Turkısh Foreıgn Polıcy I (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

The future of the territories populated by the Arab majority at the time of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması) would be determined by a plebiscite. Meanwhile, unoccupied territories inhabited by Turkish majority would continue to be the homeland of the Turkish nation.

The status of the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Batum might be determined by a plebiscite.

The status of the Western Thrace would be determined by a plebiscite.

The protection of Istanbul and Marmara should be provided. Turkey and the other concerned countries would decide for transport and trade on the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.

The rights of minorities will be protected on the condition of reciprocity. The rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries should be protected.

Unconditional full independence and sovereignty of the country, including the removal of all restrictions on political, judicial, and financial development, should be recognized.

Considering the explanations above, we see that ‘’The rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries should be ignored, and The protection of Istanbul and Marmara should be neglected’’ are false, so the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

I. The term “Millet” refers to a “religious community” or to certain “people” in the Ottoman Turkish language
II. In the Ottoman Empire, it was used for organizing different religious communities with limited administrative power under a religious leader with authority over their co-religionists
III. The system banned each community to regulate their own affairs under the supremacy of the Ottoman administration
IV. Only the “religion of the books” (kitap ehli) were recognized as millet in the system
Which of the statements above are correct about the term "Millet"?

Only I

Only III

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

Açıklama:

The term “Millet” refers to a “religious community” or to certain “people” in the Ottoman Turkish language. In the Ottoman Empire, it was used for organizing different religious communities with limited administrative power under a religious leader with authority over their co-religionists. The system allowed each community to regulate their own affairs under the supremacy of the Ottoman administration. Only the “religion of the books” (kitap ehli) were recognized as millet in the system; thus, originally there were Orthodox Christian and the Armenian millets, which later joined by the Jews and Catholic Armenians. Empire’s Muslim population (the Ummah) was not considered as part of the Millet system.
Considering the explanations above, we realize that ‘’The system allowed (not banned) each community to regulate their own affairs under the supremacy of the Ottoman administration.’’ the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the countries below, with the support of the United Kingdom, occupied the Western Anatolia following the end of the First World War?

Italy

Greece

France

Russia

Germany

Açıklama:

Greece, with the support of the United Kingdom, had occupied the Western Anatolia following the end of the First World War. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

"Sitting at the crossroads of land connections makes Turkey …………............…., ……………………., ………………………, and ……………….. ……….…… country, all at the same time."
Which of the following does not complete the description of the geographical setting of Turkey?

a Balkan

a Far Eastern

a Caucasian

a Mediterranean

a Middle Eastern

Açıklama:

Sitting at the crossroads of land connections makes Turkey a Balkan, a Caucasian, a Mediterranean, and a Middle Eastern country, all at the same time. ‘’ a Far Eastern’’ does not go in the description, so the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Which of the followings does not take place among the friendship declarations and bilateral agreements which were signed by Turkey between 1920 and 1955 in an attempt to feel more secure?

Warsaw Pact

Balkan Pact

The Balkan Alliance

The Baghdad Pact

NATO

Açıklama:

In order to reduce the sense of insecurity and to counterbalance potential rivals, Turkey has joined the existing alliances at the time or it allied with regional states and outside powers. For this reason, Turkey, between 1920 and 1955, signed a number of friendship declarations with the neighbors and bilateral agreements with the USA. In an attempt to feel more secure, Turkey joined the Balkan Pact (1953), the Balkan Alliance (1954), and the Baghdad Pact (1955). Nevertheless, Turkey’s adherence to NATO in 1952 was the biggest step in terms of securing its borders.
Considering the explanations above, we see that Warsaw Pact isn’t among the agreements, so the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

…………………….. covers not only the political and governmental life but also the whole social and cultural life.
Which of the following words completes the description above correctly?

Republicanism

Nationalism

Secularism

Revolutionism

Pan-Islamism

Açıklama:

Secularism, as an essential component of modernization, covers not only the political and governmental life but also the whole social and cultural life. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

When did Turkey become a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

1937

1944

1952

1955

1960

Açıklama:

Thanks to its participation in the Korean War, Turkey finally joined NATO in 1952. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which of the following statements is false about Turkey’s Cold War foreign policies?

Considering the Soviet pressure on Turkey for territorial adjustments and its westernization process, Turkey preferred the Western camp at the end of the Second World War

Parallel to the transformation in the international system, Turkey’s domestic politics also experienced major changes moving into a multiparty system

The political desire for democratization also contributed to Turkey’s move to closer relations with the Western democracies

Turkey’s economic needs at the end of the War and extensive requirements for economic and military foreign aid also exacerbated its western dependency

Turkey’s international standing during the Cold War could be classified as Eastern-dependent due to both systemic factors and domestic developments

Açıklama:

Turkey’s international standing during the Cold War could be classified as Western-dependent due to both systemic factors and domestic developments. First of all, the transition from a multipolar to bipolar world system forced Turkey to choose a side as it was a middle-range power with geopolitical importance to bloc leaders. Considering the Soviet pressure on Turkey for territorial adjustments and its westernization process, Turkey preferred the Western camp at the end of the Second World War. Parallel to the transformation in the international system, Turkey’s domestic politics also experienced major changes moving into a multiparty system. The political desire for democratization also contributed to Turkey’s move to closer relations with the Western democracies. Turkey’s economic needs at the end of the War and extensive requirements for economic and military foreign aid also exacerbated its western dependency. Last but not least, Cyprus problem became a crucial foreign policy determinant starting from early 1960s.
Considering the explanations above, we see that Turkey’s international standing is Western not Eastern, so the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following concepts did the Ottoman Empire adopt after the late 17th century?

Military-offensive approach

Balance of power

Temporary fixes

Emergent practice

Act-sense-respond

Açıklama:

In the early years, the Ottoman Empire followed a military-offensive approach in its foreign relations. However, after the late 17th century, with the beginning of the imperial decline, its main foreign policy objective shifted to preserving the status quo by all military and diplomatic means in an attempt to slow down the loss of territory. Thus, Ottoman Empire adopted the concept of ‘balance of power’ as a strategic behavior.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the followings served as the international recognition of the Turkish National Pact (Misak-ı Milli)?

Treaty of Neutrality and Non-aggression

Peace Treaty of Sevres

Treaty of Lausanne

Treaty of Friendship and Non-aggression

Treaty of Alliance

Açıklama:

The First World War resulted in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This also meant that the Turkish imperial history came to an end. After three years of national struggle, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on July 24, 1923, established the new Turkish nation-state. The Treaty of Lausanne replaced the Peace Treaty of Sevres, which the Republican Turkey had never signed, and Turkey asserted its complete sovereignty over its current territory with the exception of Hatay (the district of Alexandretta), which finally (re) united with the motherland in 1939. Despite few restrictions on the Turkish Straits and some commercial and judicial privileges, the Treaty of Lausanne has served as the international recognition of the Turkish National Pact (Misak-ı Milli), which had been adopted in 1920 by the Meclis-i Mebusan, the Ottoman Parliament.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which policy of the Ottoman Empire triggered the self-destruction of itself?

The millet system

Pan-Islamism

Military-offensive approach

Status quo

Realpolitik

Açıklama:

In the Ottoman Empire, therefore, the non-Muslim communities had managed to preserve their separate religious In the Ottoman Empire, therefore, the non-Muslim communities had managed to preserve their separate religious identities and linguistic differences; however, these communities were naturally affected by the spread of nationalist and separatist ideas in the nineteenth century.
As the European attention on these communities grew stronger, the Western powers continuously involved in the domestic affairs of the Ottomans in a way to abuse the communities for their own political objectives.
While the millet system had once served as a brilliant instrument of government, it triggered the self-destruction of the Empire. Especially, the abuse of the Greek Orthodox and Armenian communities throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would later have reverberations for Turkish foreign policy such as creating problems with Greece over minority issues and with Armenia over “genocide claims.” Even, labelling the European Union as a “Christian Club” may be tied to the Western interference in domestic affairs of the Ottoman Empire through its Christian minorities.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the followings was the biggest step of Turkey in terms of securing its borders?

Treaty of Neutrality and Non-aggression (1925)

Baghdad Pact (1955)

Balkan Alliance (1954)

Balkan Pact (1953)

Turkey’s adherence to NATO (1952)

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

What does the term "millet" refer to?

A business community

A clan

A religious community

A trade community

A society

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

What is "Duyun-u Umumiye"?

A religious ceremony

Public religion service

Society ruling system

Public debt service

A kind of a treaty

Açıklama:

Not only the interference in domestic affairs through minorities but also the financial control of the Empire by the European powers through the establishment of the Public Debt Service (Duyun-u Umumiye) in 1881 created severe trauma for the Turks.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

What is the ideology of Enosis?

The union of Turkey

The Greek claim on Aegean islands

The greek claim of 12-mile territorial waters in Aegean sea

The union of Cyprus island with Turkey

The union of Cyprus island with Greece

Açıklama:

The same security concern played a role in Turkey’s declaration of casus belli against the Greek claim of twelve-mile territorial waters in the Aegean Sea. In this way, Turkey can keep all open-sea exits from the Aegean Sea through its territorial seas.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which of the following was the biggest step for Turkey in securing its borders?

Turkey’s adherence to NATO in 1952

Balkan Pact (1953),

The Balkan Alliance (1954),

The Baghdad Pact (1955)

Treaty of Neutrality and Non-aggression of 1925

Açıklama:

In an attempt to feel more secure, Turkey joined the Balkan Pact (1953), the Balkan Alliance (1954), and the Baghdad Pact (1955). Nevertheless, Turkey’s adherence to NATO in 1952 was the biggest step in terms of securing its borders.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following is the interwar period of Turkey?

1945-1960

1923-1939

1920-1923

1960-1970

2011-2015

Açıklama:

While Turkey’s foreign policy in the interwar period (1923-1939) was mainly shaped by the structural factors and determined by Mustafa Kemal’s principles, the second period (1945-1960) was dominated by the dependence on Western powers.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

When was the second Turkish intervention to Cyprus?

1964

1969

1970

1974

1979

Açıklama:

The second Turkish intervention in Cyprus on August 14, 1974.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

What does EEC stand for?

European Expensive Community

European Economic Content

Economic European Context

Economic European Content

European Economic Community

Açıklama:

European Economic Community (EEC). However, the relations with European countries were tense because of the preferences given by the EEC to the former colonies of its member states and to several Mediterranean countries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Which of the following served as the international recognition of the Turkish National Pact (Misak-ı Milli)?

the Peace Treaty of Sevres

the Treaty of Lausanne

Armistice of Mudros

War of Independence

the founding of the Great Assembly of the Republic of Turkey

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which of the following is true for The National Pact (Misak-i Milli)?

It was approved by the first Turkish Grand Assembly.

It was approved in 1923.

The status of Istanbul would be determined by a plebiscite.

The provisions were based on the decisions taken during the congresses in Erzurum and Sivas.

Turkey alone would decide for transport and trade on the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.

Açıklama:

With Mustafa Kemal's call, two congresses met in Erzurum and Sivas with representatives from various Associations. As a result of these congresses, the nationwide Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia was formed and Mustafa Kemal was elected as the head of its permanent representative committee. Various decisions taken during these congresses regarding the principles of struggle against the occupying powers. They were later combined under six decisions and approved as the National Pact (Misak-ı Milli) by the last Ottoman Parliament, meeting in Istanbul in 1920. Altogether, these principles defined the nationalist struggle for independence that was about to start.
The National Pact included the following provisions:
• The future of the territories populated by the Arab majority at the time of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması) would be determined by a plebiscite. Meanwhile, unoccupied territories inhabited by Turkish majority would continue to be the homeland of the Turkish nation.
• The status of the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Batum might be determined by a plebiscite.
• The status of the Western Thrace would be determined by a plebiscite.
• The protection of Istanbul and Marmara should be provided. Turkey and the other concerned countries would decide for transport and trade on the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.
• The rights of minorities will be protected on the condition of reciprocity. The rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries should be protected.
• Unconditional full independence and sovereignty of the country, including the removal of all restrictions on political, judicial, and financial development, should be recognized.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

Which of the following is NOT a difference between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey?

Turkey is a nation-state, rather than an empire.

The political regime of Turkey is not an autocracy or theocracy.

The Turkish Republic has aimed mainly to maintain the status quo toward building and preserving a stable nation

Turkish elite have a Western orientation

The Turkish Republic has more or less a homogenous society based on a specific understanding of constitutional “Turkish nation.”

Açıklama:

Despite the fact that the Turkish Republic was born out of the Ottoman Empire, there are significant differences between the two states:
• Turkey is a nation-state; it is not an empire like the Ottoman State.
• The political regime of Turkey is not an autocracy or theocracy but was a parliamentary democracy between 1923 and 2017, and it has been presidential republic since then.
• The Turkish Republic has not founded on expansionist principles of an empire, but it has aimed mainly to maintain the status quo toward building and preserving a stable nation within its boundaries.
• While the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multi-racial, and multireligious state, the Turkish Republic has more or less a homogenous society based on a specific understanding of constitutional “Turkish nation.”
An important continuity in Turkish politics is the Western orientation of the country’s elite. Not only did Europe have influence on the Ottoman Empire, but also the Ottoman Empire was a key actor within the European system by way of establishing alignments with one or more of the European powers against others. However, the Ottoman Empire, though contradictory, had been alienated from Europe throughout the eighteenth century and much of the nineteenth century until the Paris Congress of 1856, where it was officially (re)admitted into the European state system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

In order to prevent the disintegration of the Empire’s Muslim subjects, what ideology did Sultan Abdülhamid II adopt?

Pan-Turkism

Pan-Islamism

Secularism

Imperialism

Communism

Açıklama:

Sultan Abdülhamid II supported the idea of PanIslamism in order to prevent the disintegration of the Empire’s Muslim subjects. There was no institutionalized religious authority in the Empire that was independent from the state. This allowed the Sultans to make peace with the ‘infidels’ and even ask for Western help whenever needed.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 45

Which of the following was stated in the Sevres Treaty?

The Straits were to be transferred to Greece

All of central Anatolia was to be kept by the Turks

An autonomous Kurdistan was to be founded in Eastern Anatolia

A sovereign Armenian state would be established in North Anatolia

France, Italy, Germany were allowed to form spheres of influence across Anatolia

Açıklama:

According to the Sevres Treaty, the European territory of the Ottoman Empire (except the Straits), İzmir, and its hinterland in Anatolia were to be transferred to Greece. A sovereign Armenian state and an autonomous “Kurdistan” were to be established in Eastern Anatolia. France, Italy, and Britain were allowed to form “spheres of influence” in the rest of Anatolia. Only a small part of the central Anatolia was to be kept by the Turks with some restrictions. Together with the disruption of the territorial unity, capitulations were to be restored and the Straits were to be governed by an international regime.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

What is the name given to the conviction that the “external world and their internal collaborators are trying to weaken and divide Turkey”?

Enosis

Psychosis

Sevresphobia

Ummah

Turkism

Açıklama:

The conviction that the “external world and their internal collaborators are trying to weaken and divide Turkey”. The term was originated from the Treaty of Sevres of 1920, which split most of the Ottoman territories among the occupying powers, creating an independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan as well as a Greek presence in the Eastern Thrace and on the West coast of Anatolia. Despite the fact that the Treaty was stillborn and never entered into force, the perception of foreign forces wishing to divide and destroy Turkish homeland has remained as an underlying concern in Turkish society and among the decision-makers.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Attachment to and preservation of existing order

Revisioning the existing order

Westernism

Expansionism

Which are features of Turkish foreign policy laid down by Atatürk?

I and III

II and IV

I and IV

II and III

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Baskın Oran (2001a: 46) stresses two defining features of Turkish foreign policy laid down by Atatürk; namely, Status quoism and Westernism. Status quoism means attachment to and preservation of existing order. Contrary to revisionism that implies an ambition to change the existing order status quoism is favoring the continuation of the existing order. Following Atatürk’s motto “Peace at home peace in the world,” Turkish foreign policy from the very beginning of the Republic was against expansionism or making war with neighboring states to regain lost territory

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Westernism in spite of the West.

Atatürk’s Westernism dictated complete obedience to the West.

Atatürk’s idea of Westernism was selective.

Atatürk definitely trusted the Western powers.

Which of the statements about Atatürk and Westernism is true for the vision Atatürk had on Westernism?

I and II

I and III

II and IV

I, II, III and IV

II, III

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s Westernism did not dictate complete obedience to the West. On the contrary, it was “Westernism in spite of the West”. Turkey’s War of Independence was won against Western powers. The Treaty of Sevres was forced upon the Ottoman Empire by major Western powers including Britain, France and Italy. Sevres dictated the division of Turkish lands into several zones under Western control. In Lausanne, Turkey abrogated Sevres and reclaimed its independence from the West. Therefore, Atatürk was the last person to encourage full attachment to the West. Atatürk’s was selective Westernism or Westernism is à la carte. Atatürk definitely did not trust the Western powers, against which he fought many years.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Status quoism
Westernism
Pragmatism
Multilateralism

Which of the above are the features defining Atatürk's foreign policy?

I, II and III

I, III and IV

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s foreign policy was defined by four main features: Status quoism, Westernism, Pragmatism and Multilateralism. These features were more or less applicable to Turkey both in the early Republican years and the 1930s until the WWII.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

The Treaty of Lausanne was the founding document of the Turkish Republic.

The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain.

Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits.

The US signed the Lausanne Treaty.

Which of the statements above are true for The Treaty of Lausanne?

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II and IV

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Lausanne, the founding document of the Turkish Republic, was the first foreign policy action of new Turkey upon which these four features have been established. The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counterbalance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence. Hence, it never signed the Lausanne Treaty that consolidated Turkey’s sovereignty at the end of the conference. Yet, the US leadership’s vision about national self-determination was influential on the conference participants and the US was seen as a potential ally by Atatürk due to a shared concern and resentment against European imperialism in Turkey and the US.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

The negotiations of the Lausanne Peace Conference were held in two rounds.

Turkish delegates had to compromise and consented the exclusion of Mosul from the National Pact.

It was agreed that capitulations would continue.

Which of the statements about The Treaty of Lausanne are correct?

I and II

Only II

Only I

I and III

II and III

Açıklama:

Turkish delegates to the Lausanne Peace Conference used diplomacy to consolidate their military victory and receive international recognition. First, they strongly insisted on the National Pact in demarcating the borders of the new Turkish state. They relied on Ankara government’s decision that the Turkish Grand National Assembly would not ratify any deal that would not comply with the National Pact. They were successful in having the National Pact observed by the other powers at the Lausanne Peace conference. The only exception was Mosul. They had to compromise on the Mosul issue and consented the exclusion of Mosul from the National Pact. The negotiations of the Lausanne Peace Conference were held in two rounds. The first round took place between 21 November 1922 and 4 February 1923. It revealed the participant states’ disagreement over Capitulations, the Straits, and the Ottoman debts. After a stalemate of two and a half months, the second round started on 23 April 1923 and concluded on 24 July 1923 with the signature of the Treaty of Lausanne.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

It ensured Turkey’s sovereign equality before international law.

It guaranteed Turkey’s economic independence by lifting the Capitulations and arranging the payment of the Ottoman debts.

It consolidated Turkey’s political independence by extending international recognition to the new Turkish state.

It is the only post-WWI treaty that is still valid today.

Which of the statements about The Treaty of Lausanne are true?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Lausanne had three major consequences for Turkey. First, it ensured Turkey’s sovereign equality before international law. The new Turkish state would be internationally recognized as an independent nation state enjoying equal sovereign rights respected by others. Second, the Treaty guaranteed Turkey’s economic independence by lifting the Capitulations and arranging the payment of the Ottoman debts. The Ankara government determined economic independence as indispensable for the new Turkish state and denied any offers for a compromise from it. By lifting the Capitulations and paying the Ottoman Debts, Turkey would make sure that it would never fall into the orbit of any external power. Finally, the Treaty consolidated Turkey’s political independence by extending international recognition to the new Turkish state. Unlike other post-WWI treaties, the Treaty of Lausanne was achieved through diplomatic negotiations. It is the only post-WWI treaty that is still valid today. After the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish policymakers shifted their attention from international recognition of their newly established state to the reconstruction of the state and economy. They continued to emphasize the importance of the motto “Peace at home, Peace in the world”

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which of the following statements is wrong for The Lausanne Peace Treaty?

It ensured Turkey’s sovereign equality before international law.

It guaranteed Turkey’s economic independence by lifting the Capitulations and arranging the payment of the Ottoman debts.

It consolidated Turkey’s political independence by extending international recognition to the new Turkish state.

It is the only post-WWI treaty that is still valid today.

It accepted the National Pact as the borders of the new state.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Britain claimed that Mosul overwhelmingly populated by Kurds and demanded that Turkey had no jurisdiction over the area.

Turkey insisted that Kurds was one of the founding subjects of Turkey- one, which is inseparable from Turks.

Britain took the matter to the League of Nations on 20 September 1924.

The League of Nations came to a decision in favour of Turkey.

Which of the statements above are true for The Mosul problem?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

I, III and IV

Açıklama:

Right after Lausanne, the two governments met in Istanbul in 19 May 1924 for Mosul to no avail. Britain claimed that the land was overwhelmingly populated by Kurds and demanded that Turkey had no jurisdiction over Mosul, while Turkey insisted that Kurds was one of the founding subjects of Turkey- one, which is inseparable from Turks. After the failure of the talks, Britain took the matter to the League of Nations on 20 September 1924. The League committee visited Mosul and controversially came to the conclusion that Kurds in the region did not wish to be under the rule of the Turkish Republic. Based on the recommendation of the Committee, the League Council decided that Mosul was to remain as a part of Iraq under the British mandate.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

The aggressive policies of revisionist powers including Germany and Italy along with the general process of rearmament across Europe resulted in an intensive ‘feeling of general insecurity.

Italy changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean by remilitarizing the Dodecanese islands.

The unilateralism of Germany, Italy and Japan encouraged unilateral actions and repudiation of international agreements in other parts of the world.

The secure environment at the time of the Lausanne Treaty disappeared and Europe became considerably insecure.

Which of the arguments above did Turkey put forward to ask for a revision on the Lausanne Peace Treaty to receive full power on the straits?

I, III and IV

I, II and III

II, III and IV

I, II and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Turkey applied to the League to reclaim its sovereignty over the straits in 1936. Turkish government made its case with reference to the principle of rebus sic stantibus that means obligations of treaty are terminable in the case of a fundamental change of circumstances. Turkey claimed that the circumstances of the Lausanne Treaty were altered so much that the provisions of the Lausanne Treaty concerning the status of the straits were no longer applicable. Turkey put forward several key issues that compromised the League’s capability to protect the Straits against a potential aggression. First, the aggressive policies of revisionist powers including Germany and Italy along with the general process of rearmament across Europe resulted in an intensive ‘feeling of general insecurity’ (E 2024/26/44). Second, Italy changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean by remilitarizing the Dodecanese islands. Turkish decision-makers considered this act as a direct threat against Anatolia. Moreover, international system became more insecure especially after Italy and Japan rejected to be bound by international norms and treaties. Finally, Turkey argued that the unilateralism of Germany, Italy and Japan encouraged unilateral actions and repudiation of international agreements in other parts of the world. Overall, Turkey argued with reference to the principle of rebus sic stantibus that the secure environment at the time of the Lausanne Treaty disappeared and Europe became considerably insecure. Therefore, Turkish government claimed that the straits committee under the League of Nations had no longer the capability to maintain the straits’ security, and asked for the revision of their legal status.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which country participated in the Lausanne Peace Treaty as an observer and never signed it?

Japan

The Soviet Union

The United States

Greece

Italy

Açıklama:

The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

Which one below is NOT one of the main features of Atatürk’s foreign policy?

Status quoism

Westernism

Revisionism

Pragmatism

Multilateralism

Açıklama:

Overall, Atatürk’s foreign policy was defined by four main features: Status quoism, Westernism, Pragmatism and Multilateralism. These features were more or less applicable to Turkey both in the early Republican years and the 1930s until the WWII.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

What does Hale’s statement for explaining Turkey’s position in the 1930s, which is “sacrificing guns for butter,” mean?

Preserve an independent nation state

An ambition to change the existing order

Attachment to multilateral diplomacy

Actualizing complete political and economic independence

Devotion to an entire decade to recovery from the War of Independence.

Açıklama:

According to Oran (2001a: 47), there were four main reasons behind the status quoist foreign policy understanding of Turkey during the Atatürk era. First, it was a newly-established state lacking economic and military capabilities to pursue pro- active foreign policy. Hale’s (2000: 67) statement for explaining Turkey’s position in the 1930s, which is “sacrificing guns for butter,” was also applicable to the early years of the Turkish Republic that devoted an entire decade to recovery from the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

When was the Lausanne Peace conference was organized?

1870

1892

1922

1930

1935

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

Which country was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne?

Greece

Britain

The Soviet Union

Japan

The US

Açıklama:

The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter- balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

Which country was a leading actor in the negotiations over territorial and military issues at the Lausanne Peace Conference?

Japan

Britain

France

The US

The Soviet Union

Açıklama:

Britain was a leading actor in the negotiations over territorial and military issues. In particular, British representatives sought to have a say in the fate of the Straits and the oil-rich region of Mosul. France was mostly interested in the payment of the Ottoman debts to French nationals.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

Which one below is NOT one of the main issues negotiated at the Lausanne Peace Conference?

foreigners’ rights

capitulations

Ottoman debts

Territorial and military issues

War of Independence

Açıklama:

The main issues negotiated at the Lausanne Peace Conference include territorial and military issues, foreigners’ rights and capitulations, as well as economic issues and the Ottoman debts.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Which ones below are true about the Mosul problem?
I The Mosul problem could be seen as the only major issue for Turkish foreign policy before 1920s.
II Mosul was left unsolved in Lausanne.
III Mosul was not an Ottoman territory when the Mudros armistice was signed.
IV For Turkey, the loss of Mosul meant the abandonment of the National Pact.
V The oil resources of Mosul were the only source of income for Iraq to stand on its feet.

I, II

II, III

I, II, III

II, IV, V

II, III, IV

Açıklama:

The Mosul problem could be seen as the only major issue for Turkish foreign policy during the rest of 1920s. After Lausanne, the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923. Turkey thereafter initiated a pro-Western transformation process by adopting the European legal system, reforming its education system based on the West-inspired scientific methods, embracing a European style dress code and adopting Latin alphabet. During this transformation period, Turkey rather took a low profile in its foreign policy mainly remaining loyal to its status quoism. Therefore, we do not observe much foreign policy developments on Turkey’s part. The only notable exception was Mosul, which was left unsolved in Lausanne. Mosul was still an Ottoman territory when the Mudros armistice was signed; however, from 3 November 1918 onwards the British troops started to occupy the region. Mosul was important for Turkey in terms of security of both Turkey and the Turkoman subjects living in Mosul. There was also the issue of oil resources. For Turkey, the loss of Mosul meant the abandonment of the National Pact (Hale, 2000: 50). For Britain, it was strategically crucial as it constituted a passage to the British dominions in India. Moreover, the oil resources of Mosul were the only source of income for Iraq to stand on its feet.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which one below was a turning point in Turkish-Italian relationships?

Mussolini’s speech at Facist Congress

Great Depression

The Sadabat Pact

The world economic crisis

Sir Pearcy Loraine

Açıklama:

Mossolini’s speech

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

After which diplomatic successes, European powers feared of losing Turkey to rivals and therefore supported Turkey’s efforts?

Montreux and Alexandretta

Hatay

Mousul problem

The Great Depression

The Serves Threaty

Açıklama:

The status of holder of balance not only enabled Turkey to form partnerships with almost every major European power, but also facilitated the settlement of Turkey’s disputes through diplomacy. This explains the diplomatic successes in Montreux and Alexandretta. European powers feared of losing Turkey to rivals and therefore supported Turkey’s efforts in both cases.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

When was Hatay transfered to French mandate?

During the first world war

After the world war 1

After the world war II

The Balkan war

The Montreux International Straits convention

Açıklama:

Hatay was transfered to French mandate following the First World War

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

The second feature of Atatürk’s foreign policy, according to Oran (2001a: 49) was Westernism. Turkish foreign policy makers traditionally perceive the West as an important center of power in world politics providing a set of important standards. Which of the following is not included as one of the important standards?

Political stability

Nationalistic attitudes

Scientific development

Economic advancement

Cultural and social modernity

Açıklama:

The second feature of Atatürk’s foreign policy, according to Oran (2001a: 49) was Westernism. Turkish foreign policy makers traditionally perceive the West as an important center of power in world politics providing a set of important standards for cultural and social modernity, economic advancement, scientific development, political stability and democracy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Atatürk’s Westernism was “Westernism in spite of the West”. In the 1930s, despite the criticisms of Western powers, Atatürk developed partnership with two countries. Which of the following is a partnership country?

Italy

Spain

France

Germany

Switzerland

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s Westernism did not dictate complete obedience to the West. On the contrary, it was “Westernism in spite of the West”. Atatürk definitely did not trust the Western powers, against which he fought many years. Especially in the 1930s, despite the criticisms of Western powers, Atatürk developed partnership with Germany and the Soviets at the same time.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

Which of the following best describes “Peace at home Peace in the world”?

Moral statement

Idealist statement

Western statement

Pragmatic statement

Multilateral statement

Açıklama:

“Peace at home Peace in the world” which was not an idealist or moral statement but mainly a pragmatic statement about the foreign relations of a young republic. Giving the message that Turkey would not pursue aggressive foreign policy unless attacked, Atatürk sought to increase the international recognition of Turkey as a legitimate player in the international system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

Which of the following does not define Ataturk’s foreign policy?

Nationalism

Westernism

Pragmatism

Status quoism

Multilateralism

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s foreign policy was defined by four main features: Status quoism, Westernism, Pragmatism and Multilateralism. These features were more or less applicable to Turkey both in the early Republican years and the 1930s until the WWII.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

Italy

Japan

The US

Greece

The Soviet Union

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter-balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Japan

France

The US

Greece

The Soviet Union

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter-balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. Which of the following countries joined the Lausanne Peace conference for its interest regarding the Straits?

Japan

France

The US

Greece

The Soviet Union

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter-balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Japan

France

The US

Greece

The Soviet Union

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter-balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

The Anglo-Turkish Mutual Aid and Assistance Agreement
The Franco-Turkish Mutual Aid and Defense Agreement
The Turkish-English-French Declaration of Agreement

Turkey joined with Britain and France to form a coalition to balance the Axis powers. Which of the above agreement or agreements established this coalition?

I-II

I-III

II-III

I-II-III

Açıklama:

Discuss the relations of Turkey with the warring parties
Being cognizant of its military and poor economic conditions, Turkey joined with Britain and France to form a coalition to balance the Axis powers. In fact, this coalition was established through the following separate agreements: the Anglo-Turkish Mutual Aid and Assistance Agreement of May 12, 1939; the Franco-Turkish Mutual Aid and Defense Agreement of June 23, 1939; and the Turkish-English-French Declaration of Agreement of October 19, 1939.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Who stated that “securing Turkey’s loyalty was a major factor in the British decision to destroy the French fleet”?

Selim Deringil

Şükrü Saraçoğlu

Kazım Karabekir

İsmet İnönü

Fevzi Çakmak

Açıklama:

Discuss the relations of Turkey with the warring parties
Selim Deringil, the prominent Turkish scholar who has widely researched Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War, stated that “securing Turkey’s loyalty was a major factor in the British decision to destroy the French fleet”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

With which of the following nations did Turkey sign a non-aggression pact on February 17, 1941?

Germany

Great Britain

The Soviet Union

Bulgaria

France

Açıklama:

Explain how Turkey was able to maintain its neutrality in the war.
Instead of following an aggressive policy to meet the threat coming from the West, Turkey preferred to establish good relations with the states that were potential threats. To this end, the Non-Aggression Pact was signed with Bulgaria on February 17, 1941.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which of the following two nations signed Mutual Assistance Agreement on May 26, 1942?

Great Britain and Turkey

Great Britain and the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union and Turkey

The Soviet Union and Germany

Germany and France

Açıklama:

Explain how Turkey was able to maintain its neutrality in the war.
The British and the Soviets signed the Mutual Assistance Agreement on May 26, 1942.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Turkey faced increased pressure from the successful counter-offensive of Britain at ____and the Soviet counter-offensive at ____ in November 1942.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

The Mediterranean - Berlin

Stalingrad - El Alamein

El Alamein- Stalingrad

The Middle East - El Alamein

Berlin - The Mediterranean

Açıklama:

Explain how Turkey was able to maintain its neutrality in the war.
Turkey faced increased pressure from the successful counter-offensive of Britain at El Alamein and the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad in November 1942.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the following conferences was held first?

First Cairo Conference

Yalta Conference

Teheran Conference

Casablanca Conference

Moscow Conference

Açıklama:

Analyze the rapprochement between Turkey and the Allied Powers
Casablanca Conference was held in in January 1943. Moscow Conference was held in October 1943. First Cairo Conference was held in November 22-26, 1943. Teheran Conference was held I November 28-December 1, 1943. Yalta Conference was held in February 4-11, 1945.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

In which conference not only the British but also the Soviets insisted on Turkey’s joining the war?

Teheran Conference

Casablanca Conference

Adana Conference

First Cairo Conference

Second Cairo Conference

Açıklama:

Analyze the rapprochement between Turkey and the Allied Powers.
The Teheran Conference marked a turning point in the allied nations’ strategy toward the Turkish position. Now not only the British but also the Soviets insisted on Turkey’s joining the war. The Soviets believed that the war would come to an end sooner with the participation of Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

The disagreements about their national interests and policies between the Soviets on the one side and the Americans and British, on the other resurfaced at the _____, held between July 17 and August 2, 1945.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Casablanca Conference

Adana Conference

Teheran Conference

Yalta Conference

Potsdam Conference

Açıklama:

Evaluate Turkish Foreign Policy in the final years of the war.
The disagreements about their national interests and policies between the Soviets on the one side and the Americans and British, on the other resurfaced at the Potsdam Conference, held between July 17 and August 2, 1945.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

In the final years of the war Turkey reviewed its foreign policy strategy toward the Germans. And then to satisfy the Soviet Union in particular, the Turkish Government deemed it necessary to dismiss some Nazi sympathizers from their duties. _____ was forced to resign from the post of Chief of General Staff by İnönü.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Numan Menemencioğlu

Fevzi Çakmak

Şükrü Saraçoğlu

Kazım Karabekir

Selim Deringil

Açıklama:

Evaluate Turkish Foreign Policy in the final years of the war.
To satisfy the Soviet Union in particular, the Turkish Government deemed it necessary to dismiss some Nazi sympathizers from their duties. Fevzi Çakmak was forced to resign from the post of Chief of General Staff by İnönü.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 21

Which country, found herself in a multilateral dilemma, some fifteen years after World War I ?

France

England

Russia

Turkey

Greece

Açıklama:

Situated at the geo-political and geo-strategic center of the world, Turkey, some fifteen years after World War I, found herself in a multilateral dilemma.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

What aimed the new repuclic ( Turkey ) during the second world war ?

Basically to survive and maintain the nation’s territorial integrity.

Join the Soviet Union.

join the european union.

Dominate the countries of the world.

Fight the war of Independence.

Açıklama:

The New Republic aimed basically to survive and maintain the nation’s territorial integrity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

"The founder of modern Turkey died in November 1938, but his image was quite literally on every office wall and there is little evidence to suggest that the influence of his views over the political priorities of the Turkish state has weakened. The image of the man remains a powerful symbol of the enduring principles on which he built the modern republic."
Who described the text above?

M. Cooper.

M.K. Atatürk.

Winston Churchill.

Mahatma Gandi.

Josef Stalin.

Açıklama:

As Cooper describes: In many ways, the most significant institution in Turkey is Atatürk himselfThe founder of modern Turkey died in November 1938, but his image was quite literally on every office wall and there is little evidence to suggest that the influence of his views over the political priorities of the Turkish state has weakened. The image of the man remains a powerful symbol of the enduring principles on which he built the modern republic.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

What is at the core of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s foreign policy ?

"Armies your first target is the mediterranean"

“Peace at home, peace in the world"

"Turks are the noblest nation in the world"

"A turk is worth the world"

“Peace at home, war in the world"

Açıklama:

At the core of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s foreign policy lay the principle of “peace at home, peace in the world,” which was his own maxim.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

What was the Turkish foreign policy focused on during the prewar period ?

Maintaining the status quo.

To make new revolutions.

To win the war of independence.

Disrupt the status quo.

To start the second world war.

Açıklama:

In short, during the prewar period, the focus of Turkish foreign policy was on maintaining the status quo.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

What was Atatürk anxiety particularly during meeting with English ambassador Sir Percy Loraine ?

Italy’s expansionist policies in the Mediterranean.

Soviet union expansionist policies.

The founding of the European Union.

The sharia state in Iran.

Minorities in Turkey.

Açıklama:

Atatürk expressed his anxiety over the policies pursued by these two countries and suggested strict measures to handle them, particularly Italy’s expansionist policies in the Mediterranean.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

What did Germany and Italy want from Turkey after the after the early 1920s ?

Wanted a revision in Turkey’s policies.

Compensation payments to Turkey.

Take Turkey into the European Union.

Never to fight again with Turkey.

Give back the lost lands of Turkey.

Açıklama:

Turkey had to go through a war of independence and national struggle between 1919 and 1923 and had remained prudent after the early 1920s in its dealings with the countries such as Germany and Italy that had wanted a revision in Turkey’s policies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

What had deemed a mistake Turkish decision makers in World War I ?

To ally with Germany.

To ally with Soviet Union.

To ally with U.S.A

Not to join the war.

To ally with Greece.

Açıklama:

It is obvious that the Turkish decision makers had deemed it a mistake to ally with Germany during World War I.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

what did Italy's disturbing eastern mediterranean policy push Turkey to?

Pushed Turkey to cooperate with Britain.

Pushed Turkey to cooperate with Germany.

To seek help from the soviets.

To fight the War of Independence.

Signing a peace treaty with Italy.

Açıklama:

For example, the aggressive policies of the
Axis Powers, particularly those of Italy, in the
Eastern Mediterranean were highly disturbing
to the Turkish government. This pushed Turkey
to cooperate with Britain.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

What did the Turkish government to satisfy the Soviet Union in 1944s ?

Deemed it necessary to dismiss some Nazi sympathizers from their duties.

Announced that it would adopt communism.

Helped the Jewish people.

Bought russian guns.

Withdrawn from the war.

Açıklama:

To satisfy the Soviet Union in particular,
the Turkish Government deemed it necessary to
dismiss some Nazi sympathizers from their duties.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

What was one of the main reasons Turkey was motivated to build close relations with Britain at the beginning of World War II?

A desire to join the Western bloc

Economic aid promised by the Axis powers

Concerns about Italian aggression in the Mediterranean

A strategic alliance with Germany against the Balkans

Expansion of trade with neutral countries

Açıklama:

The aggressive policies of the Axis powers, particularly Italy, in the Eastern Mediterranean were highly disturbing to the Turkish government, which pushed Turkey to cooperate with Britain.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

The alliance between Turkey, Britain, and France in 1939 was formalized through three agreements, including the ________.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

NATO Accession Treaty

Soviet-Turkish Security Agreement

Anglo-German Non-Aggression Pact

Berlin-Tokyo-Rome Axis Accord

Franco-Turkish Mutual Aid and Defense Agreement

Açıklama:

The correct agreement listed among the three that formalized the coalition was the Franco-Turkish Mutual Aid and Defense Agreement of June 23, 1939.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

During the World War II, British officials were worried that Turkey might align with Germany if Britain was perceived as unable to ________.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

defend Turkish borders from Iran

prevent Greece from attacking Türkiye

guarantee trade routes through the Black Sea

protect Turkey from Soviet expansion

supply economic aid to Turkish officials

Açıklama:

the Foreign Office feared Turkey would turn to Germany if it believed Britain could no longer protect it from Russia. This was a crucial concern at the time. Correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 34

On 17 February 1941, Turkey signed a Non-Aggression Pact with ________ to reduce threats along its borders.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Greece

Bulgaria

Iran

the Soviet Union

Romania

Açıklama:

the Non-Aggression Pact was signed with Bulgaria on February 17, 1941, as part of Turkey’s effort to maintain peaceful relations with potential threats.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

In 1942, Pan-Turkist publications urged Turkey to join the war, mainly to confront ________.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

the Soviet Union

the Allied front

the Axis powers

the German occupation of France

American expansion in the Middle East

Açıklama:

The Pan-Turkist movement encouraged Turkey to join the war clearly against the Soviet Union, disregarding the government’s neutrality policy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

What was one of Winston Churchill’s main strategies discussed at the Casablanca Conference in 1943 regarding Turkey’s involvement in the war?

Forcing Turkey to declare war on the United States

Granting Italy access to southern Turkish ports

Protecting southern Turkey from Italian aggression

Signing a trade deal with the Turkish government

Ensuring Turkey’s withdrawal from international alliances

Açıklama:

One of Churchill’s strategies was to safeguard the southern part of Turkey against Italian aggression, as part of a broader plan to support Turkish entry into the war.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Why did the Soviet Union conceal its true intentions regarding the Montreux Convention during the major Allied conferences in 1943?

It aimed to focus negotiations on oil supply agreements

It feared British retaliation over the Balkans

It wanted to appear supportive of Turkish independence

It sought to gradually push Turkey toward becoming a satellite state

It preferred to negotiate with Germany instead

Açıklama:

The Soviets initially pretended their goal was merely to revise the Montreux Convention, but the real aim increasingly became to make Turkey a satellite state.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

What shift occurred at the Teheran Conference in 1943 regarding Allied expectations of Turkey?

The Allies agreed to protect Turkey’s neutrality

The United States proposed direct economic aid to Turkey

Only the Soviets supported Turkey's entry into the war

The Allies dropped all demands concerning Turkey

Both the British and the Soviets insisted on Turkey's participation in the war

Açıklama:

The Teheran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943) marked a turning point, where both the British and the Soviets began insisting that Turkey should join the war.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following was one of Turkey’s actions in 1944 to align more closely with the Soviet Union?

Declaring war on Germany

Signing a new economic pact with Britain

Ending chrome ore exports to the Soviet Union

Prosecuting a secret organization of the Pan-Turkist movement

Reinstating the wealth tax to fund the war effort

Açıklama:

Turkey took multiple steps in 1944 to improve relations with the Soviet Union, including prosecuting a secret organization of the Pan-Turkist movement and dismissing Nazi sympathizers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

Why did Turkey declare war on Germany and Japan in February 1945?

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

When did Turkey join the OECC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)?

1923

1930

1937

1948

1955

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which former Ottoman Vilayet was annexed by the British mandate Iraq in 1925?

Jerusalem

Mosul

Basra

Beirut

Halep

Açıklama:

In 1925, the oil-rich city of Mosul, a former Ottoman Vilayet, was annexed by the British mandate Iraq. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which country signed an agreement with Egypt declaring its withdrawal from the Suez Canal zone In 1954?

USA

Japan

Germany

Britain

France

Açıklama:

In 1954, Britain signed an agreement with Egypt declaring its withdrawal from the Suez Canal zone. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which of the following countries did not join the Baghdad Pact?

Iran

Iraq

Syria

Turkey

Pakistan

Açıklama:

Syria did not join the Baghdad Pact. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

What is the idea of uniting the island of Cyprus with the motherland Greece called?

Enosis

Diaspora

Pact

Convention

Integrity

Açıklama:

The idea of uniting the island of Cyprus with the motherland Greece is called "Enosis". A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

When did the Cuban missile crisis erupt, and the Jupiter missiles in Turkey became a bargaining chip for the Soviets?

1934

1945

1950

1962

1969

Açıklama:

In 1962, the Cuban missile crisis erupted, and the Jupiter missiles in Turkey became a bargaining chip for the Soviets. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 42

In which year did Turkey ban all opium production in the country due to its humanitarian obligations?

1945

1954

1962

1971

1986

Açıklama:

Turkey banned all opium production in the country in 1971 due to its humanitarian obligations. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

In 1983, which party won the first general elections following the 1980 coup d’état?

Republican People's Party

The Motherland Party

The True Path Party

The Virtue Party

Justice Party

Açıklama:

In 1983, the Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi - ANAP) won the first general elections following the 1980 coup d’état. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 44

When did Turkey and the US sign the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA)?

1962

1974

1980

1989

1990

Açıklama:

Turkey and the US signed the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA) in 1980. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

Which of the following states the new Turkish Republic’s foreign policy toward its Balkan neighbors?

Cooperating with the British to organize ethnic groups to fight against the communist threat.

Being a stable ally of the Bolshevist Russia, the USSR, and supporting the formation of the Iron Curtain.

Encouraging stability in the region and avoiding involvement in any ethnic or religious conflicts.

Trying a series of diplomatic manoeuvres to continue over four hundred years of Ottoman rule in the region.

Trying to show that Turkey had abandoned its Ottoman-Islamic heritage and provoke Turks in the region.

Açıklama:

The new Turkish Republic’s foreign policy toward its Balkan neighbors was based on the idea of ‘unchanging borders.’ After many destructive wars such as the Turkish-Russian War of 1877- 1878 and the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 in the region, Turkey was now experienced enough to realize the conflict-prone nature of the ethnic composition in the Balkans.
Therefore, Turkey followed a foreign policy encouraging stability in the region and it carefully avoided involvement in any ethnic or religious conflicts. Considering the long Ottoman presence in the Balkans and the consequent ethnic and religious ties, Turkey had to avoid any message that might be perceived as expansionist.
Turkey followed a foreign policy encouraging stability in the region and it carefully avoided involvement in any ethnic or religious conflicts. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

Which of the following countries was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel?

Iraq

Iran

Turkey

Morocco

Egypt

Açıklama:

The Turkish-Israeli relations complicated Turkey’s relations with the Middle Eastern countries. Besides, Turkey was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel on March 28, 1949 and to establish diplomatic relations in 1950 by sending its charge d’affaires. Middle Eastern states often criticized Turkey for its recognizing Israel.
Turkey was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel on March 28, 1949 and to establish diplomatic relations in 1950 by sending its charge d’affaires. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

Which of the following countries were members of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)?

Israel - Great Britain - The USA - Spain

Iran - Iraq - Egypt - Syria

Turkey - Pakistan - Iran - India

The USA - Great Britain - Iraq - Iran

Great Britain - Turkey - Pakistan - Iran

Açıklama:

On August 19, 1959, a new alliance was formed between Great Britain, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran: the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) that mainly functioned as an organization to guarantee the US military and financial aid to the region.
Geographical distance and the lack of serious disputes between the members made this organization long-lived in comparison to the Baghdad Pact. CENTO maintained its unity until 1979. Following the Iranian revolution, Iran withdrew from the organization and CENTO was officially dissolved in September 1979.
Great Britain, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, formed a new alliance called CENTO on August 19, 1959. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 48

Which of the following terms represents the idea of uniting the island of Cyprus with the motherland Greece?

Cyprus Convention

OECD

CENTO

EOKA

Enosis

Açıklama:

Historically, Cyprus remained under the Ottoman rule from 1571 to the late 19th century. However, as a condition of the Cyprus Convention in 1878, it was placed under the British control in return for the British support of the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Russian war.
Great Britain announced the annexation of the island at the beginning of WWI. After the war, neither Greece nor Turkey attempted to change the status quo, although neither country was pleased with the status of the island. Turkey’s anxiety about Cyprus coincided with the escalation of the idea of Enosis among the Greek population of Cyprus and Greece.
Enosis was the idea of uniting the island of Cyprus with the motherland Greece. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 49

Which of the following was the most important national issue in Turkey's foreign policy after 1960?

The Cyprus problem

The NATO membership

Jupiter missile crisis

The Soviet threat

Relations with the muslim countries

Açıklama:

The Republic of Cyprus was founded in August 1960. The Treaty of Guarantee, signed by Britain, Turkey, and Greece in 1960, was added to the Cypriot constitution. As a result, Britain, Turkey, and Greece became the guarantor states for the security and independence of the Republic of Cyprus.
The treaty and its implementation by the signatory states became problematic in the ensuing decades. Following its establishment in 1960, the Republic of Cyprus became a source of tension in Greek-Turkish relations.
The Cypriot Greeks and the Greek government continued to press for the reunification of Cyprus with Greece. Though all parties avoided an open fight, in 1963 the Cypriot President Makarios came up with a plan of constitutional amendment to strip the Cypriot Turks of their constitutional rights. An armed struggle broke out between the Turkish and Greek population on
Following its establishment in 1960, the Republic of Cyprus became a source of tension in Greek-Turkish relations and became a great issue in Turkeys foreign policy. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

Which of the following was the main reason for the European Economic Community (EEC) to reject Turkey’s application for full membership in 1989?

Hungary

Poland

the Republic of Turkey

the Czech Republic

Republic of Cyprus

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

"In March 1998, the EU Commission prepared a document, called the '__________________', specifying the areas of bilateral cooperation that would help strengthen the customs union."
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

MEDA program

European Strategy for Turkey

Agenda 2000

1999 Helsinki European Council Presidency Conclusions

1999 Helsinki Summit

Açıklama:

In March 1998, the EU Commission prepared a document, called the “European Strategy for Turkey,” specifying the areas of bilateral cooperation that would help strengthen the customs union (Commission of the European Communities, 1998). So, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

In which of the following options, Turkey was officially declared as a candidate destined to join the Union on the basis of the same criteria as applied to other candidate states?

European Strategy for Turkey, in March 1998

Agenda 2000, in July 1997

1993 Copenhagen European Council

Helsinki European Council meeting, in December 1999

1990 Rome European Council

Açıklama:

At the Helsinki European Council meeting held in December 1999, Turkey was officially declared as a candidate destined to join the Union on the basis of the same criteria as applied to other candidate states. Turkey would also benefit from the pre-accession strategy like other candidate countries. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

"In order to manage the process of EU harmonization, the Turkey-EU Association Council meeting, held in April 2000, published a/an ________________."
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Accession Partnership Certificate of Turkey

Accession Partnership Document

Certificate of Participation in the Partnership

Document of Participation in the Partnership

Certificate of Access to Participation

Açıklama:

The 1999 Helsinki European Council decisions on Turkey’s candidacy breathed new life into Turkey’s EU aspirations. In order to manage the process of EU harmonization, the Turkey-EU Association Council meeting, held in April 2000, published an Accession Partnership Document. The document aimed to set the principles, conditions, short-run objectives and timetables to organize and monitor Turkey’s EU harmonization process. Namely the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

When did Turkey make the official application to the European Economic Community?

1959

1963

1970

1987

1995

Açıklama:

By expressing its interest and willingness to become a member of the EEC, Turkey made an official application to the organization in 1959. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

At the Helsinki European Council meeting held in December 1999, Turkey was officially declared as a ... destined to join.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

full member

associate country

privileged partner

strategic partner

candidate

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

In line with the Accession Partnership Document, the Turkish government published a ... , which reaffirmed that the Turkish government would work on adopting the EU acquis.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

National Program

Progress Report

Partnership Document

Additional Protocol

Negotiation Framework Document

Açıklama:

In line with the Accession Partnership Document, the Turkish government published a National Program, which reaffirmed that the Turkish government would work on adopting the EU acquis. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

By signing which of the following did the EU members and NATO members in early 2003 propose close cooperation and dialogue between the EU and NATO in international crises?

Accession Partnership Document

Berlin Plus Agreement

Maastricht Treaty

Single European Act

Ankara Agreement

Açıklama:

The EU members and NATO members by signing the Berlin Plus Agreement in early 2003 had proposed close cooperation and dialogue between the EU and NATO in international crises. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Turkey’s further reform performance toward fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria,
the obligations of the acquis,
the ratification and the complete implementation of the Additional Protocol,
Turkey’s progress on the resolution of the Cyrus conflict,
the normalization of its relations with its neighbors and with all EU member states

Which of the above are among the points included in the Negotiation Framework Document for Turkey?

Only I

I and II

I, II and III

I, II, II and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

In the Negotiation Framework Document, the EU pointed out that the advancement of negotiations with Turkey was dependent on the following points: Turkey’s further reform performance toward fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria; the obligations of the acquis; the ratification and the complete implementation of the Additional Protocol; Turkey’s progress on the resolution of the Cyrus conflict; and the normalization of its relations with its neighbors and with all EU member states. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following has posed a significant challenge to Turkey's accession process to the EU in the 2000s?

The Arab Spring

Syrian Civil War

NATO intervention in Kosovo

The Cyprus conflict

Bosnian War

Açıklama:

In the 2000s, the Cyprus conflict posed a great challenge to Turkey's accession process to the EU. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

The organization of “European Union” owes its name
and its political status to the ...
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Rome Treaty

Treaty of Guarantee

Ankara Treaty

EU Constitutional Treaty

Maastricht Treaty

Açıklama:

The organization of “European Union” owes its name and its political status to the Maastricht Treaty. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

................. provides a special form of cooperation with the European Union without becoming a full member. The EU has offered ................... as part of a strategy to manage its relations with the third countries.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentences above?

Privileged partnership

The customs-union regime

European Single Market

Western European Union

Single European Act

Açıklama:

Privileged partnership provides a special form of cooperation with the European Union without becoming a full member. The EU has offered privileged partnership as part of a strategy to manage its relations with the third countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

When was The Maastricht Treaty signed?

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Açıklama:

The Maastricht Treaty, known as the Treaty on the European Union, was finally signed in February 1992, which entered into force in late 1993.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

The EU managed to become from a 15-member organization in 2004 to a 28-member organization in ........... .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Açıklama:

The EU managed to become from a 15-member organization in 2004 to a 28-member organization in 2013.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

Which of the following is NOT true about acquis communautaire?

It refers to the legal framework of the EU.

It contains accumulated legislation.

The accumulated legislation includes EU-wide court decisions, regulations, legal acts, and best practices.

The Acquis has 25 chapters.

The chapters specialized on different policy issues from fishery to justice to home affairs.

Açıklama:

Acquis communautaire refers to the legal framework of the EU. It contains accumulated legislation including the EUwide court decisions, regulations, legal acts, and best practices. The Acquis has 35 chapters, specialized on different policy issues from fishery to justice to home affairs.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities
A functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competition and market forces in the EU
The ability to take on and implement effectively the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union

Based on The Copenhagen Criteria/Accession Criteria, which of the criteria above do countries wishing to join the EU need to have?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The Copenhagen Criteria/Accession Criteria: refers to essential conditions to become a full member of the EU. These conditions were specified by the 1993 Copenhagen European Council. Based on these criteria, countries wishing to join the EU need to have:
• stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities (political criteria);
• a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competition and market forces in the EU (economic criteria);
• the ability to take on and implement effectively the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of the political, economic and monetary union (administrative criteria).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which of the following events affected the decision of Greece to veto Turkey’s EU candidacy in the 1997 Luxembourg European Council?

the Kardak (Imia) crisis

Cyprus conflict

NATO

Cold War

Kosova War

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

In order to manage the process of EU harmonization, which meeting held in April 2000?

European Commission

Luxembourg European Council

the Turkey-EU Association Council meeting

Copenhagen European Council meeting

Commission of the European Communities meeting

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which of the following option is not True about Annan Plan?

On November 11, 2002, to catch up with the
delicate agenda, Annan presented his plan named
the “Basis for Agreement on a Comprehensive
Settlement of the Cyprus Problem.”

The plan
proposed that, with the assistance of the UN, the
two leaders would sign a document confirming that
they committed themselves to finalize negotiations
for the “Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus
Problem” (known as the Annan Plan) by February
28, 2003

Annan stated that “this would
have allowed a new state of affairs to come into
being and reunited Cyprus to sign the Treaty of
Accession to the European Union on April 16,
2003”

The two political developments (that is, the
EU accession of both Cyprus and Turkey, and the
resolution of the Cyprus conflict) continued to
dominate the foreign policy agenda of the Turkish
government.

Under the pressure of EU-level
developments, Ankara abondoned “one step ahead
policy” regarding the ongoing peace negotiations
on Cyprus.

Açıklama:

On November 11, 2002, to catch up with the
delicate agenda, Annan presented his plan named
the “Basis for Agreement on a Comprehensive
Settlement of the Cyprus Problem.” The plan
proposed that, with the assistance of the UN, the
two leaders would sign a document confirming that
they committed themselves to finalize negotiations
for the “Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus
Problem” (known as the Annan Plan) by February
28, 2003. After a revision process, the final version
of the plan would be submitted to separate referenda
on March 30, 2003. Annan stated that “this would
have allowed a new state of affairs to come into
being and reunited Cyprus to sign the Treaty of
Accession to the European Union on April 16,
2003” (UNSC, April 1, 2003). Secretary General
Annan prepared the final version of the Annan
Plan during the negotiations held in Bürgenstock
on March 31, 2004. The final version of the plan
would be presented to the Greek Cypriot and the
Turkish Cypriot communities, and there would be
separate simultaneous referenda on April 24, 2004.
The two political developments (that is, the
EU accession of both Cyprus and Turkey, and the
resolution of the Cyprus conflict) continued to
dominate the foreign policy agenda of the Turkish
government. Under the pressure of EU-level
developments, Ankara adopted “one step ahead
policy” regarding the ongoing peace negotiations
on Cyprus. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

" __________________ refers to a
comprehensive package of arrangements
finalized in early 2003 between the EU and
the NATO allowing the EU to make use of
NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis
management operation" Fill the gap with correct option.

Annan Plan

The Berlin Plus Agreement

European Security and Defense Policy

European Copenhagen Council

European Commission arrengements

Açıklama:

The Berlin Plus Agreement refers to a
comprehensive package of arrangements
finalized in early 2003 between the EU and
the NATO allowing the EU to make use of
NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis
management operation. Thats to say, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

"Turkey sufficiently fulfills the Copenhagen
political criteria to open accession negotiations
provided that it brings into force these specific
pieces of legislation. It invited the Commission to
present to the Council a proposal for a framework
for negotiations with Turkey, on the basis set
out in paragraph 23. It requested the Council
to agree on that framework with a view to
opening negotiations on 3 October 2005"
Which of the following is the document in 2004 that includes these statements?

European Council Summit of December 16-17, 2004

Annan Plan

Copenhagen European Council, December 12- 13

Berlin Plus Agreement

Basis for Agreement on a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem

Açıklama:

At this juncture, the historic European
Council Summit of December 16-17, 2004,
convened in Brussels. Based on the Commission’s
recommendation, the European Council stated
that:
Turkey sufficiently fulfills the Copenhagen
political criteria to open accession negotiations
provided that it brings into force these specific
pieces of legislation. It invited the Commission to
present to the Council a proposal for a framework
for negotiations with Turkey, on the basis set
out in paragraph 23. It requested the Council
to agree on that framework with a view to
opening negotiations on 3 October 2005 (Brussels
European Council, December 16-17, 2004). Namely, the correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

" ________________ program was launched in the
early 1970s as a bi-annual public opinion survey
(“repeated cross-section”) in all member states of
the European Union on behalf of the European
Commission. During the 1990s the program
expanded considerably in topics, frequency, and
instruments. Special topical modules enlarged
the classic Standard Eurobarometer, establishing
(multi-)topical add-on surveys under each wave" Fill the gap with correct option.

The Europeanize

The Eurometer

The Europe

The Eurobarometer

The Europer

Açıklama:

The Eurobarometer program was launched in the
early 1970s as a bi-annual public opinion survey
(“repeated cross-section”) in all member states of
the European Union on behalf of the European
Commission. During the 1990s the program
expanded considerably in topics, frequency, and
instruments. Special topical modules enlarged
the classic Standard Eurobarometer, establishing
(multi-)topical add-on surveys under each wave. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

When did Turkey make an official application to the EEC?

1935

1943

1959

1970

1979

Açıklama:

By expressing its interest and willingness to become a member of the EEC, Turkey made an official application to the organization in 1959. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Which of the following in its broadest sense, refers to the use of economic, political or regulative conditions attached to the delivery of benefits such as aid, trade and economic privileges, technical assistance, and debt relief?

Conditionality

Austerity

Privatization

Enlargement

Qualification

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which of the following statements about Helsinki European Council meeting is not true?

It was held in December 1990.

Turkey was officially declared as a candidate.

Turkey would benefit from the pre-accession strategy like other candidate countries.

Turkey would have access to EU pre-accession programs and institutional arrangements.

Turkey would benefit from financial aid packages to improve its technical and institutional structure.

Açıklama:

Helsinki European Council meeting was held in December 1999. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

What brought Turkey and Greece to the brink of war in 1997?

Midilli Crisis

Kardak Crisis

Chios Crisis

Kos Crisis

Meis Crisis

Açıklama:

It is essential to touch upon the impact of strained bilateral relations in the aftermath of the Kardak (Imia) crisis in the Aegean on the decision of Greece to veto Turkey’s EU candidacy in the 1997 Luxembourg European Council. Both countries’ claim to sovereignty over a rocky islet called Kardak/Imia brought Turkey and Greece to the brink of war. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which two-party coalition resulted in a significant change in the discourse of the German government toward the third countries in the late 1990's?

Social Democrats-Green Party

Free Democratic Party- Left Party

Left Party-Social Democrats

Green Party-Left Party

Social Democrats-Free Democratic Party

Açıklama:

Notably in Germany, the electoral success of the Social Democrats-Green Party coalition resulted in a significant change in the discourse of the German government toward the third countries. A is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

On November 3, 2002 which party in Turkey won the parliamentary elections and formed a majority government?

Felicity Party

Nationalist Movement Party

Republican People's Party

Justice and Development Party

People's Democracy Party

Açıklama:

On November 3, 2002, a recently established political party, the Justice and Development Party (JDP) won the parliamentary elections and formed a majority government. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

Which of the following refers to a comprehensive package of arrangements finalized in early 2003 between the EU and the NATO allowing the EU to make use of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations?

The Berlin Plus Agreement

Ankara Treaty

EU Constitutional Treaty

Operation Concordia

Dayton Peace Agreement

Açıklama:

The Berlin Plus Agreement refers to a comprehensive package of arrangements finalized in early 2003 between the EU and the NATO allowing the EU to make use of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

"............................. reaffirmed the pre-accession strategy framed in the Agenda 2000 and decided to launch the accession process with Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and the so-called “Republic of Cyprus."
Which of the choices below can fill the blank correctly?

1993 Copenhagen Summit

1997 Luxembourg European Council

1999 Helsinki European Council

2003 Seville European Council

2005 Brussels European Council

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

When Greece became a full member of the Europen Community?

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Açıklama:

Greece became a full member of the EC in 1981.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 59

"............................. refers to a comprehensive package of arrangements
finalized in early 2003 between the EU and the NATO allowing the EU to make use of
NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations."
Which of the choices below can fill the blank correctly?

Ankara agreement

Berlin Plus Agreement

EU-Turkey Association Agreement

Copenhagen criteria

Acquis conditionality

Açıklama:

The Berlin Plus Agreement refers to a comprehensive package of arrangements
finalized in early 2003 between the EU and the NATO allowing the EU to make use of
NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 60

"In November 2006, the Enlargement Commissioner ............. made a speech on
Turkey’s accession to the EU and presented the Commission’s opinion. He said that despite the Presidency’s constructive efforts, Turkey did not change its position on the Addition Protocol."
Which of the choices below can fill the blank correctly?

The Yunus Emre Institute

The General Directorate of Overseas Promotion and Cultural Relations

The Office of Public Diplomacy

The General Directorate of Information

The Deputy General Directorate of Cultural Diplomacy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which of the followings nurtures mutual understanding between states and their peoples through the exchange of ideas, knowledge, art, and other components of culture in the international relations literature?

Cultural diplomacy

Public diplomacy

Science diplomacy

Language diplomacy

Defence diplomacy

Açıklama:

THE YUNUS EMRE INSTITUTE AS PART OF TURKISH PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND TURKISH SOFT POWER
In the International Relations literature, cultural diplomacy is defined as nurturing mutual understanding between states and their peoples through the exchange of ideas, knowledge, art, and other components of culture. More specifically, cultural diplomacy is the use of cultural activities for diplomatic purposes

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Yunus Emre Institute?

The Yunus Emre Institute is a relatively old organization compared to its counterparts in some other countries.

The Yunus Emre Institute is the first Turkish organization to conduct cultural diplomacy.

It was established in 2009.

The Institute aims at expanding the cultural influence of Turkey in the Balkans, Africa, and the Middle East.

The Institute tries to achieve its objectives through introducing and promoting Turkish language, history, culture, and art around the world.

Açıklama:

The Yunus Emre Institute and Cultural Diplomacy
The Yunus Emre Institute is a relatively young organization compared to its counterparts in some other countries. For example, the Alliance Française was established in 1883, the British Council in 1934, and the Goethe Institut in 1951.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Which of the followings is the main purpose of The Turkology Project?

To increase the population of Turkish speakers in the vast geography.

To revive the Turkish culture and history in the Balkans and to strengthen the historic ties created in.

To teache Turkish as a foreign language in 59 primary and secondary schools in three cantons of the Bosnia Herzegovina Federation.

To meet the increasing demand on information on Turkey.

To promote interaction with other countries.

Açıklama:

The Projects of the Yunus Emre Institute
In line with the new Turkish foreign policy vision, this project aimed at increasing the population of Turkish speakers in this vast geography.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which of the following projects aims at meeting the increasing demand on information on Turkey, promoting interaction with other countries, and building resource centers on Turkey abroad?

The project of rebuilding cultural heritage in the Balkans

The project of Turkish as an elective course in foreign schools

The project of Turkish as a Foreign Language

The project of Turkology

The Project of 100 Turkish Libraries

Açıklama:

The Projects of the Yunus Emre Institute
The Project of 100 Turkish Libraries aimed at meeting the increasing demand on information on Turkey, promoting interaction with other countries, and building resource centers on Turkey abroad.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which of the followings was established to provide technical assistance to countries in Caucasia and Central Asia that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

The Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency

Turkish American Scientists and Academicians Association

The Yunus Emre Institute

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Office of Public Diplomacy

Açıklama:

The Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) was established in 1992 as an organization affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to provide technical assistance to countries in Caucasia and Central Asia that gained
independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the below is about soft power?

It is the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.

It deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies.

It is about nurturing mutual understanding between states and their peoples through the exchange of ideas, knowledge, art, and other components of culture.

It provides development assistance or urgent humanitarian aid to the countries in need.

It deals with the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another.

Açıklama:

The concept of soft power was first developed by Joseph S. Nye, a Harvard University Professor, in his article “Soft Power” published in Foreign Affairs in 1990 and in his book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. According to Nye, soft power is “the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which of the below is NOT about public diplomacy?

The term was firstly used by Edmund A. Gullion.

It deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies.

It encompasses dimensions of international relations with traditional diplomacy.

It deals with the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries.

It deals with the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another.

Açıklama:

It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Turkey has implemented its public diplomacy by way of various institutions. Which of the below is NOT one fo them?

The Presidency of the Office of Public Diplomacy

The Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB)

The Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency

The Yunus Emre Institute

Point of Contact Fellowship Program

Açıklama:

Turkey has implemented its public diplomacy by way of various institutions such as the Yunus Emre Institute, the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency, the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB), the Presidency of the Office of Public Diplomacy, the Deputy General for Cultural Diplomacy, and the Directorate of Public Diplomacy and Public Communication.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which of the below coordinates the interaction between the Ministry and the national and international media organizations on foreign policy issues toward informing the press and the public?

The Office of Public Diplomacy

The Public Diplomacy Coordination Office of the Prime Ministry

The General Directorate of Overseas Promotion and Cultural Relations

The General Directorate of Information

The Deputy General Directorate of Cultural Diplomacy

Açıklama:

The General Directorate of Information coordinates the interaction between the Ministry and the national and international media organizations on foreign policy issues toward informing the press and the public.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

Which of the below organizes public diplomacy panels, foreign policy promotion programs, foreign policy workshops, and youth programs in Turkey?

The Yunusemre Institute

The General Directorate of Information

The Deputy General Directorate of Cultural Diplomacy

The General Directorate of Overseas Promotion and Cultural Relations

The Office of Public Diplomacy

Açıklama:

The Public Diplomacy Coordination Office of the Prime Ministry was later renamed the Office of Public Diplomacy. The Coordination Office was established with a presidential memorandum on January 30, 2010, under the Prime Ministry of Turkey for the purpose of influencing and guiding the international community (Presidential Memorandum, 2010). The structure of the Office consists of such units as the Media Works, Political Communication, Cultural Works, Corporate Works, and Project Development. The primary activities of the Office include organizing public diplomacy panels, foreign policy promotion programs, foreign policy workshops, and youth programs in Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

When was the Yunusemre Institute established?

2005

2009

2012

2015

2019

Açıklama:

The Yunus Emre Institute (YEI), as the first Turkish organization to conduct cultural diplomacy, was established in 2009.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

Where did The Yunus Emre Institute open its first center?

Tirana

Washington D.C.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

New York

Cairo

Açıklama:

The Yunus Emre Institute opened its first center in Bosnia-Herzegovina on October 17, 2009.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the below are the activities that the Yunusemre Institute conduct?
I. educational activities
II. cultural and art-related activities
III. organizing symposiums, panels and festivals

I, III

I, II

I, II, III

III

Açıklama:

The fields of activity of the Yunus Emre Institute can be divided into two groups: educational activities based on teaching Turkish as a second language, and cultural and art-related activities.
In addition, cultural centers periodically organize symposiums, panels, colloquiums, and fairs; and hold culture- art festivals in such areas as film, food, traditional art, poem recitals, painting, writing, traditional Turkish handcraft, music, folk dance, and drama.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which of the below is NOT one The Projects of the Yunus Emre Institute?

the project of Turkology

the project of Turkish as a Foreign Language

the project of 100 Turkish libraries

the project of reviving the traditional Turkish handcraft in the Balkans

the project of Turkish cuisine

Açıklama:

E is not one of the The Projects of the Yunus Emre Institute.

Doğru Cevap: E

I. It was established in 1992 as an organisation affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
II. It was later reorganised in 2001 to conduct cooperation projects and programs in the economic, commercial and technical areas.
III. In 2011, it was reorganised so that the Agency might perform its coordination function more effectively through the use of soft power tools.
Which of the above is correct is the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

TheTurkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) was established in 1992 as an organization affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Agency was reorganized in 2001 under the Turkish Prime Ministry to conduct cooperation projects and programs in the economic, commercial, technical, social, cultural, and educational areas. However, the TİKA was reorganized in 2011 under the JDP governments so that the Agency might perform its coordination function more effectively through the use of softpower tools and public diplomacy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Turkısh Foreıgn Polıcy I (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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Ünite 2

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