantic institutions,

persevering the rights of Turkish minority communities in the region,

ensuring that Turkey’s role and capacity be protected and strengthened in the region through international institutions. For instance, a mini Balkan Summit was organized bet

The correct answer is E: pursuing a bilateral approach to strengthen ties in the region

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

The relations between Turkey and Greece have been shaped by four main areas of contention. Which of the following is not among them?

disputes over the Aegean Sea

The Cyprus question

the delineation of territorial waters

reciprocal touristic visits

minorities

Açıklama:

The relations between these two NATO allies have been shaped by four main areas of contention.
The Cyprus question (see also Chapter 6 in this volume) has been the most critical foreign policy issue for both sides since the internationalization of the problem in 1954. The second area of contention is the disputes over the Aegean Sea, including the delineation of territorial waters, continental shelf, airspace, and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Finally, minorities (both Greek-Orthodox minority in Turkey and Muslim-Turkish minority in Greece) have always been a matter of friction between the two states.
The correct answer is D: reciprocal touristic visits

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 5

Soru 1

Which of the following concepts refers to a situation where no state wants to see a hegemon emerge?

Balance of Threat

Armament Race

Security Dilemma

Balance of Power

Emancipation

Açıklama:

The Balance of Power refers to a situation where no state wants to a hegemon emerge. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

Which of the following statements truly represents the difference between main stream theories and critical approach in international relation studies?

Traditional approaches attach great importance to non-state actors such as non-governmental organizations, inter-governmental organizations, transnational corporations and multinational corporations.

Critical security studies emphasize the emancipation of people as a way to maximize peace in the world.

Balance of Threat or Security dilemma are concepts derived from critical security studies.

Mainstream theories of international relations highlight the centrality of issues such as the environment and environmental security.

Mainstream theories of international relations challenge notions such as national interest.

Açıklama:

Mainstream theories emphasize:

state security,
military and economic capabilities
hard power
anarchic international system
threat perceptions
Balance of Power or Balance of Threat
Security Dilemma
Arms race.

Critical approaches emphasize:

Human security
Ideas, norms, values and beliefs
Soft power
“Anarchy is what states make of it.”
Cognition
Emancipation
Insecurity
Normative power

The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following concepts of international relations best explains the long peace during the Cold War?

Hegemonic stability theory

Balance of Power

Security Regimes

Security Dilemma

Balance of Threat

Açıklama:

According to Nejat Doğan, international regimes in general but security regimes in particular are the most significant factor for experiencing this “long peace,” because not only security regimes institutionalized the Cold War but also stabilized the international system. They offered principles, norms as well as decision-making mechanisms for managing relations. Thus, in the early 1990’s, the major powers were in a position to change the international system peacefully. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

beliefs of facts
rights and obligations
standards of accepted behavior

Which of the above refers to norms in Krasner's definition of regimes?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Components of Krasner’s definition of regimes:

Principles: beliefs of facts.
Norms: rights and obligations, standards of accepted behavior.
Rules: prescribed ways of action, in other words, “principles of action”.
Decision-making procedures: prevailing practices for facilitating and implementing collective choice with the help of institutions or
agreements (Krasner, 1982).

The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

The Arab Spring
The Turkey-Iran deal on nuclear waste
The Gaza flotilla raid

Which of the above incidents weakened the relations between Israel and Turkey in 2010?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I, II, III

Açıklama:

On May 31, 2010, the Gaza flotilla raid occurred which strained the relations between Turkey and Israel. The Gaza flotilla raid: “was a military operation by Israel against six civilian ships of the “Gaza Freedom Flotilla” on 31 May 2010 in international waters in the Mediterranean Sea. Nine activists were killed on one ship during the raid. One further Turkish activist died later of his wounds. Three of the six flotilla ships were carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials, with the intention of breaking the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip”. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

the installation of an early-warning radar in the town of Kürecik.
Turkey's aspiration to change the regime in Syria.
The bilateral agreement with Russia concerning a nuclear facility in Akkuyu/Mersin

Which of the above incidents strained the relations between Iran and Turkey?

Only I

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

A major issue fueling tensions between Iran and Turkey concerns the future of Syria. The Turkish
government aspires to change the regime in Syria, while Iran wishes to protect it. Even though Ankara’s policy may be subject to change in the near future, this very question raises concerns about finding a fast solution to the civil war in Syria, no matter how much the parties would be willing to improve multilateral relations at international forums such as the Astana Peace Talks.
Iranian policymakers have sought to strengthen relations with Turkey in areas such as trade and
tourism. Turkey positively reciprocated this diplomatic move; however, it has been willing to cooperate with Iran on a wider basis, especially in the energy field. Yet Iranian officials still perceive Turkey as a threat because of its membership in NATO. Iran also perceives Turkey’s close ties with the US as a hindrance to its regional policies, noting that back in September 2011, for example, Turkey approved the installation of an early-warning radar in the town of Kürecik, some 435 miles from Iran (Collina, 2011). The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Which of the following is emphasized in critical approaches to international relations?

Normative power

State security

Threat Perceptions

Security dilemma

Anarchic international system

Açıklama:

Critical approach to international relations emphasizes:

human security
ideas, norms, values and beliefs
soft power
cognition
emancipation
insecurity
normative power.

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which of the following organizations contributed remarkably to world peace in the post Cold-war era?

IMF

The World Bank

OSCE

Green Peace

WHO

Açıklama:

Regimes and organizations, including NATO and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), do maintain relative peace and stability in the post-Cold War era. The corrent answet şf C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which of the following incidents strained the relations between NATO and Turkey and brought to the agenda the question whether Turkey's membership in the organization would and should continue?

The failed coup attempt

The Gaza flotilla raid

Euphrates Shield

Bilateral agreement with Russia allowing Russia to build a nuclear facility

The downing of the Russian jet

Açıklama:

The failed coup attempt in Turkey on July 15, 2016, strained the relations with NATO and brought to the agenda the question of whether Turkey’s membership in the organization would and should continue (Cook and Koplow, 2016). The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

I- It was adopted at the 6th OSCE Summit of State or Government in Helsinki, Finland
II- The primary objective is to prevent terrorists from reaching small arms and light weapons (SALW)
III- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was signed as part of the agreement.
Which of the above statements are TRUE about the Charter of European Security?

Only I

Only II

Only III

II and III

I and II

Açıklama:

The Charter for European Security was adopted at the 6th OSCE Summit of Heads of State or Government in Istanbul and is part of the Istanbul Document 1999. The focus of all OSCE counter-terrorism activities is related to policing and border management. The organization works toward not only curbing terror acts but also eliminating the financing of terrorist activities. A primary objective is to prevent terrorists from reaching SALW and non-conventional weapons such as WMD, including nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Turkey, as a member of the OSCE, along with other member states undertakes to combat terrorists and criminal organizations. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following refers to the power to attract and co-opt rather than coerce and includes culture, ideas of value, and social ideology?

Hard power

Soft power

Combined power

Smart power

Subtle power

Açıklama:

Sof power refers to the power to attract and co-opt rather than coerce and includes culture, ideas of value, and social ideology.
Soft power refers to the power to attract and co-opt rather than coerce and includes culture, ideas of value, and social ideology.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the following approach perceives states as unitary and primary actors and conceives the state as the main actor while, at the same time, attaches great importance to such other actors as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), inter-governmental organizations (IOs), transnational corporations (TNCs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) because of the belief that they have a significant role to play in world politics.

Realism

Poststucturalism

Postmodernism

Modernism

Structuralism

Açıklama:

Realist approach perceives states as unitary and primary actors and conceives the state as the main actor while, at the same time, attaches great importance to such other actors as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), inter-governmental organizations (IOs), transnational corporations (TNCs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) because of the belief that they have a significant role to play in world politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following is one of the three reasons for the relative peace in the post-war era by John J. Mearsheimer?

New social movements

Nuclear weapons

Dialog between cultures/civilizations

Hegemony of superpower state

Strong peace Non-Governmental organizations

Açıklama:

Nuclear power is one of the three reasons for the relative peace in the post-war era by John J. Mearsheimer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which of the following is defined as a circumstance where a major power has the resources to establish and enforce international cooperation and is also willing to do so?

Postmodernism

Structure

Hegemony

Historical materalism

Power

Açıklama:

Hegemony is defined as a circumstance where a major power has the resources to establish and enforce international cooperation and is also willing to do so.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is a concept defined by Etel Solingen for the international regimes as the participating states to enhance the position of all sides through the help of an institutional foundation such as principles, rules, and decision-making procedures?

mutual policy adjustments

Mutual exclusive politics

International world politics

Hegemony of superpower

mutual superpower hegemony

Açıklama:

Etel Solingen, alternatively, has defined international regimes as “mutual policy adjustments” by the participating states to enhance the position of all sides through the help of an institutional foundation such as principles, rules, and decision-making procedures.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

According to Bruce Russett, why democratic governments do not go to war against each other ?

Democratic governments respect human rights

Economies of governments is not sufficient to battle

There is a more peaceful conditions all over the world after 2001

There is a strong international referee system in politics

Globalization makes people more peaceful

Açıklama:

Bruce Russett, argues that democratic governments do not go to war against each other at least for three reasons: a) democratic governments respect human rights, b) they have shared principles, norms and values, and c) they are restricted by their constituencies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following perspective argues the power of states and systemic change may occur as a result of relative capabilities of major powers?

Constructivist

Postmodernist

Structuralist

Functionalist

Realist

Açıklama:

Realist perspective argues the power of states and systemic change may occur as a result of relative capabilities of major powers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which of the following scholar might be associated with functionalism?

Michel Foucault

Roland Robertson

David Mitrany

Ernst B. Haas

Alexander Wendt

Açıklama:

Ernst B. Haas has the functionalist perspective

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following concept defines the conditions that each superpower (Russia and America) had the capacity to annihilate the other as kind of a standoff?

Mutually Assured Destruction

Mutually Exclusive Explosiveness

Mutual Crime and Threat

Mutual Compromising

Mutual Understanding

Açıklama:

Each superpower had the capacity to annihilate the other- a standoff that came to be known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the following is the date of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)?

1948

1968

1972

1985

2001

Açıklama:

1968 is the date of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).
1972 is the date of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

What does refer to the absence of threat posed to a nation state and involve the security of not only persons but also economy and institutions?

local security

national security

cyber security

international security

organizational security

Açıklama:

National security refers to the absence of threat posed to a nation state and involves the security of not only persons but also economy and institutions. In practice, nation states rely on different means to safeguard their security, including economic power and military capabilities as well as alliances and diplomacy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which traditional approach of international security focuses on the phenomenon of war?

strategy

soft power

smart power

realism

armament

Açıklama:

The traditional approach, realism, focuses on the phenomenon of “war.” According to the realist perspective in international relations, war between states is inevitable.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which one of the items below refers to the power to attract and co-opt rather than coerce and includes culture, ideas of value, and social ideology?

security dilemma

balance of power

smart power

hard power

soft power

Açıklama:

Joseph S. Nye mentions three kinds of power: a) hard power, which includes military power and economic power; b) soft power, which refers to the power to attract and co-opt rather than coerce and includes culture, ideas of value, and social ideology; c) smart power refers to the ability of combining the strategies of both hard power and soft power (Nye, 2004).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which one of the items below isn’t a soft-power skill for national leaders?

attraction

vision

culture

communication

charisma

Açıklama:

Soft power tools are the tools of attraction. For national leaders; vision, charisma, and communication are key soft-power skills. For states, soft power is embedded in their values, culture, and legitimate principles and policies.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

Which one of the items below refers to a situation where no state wants to see a hegemon emerge?

balance of threat

balance of power

security dilemma

armament

arms race

Açıklama:

The Balance of Power concept has been utilized by international relations scholars for centuries and refers to a situation where no state wants to see a hegemon emerge.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which one of the items below refers to the situation when states increase their military capabilities for security and survival but, in turn, these actions are perceived as a threat by other states?

security dilemma

balance of threat

balance of power

armament

hegemon

Açıklama:

Security dilemma is yet another concept that arises when states increase their military capabilities (through building new weapons and increasing their stockpiles) for security and survival but, in turn, these actions are perceived as a threat by other states.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following refers to a process of developing more powerful and more sophisticated weapons, and building a stronger army?

balance of power

balance of threat

hegemon

security dilemma

armament

Açıklama:

A state’s increasing its power may cause a security dilemma because other states, not knowing its intention, also try to develop better and more sophisticated weapons that eventually results in an armament/arms race.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

During the Cold War years, between which superpowers did the military,economic, and political rivalry happen?

the USSR and France

the US and Germany

the US and the USSR

the US and Poland

the USSR and Austria

Açıklama:

During the Cold War years, the military, economic, and political rivalry between the two superpowers (namely, the US and the USSR) led the scholars of IR to focus on the concerns emanating from the threat of nuclear arms and a possible nuclear war.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

When did the international system experience a relatively peaceful era that some scholars refer as long peace during the Cold War?

between 1920 and 1970

between 1950 and 1960

between 1940 and 1985

between 1900 and 1980

between 1945 and 1990

Açıklama:

The international system experienced a relatively peaceful era, to which some scholars refer “long peace,” during the Cold War, that is, between 1945 and 1990 (Gaddis, 1986). According to Nejat Doğan, international regimes in general but security regimes in particular are the most significant factor for experiencing this “long peace,” because not only security regimes institutionalized the Cold War but also stabilized the international system.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which one of the items below is defined as a circumstance where a major power has the resources to establish and enforce international cooperation and is also willing to do so?

conflict

hegemony

power

destruction

stability

Açıklama:

Robert O. Keohane, a “modified structural realist,” argues that the systemic stability occurs because the system is hegemonic. Hegemony is defined as a circumstance where a major power has the resources to establish and enforce international cooperation and is also willing to do so.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

What the term 'Turkish straits' refer to?

Anatolia-Trachea

Aegean-Rhodes

Bosporus-Dardanelles

Marmara-Black Sea

Mediterranean-Aegean

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which of the following is not one of the institutions that Turkey has addressed security challenges on the basis of its membership?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

United Nations (UN)

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)

European Union (EU)

Açıklama:

Nation states rely on different means to safeguard their security, including economic power and military capabilities as well as alliances and diplomacy. Turkey, for instance, attempts to address such security challenges on the basis of its membership in significant institutions such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Organizational memberships allow the members to address certain common threats in a transnational manner; since these common threats are comprehensive in nature, they need to be addressed within a cooperative framework.
As a member of the United Nations (UN), Turkey respects and follows the principles of the UN Charter and acknowledges that the Security Council is the main international forum that is responsible for maintaining
The correct answer is E: European Union (EU)

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

Which of the following is the concept used by Stephen Walt to indicate that security studies need to focus solely on the study of threat perceptions besides the control and use of military force?

balance of power

balance of threat

security dilemma

hegemonic stability

critical security

Açıklama:

Stephen Walt, contends that security studies need to focus solely on the study of threat, threat perceptions as well as the control and use of military force. Threat perception has been central to theories of war, alliances, conflict resolution and deterrence. He argues that Balance of Threat needs to be taken into account when studying certain security issues, because the threat perceptions of states are essential to understanding state behavior foreign relations.
The correct answer is B: balance of threat

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Critical Security Studies seeks to find which actor may promote human security. ........... is “the freeing of people from the physical and human constraints which stop them carrying out what they would freely choose to do”.
Which of the following correctly fills in the blank above?

emancipation

balance

deterrence

perception

cognition

Açıklama:

CSS seeks to find which actor may promote human security and what can be done to promote an emancipatory politics of international security. For critical approach scholars, emancipation should be the main objective; in other words, emancipation is what needs to be attained by all. As Ken Booth argues, emancipation is “the freeing of people from the physical and human constraints which stop them carrying out what they would freely choose to do”.
The correct answer is A: emancipation

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which theory argues that the cognition/perception of states about the anarchic international system is determined by the shared ideas rather than material forces such military power and economic capability?

critical security studies

constructivism

neo-realism

liberalism

regime theory

Açıklama:

The constructivist approach has also been very influential in security studies. Alexander Wendt, the most prominent of the constructivists, has questioned the mainstream assumptions in the security studies such as anarchy (“the absence of an authority higher than nation states”) in the international system. He argues that, in fact, “anarchy is what states make of it,” meaning that the cognition/ perception (processing knowledge through experience and thought through the senses) of states about the anarchic international system may, in turn, lead to a subjective (personal opinion) rather than an objective (scientific facts-based) understanding. In other words, the structure of human association is determined by the shared ideas rather than material forces such military power and economic c
The correct answer is B: constructivism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

Which of the following concepts stands for the most significant factor for experiencing a “long peace,” during the Cold War through offering principles, norms as well as decision-making mechanisms for managing relations?

bipolarity

security regimes

mutually assured destruction

hegemony

economic independence

Açıklama:

The most significant factor for experiencing this “long peace,” because not only security regimes institutionalized the Cold War but also stabilized the international system. They offered principles, norms as well as decision-making mechanisms for managing relations.
The correct answer is B: security regimes

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

Which of the following international organizations has focused on policing and border management by laying out and promoting the rules, norms, principles and decision-making procedures with regard to security in Europe?

NATO

OSCE

CSCE

UNOCT

Açıklama:

The focus of all OSCE counter-terrorism activities is related to policing and border management. The organization works toward not only curbing terror acts but also eliminating the financing of terrorist activities. By laying out and promoting the rules, norms, principles and decision-making procedures with regard to security in Europe, one may conclude that the OSCE has created and maintained a European security regime within which all European countries, currently fifty-seven members, cooperate to address all security issues in the region.
The correct answer is C: OSCE

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the following countries perceives Turkey's membership in NATO and close ties with the US as a threat and especially considered Turkey's approval on the installation of NATO's early-warning radar in the town of Kürecik as a serious setback in relations?

Russia

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Syria

Açıklama:

Iranian officials still perceive Turkey as a threat because of its membership in NATO. Iran also perceives Turkey’s close ties with the US as a hindrance to its regional policies, noting that back in September 2011, for example, Turkey approved the installation of an early-warning radar in the town of Kürecik, some 435 miles from Iran. This military installation came to be known as the Kürecik Radar Station. The installation of the NATO radar system in Turkey may be considered a serious setback in Turkish-Iranian relations. In fact, from the U.S. perspective, “Turkey’s hosting of the radar base has brought it into contention with Iran, which is the main target of U.S. missile defense plans for Europe”.
The correct answer is B: Iran

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Due to Russia and Turkey's contentious relations over the access to the Black Sea and the Balkans, which country supported the Turks against the Russian Empire notably in the Crimean War, before its strategy change to safeguard territories in the East?

The United States

France

British Empire

Austria-Hungary Empire

Germany

Açıklama:

Russia and Turkey have been in contentious relations over the access to the Black Sea and the Balkans in a way to achieve their national interests and foreign policy goals. Back in the Ottoman times, the British supported the Turks against the Russian Empire in various wars, notably in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. However, as the British Empire changed its strategy toward the Ottomans in an attempt to gear its policies toward how best they could safeguard their territories in the East, especially India, the Ottomans had to ally with Germany, who had relatively minor ambitions in the Ottoman security environment.
The correct answer is C: British Empire

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following is a major challenge Turkey for maintaining its security from threats in the MENA region and the Caucasia?

The rivalry between the US and Russia

Iranian regime's perceived threats

challenges from new security threats including AI and robotics

lack of an intergovernmental organization that could match the power and capability of the NATO alliance

energy security and immigration

Açıklama:

To summarize, security in Europe has been sustained, mostly thanks to such organizations as the OSCE and NATO. The organizational structure and power capabilities of especially NATO have been instrumental in creating and sustaining security regime(s) in Europe, while contributing to security in Turkey’s neighborhood. What is striking and also alarming for Turkey is the fact that there has been no intergovernmental organization in the MENA region or the Caucasia that could match the power and capability of the NATO alliance.
The correct answer is D: lack of an intergovernmental organization that could match the power and capability of the NATO alliance

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

Which of the following has been Turkey's major motivation to stay away from conflictual relations with Russia in the aftermath of the Cold War?

to increase trade with Russia

to preserve interests in the Caucasia

to balance Western powers

to solve problems with Syria

to decrease dependence on Russian natural gas

Açıklama:

Turkey’s relations with Russia improved once the Cold War had ended. Turkey recently wanted to stay away from conflictual relations with Russia in an attempt to balance Western powers.
The correct answer is C: to balance Western powers

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 6

Soru 1

Why did Foreign Minister of Turkey Necmeddin Sadak said that Turkey recognized UK sovereignty over Cyprus with the Treaty of Lausanne on December 17, 1949?

To preserve the continuation of the status quo

To avoid the possibility of war in the region

In order not to resist Western super-powers

To act in line with the Marshall Plan of the USA

To take active role as a NATO ally in the future

Açıklama:

To preserve the continuation of the status quo

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

What was the reason of the collapse of legal assurance of Turkish Cypriots in 1963?

Appointment of a neutral President of the Supreme Constitutional Court could not be achieved.

Makarios declared that he would not comply with a Court decision about municipalities.

Turkish Cypriots raised the issue of separate municipalities with the Supreme Constitutional Court.

Turkish Cypriots wanted to have their own separate municipal authorities in the five large towns.

Greek Cypriots were claiming that Turkish demands would amount to a form of secession.

Açıklama:

Makarios declared that he would not comply with a Court decision about municipalities.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Complete the missing word with the best option.
Which country did Johnson mean when he sent a letter to İnönü warning Turkey against its intervention to Cyprus and made clear that NATO would not protect Turkey from any potential ………………. response in the event of Turkey intervening in Cyprus?

Greek

English

Soviet

American

French

Açıklama:

Soviet

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

What was the clear benefit of Greek people because of the Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus?

Ceasing clashes in Greece and islands

Opening doors for economic developments

Writing a new constitution for both parties

Ending of junta administration in Greece

Establishing political grounds for Cypriots

Açıklama:

Ending of junta administration in Greece

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

After the intervention and control of Northern Cyprus, Turkey’s Foreign Minister Turan Güneş released instructions to shape Turkey’s ensuing Cyprus policy. Study the following instructions and find one of them that is not mentioned among the instructions.

Not to return to the 1960 status

Not to withdraw military troops

Preservation of the post-operation status

Not to allow UN forces to control Turkish enclaves

Closing doors for any kind of negotiations

Açıklama:

Closing doors for any kind of negotiations

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

How did Europeans first recognize the international legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus?

Turkish Cypriot commission appeared European Court of Human Rights.

Turkey encouraged Turkish Cypriots to agree with the UN’s Annan plan.

The Annan Plan referendum showed the Turkish Cypriot side had voted ‘‘yes’’ and the Greek Cypriot side voted ‘’no’’.

Turkey was selected as a non-permanent member in January 2009 for UN Security Council.

US Department of Secretary-General lifted restrictions on investments to TRNC and visiting Cyprus via Ercan.

Açıklama:

Turkish Cypriot commission appeared European Court of Human Rights.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

After 2004, the EU decided to establish a healthier relationship with Turkish Cypriots by integrating them closer to the union. In doing so, the EU adopted Protocol 10 as well as the Green Line Regulation and the Financial Aid Regulation.
Why did Gunther Verheugen, EU Commissioner for Enlargement, declare that he was “cheated” by the new member-Greek Cyriots in 2004?

The Direct Trade and Financial Aid regulation and further plans of EU could not be implemented.

The Greek Cypriots blocked the proposal aiming to establish a healthier relationship with Turkish Cypriots.

The EU delinked the regulation, and the Financial Aid Regulation has been passed.

The direct trade regulation was not implemented even after the adoption of Lisbon Treaty.

Greek Cypriots continued to portray it as a regulation “which is legally and politically unacceptable.

Açıklama:

The Greek Cypriots blocked the proposal aiming to establish a healthier relationship with Turkish Cypriots.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

In the aftermath of the Annan referendum, some issues has helped increase the legitimacy of the Turkish Cypriot.
Study the following issues and decide which issue should be excluded.

A proactive foreign policy towards a solution

The advent of financial aid programs

Comprehensive talks with all EU countries

Acceptance of the domestic institution of the Turkish Cypriot

Establishing Property Compensation Institution

Açıklama:

Comprehensive talks with all EU countries

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

What was the reason that Turkey’s EU Minister Volkan Bozkır expressed optimism about the renewed diplomatic mobility on the Cyprus issue when Anastasiades unexpectedly declared his readiness to discuss hydrocarbon sharing?

Turkey’s position is that the 200-mile extension right turns the Aegean into a Greek sea,

Turkish access to the high seas and leaving its Aegean coast encircled by Greek territorial waters.

Turkey announced it would not pull the Barbaros research vessel from Cyprus.

Turkey sent the Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha ship to counter Greek Cypriot drilling activities.

Turkey has sent its warships into the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Açıklama:

Turkey sent the Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha ship to counter Greek Cypriot drilling activities.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Choose the best option to complete the sentence.
Especially, in the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey will probably resort to increased use of ………………………………….. activities. It seems like there is nothing else diplomatically that Turkey can do to protect its interests.

soft diplomacy

fait accompli

diplomatic moves

close contact

gunboat diplomacy

Açıklama:

gunboat diplomacy

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following treaties provided legal basis for Turkey to be a party to Cyprus problem at 1950’s?

Lausanne Peace Treaty

Westphalian Treaty

Armistice of Mudros

London Agreement

Paris Agreement

Açıklama:

After the war, Cyprus ceased to be a foreign policy priority for Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire), which recognized “the annexation of Cyprus proclaimed by the British Government on the 5th November, 1914” by the 20th article of the 1923 Lausanne agreement (Lausanne Peace Treaty, 1923). Turkey retained its interests nonetheless according to Article 16 of the treaty which, in stating that “the future of these territories and islands being settled or to be settled by the parties concerned”, provided a legal basis for Turkey to be a party to the Cyprus problem in the mid-1950s (MFA).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the following statements about the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960 is false?

The Republic of Cyprus was found in 1960 as joint state of two communities.

London and Zurich Agreements established a new balance between Turkey and Greece within the context of the Treaty of Lausanne.

The new Republic’s security was assured by only Turkey and Greece under the Treaty of Guarantee against constitutional violations.

Foreign Minister of the time was Fatin Rüştü Zorlu.

With the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus acording to the Treaty of Alliance Turkish and Greek troops were deployed on the island.

Açıklama:

The foundation of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960 as the joint state of the two communities followed on the London and Zurich Agreements, established a new balance between Turkey and Greece within the context of the Treaty of Lausanne. Te new Republic’s security was assured by Turkey, the UK, and Greece under the Treaty of Guarantee against constitutional violations. Also, under another treaty, the Treaty of Alliance, in addition to the provision for 950 Greek troops, 650 Turkish troops would redeploy for the first time since they departed in 1878.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

When was the first Turkish military intervention in Cyprus?

1972

1970

1974

1975

1978

Açıklama:

Having failed to achieve its aims via diplomatic means, Turkey intervened militarily on the island on July 20, 1974, claiming that otherwise Turkish Cypriots would have suffered grave abuses at the hands of the Greek Cypriots.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

What was the 2004 UN plan for Cyprus called?

The Annan Plan

The Boutros Plan

The Maraş Plan

The Verheugen Plan

The Wilson Plan

Açıklama:

The 2004 Annan plan proposing a comprehensive settlement was based on UN parameters that had been formulated by the High-Level Agreements of 1977 and 1979.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

When was the independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared?

1978

1980

1983

2003

1993

Açıklama:

Despite this, in 1983 Greek Cypriot Leader Spyros Kyprianou rejected negotiating with Denktaş by claiming that the latter is not equal to him. This was to be the very same reason cited by the Turkish Cypriot leadership as justification for the declaration of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) on November 15, 1983, in an effort to change the status quo that was deemed legally invalid by UN Security Council resolution 541.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

Who was the EU Commissioner for Enlargement that declared he was cheated by the new member when Greek Cypriot Administration joined as a new member to EU?

Gunther Verheugen

Ross Wilson

Kofi Annan

Demetrius Christofias

Taye-Brook Zrihoun

Açıklama:

When the Greek Cypriot Administration joined as the new member of the enlarged EU in 2004, EU Commissioner for Enlargement Gunther Verheugen declared that he was “cheated” by the new member.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which agreement was cited in support of Turkish argument that any resources found around Cyprus should be shared by both sides on an equitable basis?

1958 UN Conference on Law of the Sea

1923 Lausanne Treaty

1982 UN Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Statute of the UN

1973 UN Conference on Law of the Sea

Açıklama:

In support of its argument that any resources found around Cyprus should be shared by both sides on an equitable basis, Turkey invoked the 1958 UNCLOS as well as Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (Başeren, 2013).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

According to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), how many nautical miles coastal states have the right to exercise sovereignty over their territorial waters offshore?

Up to 10 nautical miles

Up to 12 nautical miles

Up to 8 nautical miles

Up to 6 nautical miles

Up to 4 nautical miles

Açıklama:

According to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal states had the right to exercise sovereignty over their territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles offshore.
According to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal states have the right to exercise sovereignty over their territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles offshore.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Where was the Mavi Vatan 2019 naval exercise conducted?

Black Sea

Aegean Sea

Eastern Mediterranean

Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean

Black Sea, Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean

Açıklama:

The main goal of the Mavi Vatan 2019 which was held in the Black Sea, Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean simultaneously was to send a clear message to Greece, Cyprus, Israel, and whoever else might be in dispute with Ankara’s declared interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which country’s drilling ship was stopped by Turkish warships while en route to drill for gas in the waters off Cyprus in February 2018?

France

Spain

United Kingdom

United States of America

Italy

Açıklama:

In February 2018, the Saipem 12000 surveying vessel of the Italian oil and gas company Eni was stopped by Turkish warships while en route to drill for gas in the waters of Cyprus, under a license granted by the Greek Cypriot Government

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

When did the Ottoman Empire took the Cyprus Island from its Venetian rulers?

1513

1571

1974

1844

1920

Açıklama:

Our textbook informs that the Ottoman Empire conquered and took the island from its Venetian rulers in 1571.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which country's government proclaimed the annexation of Cyprus on November 5, 1914, once the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of Germany?

France

United Kingdom

Greece

United States

Israel

Açıklama:

According to our textbook, the UK government proclaimed the annexation of Cyprus on November 5, 1914, once the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of Germany.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

When was the Republic of Cyprus found as the joint state of the two communities?

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

Açıklama:

According to our textbook the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus as the joint state of the two communities was in 1960.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

What was the operation that included military intervention to Cyprus in 1974 called?

Turkish Peace Operation

Cyprus Savior Operation

United Cyprus Operation

Olive Branch Operation

Peace at home peace in the world Operation

Açıklama:

Turkey intervened militarily on the island on July 20, 1974 and the miltary operation was named "Turkish Peace Operation".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

When was the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared?

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

Açıklama:

According to the textbook the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
was declared on November 15, 1983.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

When did Anastasiades declare his readiness to discuss hydrocarbon sharing and accordingly underlined that the natural riches derived would belong to the common state of Turks and Greeks?

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Açıklama:

On February 6, 2015, Anastasiades declared his readiness to discuss hydrocarbon sharing and accordingly underlined that the natural riches
derived would belong to the common state of Turks and Greeks.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

When did Turkey launch the largest naval exercise it has ever held under the code name "Mavi Vatan"?

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

Açıklama:

Between February 27 and March 3 of 2019, Turkey launched the largest naval exercise it has ever held under the code name "Mavi Vatan".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which of the following is the correct name given to Turkey’s first drillship?

Mavi Vatan

Mavi Marmara

Nusret

Fatih

Yavuz

Açıklama:

Turkey’s first drillship is called Fatih.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Who was the Turkish Cypriot side's president during the 2004 Annan-referenda on the island?

Rauf Denktaş

Mehmet Ali Talat

Derviş Eroğlu

Mustafa Akıncı

Ersin Tatar

Açıklama:

Mehmet Ali Talat was the Turkish Cypriot side's president during the 2004 Annan-referenda on the island.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Who was the EU Commissioner for Enlargement when the Greek Cypriot Administration joined as the new member of the enlarged EU in 2004?

Oliver Varhelyi

Gunther Verheugen

Frans Timmermans

Ursula von der Leyen

Margrethe Vestager

Açıklama:

When the Greek Cypriot Administration joined as the new member of the enlarged EU in 2004, EU Commissioner for Enlargement was Gunther Verheugen.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the following best explains why the United Kingdom took control of Cyprus from the Ottoman Empire?

To support the building of a Greater Greek State.

To prevent the spread of nationalist revolts within the Ottoman Empire.

To protect its strategic interests in the Middle East and India after the opening of the Suez Canal.

To expand the British Empire into the Balkans and Eastern Europe.

To stop the Ottoman Empire from supporting Germany in World War I.

Açıklama:

When the Ottoman Empire conquered and took the island from its Venetian rulers in 1571, it was inhabited by Greek-speaking people. The Ottomans recognized the Archbishop of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church as the head of the Greek Cypriot millet. This made the Church central to the retention of Greek Cypriot ethnic, cultural and religious identity in the heterogeneous Ottoman Empire. Yet, the Ottoman millet system was showing signs of disintegration under the spread of sovereign, unitary nation-state ideas stemming from the 1648 Westphalian treaty which marked the start of the sovereign state system. The establishment of an independent Greek kingdom in 1830 by the revolt against Ottoman rule encouraged Megalo Idea that was to provoke more conflicts between Greeks and Ottomans. After crushing the Greek revolt, the vast Ottoman Empire was showing signs of disintegration, a process that began in the Balkans during the war with Russia and continued on and off from 1769, ending with the fall of Plevna in 1877-1879. This was to pave the way for Russia’s advance to the Ottoman Empire’s capital, İstanbul, a move viewed by the UK as a threat to its interests in India and its Middle East trading routes following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. An agreement was subsequently reached in 1878 by which the UK offered protection to the Ottoman Empire against further encroachments by the Russian Empire in exchange for certain concessions from the Ottomans allowing the UK to use Cyprus as a base to protect its interests. This did not stop the UK government from proclaiming the annexation of Cyprus on November 5, 1914, once the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of Germany.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

How did the outcome of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty contribute to rising tensions over Cyprus?

It gave the UK full sovereignty over Cyprus, angering both Greece and Turkey.

It transferred 12 islands from Italy to Greece, reviving Greek nationalist aspirations like the Megalo Idea.

It allowed Turkey to station troops in Cyprus to protect Turkish Cypriots.

It forced both Greece and Turkey to withdraw any claims to Cyprus.

It established Cyprus as an independent state under UN supervision.

Açıklama:

The 1923 Lausanne Treaty had helped achieve a balance between Turkey and Greece. However, Italy’s transfer through the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947 to Greece of 12 islands (which Italy first occupied during the 1912 War against the Ottomans and then ruled up to 1943) revived Megalo Idea among the Greek public. On February 28, 1947, the Greek Parliament decided to annex Cyprus. Turkey’s response was that the defense of Cyprus is not an issue for Turkey and nor should it be an issue for Greece. The then President of Turkey İsmet İnönü (1938 to 1950) preferred an isolationist foreign policy towards Cyprus within a framework that sought to remain committed to the Lausanne Treaty. This policy was apparent in statements of the then Foreign Minister of Turkey Necmeddin Sadak. On December 17, 1949, Sadak first said that Turkey recognized UK sovereignty over Cyprus with the Treaty of Lausanne and then, on January 23, 1950, said that Cyprus is not an issue for Turkey (Tahsin, 2018: 14). Turkey was satisfied with the status quo and preferred the continuation of the UK rule in Cyprus that maintained a balance between Turkey and Greece.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which of the following best describes the political system of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus?

A fully federal state with equal autonomous regions for Greek and Turkish Cypriots.

A centralized monarchy with limited rights for minority groups.

A British protectorate with administrative input from both communities.

A consociational democracy protects the political equality and political rights of Turkish Cypriots.

An independent unitary state ruled solely by the Greek Cypriot majority.

Açıklama:

The 1960 Republic of Cyprus (ROC) was not strictly a federal state, but rather a functional federation due to the characteristics derived from the republic’s bi-communal structure. Despite being a unitary state, the ROC’s constitutional provisions protected the political equality and political rights of Turkish Cypriots as one of the island’s two communities. Sözen (2004) states that the 1960 ROC was also referred to as a consociational democracy. The 1960 constitution provided the Turkish Cypriot community with a set of checks and balances that ensured political power was shared between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. The political equality of Turkish Cypriots, less than one-quarter of the population of the island, was guaranteed by the need for the consensus of both communities when it came to decision making. The Turkish Cypriot Vice President of the ROC had the right of veto in the executive and no decision could be taken in the legislative body without the agreement of separate majorities among the representatives of both parties in the legislature (Sözen, 1998: 24). The Constitutional Court was composed of a Turkish Cypriot judge in addition to a Greek Cypriot judge and a neutral president.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 34

How did the Greek Cypriot administration justify its claim to represent the entire Republic of Cyprus after 1964?

By blaming Turkish Cypriot officials for leaving their positions and claiming that this created an abnormal situation, which justified maintaining unilateral control of the Republic.

By attempting to resolve the political crisis through the formation of a new coalition government that would include both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leaders in a renewed power-sharing arrangement.

By securing international recognition through the United Nations.

By holding democratic elections that included participation from both Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities.

By creating a new constitution that was mutually agreed upon by both ethnic communities.

Açıklama:

Once Turkish Cypriot officials left their positions in the Republic of Cyprus in 1964, Greek Cypriots unilaterally amended the constitutional provisions enshrined in the 1960 Republic of Cyprus and did so without the consent of Turkish Cypriots. Greek Cypriots legitimated their unilateral administration of the Republic of Cyprus using the doctrine of necessity to claim that there was an abnormal situation and that this justified maintaining the new state of affairs (Stavrinides, 1999: 26). They attribute this abnormal situation to the Turkish Cypriots by blaming them for seceding from the Republic of Cyprus as insurgents who revolted against the Republic of Cyprusand withdrew under pressure from their leaders to establish a separate state. As a result, the Greek Cypriot administration claimed that they represented the whole Republic of Cyprus and adopted an amended constitution accordingly. Since no-one challenges the legitimacy of this constitution, the status quo through the unilateral administration of the Republic of Cyprus continues. The accession of the Republic of Cyprus into the EU has been accomplished with a constitution, one-third of which has been amended unilaterally by Greek Cypriots.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which of the following was the reason the UK in 1878 offered protection to Ottoman Empire and in response demanded using Cyprus as a base to protect its interests?

Risk of Russia's advance to Istanbul after the Balkans

Opening of the Suez Canal

Ottoman alliance with Germany during WWI

Signs of Ottoman Empire's disintegration

Annexation of Cyprus by Russia

Açıklama:

Ottoman Empire was showing signs of disintegration, a process that began in the Balkans during the war with Russia and continued on and off from 1769, ending with the fall of Plevna in 1877-1879. This was to pave the way for Russia’s advance to the Ottoman Empire’s capital, İstanbul, a move viewed by the UK as a threat to its interests in India and its Middle East trading routes following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. An agreement was subsequently reached in 1878 by which the UK offered protection to the Ottoman Empire against further encroachments by the Russian Empire in exchange for certain concessions from the Ottomans allowing the UK to use Cyprus as a base to protect its interests. This did not stop the UK government from proclaiming the annexation of Cyprus on November 5, 1914, once the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of Germany.
Risk of Russia's advance to Istanbul after the Balkans

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

Which of the following helped achieve a balance between Turkey and Greece as regards Cyprus?

1947 Paris Peace Treaty

1923 Lausanne Treaty

1947 Annexation of Cyprus by Greece

1648 Westphalian Treaty

1914 Annexation of Cyprus by the UK

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

Which of the following was the system created with Republic of Cyprus in 1960 that ensured political power was shared between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots?

consociational democracy

unitary state

bi-communal structure

federal state

taksim

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

Which of the following was not a red line for Turkey at the first Geneva conference following the 1974 Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus?

Not to return to the 1960 status

Not to withdraw military troops

Not to allow UN forces to control Turkish enclaves

Preservation of the post-operation status

Restoration of the 1960 Constitution

Açıklama:

Geneva conference, a joint declaration was issued on July 30, 1974, calling for and noting that “there are two autonomous administrations, including de facto Turkish and Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus”. The CHP-MSP coalition government’s instructions to Turkey’s Foreign Minister Turan Güneş at the time were to shape Turkey’s ensuing Cyprus policy and the prevailing status-quo in the island which remains relevant up to today. These instructions included:

Not to return to the 1960 status since it could not protect Turkish Cypriots’ rights

Not to withdraw military troops

Preservation of the post-operation status

Restoration of the 1960 Constitution

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following sought to establish a hybrid state by way of a bi- communal and bi-zonal federation through a referandum?

1992 Boutros-Ghali's Set of Ideas

1974 Geneva Conference

2004 Annan Plan

1983 Declaration of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

1977-1979 High-Level Agreements

Açıklama:

The 2004 Annan plan proposing a comprehensive settlement was based on UN parameters that had been formulated by the High-Level Agreements of 1977 and 1979. It sought to establish a hybrid state by way of a bi- communal and bi-zonal federation while observing the major treaty provisions of the 1960 ROC (Clerides, 2009). Given the choice, Greek Cypriots opted to prevent the normalization of the abnormal situation in Cyprus by voting ‘‘no’’, an outcome that dampened the legitimacy of the Greek Cypriot claims for the doctrine of necessity.
To acknowledge the Turkish Cypriot vote in 2004 Annan Plan referendum - where the UN plan was supported by 65% of the Turkish Cypriot, as opposed to 76% of Greek Cypriot opposition, Kofi Annan called for an end to the regime of embargoes against the northern side. He urged all states “to

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the events surrounding Turkey’s intervention in Cyprus in 1974?

The UK refused to collaborate with Turkey’s joint intervention proposal.

The US failed to persuade Athens to reinstate Makarios as president.

Turkey claimed its intervention aimed to protect Turkish Cypriots from grave abuses.

The junta administration was overthrown after the Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus.

The international community strongly supported and actively assisted Turkey’s intervention.

Açıklama:

While the international community was in general opposed to the coup attempt by Greece, it remained resoundingly silent on the issue. The UK did not offer to collaborate with Turkey’s joint intervention proposal, while the US failed to persuade Athens to bring Makarios back to the island and his office. Having failed to achieve its aims via diplomatic means, Turkey intervened militarily on the island on July 20, 1974, claiming that otherwise Turkish Cypriots would have suffered grave abuses at the hands of the Greek Cypriots. Such had been the reaction to the Greek junta-inspired coup that the first part of Turkey’s military intervention was generally met with some sympathy and understanding, a widespread view being that it was a justifiable response required to correct an illegal act. Arguably, the Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus was instrumental in helping restore democracy in Greece by the subsequent overthrow of the junta administration. Everything appeared to be back t
While the international community was in general opposed to the coup attempt by Greece, it remained resoundingly silent on the issue. The UK did not offer to collaborate with Turkey’s joint intervention proposal while the US failed to persuade Athens to bring Makarios back to the island and his office. Having failed to achieve its aims via diplomatic means, Turkey intervened militarily on the island on July 20, 1974, claiming that otherwise Turkish Cypriots would have suffered grave abuses at the hands of the Greek Cypriots. Such had been the reaction to the Greek junta-inspired coup that the first part of Turkey’s military intervention was generally met with some sympathy and understanding, a widespread view being that it was a justifiable response required to correct an illegal act. Arguably, the Turkish Peace Operation in Cyprus was instrumental in helping restore democracy in Greece by the subsequent overthrow of the junta administration. Everything appeared to be back to normal with the return of Karamanlis in Athens and the return of Makarios to Nicosia.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

According to the CHP-MSP coalition government’s instructions to Foreign Minister Turan Güneş after the 1974 Geneva Conference, which of the following was not among Turkey’s Cyprus policy directives?

Maintain the military presence on the island without withdrawal.

Avoid returning to the 1960 status, as it failed to protect Turkish Cypriots’ rights.

Agree to reduce Turkish Cypriots’ autonomy in favor of a unified central administration.

Preserve the post-operation territorial and political status.

Not to allow UN forces to control Turkish enclaves.

Açıklama:

Following the UN ceasefire decision spelled out in the context of resolution 353 on July 20, 1974, Turkey, Greece, and the UK began an exchange of views between their respective foreign Geneva conference, a joint declaration was issued on July 30, 1974, calling for and noting that “there are two autonomous administrations, including de facto Turkish and Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus”. The CHP-MSP coalition government’s instructions to Turkey’s Foreign Minister Turan Güneş at the time were to shape Turkey’s ensuing Cyprus policy and the prevailing status quo in the island which remains relevant up to today.
These instructions included:
• Not to return to the 1960 status since it could not protect Turkish Cypriots’ rights
• Not to withdraw military troops
• Preservation of the post-operation status
• Not to allow UN forces to control Turkish enclaves (TRT, 2008).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

Which of the following actions was taken by the EU after the 2004 Annan Plan referenda to improve relations with Turkish Cypriots?

Adoption of the Green Line Regulation.

Immediate opening of direct flights to Northern Cyprus.

Full implementation of the Direct Trade Regulation.

Formal recognition of the TRNC as an EU member.

Removal of all trade restrictions between North and South Cyprus.

Açıklama:

It was Turkey’s EU candidacy status in the 1999 Helsinki meeting and the pro-EU AKP’s (Justice and Development Party) coming to power with a revisionist agenda in 2002 that boosted Turkey’s support to the 2004 Annan Plan. While previous governments never had enough room for maneuver to challenge the status quo on the island since the problem first appeared on the agenda of the UN in 1964, the AKP government aimed to do so through a win-win model and from the perspective of Turkey’s EU membership. Thus, they supported pro-solution groups in Northern Cyprus by excluding Denktaş who was an antagonist to a federal solution based on the Belgium model that AKP’s leadership voiced at that time. However, it was not to offer any solid change for the future yet since, with the Greek Cypriots as representatives of the new EU member, they blocked any measure that might benefit the other side. So, attempts to bring justice to both communities were dashed. The TRNC carried on being embargoed by the international community. After 2004, the EU decided to establish a healthier relationship with Turkish Cypriots by integrating them closer to the union. In doing so, the EU adopted Protocol 10 as well as the Green Line Regulation and the Financial Aid Regulation. However, Protocol 10 has not opened a door for healthy dialogue with Turkish Cypriots due to the way that it makes a definition that completely isolates Turkish Cypriot authorities. Then, the Green Line regulation was implemented in a restricted manner. The Direct Trade and Financial Aid regulation could not be implemented since it was united and requiring unanimous vote.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

According to the UNSG’s 2017 and 2018 reports, what was the primary purpose of the Guterres Framework?

To replace the need for a comprehensive settlement with a short-term ceasefire.

To serve as a basis for reaching a strategic agreement that would pave the way for a comprehensive settlement.

To establish a permanent division of Cyprus into two sovereign states.

To prioritize economic cooperation over political agreements.

To remove the UN from the negotiation process entirely.

Açıklama:

In the aftermath of the Crans-Montana meeting, the UNSG Antonio Guterres has invoked that the most crucial issue in the Cyprus negotiations is now to recognize the need for a strategic agreement between the two leaders (UNSG Report 2017). He stated in his September 27, 2017 Report to the Security Council that the parties have achieved significant progress and these achievements need to be preserved. In the same report Guterres invited both parties to reconsider and make evaluations and added to include that the UN will be ready “to assist the sides, should they jointly decide to engage in such a process with the necessary political will, in order to conclude the strategic agreement that was emerging in Crans-Montana” (UNSG Report, 2017). Guterres outlined six key points in an attempt to encourage both parties to be creative in helping the restoration of negotiations implying some significant reconsideration in their methodology. The chief point in his report was that he distinguished a strategic agreement from a comprehensive settlement by implying that the former would be an element of a final package that would facilitate the latter. It was clear in his September 2017 report as well as the subsequent reports that his main target is to derive a strategic agreement in generally agreed principles and parameters in the six issues and that his framework, namely the Guterres Framework, “could form the basis for negotiations aimed at reaching a strategic agreement and paving the way for a “comprehensive settlement” (UNSG Report, 2018).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 44

Signed a continental shelf delimitation agreement with the TRNC.

Purchased its first seismic vessel, Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha, from Norway in 2013.

Began issuing Navtex warnings and conducting naval exercises off Cyprus.

Officially recognized the Greek Cypriot administration’s exclusive rights to offshore resources.

Granted the Turkish Petroleum Corporation the right to drill in TRNC-licensed areas.

Which of the above options are actions taken by Türkiye in response to the Greek Cypriot administration's unilateral launch of offshore drilling activities in 2011?

I, II, and III

I, III, and V

II, III, IV, and V

III and IV

I, II, III, and V

Açıklama:

The discoveries of offshore hydrocarbon reserves in disputed Eastern Mediterranean sea waters have unleashed unprecedented competition in the region. And it is not only the countries bordering the region such as Turkey but also global powers including the US and Russia as well as the likes of the UK, France, and Italy, all of which have sought to extend their influence throughout the region. Two main issues dominate the political disputes and disagreements in the region, especially between the Greek Cypriot Government and the Turkish Government. The first is about the region’s proposed pipeline infrastructure to transfer natural gas as, for example, the gas forum formed by Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, and others in 2019 to jointly develop the most appropriate and viable infrastructure to best serve their collective needs. The second contentious issues concern the borders of so-called exclusive economic zones (EEZ) such as that declared by the Greek Cypriot administration through the<
The discoveries of offshore hydrocarbon reserves in disputed Eastern Mediterranean sea waters have unleashed unprecedented competition in the region. And it is not only the countries bordering the region such as Turkey but also global powers including the US and Russia as well as the likes of the UK, France, and Italy, all of which have sought to extend their influence throughout the region. Two main issues dominate the political disputes and disagreements in the region, especially between the Greek Cypriot Government and the Turkish Government. The first is about the region’s proposed pipeline infrastructure to transfer natural gas as, for example, the gas forum formed by Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, and others in 2019 to jointly develop the most appropriate and viable infrastructure to best serve their collective needs. The second contentious issues concern the borders of so-called exclusive economic zones (EEZ) such as that declared by the Greek Cypriot administration through the various agreements it signed with Egypt in 2003, Lebanon in 2007 and Israel in 2010 (Stocker, 2012: 580).Turkey’s initial position was to argue that the Greek Cypriot administration had no right to negotiate and conclude international agreements unilaterally on behalf of the entire island. Notwithstanding this, the Greek Cypriot government began the process of exploratory offshore drilling for gas in September 2011. Accordingly, the TRNC proposed to the Greek Cypriots on September 24, 2011, that they both suspend the search for hydrocarbons simultaneously in the Eastern Mediterranean waters surrounding the island until settlement of the Cyprus problem (Anadolu News Agency, 2019). Turkey also officially declared that attempts by the Greek Cypriot administration to unilaterally permit drilling around the island would not be tolerated, asserting that the Turkish Cypriots also had a right to these resources. Turkish authorities began issuing navigational warnings (Navtex) and holding naval exercises and maneuvers, some off the coast of Cyprus. Added to this, the Turkish government signed a continental shelf delimitation agreement on September 19, 2011, with the TRNC identifying their respective continental shelves. Three days later the Turkish Petroleum Corporation was granted the right to begin drilling activities in the region. Turkey also began its own independent exploration of gas reserves off the coast of the northern part of the island, consistent with the license and the continental shelf of the TRNC (Anadolu News Agency 2019). Turkey bought its first seismic vessel, Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha, from Norway in 2013.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

What was the result of the accession of the Greek Cypriot Administration to the EU in 2004 for Turkey's bid for membership?

EU foreign ministers decided to suspend talks with Turkey

Negotiation talks for six chapters were blocked by Cyprus

Recognition of the Greek Cypriot administration as representing the whole Cyprus became a condition

1963 Ankara Agreement was suspended

Turkey's proactive foreign policy towards Cyprus returned to the traditional line

Açıklama:

At the start of Turkey’s EU accession talks on October 3, 2005, recognition of the Greek Cypriot administration as representing the whole Cyprus had become a condition as well as a barrier to Turkey’s bid for EU membership. The reason was the extension of the 1963 Ankara Agreement that provides the framework for co-operation between Turkey and the EU with regard to the new members including Cyprus. This conditionality was reiterated in the Negotiating Framework document prepared by EU officials. Then the EU adopted a counter-declaration on September 21, 2005, when Turkey, rather than implementing the protocol, refused to open its harbors and airports to Cyprus flagged vessels and aircraft even though when signing it on July 29, 2005, it issued a statement that its signature did not denote recognition of Cyprus.
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Recognition of the Greek Cypriot administration as representing the whole Cyprus became a condition

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

What was the essence of the negotiations in 2008 under the auspices of the new UN representative to Cyprus?

a revised version of the Annan Plan as a basis for the new solution parameters

a policy akin to traditional Greek strategy

any settlement should be grounded on single sovereignty and citizenship principles

a comprehensive settlement or any interim remedy

a regional cooperation framework regarding the energy issues

Açıklama:

Under the auspices of the new UN representative to Cyprus, Taye-Brook Zrihoun, Talat and Christofias met on June 1, 2008, after which it was declared that any settlement should be grounded on single sovereignty and citizenship principles. Yet, despite considerable efforts by the Turkish Cypriot leadership to negotiate a revised version of the Annan Plan as a basis for the new solution parameters, the Greek Cypriot leader opted to follow a policy akin to traditional Greek strategy and to seek new concessions. Long-standing disagreements over issues to do with ‘’security’’ and ‘’guarantees’’ thwarted the negotiation process since both sides stuck to their traditional political stance with regard to “red line” issues. As Ulusoy simply put it, “frustrated by the negotiations with Christofias that showed no sign of improvement, Talat lost the elections to the hard-line candid

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

Which of the following stands as the major reason for the collapse of the Crans-Montana negotiations in 2017 under good offices mission of UNSG Guterres?

participation of the three guarantor powers

lack of consensus about guarantees and security issues

the arbitration role of the UN

confidential bilateral meetings by relevant parties

the first-ever exchange of Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot preferred territorial maps

Açıklama:

Moreover, an international conference was organized with the participation of the three guarantor powers where security and guarantees were discussed for the first time since the signing of the 1960 treaties. This was in marked contrast to the Annan plan throughout which such issues came under the arbitration role of the UN (Cyprus Mail, 2017b). Also, the UNSG moved slightly beyond his mission of good offices to enable the parties achieve a strategic agreement by holding confidential bilateral meetings during which “key positions and indications of possible openings were put forward by relevant parties, particularly on the issues related to security and guarantees” (United Nations, 2017: 6).
On June 30, 2017, the UNSG Antonio Guterres “presented the parties with a framework for simultaneously r
lack of consensus about guarantees and security issues

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which of the following has led to a transformation in the Cyprus issue and a major change in Turkey's policy?

the borders of exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean

navigational warnings and naval exercises off the coast of Cyprus by Turkey

the discovery of natural gas reserves in the Eastern Mediterranean

signature of a continental shelf delimitation agreement between Turkey and the TRNC

the extension of the continental shelf up to 200 nautical miles from the shore

Açıklama:

The transformation of the Eastern Mediterranean as a result of substantial changes introduced by the discovery of natural gas reserves in the region, nevertheless, led to a dramatic change in Turkish foreign policy towards the Cyprus issue. This development not only ripped apart traditional alliances in the region but also led to the creation of profound economic opportunities that compelled Turkey to abandon the soft power policy it had initiated immediately after 2002 and reposition itself as a hardliner, especially with regard to the Cyprus issue.
the discovery of natural gas reserves in the Eastern Mediterranean

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 remains weak when used to solve disputes between neighboring states. This absence of unanimity continues to be a major drawback, leaving the way open for diplomatic challenges and moves such as conspicuous displays of naval power known as ..............
Which of the following correctly fills in the space above?

fait accompli

gunboat diplomacy

navigational warnings

naval exercise

drilling activity

Açıklama:

Despite the undeniable importance of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, because a number of states abstained from signing what most regard to be the constitution of the oceans and the seas, its regulatory scope remains weak when used to solve disputes between neighboring states. This absence of unanimity continues to be a major drawback, leaving the way open for diplomatic challenges and moves such as the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the kind of conspicuous displays of naval power once known familiarly as “gunboat diplomacy”. Many countries along with the Greek Cypriot side have accused Turkey of “gunboat diplomacy” and trying to make a fait accompli.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 50

What was one of the main objectives of Turkey’s “Mavi Vatan 2019” naval exercise?

To demonstrate that the Turkish navy could operate simultaneously in the Black Sea, Aegean, and Eastern Mediterranean.

To conduct joint drills with Greece and Cyprus.

To limit all naval activity exclusively to operations within the Black Sea, avoiding any deployments or exercises in the Aegean Sea or Eastern Mediterranean.

To send a clear message to Greece, Cyprus, and Israel, who are in dispute with Ankara’s declared interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.

To replace offshore drilling with exclusively onshore energy exploration.

Açıklama:

Between February 27 and March 3 of 2019, Turkey launched the largest naval exercise it has ever held under the code name Mavi Vatan 2019 (literally means “Blue Homeland”). It should be noted that Ankara purposefully chose the end of January to announce this exercise, a pointed reminder of the 1996 Imia crisis in the eastern Aegean, which almost led to war between Greece and Turkey (Nedos, 2019). The main goal of the Mavi Vatan 2019 which was held in the Black Sea, Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean simultaneously was to send a clear message to Greece, Cyprus, Israel, and whoever else might be in dispute with Ankara’s declared interests in the Eastern Mediterranean. A Turkish officer spelled out the size and scale of the flotilla, “to reveal to the world that Turkish navy is capable of simultaneously fighting in three seas surrounding Turkey” (Soylu, 2019). It comprised 103 naval vessels including 13 frigates, 6 corvettes, 7 submarines, 7 minehunter vessels, and dozens of patrol and landing ships, along with military helicopters and drones and thousands of soldiers all sent to conduct operations in three seas surrounding the country.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 7

Soru 1

I. Energy Corridor
II. Energy Hub
III. Hydrocarbon Exploration
IV. Energy Exporter
Which of the above statements does not apply to the Turkish Foreign Policy's approach to the energy issue?

III

None

Açıklama:

Chapter - Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-Introduction
The first stage is the formation of the idea of becoming an energy corridor that envisions a
geostrategic role for Turkey especially after the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The
concept of “Energy Corridor” gradually evolved into the concept of “Energy Hub,” which can be
described as the second phase of the development of energy dimension in foreign policy making. Both
the policies/strategies of becoming an energy corridor and energy hub on the part of Turkey require
active diplomatic relations not only with neighboring states but also with regional and international
actors. Undoubtedly, such a foreign-policy target would be challenged by the neighboring countries.
The third stage is developing a capacity for hydrocarbon exploration activities especially in offshore
Eastern Mediterranean. These stages are not mutually exclusive but rather operates on an overlapping
manner, which requires extensive collaboration between the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

Which of the following is Turkey's natural gas imports from the countries with the greatest share?

Kazakhistan

Azerbaijan

Russia

Algeria

Nigeria

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-Major Sources of Energy for Turkey
Especially during the last decade, the increasing natural gas imports combined with the oil imports from Russia, elevated Russia to a position of “key energy trade partner” for Turkey (Ediger and Bağdadi 2010; Kardaş, 2011a;
Kardaş 2011b). For example, in 2015, 55.1 percent of total natural gas imports of Turkey were from Russia. This was followed with 12.5 % from Azerbaijan, 8.1 % from Algeria, and 2.9 % from Nigeria (IEA, 2016:103).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

I. Strong and Reliable Energy Infrastructure
II. Optimum resource diversity
III. Effective Demand Management
Which of the above have been among the targets in which to ensure Turkey's energy security?

III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-Energy Security and Turkey
In order to overcome these challenges, three goals have been set for increasing energy security:
1) Strong and Reliable Energy Infrastructure; 2) Optimum resource diversity, and 3) Effective Demand Management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

When was the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline agreement signed?

1996

1999

2001

2004

2006

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Corridor Strategy of Turkey
Intergovernmental agreement for the construction of a pipeline to carry oil from Azerbaijan through Georgia to the Ceyhan port of Turkey was signed among Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on November 18, 1999.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

Which of the following projects is drafted as an alternative to the South Stream Gas Pipeline?

Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project

Nabucco Pipeline Project

TANAP

TAP

Kerkuk-Yumurtalık Project

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Corridor Strategy of Turkey
Furthermore, in 2007 Russia announced the construction of South Stream Gas Pipeline as an alternative to the Nabucco Project.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

Which of the below is not the principle of Turkish energy strategy?

Developing the nuclear system and making use of it in both energy and weapon technology

Taking into account increasing energy demand and import dependency, prioritization among energy supply security related activities

Within the context of sustainable development, giving due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain

Increasing efficiency and productivity, establishing transparent and competitive market conditions through reform and liberalization

Augmenting research and development on energy technologies

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Hub Strategy of Turkey
The emphasis of the Ministry’s report was rather on the geopolitical role that Turkey might play within
the post-Soviet geopolitical setting. After a decade from this report, the Ministry formulated the basic
principles of Turkey’s energy strategy as follows (MFA, Energy Issues):
• Taking into account increasing energy demand and import dependency, prioritization among
energy supply security related activities;
• Within the context of sustainable development, giving due consideration to environmental
concerns all along the energy chain;
• Increasing efficiency and productivity, establishing transparent and competitive market conditions
through reform and liberalization;
• Augmenting research and development on energy technologies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following is not one of the natural gas pipeline in Turkey?

Russian-Turkey Natural Gas Pipeline

Blue Stream Pipeline

Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line

Crimea-Sinop-Mersin Pipeline

Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Hub Strategy of Turkey
In addition to the oil pipelines, the natural gas pipelines also form an important leg of diversifying the access routes to energy sources. The oldest natural gas pipeline is the RussianTurkey Natural Gas Pipeline (West Line) that became operational before the collapse of Soviet Union. Natural gas transported through the West Line is utilized for domestic consumption. The second natural gas pipeline is the Blue Stream Pipeline, which brings Russian gas through Black Sea to Turkey. It became operational in 2003, and natural gas from this pipeline is also used for domestic consumption. The third natural gas pipeline is the Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line that became operational in 2001. It transports Iranian natural gas to Turkey. Natural gas imported from this pipeline is also used for domestic consumption. The fourth is the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline, which became operational in 2007. This pipeline lies parallel to the Baku -Tbilisi- Ceyhan Main
Export Crude Oil Pipeline; however, it does not extend to the Ceyhan port. Natural gas from BTE is mainly for domestic consumption.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

Which of the following is the project that will provide the longest pipeline planned to transport natural gas to European markets without any intervention from Russia?

Blue Stream Pipeline

Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line

Trans Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline

Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline

West Line

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Hub Strategy of Turkey
The Trans Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline project will provide the longest pipeline, planned to carry natural gas to European markets without any involvement of Russia.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

When did the Turkey - Greece Natural Gas Interconnection become operational?

2006

2003

2001

2007

2019

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-The Energy Hub Strategy of Turkey
Turkey - Greece Natural Gas Interconnection: 296 kilometers long (Turkey section is 210 km); 15 years purchase agreement; annual capacity is 7 billion cubic meters:2007

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

What is the name of the first drillship that was purchased at the end of 2017 with the purpose of conducting offshore drilling in Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea?

Fatih

Yavuz

Oruç Reis

Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa

Turgut Reis

Açıklama:

Chapter 7-Energy and Turkish Foreign Policy: Energy Security and Energy Strategy-Hydrocarbon Exploration Capacity Building as a Dimension of Foreign Policy Making
The first drillship Fatih (previously named as Deep Sea Metro II) was purchased at the end of 2017 with the purpose of conducting offshore drilling in Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Which of the following concepts can be defined as "a central point where multiple energy carriers meet each other and respective energy flows can be converted, conditioned, stored and finally distributed according to the demand requirements in an optimal manner".

Energy Hub

Energy Demand

Energy Consolidation

Energy Security

Energy Strategy

Açıklama:

Energy Hub is defined as a central point where multiple energy carriers meet each other and respective energy flows can be converted, conditioned, stored and finally distributed according to the demand requirements in an optimal manner.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

As of 2020, how many oil pipelines are there passing through Turkey?

One

Two

Three

Four

Five

Açıklama:

1) The pipeline carrying the Iraqi crude oil to Ceyhan port
2) Baku -Tbilisi - Ceyhan Main Export Crude Oil Pipeline
Two

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following is Turkey's oldest natural gas pipeline?

Blue Stream Pipeline

Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line

Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline

Turkey-Greece Natural Gas Pipeline

Russian- Turkey Natural Gas Pipeline (West Line)

Açıklama:

Russian- Turkey Natural Gas Pipeline (West Line) is the oldest natural gas pipeline in Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Which of the following can be defined as infrastructures that allow connectivity between national networks of different countries?

Energy Hubs

Interconnectors

Energy Strategies

Inter-networks

Energy Unions

Açıklama:

Interconnectors are defined as infrastructures that allow connectivity between national networks of different countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following is a nuclear plant that Turkey is planning in collaboration with Japan?

Sinop Nuclear Power Plant

Mersin Nuclear Power Plant

Ağrı Nuclear Power Plant

Kayseri Nuclear Power Plant

Narlıkuyu Nuclear Power Plant

Açıklama:

Sinop Nuclear Power Plant is the nuclear plant Turkey is planning with Japan.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following is a nuclear plant that Turkey is planning in collaboration with Russia?

Mersin Nuclear Power Plant

Tarsus Nuclear Power Plant

Adana Nuclear Power Plant

Trabzon Nuclear Power Plant

Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant

Açıklama:

Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is planned with Russia.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

What is the name of Turkey’s national hydrocarbon company?

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hidrokarbon Ortaklığı

Türkiye Hidrokarbon Anonim Ortaklığı

Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Petrol Ortaklığı

Türkiye Petrol ve Enerji Anonim Ortaklığı

Açıklama:

Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı is the name of Turkey’s national hydrocarbon company.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

What is the name of the first seismic ship of Turkey, which was purchased from Norway in 2013?

Piri Reis

Orhangazi

Osmangazi

Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa

Ertuğrul

Açıklama:

Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa is the first seismic ship of Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

To cope with the challenge of dependence on other countries, the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources has prepared energy strategic plans in the last decade. What is the focus of the first section of the Strategic Plan of 2015-2019?

Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant

Natural Gas Pipeline Plans

Security of Energy Supply

Seismic Ships

Drilling Ships

Açıklama:

Security of Energy Supply is the focus of the first section of 2015-2019 strategic plan.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

What is the term used for describing the natural gas transmission infrastructures planned with the aim of transporting Caspian natural gas to European markets?

Southern Gas Corridor

Caspian Gas Corridor

Trans National Oil Pipeline

Nabucco Pipeline

South Stream Nuclear Pipeline

Açıklama:

Southern Gas Corridor is the term used for describing the natural gas transmission infrastructures planned with the aim of transporting Caspian natural gas to European markets.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which of the following countries is considered as an energy consumer country?

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Iran

Turkey

Russia

Açıklama:

Geographically speaking, Turkey is positioned between energy supplier states (in the Middle East, the Caspian region, and potentially Eastern Mediterranean) and consumer states (such as Turkey and the European-Union members). The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

Especially during the last decade, the increasing natural gas imports combined with the oil imports and elevated one state to a position of “key energy trade partner” for Turkey. Which of the following states is the “key energy trade partner” for Turkey?

Russia

Azerbaijan

Algeria

Nigeria

Kazakhstan

Açıklama:

Especially during the last decade, the increasing natural gas imports combined with the oil imports from Russia, elevated Russia to a position of “key energy trade partner” for Turkey (Ediger and Bağdadi 2010; Kardaş, 2011a; Kardaş 2011b). For example, in 2015, 55.1 percent of total natural gas imports of Turkey were from Russia. This was followed with 12.5 % from Azerbaijan, 8.1 % from Algeria, and 2.9 % from Nigeria. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

Which of the following can be considered as non renewable energy source?

Solar

Wind

Natural gas

Geo-thermal

Bio-mass

Açıklama:

Natural gas storage capacity is not adequate currently and is required to be increased. We have substantial potential in terms of both electricity and heat generation in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro-electric, geo-thermal, biomass, wave and tidal. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

When did energy become an issue of priority for Turkish foreign policy?

2015-2020

2005-2010

1999-2005

2002-2010

1991-2000

Açıklama:

The first decade (1991-2000) of the post-Cold War is especially noteworthy, as energy became an issue of priority for Turkish foreign policy. This period can also be considered as the first phase of the evolution of energy dimension in Turkish foreign policy. Previously, although Turkey was a country dependent on imported oil from the Middle East and natural gas from the Soviet Union, energy did not have an important role in its foreign policy making. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

During the first decade (1991-2000) of the post-Cold War, which of the following region was particularly offering Turkey a new venue for ensuring its energy security?

European

Caspian

Middle East

Eastern Mediterranean

South American

Açıklama:

Having access to oil and gas resources of the exSoviet geography, particularly of the Caspian region, was crucial for Turkey to ensure its energy security. This was important because the potential in the ex-Soviet geography meant that Turkey could finally have an access to resources outside the Middle East and, maybe more importantly, these resources were in the geographical proximity to Turkey. Furthermore, the energy-rich Caspian region was offering Turkey a new venue for establishing partnerships with Turkic post-Soviet states. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which of the following initiatives describes a new geopolitical role for Turkey?

US-EU Energy Corridor

US-Russia Energy Corridor

Saudi-EU Energy Corridor

East-West Energy Corridor

Saudi-US Energy Corridor

Açıklama:

For Turkey, the new geopolitical setting, emerged because of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, was promising for not only meeting its energy demand but also defining a new role in its relations with the West. Lowering their dependence on both Russian gas resources and the Russian gas pipeline network was the primary motivation of the EU countries in their policies toward the Caspian region. To this end, creating an East-West Energy Corridor between the Caspian region and Europe became a strategic interest for the European Union. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which of following states was included in the Nabucco Pipeline?

Saudi Arabia

Bulgaria

United States

Iraq

Azerbaijan

Açıklama:

The Nabucco Pipeline was so planned that it would begin in Turkey and follow the route of Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to be completed in Austria. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which of the following periods can be considered as a period of consolidation of energy dimension in foreign policy making along with the consolidation of the strategy of becoming an “energy hub for Turkey?

2002-2010

2015-2019

2010-2019

2000-2010

2001-2007

Açıklama:

The period between 2010-2019 can be considered as a period of consolidation of energy dimension in foreign policy making along with the consolidation of the strategy of becoming an “energy hub.” Within a period of two decades, Turkish foreign policy makers expanded the idea of becoming an energy corridor into becoming an energy hub. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which of the following is one of the main targets of the Energy Strategy between 2015- 2019 of the Turkish Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy?

Energy Efficiency

Electricity Intercon

Oil Pipelines

Naturel Gas Pipelines

Turkish Straits

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the following regions is a milestone in terms of the consolidation of the energy dimension of foreign policy making for Turkey based on changing geopolitical dynamics ?

Middle Eastern

European

South American

Caspian

Eastern Mediterranean

Açıklama:

The Eastern Mediterranean region deserves a special attention in this regard. Eastern Mediterranean is a region of strategic importance for Turkish foreign policy due to the presence of at least two major issues on its agenda: the Aegean Sea issues and the Cyprus problem. Moreover, with the increasing energy security concerns and the need to add a thorough energy dimension to the foreign policy making increased the importance of the region. The changing nature of the geopolitical dynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean region has had an effect on Turkey, because this very process is a milestone in terms of the consolidation of the energy dimension of foreign policy making. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Which of the following accounts for the largest share of Turkey's oil imports?

Iraq (45.4%)

Iran (22.3%)

Saudi Arabia (9.5 %)

Russia (12.4%)

Kazakhstan (2.6 %)

Açıklama:

According to the International Energy Agency, in Turkey’s total oil import, Iraq accounted for 45.4%, Iran 22.3%, and Saudi Arabia 9.5 %. This makes the Middle East a strategic region for Turkey’s energy security and foreign policies. In addition to oil imports from the Middle East, Turkey imported 12.4% of its total oil imports from Russia and 2.6 % from Kazakhstan, adding the Caspian region to its list of strategic areas in the process of foreign policy making.
Iraq (45.4%)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which of the following countries is the key energy trade partner for Turkey's regards gas and oil imports?

Azerbaijan

Russia

Algeria

Nigeria

Kazakhstan

Açıklama:

Especially during the last decade, the increasing natural gas imports combined with the oil imports from Russia, elevated Russia to a position of “key energy trade partner” for Turkey. For example, in 2015, 55.1 percent of total natural gas imports of Turkey were from Russia. This was followed with 12.5 % from Azerbaijan, 8.1 % from Algeria, and 2.9 % from Nigeria.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which of the following according to the Energy Strategic Plan isnot among the main components of security of supply?

provision of generation and imports

transmission

storage and distribution infrastructure

management of demand

access to natural resources

Açıklama:

The first section of the Strategic Plan of 2015-2019 focuses on the “Security of Energy Supply” which is considered as an important dimension of energy security for Turkey. The plan states that main components of security of supply are considered to be the provision of generation and imports, transmission, storage and distribution infrastructure and management of demand. Although security of supply invokes getting focused on provision of supply, it is not possible to provide the security of supply in structures in which demand and the infrastructure bringing together the supply and demand physically are not taken into consideration. Supply, demand and all components between them as transmission function are considered to be complementary issues and these factors are required to be handled all together for enabling proactive management of security
access to natural resources

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which of the following isnot cited among major threats for the security of energy supply for Turkey by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources?

unsuitable geography to be an energy transition center

import dependency exists in oil and natural gas

inadequate natural gas storage capacity

sustainability of investments on transmission and distribution infrastructure

risk of high share of natural gas in electricity generation

Açıklama:

In the Strategic Plan of 2015-2019, major threats for the security of energy supply are listed as follows:
• The structure of electricity generation dependent on natural gas bears important risk, therefore it is necessary that the share of natural gas in electricity generation should be decreased and countries for imports should be diversified.
• It is necessary that investments on transmission and distribution infrastructure should continue and should be completed on time for the purpose of supporting the sectoral growth in electricity and natural gas.
• Natural gas storage capacity is not adequate currently and is required to be increased. We have substantial po
unsuitable geography to be an energy transition center

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which of the following is the project that Russia initiated in 2007 as an alternative to the Nabucco Project?

Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline

South Caucasus Pipeline

Trans Adriatic Pipeline

South Stream Gas Pipeline

Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline

Açıklama:

In 2007 Russia announced the construction of South Stream Gas Pipeline as an alternative to the Nabucco Project. With its multi- partner structure, expensive budget, and long route, Nabucco was not an easy project to complete.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

1) Security of Energy Supply
2) Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving
3) Good Governance and Stakeholder Interaction
4) Regional and International Effectiveness
5) Technology, R&D, and Innovation
6) Improvement of Investment Environment
7) Raw Material Supply Security
8) Efficient and Effective Use of Raw Material
Which three of the main energy targets above have direct relevance for Turkish foreign policy?

1-4-7

1-3-5

2-4-8

3-5-7

4-6-8

Açıklama:

The Energy Strategy of 2015- 2019 of the Turkish Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy mentions eight main targets: 1) Security of Energy Supply; 2) Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving; 3) Good Governance and Stakeholder Interaction; 4) Regional and International Effectiveness; 5) Technology, R&D, and Innovation; 6) Improvement of Investment Environment; 7) Raw Material Supply Security; 8) Efficient and Effective Use of Raw Material. Three of these eight targets (namely 1, 4, and 7) of the Turkish energy strategy also have a direct relevance for Turkish foreign policy whereas others have an indirect relevance that requires interaction with international actors for their achievement.
1-4-7

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 37

Which of the following is not among the mechanisms for regional energy transmission for Turkey?

oil pipelines

Turkish Straits

natural gas pipelines

electricity interconnections

nuclear plants

Açıklama:

Given the current state of affairs in terms of regional energy transmission networks, one can observe that Turkey is actively involved in four mechanisms: the role played by Turkish Straits, oil pipelines, natural gas pipelines, and electricity interconnections.
nuclear plants

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which of the following is the natural gas pipeline that transports Iranian natural gas to Turkey for domestic consumption since 2001?

Blue Stream Pipeline

Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line

West Line

Trans - Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline

TurkStream Gas Pipeline

Açıklama:

The oldest natural gas pipeline is the Russian- Turkey Natural Gas Pipeline (West Line) that became operational before the collapse of Soviet Union. Natural gas transported through the West Line is utilized for domestic consumption. The second natural gas pipeline is the Blue Stream Pipeline, which brings Russian gas through Black Sea to Turkey. It became operational in 2003, and natural gas from this pipeline is also used for domestic consumption. The third natural gas pipeline is the Eastern Anatolian Natural Gas Main Transmission Line that became operational in 2001. It transports Iranian natural gas to Turkey. Natural gas imported from this pipeline is also used for domestic consumption. The fourth is the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Natural Gas Pipeline, which became operational in 2007. This pipeline lies parallel

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which of the following isnot among the principles of Turkey's energy strategy?

Augmenting research and development on energy technologies

Giving due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain

Taking into account increasing energy demand and import dependency

Establishing transparent and competitive market conditions through reform and liberalization

Announcing the geopolitical role that Turkey might play within the post-Soviet geopolitical setting

Açıklama:

The basic principles of Turkey’s energy strategy are as follows:
1. Taking into account increasing energy demand and import dependency, prioritization among energy supply security related activities;
2. Within the context of sustainable development, giving due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain;
3. Increasing efficiency and productivity, establishing transparent and competitive market conditions through reform and liberalization;
4. Augmenting research and development on energy technologies.
Announcing the geopolitical role that Turkey might play within the post-Soviet geopolitical setting

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 40

Which of the following is the geography Turkey has invested in developing a capacity for offshore hydrocarbon exploration activities?

The Black Sea

The Eastern Mediterranean

The Aegean Sea

The Turkish Cypriot Continental Shelf

The Marmara Sea

Açıklama:

The changing nature of the geopolitical dynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean region has had an effect on Turkey, because this very process is a milestone in terms of the consolidation of the energy dimension of foreign policy making. The Eastern Mediterranean region deserves a special attention in this regard. Eastern Mediterranean is a region of strategic importance for Turkish foreign policy due to the presence of at least two major issues on its agenda: the Aegean Sea issues and the Cyprus problem. Moreover, with the increasing energy security concerns and the need to add a thorough energy dimension to the foreign policy making increased the importance of the region. While Turkey is investing in developing a capacity for offshore hydrocarbon exploration activities, it is also utilizing these activities as a tool for protecting its interests in the Aegean Sea a

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 8

Soru 1

Which of the following can NOT be a reason of migration?

Security

Better working conditions

Better houses

Better education

A place to live

Açıklama:

The books says that migration refers to people leaving their cities or countries for getting a secure place, better life, working conditions, better education, and acquiring new places of life. Therefore, only the reasons "better houses" is not among the reasons of migration.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which of the following are the reasons behind the migration movements to Turkey?

I: political reasons
II: security reasons
III: economic reasons
IV: beautiful scenery
V: geopolitical position
VI: the number of the shops

I, II

Only II

Only III

IV, V

I, II, III, V

Açıklama:

The book states that migration to Turkey results from reasons such as political, economic, and security problems in the neighboring countries. Turkey’s geopolitical position has played an essential role in these migration movements. Therefore, all the reasons except for the number of the shops are behind the migration movements.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

What was the major determinant on Turkey's migration policies during the 1990s?

Globalization and Europeanization

Increase in number of refugees

Political instability in the region

Change in EU policies

Demand for decent living conditions

Açıklama:

According to the book, globalization and Europeanization have majorly affected Turkey’s migration policy during the 1990s (İçduygu, 2014: 2); and migrants who sought decent living conditions and better jobs in Europe. This made it necessary for EU-Turkey to cooperate on the issue of immigration and coordinate their respective policies and actions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Which of the following describes the nature of the term humanitarian diplomacy?

International

Decision-making

Protection

People-oriented

Actors

Açıklama:

the term "People oriented" prioritizes humanitarian causes in international relations. This approach, then, is geared toward protecting not only the state but also its citizens as actors, and it is more apparent in times of crisis or conflict.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following is true about migration?
I: Migration has multi-dimensional issues.
II: Migration has only economic dimension.
III: Any measurement can be useful to deal with migration.
IV: Migration is a national issue.
V: National and international cooperation are necessary.

II, IV

I, V

Only V

Only III

III, IV

Açıklama:

The book states that migration has political, economic, humanitarian, and sociocultural dimensions that need to be tackled with a systemic approach and that make coordination and cooperation necessary between national and international institutions. Therefore, I, and V are true about migration. II, III; IV do not conform to this explanation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

A person who is unwilling to return to his/her own country is granted a status of being ....... .
Which of the following correctly completes the blank above?

a guest

a citizen

a conditional refugee

an asylum seeker

passenger

Açıklama:

Conditional refugee is defined as a person who . is unwilling to return to (the country of his citizenship) and who completes the refugee status determination process. Conditional refugees shall be allowed to reside in Turkey temporarily until they are resettled to a third country.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

What is Temporary Protection?

To protect asylum seekers and refugees for a certain period of time.

To protect only refugees for a certain period of time.

To protect asylum seekers and refugees during day time.

To protect asylum seekers and refugees against soldiers.

Açıklama:

According to the book, one of the basic principles of international refugee law, that aims at protecting asylum seekers and refugees and not sending them back to their countries of citizenship so that they would not face arbitrary persecution. Therefore, these people are entitled to temporary protection.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Who arenot entitled to temporary protection?

Conditional refugees

Asylum seekers

Politicians

Criminals

Tourists

Açıklama:

The temporary protection cannot be provided to those who are involved in criminal or terrorist acts. Therefore, any temporary protection granted shall be cancelled for those who are subsequently identified as criminal or terrorist.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

Which of the following are the reasons to terminate temporary protection?
I: voluntarily leaving the country
II: starting a job
III: being protected by another country

I, II, III

I, II

II, III

Only III

I, III

Açıklama:

Temporary protection is terminated on an individual basis for those who either: a) voluntarily leave Turkey, b) benefit from the protection of a third country, c) are admitted to a third country for humanitarian reasons or through a resettlement program, or d) die,

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which of the following services can people under temporary protection benefit from?
I: health
II: translation/interpretation
III: education
IV: work permit

I, II, III, IV

I, II

Only III

I, III, IV

Only IV

Açıklama:

According to the 2014 Regulation, the assistance to be such as health services, education, access to labor market, social assistance, and translation/ interpretation are extended to people under temporary protection.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

In which year did the first mass migration flux to Turkey occur?

1945

1991

1923

1973

1934

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “TURKISH IMMIGRATION POLITICS AND THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK” section.
The first mass (regular) migration flux occurred through a population exchange agreement with Greece in 1923. As a result, about 384.000 resident Muslim Turks living in Greece had to move to Turkey

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

What was aimed with the Joint Action Plan implemented by Turkey and the EU in 2015?

Meeting 72 criteria for a visa-free travel proposal for migrants.

Implementing a visa liberalization process.

Helping regular migrants from Syria to finance their lives.

Preventing the flow of irregular migrants entering the EU.

Protecting Syrian migrants from war.

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “TURKEY’S OPEN-DOOR POLICY
TOWARD SYRIANS” section.
With a large irregular influx of migrants heading for Europe in 2015, the EU
and Turkey agreed on a change in the timetable for readmission of third-country citizens. As such, Turkey and the EU, at a summit meeting held on November 29, 2015, agreed to implement a Joint Action Plan on preventing the flow of irregular migrants entering the EU.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

Which of the following is one of the cities with the highest number of Syrian refugees?

Ankara

Şanlıurfa

Osmaniye

Diyarbakır

Van

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkey’s Open-Door Policy toward Syrians” section.
In terms of the high number of Syrian refugees, İstanbul and Gaziantep are followed by the cities of Hatay, Şanlıurfa, Adana, Mersin, Bursa, İzmir, Konya, and Kilis.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

In which year was the Temporary Protection Regulation issued?

2014

2010

2013

2008

1999

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkey’s Open-Door Policy toward Syrians” section.
The issues relating to the implementation of the temporary protection regime are detailed by the Temporary Protection Regulation issued in 2014.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

refugee
main protection
irregular refugee
conditional refugee
subsidiary protection

Which of the above are the concepts defined by the 2013 Law on Foreigners and International Protection?

III, IV

I, III, V

II, IV, V

I, II, III

I, IV, V

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “TURKEY’S TEMPORARY PROTECTION REGIME FOR SYRIAN ASYLUM SEEKERS” section.
The 2013 Law on Foreigners and International Protection defines the concepts of refugee, conditional refugee, and subsidiary (secondary) protection, primarily under the heading of "international protection".

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Between which years took the second wave of migration to Turkey place?

1923 and 1933

1933 and 1945

1923 and 1945

1945 and 1967

1932 and 1934

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkish Immigration Politics and the
International Framework” section.
The second wave of migration took place between 1923 and 1945 from the Balkans. About 800.000 people moved from the Balkans (specifically from
Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania) to Turkey during this period.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

According to which law are only persons of Turkish ethnic descent and Turkish culture entitled to settle and receive Turkish citizenship?

The 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law

The 1932 Law on Arts and Services Allocated to the Turkish Citizens in Turkey

The 1944 Global Humanitarian Assistance Law

The 1932 Turkish Migration Law

The 1936 Foreign Resettlement Law

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkish Immigration Politics and the
International Framework” section.
According to the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law “only persons of Turkish ethnic descent and Turkish culture are entitled to settle and receive Turkish citizenship”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which one of the following is not a duty of the DGMM?

Carry out the work and operations related to temporary protection.

Carry out the work and operations related to the comliance processes.

Carry out the work and operations related to the protection of victims and human trafficking.

Carry out the work and operations related to migrations.

Carry out the work and operations related to mediacal assistance.

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Humanitarian Assistance in Turkey’s New Foreign Policy” section.
The duties and powers of the DGMM are listed in Article 159 as follows:
•carry out studies on the development of legislation and administrative capacity in the field of migration and to monitor and coordinate the implementation of policies and strategies determined by the President,
• carry out work and operations related to migration,
• carry out the duties assigned to the Ministry in the Housing Law No. 5543 dated 19/9/2006,
• carry out work and operations related to the protection of victims of human trafficking,
• identify stateless persons in Turkey and to carry out work and operations related to these persons,
• carry out the work and operations related to the compliance processes,
• carry out work and operations related to temporary protection,

ensure coordination between law enforcement units and relevant public
institutions and organizations in order to combat irregular migration, to develop measures, and to follow the implementation of the measures taken,
help in programming and project designing the activities of public institutions and organizations in the field of migration, to evaluate and approve project proposals, to monitor the work and projects carried out,
to support the execution of these studies and projects under international standards,
carry out other duties given by legislation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following is the organization to which the IRO has been transferred?

Global Humanitarian Organization

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations Refugee Organization

United Nations Humanitarian Organization

International Refugee Orgsanization

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkish Immigration Politics and the
International Framework” section.
In 1946, the International Refugee Organization (IRO) was established within the UN toward helping the refugees dispersed to various parts of Europe. This organization carried out significant activities until 1951, including the resettlement of about one million Europeans who became homeless during the Second World War. The IRO, however, was later abolished and its mandate was transferred to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), founded in 1950.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

Turkey's ................ is based on non-refoulement, one of the basic principles of international refugee law, that aims at protecting asylum seekers and refugees and not sending them back to their countries of citizenship so that they would not face arbitrary persecution.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

subsidary protection regime

secondary protection regime

temporary protection regime

conditional refugee regime

refugee regime

Açıklama:

If your answer is wrong, please review the “Turkey’s Temporary Protection Regime for Syrian Asylum Seekers” section.
Turkey’s temporary protection regime is based on non-refoulement, one of the basic principles of international refugee law, that aims at protecting asylum seekers and refugees and not sending them back to their countries of citizenship so that they would not face arbitrary persecution.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

I. A secure place
II. Better life
III. Better working conditions
IV. Better education
Which of the above is/are among the reasons of migration?

I and II

I and IV

I, II and III

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Migration, which began with human history, refers to people leaving their cities or countries for getting a secure place, better life, working conditions, better education, and acquiring new places of life.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

I. Turkey was not only subjected to mass migration flows in specific periods but also it sent workers to Europe during the Cold War years.
II. Since the end of the 1980s, Turkey has become a transit hub for migration flows, caused by such factors as political instability, conflict, civil war, and starvation.
III. Turkey has protected those who were the victims of war, genocide, ethnic discrimination, and crimes against humanity.
Which of the above is/are correct?

Only I

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Turkey was not only subjected to mass migration flows in specific periods but also it sent workers to Europe during the Cold War years. Since the end of the 1980s, Turkey has become a transit hub for migration flows, caused by such factors as political instability, conflict, civil war, and starvation. Turkey has protected those who were the victims of war, genocide, ethnic discrimination, and crimes against humanity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

"The first mass (regular) migration flux occurred through a population exchange agreement with Greece in ......."
Which of the followings must fill the blank above?

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Açıklama:

The first mass (regular) migration flux occurred through a population exchange agreement with Greece in 1923.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

I. The second wave of migration took place between 1923 and 1945 from the Balkans.
II. About 800.000 people moved from the Balkans (specifically from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania) to Turkey between 1923 and 1945.
III. Eight hundred people who fled the Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 sought refuge in Turkey.
Which of the above is/are correct?

Only I

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The second wave of migration took place between 1923 and 1945 from the Balkans. About 800.000 people moved from the Balkans (specifically from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania) to Turkey during this period. Eight hundred people who fled the Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 also sought refuge in Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which of the followings is not among the migration movements to Turkey during the Cold War period?

Turks from the East Turkestan, following the Chinese invasion

Turks from Greece

The mass flux from Syria between 1945 and 1967

About one million people after the Islamic Revolution in Iran

A large number of Turkish origin people from Afghanistan after the Soviet occupation

Açıklama:

Other migration movements to Turkey during the Cold War period included: a) Turks from the East Turkestan, following the Chinese invasion, b) the mass flux from Syria between 1945 and 1967, c) about one million people after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, d) a large number of Turkish origin people from Afghanistan after the Soviet occupation, e) about 51.500 Iraqis, who emigrated to Turkey following the massacre carried out by the Saddam Hussein regime in Halabja.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

When Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement with Germany on the employment of its workers?

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Açıklama:

Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement with Germany in 1961 on the employment of its workers.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

I. Austria
II. Belgium
III. The Netherlands
IV. France
Which of the countires above signed bilateral refugee agreements with Turkey?

I and II

II and III

III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement with Germany in 1961 on the employment of its workers. Following this agreement, Turkey signed similar bilateral agreements with many other European countries, including Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Sweden.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

"Between 1961 and 1975, the number of Turks who emigrated to West European countries to work was around ..........."
Which of the following choices is the correct option for filling the blank above?

A thousand.

A hundred thousand.

A million.

Ten million

A billion

Açıklama:

Between 1961 and 1975, the number of Turks who emigrated to West European countries to work was around one million.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

I. Australia
II. Saudi Arabia
III. Libya
IV. Sri Lanka
Which of the countries above is/are not among the countries that the Turkish workers started emigrating to especially after 1970s?

I and II

II and III

Only IV

Only III

Only I

Açıklama:

Turkish workers started emigrating to Australia as well as to the oil-producing countries, notably Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Iraq.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

I. To carry out studies on the development of legislation and administrative capacity in the field of migration and to monitor and coordinate the implementation of policies and strategies determined by the President,
II. To carry out work and operations related to migration,
III. To carry out work and operations related to the protection of victims of human trafficking.
Which of the above is/are among the duties and powers of the Directorate General of
Migration Management?

Only I

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The duties and powers of the DGMM are listed in Article 159 as follows: • carry out studies on the development of legislation and administrative capacity in the field of migration and to monitor and coordinate the implementation of policies and strategies determined by the President, • carry out work and operations related to migration, • carry out the duties assigned to the Ministry in the Housing Law No. 5543 dated 19/9/2006, • carry out work and operations related to the protection of victims of human trafficking, • identify stateless persons in Turkey and to carry out work and operations related to these persons, • carry out the work and operations related to the compliance processes, • carry out work and operations related to temporary protection, • ensure coordination between law enforcement units and relevant public institutions and organizations in order to combat irregular migration, to develop measures, and to follow the implementation of the measures taken, • help in programming and project designing the activities of public institutions and organizations in the field of migration, to evaluate and approve project proposals, to monitor the work and projects carried out, to support the execution of these studies and projects under international standards, • carry out other duties given by legislation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Which of the following is the "first" mass (regular) migration to Turkey in history?

1945 from the Balkans

1923 with a population exchange agreement with Greece

1945-1967 the mass flux from Syria

1991 from Middle East due to the Gulf War

1933-1945 from the Nazi Germany

Açıklama:

The first mass (regular) migration flux occurred through a population exchange agreement with Greece in 1923. As a result, about 384.000 resident Muslim Turks living in Greece had to move to Turkey. In addition, under the terms of the agreement, approximately 200.000 Christian Greeks moved from Turkey to Greece. Although the population exchange was “mandatory,” it is considered “regular migration” because it occurred in the context of a bilateral international agreement.
1923 with a population exchange agreement with Greece

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

Which of the following is the country Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement in 1961 on the employment of its workers?

Austria

Belgium

Germany

the Netherlands

France

Açıklama:

Turkey became a country who sent immigrants to Europe in the post-Second World War years. Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement with Germany in 1961 on the employment of its workers. Following this agreement, Turkey signed similar bilateral agreements with many other European countries, including Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Sweden.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

According to the 1951 Refugee Convention, which of the following is the geography Turkey grants the refugee status to?

Europe

Asia

Eurasia

Africa

Middle East

Açıklama:

Although Turkey is one of the signatory countries of the 1951 Refugee Convention, it has adopted certain geographical reservations. When the refugee convention opened to signature, the signatory countries were asked to indicate how they would interpret “the events before 1951.” According to the convention, the signatory countries would be able to interpret it as ‘events occurring in Europe before 1 January 1951’ or as ‘events occurring in Europe or elsewhere before 1 January 1951’. Turkey declared that it would embrace the first interpretation, which requires applying the Convention to the events occurring only in Europe before 1 January 1951. Turkey signed the Convention in 1951, which entered into effect in 1961, and passed necessary legal documents to make it part of the national law. As a result, Turkey now grants th

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

Which of the following is the institution specialized in migration management to implement Turkey’s migration policies and strategies since 2013?

The Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM)

Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD)

Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA)

Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB)

Yunus Emre Institute

Açıklama:

Turkey faced a massive wave of migration as it had to open its doors to Syrian asylum seekers because of humanitarian reasons. Migration has become an issue with political, economic, humanitarian, and socio- cultural dimensions that need to be tackled with a systemic approach and that make coordination and cooperation necessary between national and international institutions. Despite all these, Turkey was lacking an institution specialized in migration management in the early 2000s. This revealed the need for a new effective and human-oriented institutional structure that would determine and implement Turkey’s migration policies and strategies within an integrated migration system.
The Directorate General of Migration Manage
The Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which of the following are the two countries DGMM of Turkey has appointed contact points as the origin of irregular migration to Turkey?

Syria and Iraq

Somalia and Myanmar

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Syria

Afghanistan and Pakistan

Iran and Iraq

Açıklama:

The DGMM has been the most competent and capable institution in all issues related to migration in Turkey. It has undertaken responsibilities in areas such as fighting against illegal migration, implementing all the procedures for Syrian asylum seekers, strengthening national cooperation with international institutions and organizations. As the European Commission acknowledged, “the DGMM remains a key player in managing migration and continues to increase its staff capacity, and employs a total of 3.098 staff centrally and in the Turkish provinces. While no DGMM structure abroad has yet been set up, the DGMM has appointed contact points to Afghanistan and Pakistan, the main countries of origin of irregular migration to Turkey”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which of the following is an unanswered demand of Turkey from the international community for managing the influx of refugees from Syria?

to provide economic assistance to Syrian refugees

to initiate talks with the Syrian regime

to establish a safe zone (a humanitarian corridor)

to build tent cities in the north of country

to prevent illegal crossings from Syria

Açıklama:

Since the Syrian civil war broke out, Turkey has been communicating the need for strong international cooperation to find a lasting political solution to the problems in Syria. From the Turkish perspective, the mass flux of refugees is one of the most critical aspects of the Syrian crisis. Since the influx of refugees began, Turkey invited the international community in the north of the country. Turkey proposed to keep Syrian citizens in safe zones within Syria to protect them from the regime’s attacks but at the same time help them live in their home country. However, Turkey’s calls for a safe zone did not find support from the international community.
to establish a safe zone (a humanitarian corridor)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

What was the reason for the EU to start a visa liberalization process with Turkey that ended with a readmission agreement?

for revising customs union agreement with Turkey

initiating visa- free travel for Turkish citizens

in exchange for Turkey’s further help in curbing irregular migration to Europe

for returning irregular migrants crossing from Turkey to the Greek islands to Turkey

opening a new chapter in the negotiation process with Turkey

Açıklama:

The ongoing visa liberalization negotiations between Turkey and the EU, dating back to the 1980s, have brought about discussions on a readmission agreement. The EU has planned to implement a visa liberalization process with Turkey in exchange for Turkey’s further help in curbing irregular migration to Europe. As a result of negotiations on the readmission agreement between the EU and Turkey in the 2000s, the draft text of the agreement was initiated in 2012.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the following is not a term used by Turkish authorities for Syrians living in Turkey?

guests

refugees

people under temporary protection

foreigners forced to leave their own country

asylum seekers

Açıklama:

Turkey is one of the state parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention with a reservation of geographical limitation. Accordingly, Turkey does not grant refugee status to those people coming from outside Europe. Therefore Turkey has not granted “refugee status” per se to the Syrians who have sought refuge in the country and referred to them as people “under temporary protection” or simply “guests.” Whereas the concept of guest defined by Turkey has no equivalent in international law, Turkey declared in October 2011 that Syrians are considered to be under temporary protection in line with Article 10 of the 1994 Regulation of the Ministry of Interior. Due to limitations on granting the refugee status to foreigners in Turkey, one of the commonly used concepts for Syrians is asylum seekers. The concept of asylum seekers refers to those people who are seeking refugee-like international protection, but u
refugees

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

What is the term used for an individual seeking international protection and whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it?

asylum seeker

refugee

migrant

immigrant

person under temporary protection

Açıklama:

Asylum seeker is an individual who is seeking international protection. In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every recognized refugee is initially an asylum seeker.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which of the following is not among the services provided to Syrians under temporary protection according to the 2014 Regulation?

the right for health and education services

access to labor market

the right to social assistance

the right to apply for Turkish citizenship

the right to free translation /interpretation

Açıklama:

The 2014 Regulation also mentions the assistance to be extended to people under temporary protection. This assistance includes health services, education, access to labor market, social assistance, and translation/ interpretation (Article 26). However, the rights granted to people through the temporary protection process do not provide them with the right to apply for Turkish citizenship (Article 25).

Doğru Cevap: D

Turkısh Foreıgn Polıcy II (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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How did the economic policy adopted at the 1923 İzmir Economic Congress affect Turkey's foreign policy?

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Which of the following was the main objective of Turkish foreign policy from the War of Independence until the Treaty of Lausanne?

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Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of Turkish foreign policy in Atatürk's era?

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Which of the following was not realised during the Atatürk period?

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In which of the following is the main reason for Turkey's declaration of war against Germany and Japan at the end of World War II given correctly?

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Ünite 2

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