Theorıes of Internatıonal Relatıons II (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

Richard Ashley

Robert Walker

Der Derrian

Michael Shapiro

Kenneth Waltz

Which of the above scholars cannot be included among the owners of works in early 1980s effecting poststructuralism in International Relations?

I-II-III-IV

I-II-III-V

II-III-IV-V

I-III-IV

I-IV-V

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

"______________designed their works to expose the imaginative boundaries and limitations drawn by traditionalist approaches to understand the domain of world politics through certain concepts (state, sovereignty, etc.)."
Which of the following scholars complete the sentencein the most correct way?

Ashley and Walker

Derrian and Shapiro

Walker and Derrian

Derrian and Waltz

Ashley and Derrian

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

the importance of representation
the role of discoure in the meaning of international relations
the relationship between knowledge and power
the desire for more power rooted in human nature

Whihc of the above are elements emphasized by Poststructuralism?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

Number IV is related to classical realism.
The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

"Poststructuralism has a lot in common with_______"
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?

Frankfurt School

Realism

Securitization

Post-colonialism

Orientalism

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

language
culture
identity
historicity
stereotyping

Which of the above take an important place in poststructuralist analysis?

I-II-III-IV

II-III-IV-V

III-IV-V

I-III-IV-V

I-II-IV-V

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

"Richard Ashley’s article “Poverty of Neorealism” heavily criticizes Kenneth Waltz’s neorealism, pointing out to its emphasis on systemic anarchy which serves__________"
Which of the following cannot be used to complete the sentence correctly?

state centrism

utilitarianism

positivist bias

foreign policy

lack of history

Açıklama:

The answer is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

sovereignty
disursive practices
identity
language
economy

Which of the above are the concepts poststructuralism focuses on?

I-II-III-IV

I-III-IV-V

I-II-IV-V

III-IV-V

II-IV-V

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

"USA identified herself as the “civilized”, Soviet Union as the “ barbaric other” through discourse."
The above sentence is an example for posstructuralism's focusing on:

discourse

sovereignty

economy

identity

power

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

"According to post-structuralism, language is____________."
Which of the following CANNOT complete the above sentence properly?

performative

constative

subjective

objective

self-reflective

Açıklama:

The answer is D.
According to theory of speech act, language is not only constative but is also performative.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

"___________ is a strategy some rules for reading, interpretation and
writing”.
In the context of posstructuralism, which of the following completes the sentence the most appropriately?

Deconstruction

Construction

Culture

Language

Identity

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Rather than being a theory, ............................ regarded as a critical attitude or approach that emphasizes the importance of representation, the role of discourse in the meaning of international relations and the relationship between knowledge and power.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Poststructuralism

Discourse

Deconstruction

Knowledge

Subject

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
In this context, poststructuralism can be defined as a worldview or even an antiworldview suspicious about the fact that events in the world can not be explained without grand theories. They chose not to use grand theories’ methods but rather to analyze in detail how people were influenced in specific historical periods with a specific way of thinking, which was shaped with the relations of knowledge and power in any given time. Put another way, rather than being a theory, poststructuralism is regarded as a critical attitude or approach that emphasizes the importance of representation, the role of discoure in the meaning of international relations and the relationship between knowledge and power. So, poststructuralism is not a new school with its own actors, subject and members, but an approach that tries to explain its concerns with some questions. It is an attitude or mentality that tries to make alternative policies possible with its critiques.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

I- Language
II- Culture
III-Grand Theories
IV- Identity
V- Historicity
Which of the above takes an important place in poststructuralist analysis?

I, II, IV, and V

I, II, III, IV, and V

I, II, and III

II and IV

IV and V

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Poststructuralism can be defined as a worldview or even an antiworldview suspicious about the fact that events in the world can not be explained without grand theories. They chose not to use grand theories’ methods but rather to analyze in detail how people were influenced in specific historical periods with a specific way of thinking, which was shaped with the relations of knowledge and power in any given time (p. 3). Moreover, language, culture, identity and historicity take an important place in poststructuralist analysis (p.4).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

How are sovereign nation-states regarded in poststructuralist approach?

Subjects in process

Natural and necessity

A priory

Pre-given subjects

Evil

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
In the traditional approach, state is considered as natural and necessary. Though poststructuralists oppose to this idea strictly and focus on the creation of state. For it does not exist a priori, according to poststructuralist thinking. As expressed by Cynthia Weber, the sovereign state shouldnot be understood as it was a priori presence; as opposed to traditional belief, the state is an ‘ontological effect of practices which are performatively enacted’. In other words, ‘sovereign nation-states are not pre-given subjects but subjects in process”. There is no existence of subject/state prior to the political practice. Sovereign states are continuously rebuilt through historical and political practices. It acquires an identity hereby with these actions. More clearly the state’s existence/identity is an effect of performativity that is constructed with discursive practise about foreign and domestic policies, security and defence strategies, or being a member of any international organization.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Poststructuralists assert that there is no an outer place from which the world can be observed objectively and theories cannot be neutral. Because....
Which of the following better completes the above?

scholars of IR are necessarily participants in the world politics, not independent observers.

world events are too complicated to draw any conclusion from

one should be equipped with knowledge and wisdom that span economics, sociology, history, trade, culture, etc. to grasp the realities of the world, which is not possible.

people from culture have biases towards others.

it is an endless effort.

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Poststructuralist thought begins its assumption by questioning the traditional assertions that there is an outer place from which the world can be observed objectively and theories can be neutral. But this is not possible according to the poststructural approach. As Edkins says, scholar must be a God-like detachment or have otherworldliness for this assumption to be possible. Because, scholars of IR are necessarily participants in the world politics, not independent observers. So neither theorists nor theories which consist of ideas can not be politically neutral contrarily they do have a political and social impact.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following has transformed philosophical school’s understanding of speech and writing, reading, texts and publications?

Jacques Derrida

Michel Foucault

Louis Althusser

Pierre Bourdieu

Plato

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALIST SCHOLARS
Derrida transformed philosophical school’s understanding of speech and writing, reading, texts and publications, such as Speech and Phenomena, (trans. 1973), Of Grammatology, (trans. 1976), Writing and Difference, (trans. 1978), Dissemination, (trans. 1981), Margins of Philosophy, (trans. 1982), and Positions, (trans. 1981)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following terms attempts to expose anomalies or inconsistencies in a given text?

Deconstruction

Double reading

Discourse

Archaeology

Genealogy

Açıklama:

Deconstruction tries to find blind spots in Western history. In other words, deconstruction as re-reading and counter-reading strategy, attempts to expose anomalies or inconsistencies in a given text. In this context, Derrida aspired to reread Western thought to give voice to which has been systematically excluded and silenced.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

What is the aim of the "Double Reading", included to literature as a deconstruction style by Derrida?

To understand the story of the construction of the identity of a discourse, a text or any other social institution.

To discover the hidden meanings of the speeches given by heads of governments.

To make sure that written texts have been correctly understood by academicians.

To find out underlying ideas embedded in a scientific theory.

To find typos and mistakes in a formal report.

Açıklama:

The double reading method was included to literature as a deconstruction style by Derrida. The aim here is to understand the story of the construction of the identity of a discourse, a text or any other social institution.
The first reading tells in accordance with original by using its own assumptions of the dominant discourse. In other words, it tries to show how dominated reinterpretation provides self-integrity or continuity of the discourse or institution. The main point here is the second reading. It tries to expose the inner contradictions and how they are unsuccessfully closed and displaced by exerting pressure on the discourse or weaknesses of the institution.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following includes how Foucault sees "power"?

It is the name that one attributes to a complex strategical situation in a particular society

Something that can be possessed: individuals or states have power but some have more than others.

Something that is established by a social contract.

It is a function of class domination that rests on the control of economic factors.

It is an institution.

Açıklama:

The Problem of Power and Knowledge
Michel Foucault approached the issue of power with different perspective from the traditional theories. In traditional approaches, power is considered to be something that can be possessed: individuals or states have power but some have more than others. For example liberal theory sees power as something that is established by a social contract. According to Marxism, power is a function of class domination that rests on the control of economic factors. Foucault conceptualized the traditional power as ‘juridico-discursive” where power comes from above, from a sovereign. He suggests a new way of thinking about power. According to Foucault, “power is not an institution, and not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategical situation in a particular society.” What is alluded to here is that power should not be seen as something that preexisting entities possess but as something generated in relationships. Therefore, according to Foucault, there is no power, but there are power relations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

.................... is the whole of the practices that construct the objects it speaks on or creates its own truth.

Discourse

Poststructuralism

Deconstruction

Knowledge

Subject

Açıklama:

The Problem of Power and Knowledge
Foucault was also interested in the analysis of discourse that relied on power and knowledge relations throughout his career. For Foucault, discourse cannot be inconceivable separated from the epistemes of the historical period in which it arises. Discourse, is an instrument of constituting knowledge, together with the social practice and power relations. On the one hand, discourse is created and perpetuated by the power; on the other hand, power is produced and transmitted by discourse. As expressed by Foucault, discourses constitute the reality, what can be thought and said about the world. Discourse as defined by Foucault, is the whole of the practices that construct the objects it speaks on or creates its own truth. So, according to Foucault there is no universal reality or truth as in poststructuralist thought. He asserts that meaning, truth and morality are created through discourse.

Doğru Cevap: A

Who outlined the concept “deconstruction” first?

Jacques Derrida

Michel Foucault

John Austin

Martin Heidegger

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Açıklama:

Deconstruction is the best-known and noteworthy form of poststructural criticism. The concept was first outlined by Jacques Derrida in Of Grammatology published in 1976, so the correct answer is A. Derrida explained the interaction between language and the construction of meaning in this book. As defined by Derrida, deconstruction is a “strategy some rules for reading, interpretation and writing”. He claims that rather than “destruction”, deconstruction signifies how the whole is structured and also restructured. It does not have a negative meaning.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which concept refers to a study of the historical conditions a priori that enable the emergence of a thought or a practice of a theory in a certain time period?

Archaelogoy

Genealogy

Juridico-discursive

Double Reading

Deconstruction

Açıklama:

By the concept of archaeology Foucault refers to a study of the historical conditions a priori that enable the emergence of a thought or a practice of a theory in a certain time period. In other words, Foucault designed archaeology as a method of analysis that aims to unearth intellectual structures and historical a priori underlying different methods, concepts and theories of an idea and thought that dominates a particular period. As can be understood from the definition given, the correct answer is A. The information related to other concepts given in the other answer choices are as follows:
Foucault conceptualized the traditional power as ‘juridico-discursive” where power comes from above, from a sovereign.
The double reading method was included to literature as a deconstruction style by Derrida. The aim here is to understand the story of the construction of the identity of a discourse, a text or any other social institution. The first reading tells in accordance with original by using its own assumptions of the dominant discourse. In other words, it tries to show how dominated reinterpretation provides self-integrity or continuity of the discourse or institution. The main point here is the second reading. It tries to expose the inner contradictions and how they are unsuccesfully closed and displaced by exerting pressure on the discourse or weaknesses of the institution.
Deconstruction is the best-known and noteworthy form of poststructural criticism. The concept was first outlined by Jacques Derrida in Of Grammatology published in 1976. Derrida explained the interaction between language and the construction of meaning in this book. As defined by Derrida, deconstruction is a “strategy some rules for reading, interpretation and writing”. He claims that rather than “destruction”, deconstruction signifies how the whole is structured and also restructured. It does not have a negative meaning.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

deals with the imposition of present on the past.
focuses on the complex relationship between discourse and power
tries to show that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity.
is a deviation from archeology but rather is the purpose of completing it.
reveals the formations of them and the power-knowledge relations in their backgrounds by -in the words of Derrida- deconstructing the established understanding and norms.

Which of the above are correct related to genealogy?

I and II

II and IV

I, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Archaeology was a crucial method for Foucault but this metodology could not convincingly explain the causes of discontinuities which meant that objects or phenomena were not perceived, classified, or depicted in the same way in the transition from a historical period to another. He also noted that archaealogy’s limitations in his foreword to the English translation of The Order of Things. That’s why the philosopher worked on a new methodology called “genealogy” in Discipline and Punish for remedying this deficiency. The point that should be considered here is not the fact that genealogy is a deviation from archeology but rather is the purpose of completing it. Genealogy deals with the imposition of present on the past. This metodology focuses on the complex relationship between discourse and power, and tries to show that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity.
It should be underlined that the genealogy does not only consist of collecting certain data from the history. Here, the primary aim is to reveal the formations of them and the power-knowledge relations in their backgrounds by -in the words of Derrida- deconstructing the established understanding and norms. Thus, Foucault tries to demonstrate that words, language, or discourse (utterances/statements and texts) are not as innocent as those attempted to show, and are shaped within the framework of current power/ knowledge and power relations. In a sense, by deconstructing social relations, it aims to show that there are multiple perspectives by freeing them from the general narratives/commandments that have a heap of historical domination. The way to do this is to create a counter memory. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

During the I960s and I970s, where was the early development of the poststructuralist thought, based on tension between structuralism and phenomenology, was centred?

France

England

Germany

Russia

The United States

Açıklama:

The early development of the poststructuralist thought, based on tension between structuralism and phenomenology, was centred in France during the I960s and I970s. Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida have made significant contributions to the foundation of this idea.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

When was the effects of poststructuralism on International Relations felt?

in the early 1960s

in the early 1970s

in the early 1980s

in the early 1990s

in the early 2000s

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

I. It can be defined as a worldview or even an anti worldview suspicious about the fact that events in the world can not be explained without grand theories
II. It is regarded as a critical attitude or approach that emphasizes the importance of representation, the role of discourse in the meaning of international relations and the relationship between knowledge and power.

Which approach is described by the above sentences?

Structuralism

Realism

Poststructuralism

Communism

Constructivism

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

Poststructuralist thought focuses on ____________ practices that produce the state-centric perspective (Devetak, 2005: 180, 181).

historical

discursive

developmental

positive

theoretical

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
discursive

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

___________ does not only give state full authorization over its own territory for assuring its internal integrity, it also legitimizes using violence against “outside” in the name of defending its territory.

Terrorism

Identity

Diversity

Sovereignty

Community

Açıklama:

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Sovereignty

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which of the following terms refers to the traditional conceptualization of the power as coming from above, in other words from a sovereign?

The order of things

Juridico-discursive

Deconstruction

Political discourse

Sovereignty

Açıklama:

Michel Foucault approached the issue of power with different perspective from the traditional theories. In traditional approaches, power is considered to be something that can be possessed: individuals or states have power but some have more than others. Foucault conceptualized the traditional power as ‘juridico-discursive” where power comes from above, from a sovereign.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

Which one of the following research methods is not used by Poststructuralists?

Discourse analysis

Archeology

Genealogy

Deconstruction

Content analysis

Açıklama:

Language and Discourse
Content analysis

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

I. It is a “strategy some rules for reading, interpretation and writing.
II. It signifies how the whole is structured and also restructured. It does not have a negative meaning (Staton, 2015: 138).
Which term is described by the above sentences?

Deconstruction

Interpretation

Inconsistency

Decentralization

Interaction

Açıklama:

Deconstruction

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

I. Discourse cannot be inconceivable separated from the epistemes of the historical period in which it arises.
II. Discourse, is an instrument of constituting knowledge, together with the social practice and power relations.
III. Discourse is created and perpetuated by the power; on the other hand, power is produced and transmitted by discourse.
Which scholar described discourse as above?

Derrida

Foucault

Plato

Saussure

Ashley

Açıklama:

The Problem of Power and Knowledge
Foucault

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

_____________deals with the imposition of present on the past. This methodology focuses on the complex relationship between discourse and power, and tries to show that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity.

History

Archaeology

Genealogy

Genetics

Anarchy

Açıklama:

From Archaeology to Genealogy

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 53

Which of the following information about Foucault's approach to power is not true?

Power is not an institution, and not a structure.

Power is not centralised, and possessed.

Knowledge is not only power, but those who hold power at the same time define and control knowledge.

The exercise of power constantly constructs the knowledge.

Power always comes from a sovereign.

Açıklama:

Foucault challenged the traditional approach that power comes from the above, in other words from a sovereign. According to Foucault, power should not be seen as something that preexisting entities possess but as something generated in relationships. Therefore, according to Foucault, there is no power, but there are power relations. Power relations can feature in family relations or can be in play within an institution or an administration.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 54

Poststructuralist thoughts focus on speciousness of a modern claim ____________ the validity of one and only perspective which Nietzsche and Foucault want to abolish.

criticizing

rejecting

defending

arguing

constructing

Açıklama:

From Archaeology to Genealogy
defending

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

According to Foucault, there is no power relation without the correlative constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not ___________and constitute at the same time power relations.

presuppose

regard

think

analyze

unearth

Açıklama:

Conclusion
presuppose

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

Which of the following information about the relationship between Foucault's definition of discourse and knowledge is not true?

Discourse cannot be inconceivable separated from the epistemes of a given historical period.

Discourse is an instrument of constituting knowledge.

There is always a universal reality that guides our understanding of the world.

Discourses constitute the reality, what can be thought and said about the world.

Meaning, truth and morality are created through discourse.

Açıklama:

For Foucault, discourse cannot be inconceivable separated from the epistemes of the historical period in which it arises. Discourse, is an instrument of constituting knowledge, together with the social practice and power relations. On the one hand, discourse is created and perpetuated by the power; on the other hand, power is produced and transmitted by discourse. As expressed by Foucault, discourses constitute the reality, what can be thought and said about the world. Discourse as defined by Foucault, is the whole of the practices that construct the objects it speaks on or creates its own truth. So, according to Foucault there is no universal reality or truth as in poststructuralist thought. He asserts that meaning, truth and morality are created through discourse.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

This methodology deals with the imposition of present on the past, focusing on the complex relationship between discourse and power, and showing that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity.
Which of the following terms is defined in the above paragraph?

Archaeology

Genealogy

Discourse analysis

Political discourse

Poststructuralism

Açıklama:

Genealogy deals with the imposition of present on the past. This methodology focuses on the complex relationship between discourse and power, and tries to show that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Derrida designed deconstruction as a method of analysis based on the __________ that nothing in the text is random.

contradiction

inconsistency

discourse

assumption

opposition

Açıklama:

Conclusion
assumption

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

In which of the following words did Foucault develop the concept of epitome and argued that researchers should evaluate each event/case according to its context and the conditions of its time?

Madness and Civilization

The Birth of the Clinic

The Discourse on Language

The Order of Things

Discipline and Punish

Açıklama:

Foucault defined archaeology as a method of analysis that aims to unearth intellectual structures and historical a priori underlying different methods, concepts and theories of an idea and thought that dominates a particular period. In his work called “The Order of Things”, he developed the notion of epitome and said that to understand the social structures and the individuals acting according to the social parameters formed within this structure; the researchers should focus on changing historical conditions, not on time-independent and unchanging a priori ideas. In simple terms, he said that they should evaluate each event/case according to its context and the conditions of its time.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 2

Soru 1

In Realism, which concept refers to the absence of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system?

Anarchy

Structuration

Intersubjectivity

System level analysis

Constructivism

Açıklama:

In Realism, anarchy means absence of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Leaders are relatively unimportant because structures compel them to act in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions.
The desire for more power is rooted in human nature.
The structure of the international system is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power.
Politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.
Which of these are features of neorealism?

I and II

II and III

I and IV

I and III

II and IV

Açıklama:

For neorealism, why states continuously seek power has little to do with human nature. Neorealism explains why states want more power with reference to the structure of the international system. While classical realism mainly focuses on state leaders and their decisions, neorealism, by contrast, emphasizes the structure of the international system that is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power. “Leaders are relatively unimportant because structures compel them to act in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions”

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

In terms of epistemology and methodology, it can be divided into three main categories as neoclassical, postmodern and naturalistic.
It entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures”.
All approaches of this type agree on the definition of structure and the role of identity in international politics.
What is the approach defined above?

Realism

Neorealism

Constructivism

Intersubjectivity

Social structure

Açıklama:

Constructivism entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures” (Reus-Smith, 2005: 188). While all constructivist approaches agree on the definition of structure and the role of identity in international politics, they mainly diverge on epistemology and methodology on the one hand and the levels of analysis on the other. In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into three main categories: neoclassical, postmodern and naturalistic constructivism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

It incorporates values, norms, and other ideational factors into itself. It does not reject the canons of science, standards, and methodologies for testing hypotheses or propositions. It rejects the conventional epistemology of social science. It emphasizes the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis.Which are the features of neoclassical constructivism?

I and II

I and III

II and III

II and IV

I and IV

Açıklama:

Neoclassical constructivists incorporate values, norms, and other ideational factors into their theorizing, but “they do not reject the canons of science, standards, and methodologies for testing hypotheses or propositions”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

It incorporates values, norms, and other ideational factors into itself.
It does not reject the canons of science, standards, and methodologies for testing hypotheses or propositions.
It rejects the conventional epistemology of social science.
It emphasizes the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis.
Which are the features of postmodern constructivism?

I and II

III and IV

I and IV

II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

Postmodern constructivists, on the other hand, “reject the conventional epistemology of social science. They emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

What is the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy?

Social structure

Constructivism

Anarchy

Realism

Intersubjectivity

Açıklama:

Intersubjectivity is most simply stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

The culture is characterized by a constant enmity between states that see each other as enemies.
It is a world of all-against-all in which states prioritize power and interests.
Society without a supreme ruler resembles a state of nature.
Whose norms and rules reflect these features in terms of social culture?

John Locke

Immanuel Kant

Johan Olsen

Thomas Hobbes

James March

Açıklama:

The Hobbesian culture is characterized by a constant enmity between states that see each other as enemies. It is a world of all-against-all in which states prioritize power and interests. Norms and rules that dominate the system reflect the ideas of Thomas Hobbes who argued that society without a supreme ruler resembles a state of nature.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

In terms of social culture, whose perspective draws a world where states view each other as rivals, they nevertheless recognize each other’s sovereignty, and therefore submit to a minimum standard of common norms?

Thomas Hobbes

Immanuel Kant

John Locke

James March

Johan Olsen

Açıklama:

In the Lockean culture, a perspective drawn from the writings of philosopher John Locke, on the other hand, although states view each other as rivals, they nevertheless “recognize each other’s sovereignty, and therefore submit to a minimum standard of common norms”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

States no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive”
This culture is the closest one to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively.
States form a community.
Whose culture system has these features?

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

James March

Johan Olsen

Immanuel Kant

Açıklama:

In a Kantian system, states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive” (Steans et.al., 2010: 195). Drawing from Immanuel Kant’s ideas, Wendt argues that this culture is the closest one to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively. In other words, in a Kantian culture states form a community.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which type of constructivism concentrates on the relationship between domestic social and legal norms and the identities and interests of states instead of focusing on the external, international domain?

Unit-level constructivism

Holistic constructivism

Postmodern constructivism

Naturalist constructivism

Systemic constructivism

Açıklama:

Unit-level constructivism starts with the critique of systemic approach and contends that systemic constructivism’s focus on the role of the international environment and norms in constructing state identities and interest, leaves out the important role that domestic factors play in the formation of state identity and interests. “Instead of focusing on the external, international domain, unit-level constructivists concentrate on the relationship between domestic social and legal norms and the identities and interests of states, the very factors bracketed by Wendt”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Which of the followings refers to the concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors?

Constructivism.

Identity.

Structuration.

Neorealism.

Realism.

Açıklama:

Page 25.
Structuration: A concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which of the following authors is among the ones that first introduced constructivism to the discipline of international relations?

Nicholas Onuf.

Anthony Giddens.

Thomas Hobbes.

Zehfuss.

Morgenthau.

Açıklama:

Page 25.
Writings of Nicholas Onuf (1989) and Alexander Wendt (1987, 1992, 1994, and 1999) first introduced constructivism to the discipline of International Relations. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Morgenthau developed a realist theory of international politics and argued that international politics is a struggle for power.
Which of the followings is the conclusion that Morgenthau reached via his theory?

Monarchy.

Anarchy.

Aristocracy.

Republic.

Dictatorship.

Açıklama:

Page 26.
Drawing on the writings of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and E. H. Carr, Morgenthau developed a realist theory of international politics in which he argued that “international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. Whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim”. Morgenthau went on to argue that the basic feature of the international system is anarchy, and in this anarchic world, states can only rely on their own resources since under anarchy states cannot trust each other. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

On which of the followings does Morgenthau’s version of realism (classical realism) highly rely?

Power struggle.

Platonic philosophy.

Politics.

Human nature.

Religion.

Açıklama:

Page 26.
Morgenthau’s version of realism, which was later labeled as classical realism, argues that the desire for more power is rooted in human nature. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Unlike realist school, according to Kenneth Waltz, which of the followigs is the main source of desire for more power?

Human nature.

Regional conflicts.

National bias.

Class discrimination and allocation of wealth.

Structure of the international system.

Açıklama:

Page 27.
For neorealism, why states continuously seek power has little to do with human nature. Neorealism explains why states want more power with reference to the structure of the international system. While classical realism mainly focuses on state leaders and their decisions, neorealism, by contrast, emphasizes the structure of the international system that is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

According to neorealism, Which of the followings is constant?

Aristocracy and monarchic power.

International agreements and regional unrests.

Constantly evolving temporary local upheavals.

Roles and identities of the participating nations.

Anarchy and the functional similarity of units.

Açıklama:

Page 27.
According to neorealism, anarchy and the functional similarity of units are constant. The only element that can change is the distribution of capabilities. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

I. Identity,
II. Function,
III. Structure,
IV. Anarchy.
Which of the ones listed above is among the points that Constructivists target?

I & II.

Only II.

I & III.

II & IV.

II, III & IV.

Açıklama:

Page 28.
Constructivists target exactly these two points: structure and identity/interest formation. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the followings is among the elements in shaping political action according to constructivism?

Consumer behaviour.

Role of identity.

Speculative structures.

Interaction among the parties.

Sociological disputes.

Açıklama:

Page 28.
Constructivism entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Which of the followings puts more emphasis on the intersubjective aspects or structures of social life?

Naturalistic constructivism.

Neorealism.

Postmodern constructivism.

Realism.

Neoclassical constructivism.

Açıklama:

Page 28.
Naturalistic constructivism, which is mainly associated with the writings of Alexander Wendt, defines IR as part of the social sciences, and puts more emphasis on the intersubjective aspects or structures of social life. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the followings emphasizes the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in discursive practices?

Neorealism.

Naturalistic constructivism.

Realism.

Postmodern constructivism.

Neoclassical constructivism.

Açıklama:

Page 28.
Postmodern constructivists “reject the conventional epistemology of social science. They emphasize the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis”. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which of the following concepts provided “a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors”?

Structuration

Anarchy

Intersubjectivity

Identity

Hegemony

Açıklama:

Structuration is a concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following scholars stands out as one of the most important figures in Constructivist IR theory?

Hans Morgenthau

Alexander Wendt

Kenneth Waltz

John Mearsheimer

Robert Keohane

Açıklama:

Among all constructivist IR theorists, Alexander Wendt stands out as one of the most important figures in Constructivist IR theory. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

According to Kenneth Waltz, on which of the following must a scientific IR theory focus?

Internal characteristics of states

Leaders of states

International system

Class conflict

Gender relations

Açıklama:

According to Waltz, a scientific IR theory must focus on the international system, not on the internal characteristics or leaders of states, class conflict, or gender relations. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

I- Ordering principles
II- The character of units
III- The distribution of capabilities
According to Waltz, which of the above are the dimensions of political structure?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Waltz defines political structure on three dimensions: ordering principles, the character of the units, and the distribution of capabilities.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which type of constructivists reject the conventional epistemology of social science and emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects?

Neoclassical constructivists

Naturalistic constructivits

Systemic constructivists

Postmodern constructivists

Holistic constructivists

Açıklama:

Postmodern constructivists reject the conventional epistemology of social science and emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which of the following statements about Alexander Wendt's approach to constructivism is false?

The structure of the international system is social.

Identity is the basis of interests.

States' identities are formed at the system level.

States' interests are formed at the system level.

Wendts adopted the unit level constructivism.

Açıklama:

Alexander Wendt is one of the most important and influential scholars in the constructivist school. He agrees with other constructivists that the structure of the international system is social and that identity is the basis of interests. However, he adopted a systemic approach to show that states’ identities and interests are formed at the system level; in addition, they are endogenous to state interaction. Wendt did not adopt unit level constructivism. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which of the following concepts is most simply defined as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy?

Intersubjectivity

Structuration

Identity formation

Interest formation

Anarchy

Açıklama:

Intersubjectivity, a term originally coined by the philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), is most simply stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Actors pursue particular interests and assess the utility of a possible action in terms of their preference order at a given point in time when people act according to ...
Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?

the logic of communication

the logic of consequentiality

the logic of appropriateness

the logic of practice

the logic of chance

Açıklama:

Actors pursue particular interests and assess the utility of a possible action in terms of their preference order at a given point in time when people act according to the logic of consequentiality. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Instead of focusing on the external, international domain, which of the following type of constructivism concentrates on the relationship between domestic social and legal norms and the identities and interests of states?

Unit-level constructivism

Holistic constructivism

Systemic constructivism

Naturalistic constructivism

Neoclassical constructivism

Açıklama:

Instead of focusing on the external, international domain, unit-level constructivists concentrate on the relationship between domestic social and legal norms and the identities and interests of states. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the following approach aims at removing the traditional dichotomy between system and unit levels of analysis in constructivism and tries to bridge the two domains?

Unit-level constructivism

Systemic level

Holistic constructivism

Naturalistic constructivism

Neoclassical constructivism

Açıklama:

Holistic constructivism aims at removing the traditional dichotomy between system and unit levels of analysis and tries to bridge the two domains. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

________________ is a concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors.

Structuration

Constructivism

Neorealism

Anarchy

Social structure

Açıklama:

Structuration:
A concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors. Structures (i.e., the rules and conditions that guide social action) do not determine what actors do in any mechanical way- an impression one might get from the neorealist view of how the structure of anarchy constrains state actors. The relationship between structures and actors involves intersubjective understanding and meaning. Structures do constrain actors, but actors can also transform structures by thinking about them and acting on them in new ways. The notion of structuration therefore leads to a less rigid and more dynamic view of the relationship between structure and actors. IR constructivists use this as a starting point for suggesting a less rigid view of anarchy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Despite its relatively short history in the field of IR, constructivism became very popular first among ____________ , and later spread to the rest of the world.

South American scholars

North American scholars

Central European scholars

Russian scholars

Chinese scholars

Açıklama:

Despite its relatively short history in the field of IR, constructivism became very popular first among North American scholars, and later spread to the rest of the world.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

In Realism, anarchy means ________ of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system.

presence

acceptance

absence

rejection

desire

Açıklama:

Anarchy
In Realism, anarchy means absence of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

Which of the following became the leading proponent of a new version of realism labeled neorealism (also called structural or systemic realism)?

Hans Morgenthau

Niccolo Machiavelli

Thomas Hobbes

Kenet Waltz

E.H. Carr

Açıklama:

Classical realism was attacked by other theoretical approaches like neoliberalism, feminism and critical theory. However, the most influential critique came from other realists. Kenneth Waltz became the leading proponent of a new version of realism labeled neorealism (also called structural or systemic realism). His book Theory of International Politics (1979) quickly replaced Morgenthau’s Politics among Nations. According to Waltz, a scientific IR theory must focus on the international system not on the internal characteristics or leaders of states. Waltz developed a systemic theory in which he diverged from classical realism on the causes of state behavior in the system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into ______ main categories

three

four

five

six

seven

Açıklama:

In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into three main categories: neoclassical, postmodern and naturalistic constructivism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

Which of the following is the scholar who adopted a systemic approach to Constructivism to show that states’ identities and interests are formed at the system level?

Kenneth Waltz

Hans Morgenthau

Niccolo Machiavelli

Thomas Hobbes

Alexander Wendt

Açıklama:

Alexander Wendt is one of the most important and influential scholars in the constructivist school. He agrees with other constructivists that the structure of international system is social and that identity is the basis of interests. However, he adopted a systemic approach to show that states’ identities and interests are formed at the system level; in addition, they are endogenous to state interaction.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Which of the following scholar argued that society without a supreme ruler resembles a state of nature?

John Locke

Niccolo Machiavelli

Alexander Wendt

Kenneth Waltz

Thomas Hobbes

Açıklama:

The Hobbesian culture is characterized by a constant enmity between states that see each other as enemies. It is a world of all-against-all in which states prioritize power and interests. Norms and rules that dominate the system reflect the ideas of Thomas Hobbes who argued that society without a supreme ruler resembles a state of nature.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which of the following scholar states that although states view each other as rivals, they nevertheless “recognize each other’s sovereignty, and therefore submit to a minimum standard of common norms”?

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Niccolo Machiavelli

Alexander Wendt

Kenneth Waltz

Açıklama:

In the Lockean culture, a perspective drawn from the writings of philosopher John Locke, on the other hand, although states view each other as rivals, they nevertheless “recognize each other’s sovereignty, and therefore submit to a minimum standard of common norms”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

In whose system states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive”?

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

Immanuel Kant

Niccolo Machiavelli

Kenneth Waltz

Açıklama:

In a Kantian system, states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive” (Steans et.al., 2010: 195). Drawing from Immanuel Kant’s ideas, Wendt argues that this culture is the closest one to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively. In other words, in a Kantian culture states form a community.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following is not one of the levels of analysis proposed by J. David Singer when studying international relations?

System level

State level

National level

Cultural level

individual level

Açıklama:

System level analysis
J. David Singer proposed three levels of analysis when studying international relations. System level, State or National level, and individual level. System level analysis in international relations means that a researcher looks only at system level factors as causes of state behavior, and excludes domestic and individual level factors from his analysis (Singer, 1961).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

Which IR theorist stands out as one of the most important figures in Constructivist IR theory?

Gidden

Onuf

Wendt

Waltz

Morgenthau

Açıklama:

Introduction
Wendt

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

In Realism, __________means absence of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system.

anarchy

state

system

power

resource

Açıklama:

Neorealism
anarchy

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

It explains why states want more power with reference to the structure of the international system.
It emphasizes the structure of the international system that is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power.

Which theory is explained by the above sentences?

Realism

Constructivism

Structuralism

Neorealism

Poststructuralism

Açıklama:

Neorealism

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

Waltz argues that “a system is composed of a structure and interacting units” and he defines political ___________on three dimensions: ordering principles, the character of the units, and the distribution of capabilities.

structure

argument

party

unit

item

Açıklama:

Neorealism
structure

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

______________ entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures.”

Realism

Neoliberalism

Constructivism

Liberalism

Neorealism

Açıklama:

Constructivism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

While recognizing the importance of material factors, constructivism suggests that structure also consists of social elements except ___________________.

ideas

norms

shared understandings

expectations

culture

Açıklama:

Social Structure
culture

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

_____________ is most simply stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.

Rationalism

Intersubjectivity

Identity

Perspective

Authority

Açıklama:

Social Structure
Intersubjectivity

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

In a ___________ system, states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive” and Wendt argues that this culture is the closest one to a collective security system.

Kantian

Neorealist

Hobbesian

Lockean

Discursive

Açıklama:

Alexander Wendt and Systemic Constructivism
Kantian

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

A _________ community is a different social structure, composed of shared knowledge in which states trust each other to resolve disputes without war. States’ ideas about each other, then, become an important determinant of the nature of structure.

decisive

informative

intersubjective

security

anarchical

Açıklama:

Alexander Wendt and Systemic Constructivism
security

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

I. It aims at removing the traditional dichotomy between system and unit levels of analysis and tries to bridge the two domains.
II. It argues that states’ corporate and social identities continuously interact with each other and states’ foreign policies are the product of this interaction.
III. According to this approach, any transformation in the corporate identity of a state -as a result of domestic conditions- will eventually affect the identity formation at the international level where states will try to reset their priorities in accordance with the new identity” (Nia, 2011: 282).
What kind of constructivism is described by the above sentences?

Systemic

Holistic

Unit-level

Identical

International

Açıklama:

Holistic Constructivism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

Which of the following is the book that is considered to have introduced realism as a dominant theory to international relations?

Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace - Hans Morgenthau

Theory of International Politics - Kenneth Waltz

Human Nature and de Corpore Politico - Thomas Hobbes

The Art of War - Niccolo Machiavelli

Social Theory of International Politics - Alexander Wendt

Açıklama:

Realism became a dominant theory and even a point of reference for almost every scholar studying international relations with the publication of Hans Morgenthau’s seminal book Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace in 1948. Drawing on the writings of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and E. H. Carr, Morgenthau developed a realist theory of international politics in which he argued that “international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. Whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim” (Morgenthau, 1948: 13).
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the following is true about state behavior according to neorealism?

States constantly seek power because of human nature.

State leaders and their decisions are the major factors that affect distribution of power.

States have more or less similar capabilities for performing similar tasks.

The interests and identities of states are constructed by the structure of the system exogenous to them.

Anarchy entails states to seek international help.

Açıklama:

States constantly seek power because of human nature: For neorealism, why states continuously seek power has little to do with human nature. Neorealism explains why states want more power with reference to the structure of the international system.
State leaders and their decisions are the major factors that affect distribution of power: While classical realism mainly focuses on state leaders and their decisions, neorealism, by contrast, emphasizes the structure of the international system that is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power. Leaders are relatively unimportant because structures compel them to act in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions.
States have more or less similar capabilities for performing similar tasks: States are similar in the tasks they face, not in their abilities to perform them. States are distinguished primarily by their greater or lesser capabilities for performing similar tasks... the structure of a system changes with changes in the distribution of capabilities across the system's units.
The interests and identities of states are constructed by the structure of the system exogenous to them: The interests and identities of states are constructed by the structure of the system exogenous to them. Under the conditions of anarchy, it is logical to assume that states must acquire egoistic identities and take care of themselves or they will risk being crushed.
Anarchy entails states to seek international help: For Waltz, the assumption of anarchy means that states will be unwilling to risk functional differentiation, in other words, an international division of labor. Anarchy compels each state to focus on its core preference - maintaining its sovereignty, i.e. its own survival - without relying on external help.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 53

Which of the following is the type of constructivism that incorporates values, norms and other ideational factors into their theorizing without rejecting the canons of science, standards, and methodologies for testing hypotheses or propositions?

Postmodern constructivism

Neoclassical constructivism

Naturalistic constructivism

Social constructivism

Constructivist epistemology

Açıklama:

In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into three main categories: neoclassical, postmodern and naturalisticconstructivism. Neoclassical constructivists incorporate values, norms, and other ideational factors into their theorizing, but “they do not reject the canons of science, standards, and methodologies for testing hypotheses or propositions”.
Postmodern constructivists, on the other hand, “reject the conventional epistemology of social science. They emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis”.
Finally, naturalistic constructivism, which is mainly associated with the writings of Alexander Wendt, defines IR as part of the social sciences, and puts more emphasis on the intersubjective aspects or structures of social life.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

Which of the following assumes that only the behavior of states is affected by system structure, not their identities and interests?

Constructivism

Liberalism

Realism

Neorealism

Internal relations

Açıklama:

According to rationalist theories, especially Neorealism, political structure is a force above states that can shape actor identities and interests. States do not have much to change it, but succumb to the requirements of structure. Neorealism assumes that “only the behavior of states is affected by system structure, not their identities and interests” (Wendt, 1999: 248). Constructivists, on the other hand, emphasize a process of interaction between agents and structures; “the ontology is one of mutual constitution, where neither unit of analysis -agents or structures-is reduced to the other and made ‘ontologically primitive” (Checkel, 1998: 326).
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

Wendt makes a distinction between cultures in which states’ behaviors, identities and interests vary considerably. Which of the following types of cultures is the closest to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively?

Lockean culture

Wendtian culture

Kantian culture

Hobbesian culture

Material culture

Açıklama:

Wendt distinguishes three separate cultures in which states’ behaviors, identities and interests vary considerably: Hobbesian culture, Lockean culture and Kantian culture.
The Hobbesian culture is characterized by a constant enmity between states that see each other as enemies. In the Lockean culture, although states view each other as rivals, they nevertheless “recognize each other’s sovereignty, and therefore submit to a minimum standard of common norms”
In a Kantian system, states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and the scope of shared norms is much more extensive. Drawing from Immanuel Kant’s ideas, Wendt argues that this culture is the closest one to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively. In other words, in a Kantian culture states form a community.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

Which of the following is not one of the four basic interests generated by corporate identity?

Physical security

Predictability in relationships to the world

Recognition as an actor by others

Economic development

Material sources

Açıklama:

Corporate identity which is defined as the intrinsic, self- organizing qualities that constitute actor individuality generates four basic interests: 1) physical security 2) predictability in relationships to the world 3) recognition as an actor by others 4) economic development.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 57

Which of the following options includes three factors at the systemic level that can play a causal role for the emergence of collective identity formation?

Corporate identity, social identity, and personal identity

Social structure, identity, and interests

International, national, and individual environments

Leaders, actors, and citizens

Structural contexts, systemic processes, and strategic practice

Açıklama:

Wendt describes three factors at the systemic level that can play a causal role for the emergence of collective identity formation: structural contexts, systemic processes, and strategic practice. Structural contexts refer to social structures with a particular culture.
Systemic processes include “rising interdependence among states through either increasing trade and capital flows or the emergence of a common external threat” and the transnational convergence of domestic values.
Strategic practices can be both behavioral (what actors do) and discursive (what actors say). Actors’ behavioral and discursive practices in an interaction will determine the nature of interaction, and shape their identities.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

Which of the following is one of the factors ignored in the systemic approach?

Domestic factors

Systemic interaction

International environment

External factors

Structural contexts

Açıklama:

Wendt’s constructivist approach adapts a system level (systemic) analysis. He tries to show how states form their social identities, and consequently interests, through systemic interaction. Wendt aims to show how state identities and interests are endogenous. International and external factors play a significant role in state behavior and identity development. Structural contexts referring to social structures with a particular culture either facilitate or inhibit collective identity formation. In this process, domestic factors are generally ignored.
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

“Instead of focusing on the external, international domain, ------------------------constructivists concentrate on the relationship between domestic social and legal norms and the identities and interests of states, the very factors bracketed by Wendt”.
Which of the following terms can be used to fill in the blank in the above sentence?

Holistic

Systemic

Unit-level

Discursive

Behavioral

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

When you set out to explain the revolution in a country with both domestic and international developments, which of the following approaches to analysis would you use?

Systemic constructivism

Holistic constructivism

Unit-level constructivism

Postmodern constructivism

Neoclassical constructivism

Açıklama:

In terms of the levels of analysis, constructivism is categorized under three headings: systemic, unit level, and holistic constructivism. Holistic constructivism aims at removing the traditional dichotomy between system and unit levels of analysis and tries to bridge the two domains. Holistic constructivism argues that states’ corporate and social identities continuously interact with each other and states’ foreign policies are the product of this interaction. Interactions between corporate (domestic level) and social identities (international level) will result in the production and reproduction of self and other.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 3

Soru 1

It is the alleviation of threats to cherished values.
It can be explained by identifying an objective situation as threatening to an objective entity.
In Realism the state is seen as the main object, and war as the main threat to it.
The survival of the state is the main objective.
Which concept is defined above?

Security

Balance of power

Bandwagon

Referent object

Speech act

Açıklama:

For most scholars of security studies, security is not an easy term to define. At its base, the term ‘security’ involves the “alleviation of threats to cherished values” (Williams, 2008: 1). Both Realist and Liberal theories generally “explain security by identifying an objective situation as threatening to an objective entity” (Balzacq, 2011a: xiii). In other words, according to traditionalists, security means a freedom from any objective military threat to the state survival in an anarchic international system. The traditional definition of security, however, is most commonly associated with political Realism that defines security as national security. In both classical and structural variants, Realism defines security in terms of national security in which the survival of the state is the main objective. Thus, “Realism is usually seen to emphasize the state as the main object of security, and war as the main threat to it”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

State is the primary ‘referent object’ that is to be secured and the focus is predominantly on the military sector and on other issues only to the extent that they ‘bear directly on the likelihood and character of war’.
Security cannot be confined only to the military sector but should include other sectors, such as economic, societal, political and environmental.
Even though security is about survival, it also includes a substantial range of issues other than the state.
State is usually the main object of security, and war as the main threat to it.
Which of the statements are basics of security according to the Copenhagen school?

I and IV

II and III

I and III

II and IV

III and IV

Açıklama:

While Realism is concerned with national/ military security, the CS argues that this is a very narrow definition of security and must be widened as to include other sectors. Buzan defines security as “the pursuit of freedom from threat and the ability of states and societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity against forces of change which they see as hostile” (Buzan, 1991: 432). However, Buzan adds that even though security is about survival, it also includes a substantial range of issues other than the state (Buzan, 1991: 433). This is the first difference between Realism and the CS. According to the CS, security cannot be confined only to the military sector but should include other sectors, such as economic, societal, political and environmental.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Broadening the conception and research scope of security
Providing a framework for security analysis
Analysis of how an issue is securitized and desecuritized
Reconceptualization of the notion of security
How did the Copenhange School help with the concept of security?

I, II and III

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The CS has played an important role in broadening the conception of security and provided a framework for analysis. It became particularly influential in analyzing how an issue is securitized and desecuritized. It broadened the scope of security studies and helped the reconceptualization of the notion of security.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

Which of the following is not true about the ways the Copenhagen School has contributed the concept of security?

The Copenhagen School has developed the theory of securitization.

The Copenhagen School has redefined the scope of security studies in general.

The Copenhagen School has developed the idea of security sectors.

The Copenhagen School has focused on security as a matter of military.

The Copenhangen School has introduced the concept of regional security complexes.

Açıklama:

The CS contributed to security studies in three major theoretical and conceptual ways: the theory of securitization, the notion of different sectors of security and regional security complex theory.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

The theory of securization argues that threats are discursively constructed.
Securitization like politicization has to be understood as essentially an intersubjective process.
When the process of securitization is successfully accomplished, it does not legitimize the use of extraordinary measures to deal with a threat.
Securitization legitimizes the use of force.
Which of the above are true about the theory of securitization?

I, II and III

II, III and IV

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The securitization theory, on the other hand, argues that threats are discursively constructed and “securitization like politicization, has to be understood as essentially an intersubjective process”
According to the securitization theory, when the process of securitization is successfully accomplished, this allows the political elite to take “emergency measures and (justifies) actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure”.
“The use of this speech act had the effect of raising a specific challenge to a principled level, thereby implying that all necessary means would be used to block that challenge” (Wæver, 2011:95). Securitization legitimizes the use of force and allows the state to mobilize or to take special powers to handle existential threats.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

What are things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival called in the theory of securization?

Speech act

Referent objects

Securization

Asecurity

Balance of power

Açıklama:

Referent objects: things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

According to the traditional view on security, which sector and the referent object, the state, occupy the most important place in security studies?

The Environmental Sector

The Economic Sector

The Societal Sector

The Political Sector

The Military Sector

Açıklama:

According to the traditional view on security, the military sector and the referent object, the state, occupy the most important place in security studies.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

It is the most controversial and the most difficult sector to define among the security sectors.
This sector has both scientific and political agendas and they often overlap and sometimes shape each other.
A concern for the preservation of the existing levels of civilization can be considered as the referent object of this security sector.
Scientists, researchers and non-govermental organizations can contribute to the securization of this sector.
Which is the security sector defined above?

The Military Sector

The Economic Sector

The Societal Sector

The Political Sector

The Enviromental Sector

Açıklama:

The environmental sector is the most controversial and the most difficult sector to define. The environmental sector has both scientific and political agendas and they often overlap and sometimes shape each other. A concern for the preservation of the existing levels of civilization (Buzan et. al., 1998: 75) can also be considered as the referent object of environmental security since environmental degradation can have detrimental consequences for the future of present civilization. The CS argues that securitizing actors in the environmental sector may vary according to the specific issue at hand. States, epistemic communities (scientists, researchers) and non-governmental organizations (Greenpeace) can be effective on securitizing environmental issues.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

This security sector, according to the CS, revolves “around access to the resources, finance and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power”.
Various referent objects can be detected at different levels. States, individuals, or the global market can be identified as referent objects.
In this sector, state representatives, international organizations and firms can be included in the category of securitizing actors.
Which one the security sectors is defined above?

The Societal Sector

The Economic Sector

The Political Sector

The Military Sector

The Environmental Sector

Açıklama:

The economic sector, according to the CS, revolves “around access to the resources, finance and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power” (Williams, 2008: 4). Economic threats can have direct consequences for individuals, nations and states thus threaten the very existence of these entities. However, one should keep in mind that while some economic threats can be thought of in terms of economic security, others can only be regarded as politicized issues because of the highly political nature of some economic problems. Thus, it is of crucial importance to make the distinction. Economic threats must be existential threats to be included in the category of securitization. In the economic sector, one can detect various referent objects at different levels. States, individuals, or the global market can be identified as referent objects. The CS argues that economic threats can directly affect the welfare of individuals or social classes and thus can be regarded as existential threats. An economic crisis, for example, can hamper individuals’ access to basic necessities, such as food, clothing, and shelter and constitute an existential threat to individuals. Economic threats can also be presented as threats in other sectors. “What is merely economic or political within the economic sector may have security implications in other sectors” (Buzan et. al., 1998: 106). State representatives, for example, can present an economic crisis as an impediment to the funding of national defense expenditures and consequently an existential threat to national security. States also can securitize threats to the existence of large firms or companies through linking their activities to national security. In the economic sector, state representatives, international organizations and firms can be included in the category of securitizing actors.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

The kind of security is commonly defined as the most intriguing of the five sectors considered in the Copenhagen School.
In this sector of security, a reference object of security is not the state as a government or a territorial entity, but rather as a collective identity.
The organizing concept in this sector is identity. Insecurity exists when communities of whatever kind define a development or potentiality as a threat to their survival as a community.
It represents the security of ‘we’ identities such as national identity groups.
Which security sector is defined above?

The Societal Sector

The Environmental Sector

The Economic Sector

The Military Sector

The Political Sector

Açıklama:

Many in the area of security studies define the societal security as the most intriguing of the five sectors considered in the CS. “In this case, reference object of security is not the state as a government or a territorial entity, but rather as a collective identity” (Panić, 2009: 31). Buzan et. al. argue that “the organizing concept in the societal sector is identity. Societal insecurity exists when communities of whatever kind define a development or potentiality as a threat to their survival as a community” (Buzan et. al. 1998: 119). According to the CS, the state is the referent object for political, military environmental and economic security, but society is the referent object for societal security. Thus, the CS treats societal security as a separate referent object of societal security. In this understanding, survival of society is different from survival of the state. “This view implies a duality of security, namely the state and societal security, with the former guarding its sovereignty whilst the latter attempting to keep its identity” (Hama, 2017: 4). Societal security represents the security of ‘we’ identities such as national identity groups (Wæver et. al., 1993: 21). Members of a society share common ideas and practices that help them develop a common identity and form a social group. This identity also helps individuals identify themselves as members of a community. Societal insecurity therefore involves “a development or potentiality as a threat to their survival as a community”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

military issues
identity issues
economic issues
environmental issues

According to Copenhagen Schools, which issues does security include?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

"________, in international relations, the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side."
Which of the following completes the sentence the most appropriately?

Balance of power

Identity

Bandwagon

Sovereignty

Discourse

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following related to the concept of state is incorrect according to Realism?

States employ to survive in the system with balance of power not bandwagon.

For Realists, threats to national security come from other states.

States should try to be relatively more powerful than other states in the system to guarantee survival.

States can increase their power either by relying on their own resources or by joining alliances.

States with less power prefer to join to more powerful states.

Açıklama:

The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

"Security is about survival of the state"
Which of the following theory argues the view above as regards its security understanding?

Constructivism

Copenhagen School

Realism

Frankfurt School

Poststructuralism

Açıklama:

The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

"_______ means the thing that is seen to be existentially threatened and that has a legitimate claim to survival."
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

Referent object

Securitization

Bandwagon

Balance of power

Identity

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Securization means________

legitimizing the use of force and allows the state to mobilize or to take special powers to handle existential threats

things when they are a thread and have a legitimate claim to survival

the posture of a nation protecting itself against another nations by matching its power against the power of the other side.

joining the more powerful state.

a condition in which issues tend to remain un-securitized, and are dealt with primarily as political issues or considered as non-political.

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the concept cannot be connected to Copenhagen School ?

Securiztaion

Securitizing speech act

Asecurity

Specific audience

Soverignty

Açıklama:

The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

migration
horizontal competition
vertical competition
minorities

Which of the above are defined as threat to societal security according to CS theory?

I-II-III

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

II-IV

I-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

"Issues, such as disruption of ecosystems, population problems, food problems, economic problems and civil strife are seen as____________"
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

environmental sectors

economical sectors

societal sectors

political sectors

military sectors

Açıklama:

The answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

"______argues that the system level analysis best capture security relations in today’s world."
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

Regional security complex theory

Poststructruralism

Constructivism

Neorealism

Oreintalism

Açıklama:

The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which of the following statements about the Copenhagen School is false?

The Copenhagen School defines security exclusively as national security.

Barry Buzan and Ole Waever are the two prominent scholars of the school.

The Copenhagen School emerged in the 1990s.

Securitization and desecuratization are two significant concepts developed by the school.

The Copenhagen School broadened the scope of security.

Açıklama:

The adherents of the Copenhagen School assert that security cannot be confined only to national security and thus broaden the conception of security to include military, political, economic, societal and environmental issues. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

In International Relations, which of the following refers to the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side?

Bandwagon

Balance of power

Regional security complex

Securitization

Speech act

Açıklama:

In International Relations, balance of power refers to the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

According to Realism, which of the following is the main object of security?

Individual

Environment

State

Society

Culture

Açıklama:

According to Realizm, the state is the main object of security. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

I- The theory of securization
II- The notion of different sectors of security
III- Regional security complex theory
Which of the above are the theoretical contributions of the Copenhagen School?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The CS contributed to security studies in three major theoretical and conceptual ways: the theory of securitization, the notion of different sectors of security and regional security complex theory.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which of the following scholars first put forward the theory of securitization?

Hans Morgenthau

Kenneth Waltz

John Mearsheimer

Robert Keohane

Ole Waever

Açıklama:

The Copenhagen School has developed the theory of securitization that was first put forward by Ole Waever. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which of the following is defined as sets of units whose security processes and dynamics are so interlinked that security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed and resolved apart from one another?

Regional security complex

Securitization

Desecuritization

Intersubjectivity

Referent object

Açıklama:

Regional security complexes are defined as sets of units whose security processes and dynamics are so interlinked that security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed and resolved apart from one another.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following is the process of shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate?

Securitization

Desecuritization

Speech act

Referent object

Bandwagoning

Açıklama:

Desecuritization is the process of shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

The Copenhagen School's view of security is closely associated with ... Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?

balance of power

collective security

speech act

national security

military power

Açıklama:

The Copenhagen School's view of security is closely associated with speech act. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which of the following is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes?

International non-governmental organization

Intergovernmental organization

Regional organization

Epistemic community

Security organization

Açıklama:

Epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

A standard regional security complex has ...
Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?

one great power.

more than one great power.

two great powers.

three great powers.

no great power.

Açıklama:

A standard regional security complex has no great power. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

When did Copenhagen School emerge?

2000s

1990s

1980s

1970s

1950s

Açıklama:

The Copenhagen School (CS), which emerged in the 1990s, has been and is being used to refer to the works of Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde and others studying international security.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

Which of the issues below is not included in the conception of security according to the adherents of Copenhagen School?

Military issues

Societal issues

Psychological issues

Environmental issues

Political issues

Açıklama:

The adherents of the CS assert that security cannot be confined only to military issues and thus broaden the conception of security to include military, political, economic, societal and environmental issues.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

What is the opposite of "balance of power"?

Bandwagon

Securitization

Desecuritization

Confrontation

Policy of alliances

Açıklama:

Balance of power, in international relations, the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side. States can pursue a policy of balance of power in two ways: by increasing their own power, as when engaging in an armaments race or in the competitive acquisition of territory; or by adding to their own power that of other states, as when embarking upon a policy of alliances.
Bandwagon is the opposite of balance of power strategy. States following the strategy of bandwagon prefer to join the powerful state instead of balancing its power.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

I. Threats to security are objective.
II. Threats are intersubjective.
III. Security cannot be confined only to the military sector.
Which of the above reflect Copenhagen School's views about security?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and III

II and III

Açıklama:

According to the CS, security cannot be confined only to the military sector but should include other sectors, such as economic, societal, political and environmental. From Realism’s views about security, one can infer that states’ power positions vis-à-vis each other determine whether states are secure or insecure in the system. In this sense, Realism implies that threats to security are objective and exist out there regardless of whether states recognize them as such. This point constitutes the second difference between Realism and the CS. Whereas Realism argues that threats are objective; the CS argues that they are intersubjective.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

What are things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival called?

Emergency measures

Speech acts

Referrent objects

Existential threats

Performatives

Açıklama:

Referent objects are things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

What is the term for shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat?

Asecurity

Securitizing Move

Securitizing Speech Act

Securitization

Securitizing Actors:

Açıklama:

Securitization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat. Securitizing
Speech Act: The act of saying security in relation to an issue.
Securitizing Move: An attempt to securitize an issue by labeling it as a security issue.
Desecuritization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate.
Asecurity: A condition in which issues tend to remain un-securitized, and are dealt with primarily as political issues or considered as non-political.
Securitizing Actors: These are governments, international organizations or civil society actors that securitize an issue by articulating the existence of threat(s) to the survival of specific referent object.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

For the Copenhagen School, in the military sector, what is the most important referent object?

Nations

Tribes

Religion

State

Ruling elites

Açıklama:

For the CS, in the military sector, the most important, but not the only, referent object is the state. Thus, the preservation of the state becomes a priority as in the traditional view of security.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

What is transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes called?

An epistemic community

An ecosystem

A non-governmental organisation

An intergovernmental organization

Political agenda

Açıklama:

An epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decisionmakers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Which of the below developed regional security complex theory?

Ole Wæver

Barry Buzan

Jaap de Wilde

Kenneth N. Waltz

The theory of securitization
The notion of different sectors of security
Regional security complex theory
The theory of international politics

Which of the above are among the major contributions of The Copenhagen School?

I and II

III and IV

I-II-III

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

The CS contributed to security studies in three major theoretical and conceptual ways: the theory of securitization, the notion of different sectors of security and regional security complex theory. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

Which of the following refers to things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival?

Referent objects

Speech acts

Securitizing actors

Sources

Substantial bodies

Açıklama:

Things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival are called referent objects. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

An existential threat that legitimizes the use of extraordinary measures
A securitizing actor in a position of authority and with enough social and political capital to convince an audience of the existence of an existential threat
The pursuit of freedom from threat and the ability of states and societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity against forces of change which they see as hostile
Objects that carry historical connotations of threat, danger, and harm, or where a history of hostile sentiments exists

Which of the above are among the conditions on which securitization is most likely to succeed?

I and II

III and IV

I-II-III

I-II-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

The following are the conditions on which securitization is most likely to succeed. These conditions are called by the CS ‘felicity’ or ‘facilitating’ conditions which increase the likelihood of successful securitization:

An existential threat that legitimizes the use of extraordinary measures,
A securitizing actor in a position of authority and with enough social and political capital to convince an audience of the existence of an existential threat,
Objects that carry historical connotations of threat, danger, and harm, or where a history of hostile sentiments exists.

The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

Which of the following refers to shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat?

Asecurity

Securitization

Securitizing move

Securitizing speech act

Specific audience

Açıklama:

One of the key concepts in Securitization Theory, securitization is shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

Which of the following refers to governments, international organizations or civil society actors that securitize an issue by articulating the existence of threat(s) to the survival of specific referent object?

Asecurity

Desecuritization

Specific audience

Securitizing actors

Sources

Açıklama:

Governments, international organizations or civil society actors that securitize an issue by articulating the existence of threat(s) to the survival of specific referent object are called securitizing actors. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 68

Which of the following is not one of the security sectors?

The military sector

The environmental sector

The economic sector

The societal sector

The educational sector

Açıklama:

The security sectors are:

The military sector,
The environmental sector,
The economic sector,
The societal sector,
The political sector.

The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 69

Which of the following refers to a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes?

Policy makers

Consulting authority

Epistemic community

Military expertise

National security team

Açıklama:

An epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 70

Which of the following states that there exists a strong interdependence among the national security interests of a group of states located in a geographical proximity?

Politicization

Neorealism

Desecuritization

Securitizing speech act

Regional security complex

Açıklama:

The key premise of RSCT (Regional Security Complex Theory) is that there exists a strong interdependence among the national security interests of a group of states located in a geographical proximity. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

I. It started in the 1990s through the works of people studying international security.
II. According to CS, security cannot be confined to military issues only.
III. CS widened the scope of security by developing the concept of securitisation and regional complex theory.
Which one of the above is correct regarding the Copenhagen School?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The Copenhagen School (CS), which emerged in the 1990s, has been and is being used to refer to the works of Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde and others studying international security. The adherents of the CS assert that security cannot be confined only to military issues. The CS has contributed to security studies by widening the scope of security and by developing the concept of ‘securitization’ and regional security complex theory.

Doğru Cevap: E

I. The state does not cope with the issue.
II. A securitizing actor articulates an already politicized issue as an existential threat to a referent object.
III. The issue is not included in the public debate.
Which of the above is included in the non-politized stage of securitization?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 77

I. It occupies the most important place in security studies.
II. The most important referent object is the state.
III. The preservation of the state becomes a priority as in the traditional view of security.
Which of the above is correct regarding the military sector?

Only I

Only III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

According to the traditional view on security, the military sector and the referent object, the state, occupy the most important place in security studies.For the CS, in the military sector, the most important, but not the only, referent object is the state. Thus, the preservation of the state becomes a priority as in the traditional view of security.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 78

I. Economic threats can have direct consequences for individuals.
II. One can detect various referent objects at different levels.
III. An economic crisis can hamper individuals' access to basic necessities.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Economic Sector?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

conomic threats can have direct consequences for individuals, nations and states thus threaten the very existence of these entities. In the economic sector, one can detect various referent objects at different levels. States, individuals, or the global market can be identified as referent objects. The CS argues that economic threats can directly affect the welfare of individuals or social classes and thus can be regarded as existential threats. An economic crisis, for example, can hamper individuals’ access to basic necessities, such as food, clothing, and shelter and constitute an existential threat to individuals

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

I. Regional level is the best starting point in studying security.
II. Early versions of RSCT focused on the state as the primary unit of analysis.
III. There is an interdependence among the national security interests of a group of states locals in close proximity.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Regional Security Complex Theory?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

For RSCT, regional level is the best starting point in studying security and only after that should analysts proceed to inter-regional or global levels. In its original version, RSCT, which Buzan labels it Classical Security Complex Theory (CSCT), mainly focused on the state as the primary unit of analysis. The key premise of RSCT is that there exists a strong interdependence among the national security interests of a group of states located in a geographical proximity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 80

I. It represent the security of "we" identities such as national identity groups.
II. It is considered as the most intriguing of the five sectors in the CS.
III. It involves a development or potentiality as a threat to people's survival as a community.
Which of the security sector features is described above?

The military sector

The environmental sector

The economic sector

The societal sector

The political sector

Açıklama:

Many in the area of security studies define the societal security as the most intriguing of the five sectors considered in the CS. According to the CS, the state is the referent object for political, military environmental and economic security, but society is the referent object for societal security. Thus, the CS treats societal security as a separate referent object of societal security. In this understanding, survival of society is different from survival of the state. “This view implies a duality of security, namely the state and societal security, with the former guarding its sovereignty whilst the latter attempting to keep its identity."

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 4

Soru 1

It allows the individual to exist as the only unit within all social fields.
It is quite deterministic and shaped by the adaptation of scientific knowledge to the process of production and consumption in economy by separating space and time.
It retains a deep underlying continuity with the optimistic tradition of rationality, realism, and materialism.
In the framework of this concept, the control of nature and a system based on knowledge will ensure human salvation.
Which concept is defined above?

Modernism

Colonialism

Imperialism

Orientalism

Decolonization

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Western scholars legitimize colonial aggression.
East was marginalized by Western world in literature, history and social areas.
West is originally “the Self “, in contrast, East is “the other”.
West sees itself as the center of the world and the other as the periphery.
Which are the basic assumptions of Orientalism?

I and IV

II and III

I, II and III

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

Açıklama:

According to Said, the orientalist creates the Orient through his writing, in the process, and he helps in the creation of a series of stereotypical images, according to which Europe (the West, the ‘self’) is seen as being essentially rational, developed, humane, superior, virtuous, normal and masculine, while the Orient (the East, the ‘other’) is seen as being irrational, backward, despotic, inferior, depraved, aberrant and feminine sexually. Orientalists see themselves as the center of the world and the other as periphery: The center was also privileged in the history of sciences, arts, and cultures, while the periphery was marginalized in the context, also orientalist creates and produces something, but in contrast, the periphery only consumes something that is being provided by West.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Who acknowledges that imperialism is an expression of the desire for unlimited expansion which is considered as an irrational behaviour and also as a remnant of atavistic social culture?

Hans J. Morgenthau

Joseph A. Schumpeter

John A. Hobson

Robert Young

Vladimir Lenin

Açıklama:

Joseph A. Schumpeter rejects the perspective of imperialism based on the economic basis put forward by Hobson and Lenin. Schumpeter acknowledges that imperialism is an expression of the desire for unlimited expansion. He sees imperialism as an irrational behavior, such as nationalism, as a remnant of atavistic social culture

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Race is not a contingent determination that could be subsumed under the general category of class, but is a distinctive and autonomous form of social, economic and political inequality.
The significance of the revolutionary act as also a psychological and intellectual transformation, which must accompany material transformation, or the socialist reorganization of production.
Individual freedom is an essential component of a socialist synthesis that should guarantee democratic participation in the construction of socialism.
Whose thoughts of post-colonial theory were characterized by the three aspects above?

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Homi K. Bhabha

Albert Memmi

Aimé Césaire

Frantz Fanon

Açıklama:

Fanon’s thought is characterized by three aspects. First, he proposes a radical antiimperialist theory, which emphasizes the central significance of ‘race’ in the context of colonial oppression; race is not a contingent determination that could be subsumed under the general category of class, but is a distinctive and autonomous form of social, economic and political inequality. Second, Fanon stresses the significance of the revolutionary act as also a psychological and intellectual transformation, which must accompany material transformation, or the socialist reorganization of production. Third, Fanon argues for individual freedom as an essential component of a socialist synthesis that should guarantee democratic participation in the construction of socialism.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

It is not possible for the colonists to be unaware of the illegitimacy of their position.
Colonists demonstrate through their actions that they are aware that their welfare has actually been promoted through the misery of what they colonize.
The concepts of “dual refusal” and “dual responsibility” showed up in his book “Portrait of the Colonial” (1957).
Which post-colonial scholar had these arguments?

Albert Memmi

Homi K. Bhabha

Aimé Césaire

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Frantz Fanon

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

“Discourse on Colonialism” (1955) is his book which later became one of the most fundamental works of post-colonial writing.
He advocates that the pseudo-humanism that is actually the colonialist has got a fake understanding of humanity.
According to him, Pseudo-humanism makes the colonialist uncivilized and brutal.
Which post-colonial scholar is defined above?

Frantz Fanon

Albert Memmi

Homi K. Bhabha

Aimé Césaire

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

He considers the colonial phenomenon as an opportunity for cultural exchange.
He suggests that colonial authority is necessarily rendered ‘hybrid’ and ‘ambivalent’ when it is imitated or reproduced, thus opening up spaces for the colonized to subvert the masterdiscourse.
He points out that the discourse of colonialism is frequently populated with ‘terrifying stereotypes of savagery, cannibalism, lust and anarchy’.
Whose take on colonialism is define above?

Albert Memmi

Aimé Césaire

Homi K. Bhabha

Frantz Fanon

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Açıklama:

The most important part where Bhabha is different from Said and Spivak is that he considers the colonial phenomenon as an opportunity for cultural exchange, and, unlike Spivak, subaltern can actually speak for themselves and this speech emerges as a mimicry and is hybrid.In Bhabha’s words: “Stereotyping is not only the setting up of a false image which becomes the scapegoat of discriminatory practices. It is a much more ambivalent text of projection and introjections, metaphoric and metonymic strategies, displacement, guilt, aggressivity; the masking and splitting of ‘official’ and fantastic knowledges” (Bhabha, 1986: 169). Bhabha points out that the fantasies of the colonial stereotypes often appear as horrors. The discourse of colonialism is frequently populated with ‘terrifying stereotypes of savagery, cannibalism, lust and anarchy’ (Bhabha, 1994: 72). In his essay ‘Of Mimicry and Man’, Bhabha builds on these ideas and explores how the ambivalence of colonized subject becomes a direct threat to the authorities of the colonizers through the effects of ‘mimicry’. Bhabha describes mimicry as ‘one of the most elusive and effective strategies of colonial power and knowledge’ (Bhabha, 1994).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

The concept of subaltern is concentrated on all exploited people, particularly Hindu women, and there are two options of a widowed Indian woman, who lost her husband, one is the self killing tradition (Sati tradition) and being inferior in the process of emancipation of the contemporary world.
She is interested in feminist side of post-colonialism, because subaltern women are much more inferior than the others.
She states that subaltern cannot speak also due to not having their own history.
Her work combines feminism and post-colonial basis.
Which post-colonial scholar is defined above?

Frantz Fanon

Aimé Césaire

Albert Memmi

Homi K. Bhabha

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Açıklama:

According to Spivak, the concept of subaltern is concentrated on all exploited people, particularly Hindu women, and there are two options of a widowed Indian woman, who lost her husband, one is the self killing tradition (Sati tradition) and being inferior in the process of emancipation of the contemporary world. Spivak is interested in feminist side of post-colonialism, because subaltern women are much more inferior than the others. This is the only thing in Spivak’s perspective that combines feminism and post-colonial basis. An important detail for the women of India at the center of Spivak’s work is the separation of the first world women and the third world women on fate, grievances and rights, and the first world women is close to the metropolitan, that is, the third world women is the lowermost in class system. According to Spivak, the feminist ideology as a main stream is universal and masculine, this is wrong to understand real feminist ideology.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

He was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism.
According to him, the investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country leads to imperialism.
Which scholar is defined above?

Edward Said

Hans J. Morgenthau

John A. Hobson

Joseph A. Schumpeter

Michael Foucault

Açıklama:

John A. Hobson was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism. According to him, imperialism stems from the wrong practices within capitalism, capitalists preferred to convert the surplus of capital into reinvestment in order to make a profit outside their own country, since there was excessive production but inadequate consumption in society. In other words, the investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country leads to imperialism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

His book Foucault’s Madness and Civilization (1961) functioned as a founding study of the way in which society has produced its forms of exclusion.
He argued that “the other” is marginalized from the society, that is, “mad is separated from rational person” in the context of social dynamics, because mad could not produce his/her knowledge and could not use any judiciously.
In international dynamics, mad represent colonized people who are never allowed, or invited to speak as “the other” in the international system.
Which is the thinker defined above?

Michel Foucault

Edward Said

Jacques Derrida

Frantz Fanon

Aimé Césaire

Açıklama:

Foucault’s Madness and Civilization (1961) functioned as a founding study of the way in which society has produced its forms of exclusion. He argued that “the other” is marginalized from the society, that is, “mad is separated from rational person” in the context of social dynamics, because mad could not produce his/her knowledge and could not use any judiciously. In international dynamics, mad represent colonized people who are never allowed, or invited to speak as “the other” in the international system.

Doğru Cevap: A

Which of the following theories is coined by Edward Said?

Modernism

Colonialism

Imperialism

Orientalism

Post-colonialism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which of the following theories can be defined as the takeover of territory, appropriation of material resources, exploitation of labor and interference with political and cultural structures of another territory or nation?

modernism

orientalism

colonialism

post-colonialism

imperialism

Açıklama:

In the modern world, then, we can distinguish colonization as the takeover of territory, appropriation of material resources, exploitation of labor and interference with political and cultural structures of another territory or nation, from imperialism as a global system. The correct answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which theory urges to offer an alternative to the Eurocentric stance and notions of Western domination by challenging “western ideas” in all areas namely literature, history, linguistic, identity, gender?

modernism

orientalism

post-colonialism

colonialism

imperialism

Açıklama:

It urges to offer an alternative to the Eurocentric stance and notions of Western domination by challenging “western ideas” in all areas namely literature, history, linguistic, identity, gender. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

Which of the following is described by Said as an act of geographical violence, a geographical violence employed against indigenous peoples and their land rights?

Modernism

Colonialism

Post-colonialism

Orientalism

Neo-colonialism

Açıklama:

the appropriation of land and space meant that colonialism was, as Said has emphasized, fundamentally an act of geographical violence, a geographical violence employed against indigenous peoples and their land rights. (Said, 1993: 1-15). The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which of the following is an example for settler colonies?

Hong Kong enclave

British India

Japanese Taiwan

British North America

Singapore enclave

Açıklama:

Robert Young writes that colonialism “involved an extraordinary range of different forms and practices carried out with respect to radically different cultures, over many centuries,” and lists examples including (1) settler colonies such as British North America and Australia, and French Algeria; (2) administered territories established without significant settlement for the purposes of economic exploitation, such as British India and Japanese Taiwan; and (3) maritime enclaves, such as Hong Kong, Malta, and Singapore (Young, 2001: 17). The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which of the following is a result of the investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country?

Modernism

Oreintalism

Post-modernism

Imperialism

Post-colonialism

Açıklama:

The investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country leads to imperialism (Arı, 2013: 287). The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the following is not a post-colonial scholar?

Frantz Fanon

Albert Memmi

Aime Cesaire

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

John Locke

Açıklama:

The most important figures respectively Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, Aime Cesaire, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi K. Bhabha. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

He was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism.
According to him, imperialism stems from the wrong practices within capitalism, capitalists preferred to convert the surplus of capital into reinvestment in order to make a profit outside their own country, since there was excessive production but inadequate consumption in society.
The investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country leads to imperialism.
Who is the scholar mentioned above?

Frantz Fanon

Antonio Gramsci

Edward Said

Hans J. Morgenthau

John A. Hobson

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which theory is explained by the sentences below?
I. Moving from the idea of God-centered to human-centered thinking, its sole purpose has been to defeat nature and to achieve a better and more beautiful life.
II. It allows the individual to exist as the only unit within all social fields. It does not permit the ontology of identities public representation and the original formation of the subject at all.

Constructivism

Modernism

Realism

Colonialism

Orientalism

Açıklama:

Conceptual framework
Modernism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

The meaning of the Industrial Revolution is not the acceleration of economic growth, but also the ______________ of economic and social transformation (Hobsbawm, 2003: 32).

implementation

administration

exploitation

integration

constitution

Açıklama:

Conceptual framework
implementation

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

It was an act of geographical violence, a geographical violence employed against indigenous people and their land rights (Said, 1993: 1-15).
It involved an extraordinary range of different forms and practices carried out with respect to radically different cultures, over many centuries (Young, 2001:17).
Which term is mentioned by the sentences above?

Realism

Orientalism

Modernism

Colonialism

Capitalism

Açıklama:

Conceptual framework
Colonialism

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

____________ was constituted by the formation of contradiction in discourse which is expressed as a Euro-centrist perspective based on historical pride and organic superiority.
Which theory is described by the above sentences?

Imperialism

Decolonization

Orientalism

Rationalism

Marxism

Açıklama:

Conceptual framework
Orientalism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

While indigenous people decolonized their society and land from colonial power, they were interested in physical survival, but this condition could not change colonial mentality, and they __________ their own lands but not their own mind.

took

got

accessed

survived

lost

Açıklama:

Conceptual framework
survived

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

“It urges to offer an alternative to the Eurocentric stance and notions of Western domination by challenging “western ideas” in all areas namely literature, history, linguistic, identity and gender”.
Which theory is explained by the sentences above?

Idealism

Realism

Colonialism

Imperialism

Post-Colonialism

Açıklama:

Post-Colonial Theory
Post-Colonialism

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

As observed by Foucault, __________ plays a powerful role in reproducing and transforming power relations among many different dimensions such as class, culture, gender, disability etc. and is sanctioned through the techniques and procedures accorded value in the discovery of truth.

language

strength

balance

identity

superiority

Açıklama:

Post-Colonial Theory
language

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Postcolonial formation tries to _________ modern knowledge designed by Western ideology, and it tries to provide localization of knowledge by using pluralistic knowledge principle, that is, there is no single truth/knowledge and was shaped according to the subject and its culture.

combine

deconstruct

understand

practice

become

Açıklama:

Post-Colonial Theory
deconstruct

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

Which of the following scholar is not among the Post-Colonial Scholars?

Jacques Derrida

Frantz Fanon

Aimé Cesairé

John Locke

Albert Memmi

Açıklama:

Post-Colonial Scholars
John Locke

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

The post-colonial theory focuses on the ____________ dimension of exploitation and it examines the exploitation of mind, consciousness, language and religion of indigenous people.

social

political

cultural

economical

geopraphical

Açıklama:

Conclusion
cultural

Doğru Cevap: C

Who was the name of the post-colonial scholar who advocated that it is not possible for the colonists to be unaware of the illegitimacy of their position?

Homi K. Bhabha

Albert Memmi

Aime Cesaire

Frantz Fanon

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

What is the main purpose of modernism?

to defeat enemies

to defeat nature

to defeat Asian people

to defeat African people

to defeat capitalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

According to Marx, what is the main difference between earlier colonialism and modern colonialism?

modern colonialism adopted a non-capitalist figuration

earlier colonialism transferred culture

earlier colonialism adopted a non-capitalist figuration

modern colonialism respected the rights of indigenous people

earlier colonialism respected the rights of indigenous people

Açıklama:

Marxist thinking draws a crucial distinction between modern colonialism and earlier colonialism, while earlier colonialism adopts a non-capitalist figuration, modern colonialism was in existence alongside capitalism in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Who was the first writer to use the concept of "imperialism"?

Karl Marx

Hans J Morgenthau

Joseph A. Shumpeter

John A. Hobson

Edward Said

Açıklama:

John A. Hobson was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

According to Said, which of the below is a feature of Orient people?

rational

developed

humane

superior

despotic

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 66

Which of the below dichotomy pairs by Derrida is wrong?

South / North

in / out

male / female

present / absent

West / East

Açıklama:

Jacques Derrida on the other hand, uses the concept of deconstruction in his critique of Western metaphysics or logocentrism essentially as a stereotyped way of thinking based on Western thought, but instead uses dichotomies such as in / out, male / female, present / absent, West / East. In fact, each distinction represents a hierarchy in which the first one is considered superior, the other one represents the excluded and neglected one.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 67

Which of the below post-colonial figures thought pseudo-humanism makes the colonialist uncivilized and brutal?

Homi K. Bhabha

Aime Cesaire

Albert Memmi

Frantz Fanton

Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

"It is a theory of being, it deals with the question how reality is organized and develops."
What does the quote above refer to?

Epistomology

Critical reality

Praxeology

Critical theory

Ontology

Açıklama:

Ontology is a theory of being, it deals with the question how reality is organized and develops.

Doğru Cevap: E

Which of the following two scholars developed the 'speech act' theory?

Jean Baudrillard - Jean F. Lyotard

Axel Honneth - Jacquez Derrida

Theodor W. Adorno - Eric Fromm

Carl Grunberg - Max Horkheimer

John L. Austin - John Searle

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 46

Which of the following deals with how the very concepts that constitute a theory are constituted and organized?

Ontology

Critical ethics

Epistemology

Praxeology

Ideology critique

Açıklama:

Epistemology, in a generic sense, is a theory of knowledge. It deals with how the very concepts that constitute a theory are constituted and organized.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

Which of the following is supported by the claims of a neutral, non-normative, and value-free production of knowledge?

Ontology

Ideology critique

Praxeology

Positivist epistemology

Critical ethics

Açıklama:

Overall, positivist epistemology is supported by the claims of a neutral, non-normative, and value-free production of knowledge.

Doğru Cevap: D

Whose work does critical theory particularly originate from?

Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx

Fransis Bacon ve Albert Camus

Jean-Paul Sartre ve Michel Foucault

Bertrand Russell ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Discourse theory

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Which of the following did not contribute to Critical Theory under Frankurt School?

Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci

Felix Weil

Carl Grunberg

Jurgen Habermas

Robert Cox

Açıklama:

Of course, neither the scholars of the Frankfurt School nor those prior to them were not international relations theorists in the contemporary sense. They were essentially philosophers and sociologists. Yet there were two particular scholars who played a crucial role in connecting critical theory to international relations by influencing two other significant scholars in the area. The first was Antonio Gramsci, who influenced Robert Cox, and the second was Jürgen Habermas from the Frankfurt School, who influenced Andrew Linklater.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Which of the following are the pillars of critical theory?
I. epistemology
II. axiology
III. ontology
IV. praxeology

I and III

II and III

I, II, IV

I, III, IV

II, III, IV

Açıklama:

There are basically three pillars of critical theory. The first concerns its epistemology, the second its ontology, and the third its praxeology

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

Which of the following ideas about epistemology is false?

All theories do have a perspective.

Theory is itself a social construction

Positivist epistemology is supported by the claims of a neutral, non-normative, and value-free production of knowledge.

Perspectives derive from a position in time and space, specifically social and political time and space

Different "types" of science share a common production of knowledge.

Açıklama:

Each “science” has its specific sphere of knowledge production where disciplinary boundaries preclude the overlapping of scientific objects.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

According to Cox, how should we see the global politics?

Reconstructing cosmopolitanism

Collective construction

A global community

Non-instrumental action

Emancipatory purpose

Açıklama:

In this respect, Cox challenges realism’s assumptions, specifically the study of interstate relations in isolation from other social forces. He stresses the need to see global politics as a collective construction evolving through the complex interplay of state, sub-state, and transstate forces in economic, cultural, and ideological spheres.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

What is the name of the term that refers to "the critical tool used in the reconstruction of political communities, from local to global levels, through open dialogue and non-coercive communication"?

Reconstructing cosmopolitanism

Ideology critique

Transformation of society

Ideal speech

Emancipatory purpose

Açıklama:

Linklater’s critical project aims at reconstructing cosmopolitanism, drawing not from some abstract or utopian moral principles but from non-instrumental action and ideal speech (open and non-coercive communication), the assumptions actually developed by Habermas. Ideal speech is the critical tool used in the reconstruction of political communities, from local to global levels, through open dialogue and non-coercive communication, a process whereby all affected by political decisions put forward their claims and justify them on the basis of rational and universally-accepted principles of validity (Linklater, 2007a).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

Which of the following is true about critical theory in general?

It does not share cosmopolitanism with international relations.

States are bounded moral communities by nature.

Solutions to human problems must be sought in open dialogue.

Solutions can be left to national governments alone.

Civil society should not interfere with the problems.

Açıklama:

In the same way, the conclusion drawing from critical theory with regard to contemporary international relations is that cosmopolitan in its character, critical theory refuses to see states as bounded moral communities by nature. Instead, it finds in them the potential to protect strangers in need and includes them in a broader notion of national interest. To critical theory, solutions to human problems, broadly defined, must be sought in open dialogue, resorting to rational arguments that take into consideration everyone’s concerns and interests. Leaving solutions to national governments alone is not an option due to their rather strict positions on national interests. On the contrary, a more balanced position would result from the active involvement of civil society and local authorities

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 61

The idea of critical theory particularly originates from the work of ............... and ................. who, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, advanced different revolutionary ideas of how the world could be reordered and transformed.
Which of the following two names completes the sentence above?

Max Horkheimer - Robert Cox

Robert Cox - Andrew Linklater

Immanuel Kant - Karl Marx

Sigmung Freud - Immanuel Kant

Karl Marx - Andrew Linklater

Açıklama:

The idea of critical theory particularly originates from the work of Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx who, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, advanced different revolutionary ideas of how the world could be reordered and transformed. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

Which of the following is NOT among the most prominent figures of the first generation of critical theorists?

Max Horkheimer

Jürgen Habermas

Theodor Adorno

Herbert Marcuse

Walter Benjamin

Açıklama:

Some of the most prominent figures of the first generation of critical theorists were Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970), Leo Lowenthal (1900- 1993), and Eric Fromm (1900-1980). However, since the 1970s, a second-generation began with Jürgen Habermas, who, among other merits, contributed to the opening of a dialogue between the so-called continental and analytic traditions. Therefore, Jürgen Habermas is not among the first generation of critical theorists. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

In which of the following scholar's works do the idea of both “suffering” and “happiness” take place?

Max Horkheimer

Theodor Adorno

Robert Cox

Sigmund Freud

Douglas Kellner

Açıklama:

The idea of both “suffering” and “happiness” takes place in Max Horkheimer’s works. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

The Institute for Social Research was the creation of which of the following name?

Georg Lukacs

Karl Korsch

Karl August Wittfogel

Friedrich Pollock

Felix Weil

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Which of the following is concerned with the conceptual analysis and logical implications of preference, choice, means, and so forth?

Ontology

Praxeology

Ideology critique

Critical ethics

Epistemology

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 69

Which of the following argues that theory is always for someone and for some purpose?

Andrew Linklater

Max Horkheimer

John L. Austin

Robert Cox

Eric Fromm

Açıklama:

Robert Cox he argues that theory is always for someone and for some purpose. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

Which of the following theorist’s critical project aims at reconstructing cosmopolitanism?

Andrew Linklater

Robert Cox

Axel Honneth

John Searle

John L. Austin

Açıklama:

The critical project connecting Linklater to Cox sets out to uncover all sorts of hegemonic interests feeding the world order as a first step to overcome global systems of exclusion and inequality. Linklater’s critical project aims at reconstructing cosmopolitanism, drawing not from some abstract or utopian moral principles but from non-instrumental action and ideal speech (open and non-coercive communication), the assumptions actually developed by Habermas. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 71

Which theory is explained by the sentences below?

Knowledge is shaped by human interests of different kinds, rather than standing “objectively” independent from these interests.
It is an emancipatory thought committed to the formation of a more equal and just world. It seeks to explain the reasons why the realization of this goal is difficult to achieve.

Constructivism

Critical Theory

Realism

Colonialism

Orientalism

Açıklama:

The meanings and basics of Critical Theory

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 72

According to Max Horkheimer, a critical theory must do two important things: it must ___________ the whole of society within a historical context, and it should seek to offer a robust and holistic critique by incorporating insights from all social sciences.

account for

disregard

exclude

look for

break up

Açıklama:

The meanings and basics of Critical Theory
account for

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

Critical theorists focus essentially on ideology and cultural forces as __________ of domination and barriers to true freedom.

distractors

producers

evaluators

facilitators

criticizers

Açıklama:

The meanings and basics of Critical Theory
facilitators

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 74

Which school formed the basis of Critical Theory?

Prague

London

Frankfurt

Berlin

Copenhagen

Açıklama:

The Frankfurt School and Evolution of the Classical Theory

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

In 1940s, a growing interest began to show up with respect to the interrelation between psychoanalysis and social change, along with a researcher’s insight into the psychic role of the family. Who was this researcher?

Habermas

Horkheimer

Fromm

Marx

Weil

Açıklama:

The Frankfurt School and Evolution of the Classical Theory
Fromm

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 76

“Within this theory, it also became evident how the large amount of empirical analysis conducted by Habermas’ research team on topics concerning pathologies of society, moral development, and so on was elevated to a functionalistic model of society oriented to an emancipatory purpose”.
Which theory is explained by the sentences above?

Critical

Discourse

Solidarity

Structural

Speech acts

Açıklama:

The Frankfurt School and Evolution of the Classical Theory
Speech acts

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

___________________is a theory of knowledge. It deals with how the very concepts that constitute a theory are constituted and organized.

Epistemology

Pathology

Ontology

Praxeology

Theology

Açıklama:

Three Pillars of Critical Theory
Epistemology

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 78

Positivist epistemology is supported by the claims of a neutral, non-normative, and value-free production of knowledge. Within this positivist framework, the discipline of international relations is seen as a “________” dealing with an object with its distinctive nature, a static perspective of the world made of recurrence.

science

practice

theory

method

technique

Açıklama:

Three Pillars of Critical Theory
science

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 79

The goal of critical theory is the _______________ of society as a whole so that a just society with peace, wealth, freedom, and self-fulfillment for all can be achieved.

stability

endurance

transformation

development

domination

Açıklama:

Three Pillars of Critical Theory
transformation

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 80

Which dimension of critical theory is described by the sentences below?

It is concerned with the conceptual analysis and logical implications of preference, choice, and means.
It feels associated with actual and potential social struggles of exploited and oppressed groups. It maintains a stress on the importance for a better world.

Johan Galtung

Richard Wyn Jones

Ken Booth

Robert Cox

Antonio Gramsci

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following analyses the traditional security conception and seeks to examine the involvement of current structures and practices in continuation of repression, inequality and injustice in world politics?

Critical theory of International Relations

Marxist theory

Aberystwyth School

Critical social theory Frankfurt School

Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony conception

Açıklama:

Aberystwyth School analyses the traditional security conception and seeks to examine the involvement of current structures and practices in continuation of repression, inequality and injustice in world politics.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

"The term of critical security studies is occasionally used to_____________________."
Which of the following options completes the gap correctly?

Bring together the security concept and critical theory

Focus on “positive peace” concept in addition to “negative peace” since the 1980s

Address new issues such as health, education, socio-economic welfare and environment

Widen the security conception in order to regard all insecurities

Describe all perspectives which criticizes the traditional security conception

Açıklama:

The term of critical security studies is occasionally used to describe all perspectives which criticizes the traditional security conception.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which of the following CANNOT be a characteristic of Aberystwyth School?

Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda

Privileging of individual as the referent object of security

Addressing the security as derivative concept

Claim for necessity of narrowing of security agenda

Examining the relationships between self and other

Açıklama:

The most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School can be summarized as follows: 1. Addressing the security as derivative concept, 2. Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda, 3. Privileging of individual as the referent object of security, 4. Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept, 5. Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner, 6. Examining the relationships between self and other.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which of the following is NOT a representative of Frankfurt School?

Jurgen Habermas

Keith Krause

Theodore Adorno

Herbert Marcuse

Max Horkheimer

Açıklama:

Ken Booth, Richard Wyn Jones, Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams have made crucial contributions to the development process of Aberystwyth School through their studies on security concept.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

"Critical security studies emerged as a reaction to _______________________."
Which of the following completes the sentence correctly?

The human-centred security approach

The real threats that individuals and society face

The problem-solving theories in Security Studies subfield

The reproduction of status quo

The critical theory tradition that originated from Marxism

Açıklama:

Critical security studies emerged as a reaction to the problem-solving theories in Security Studies subfield.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Who puts forward that “theory is always for someone and for some purposes”?

Max Horkheimer

Robert Cox

Michael C. Williams

Richard Wyn Jones

Ken Booth

Açıklama:

For Robert Cox who introduced his critiques to dominant theories of international relations with a Gramscian perspective, “theory is always for someone and for some purposes”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which of the following supports the idea that knowledge is produced socially and politically?

Problem-solving theory

Frankfurt School

Realist theory of international relations

Aberystwyth School

Post-positivist perspective

Açıklama:

For Aberystwyth School, knowledge is produced socially and politically.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

I. the need of broadening of security agenda,
II. the ethical and practical position of the state
III. the connection betweenfreedom and security
IV. theoretical background ofthe human security concept
V. prioritizing of individual instead of the state
Which of the given items emphasized by the human security conception can be considered as the common points with critical studies?

II, IV

III, V

II, III, IV

I, III, V

I, II

Açıklama:

The human security conception’s emphasis on (1) the need of broadening of security agenda, (2) the connection between freedom and security and (3) prioritizing of individual instead of the state can be considered as main common points with critical security studies.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

"________________ needs to be understood in a way that security should be ensured by considering the needs of others, not at the expense of them."
Which of the following fills in the gap correctly?

Emancipation

Collectivity

Freedom

True security

Social contract

Açıklama:

Emancipation needs to be understood in a way that security should be ensured by considering the needs of others, not at the expense of them.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Since when the debates on the meaning and nature of security have largely intensified among the scholars of International Relations discipline?

The end of the First World War

The end of the Second World War

The end of the Cold War

The beginning of history

The Post-Colonialism era

Açıklama:

The debates on the meaning and nature of security have largely intensified among the scholars of International Relations discipline since the end of the Cold War. In the last couple of decades, new security conceptions and theories have emerged, and they are called as “critical security studies”. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

What are the critical security studies inspired from?

Peace Studies

Leviathan

World Wars

Constructivism

Globalization

Açıklama:

Critical security studies are inspired from the Peace Studies that has started to focus on “positive peace” concept in addition to “negative peace” since the 1980s. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

Which of the following characteristics cannot be related with Aberystwyth School?

Addressing the security as derivative concept

Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda

Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner

Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept

Examining the relationships between the governor and the government

Açıklama:

Critical security studies emerged firstly with the article of “Security and Emancipation” written by Ken Booth in 1991, and then Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases edited by Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams in 1997 helped the development process of it. The most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School can be summarized as follows:
1. Addressing the security as derivative concept,
2. Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda,
3. Privileging of individual as the referent object of security,
4. Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept,
5. Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner,
6. Examining the relationships between self and other.
The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

What is the most obvious point over which Frankfurt School and Marxism converge?

The human-centred security approach

The state-centred security approach

The government-centred security approach

The international organizations-centred security approach

The hegemony-centred security approach

Açıklama:

The most obvious point over which Frankfurt School and Marxism converge is the human-centred security approach. Since the state is regarded as a tool of duration of sovereign class hegemony in Marxist theory, it is stated that it is an important misconception to comprehend state-centric security policies as part of pervasive protectionist policies for the sake of society. That is why, for Marxism, the real threats that individuals and society face are emanated from an unequal system based on material interests, not from obvious enmities. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Which of the following is NOT one of the main characteristics of Aberystwyth School?

Addressing security as a derivative concept

Claim for the necessity of widening the security agenda

Privileging the state as the referent object of security

Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept

Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner

Açıklama:

The most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School can be summarized as follows:

Addressing the security as derivative concept,

Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda,

Privileging of individual as the referent object of security,

Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept,

Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner,

Examining the relationships between self and other

Privileging the individual (not the state) as the referent object of security is one of the main characteristics of Aberystwyth School.
The correct choice is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Who claims that the traditional theory is about the reproduction of status quo?

Michael C. Williams

Jurgen Habermas

Theodore Adorno

Herbert Marcuse

Max Horkheimer

Açıklama:

According to Max Horkheimer, traditional theory is about the reproduction of status quo.
The correct choice is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 65

Which of the following is NOT one the issues that Frankfurt School focused on?

Culture

Economic base of society

Social structure

Bureaucracy

Nature of authoritarianism

Açıklama:

Frankfurt School has focused on issues such as culture, bureaucracy, nature of authoritarianism and social structure instead of analysis of economic base of society.

Doğru Cevap: B

Addressing security as a derivative concept,
Claim for the necessity of widening of security agenda,
Privileging of individual as the referent object of security,
Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept,
Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner

Which of the above are among the most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School?

Only I

I and II

I,II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School can be summarized as follows:

Addressing the security as derivative concept,
Claim for necessity of widening of security agenda,
Privileging of individual as the referent object of security,
Regarding security problematique in the context of emancipation concept,
Considering the threats in a socially constructed manner,
Examining the relationships between self and other.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

Which of the following is not one of the scholars of the Frankfurt School?

Jurgen Habermas

Theodore Adorno

Max Horkheimer

Herbert Marcuse

Pınar Bilgin

Açıklama:

Jurgen Habermas, Theodore Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Max Horkheimer are the representatives of the Frankfurt School. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Which school is explained by the sentences below?

One of the most important contributions of this school is to bring together the security concept and critical theory.
In this respect, by inspiring the critical theory, this school analyses the traditional security conception and seeks to examine the involvement of current structures and practices in continuation of repression, inequality and injustice in world politics.

Aberystwyth

Prague

Copenhagen

Paris

Berlin

Açıklama:

Development Process of Aberystwyth School

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 82

Gramscian ______________ allows the moral, political and cultural values of the dominant group to become widely dispersed throughout the society and be accepted by subordinate groups and classes as their own.

theory

hegemony

concept

method

school

Açıklama:

Development Process of Aberystwyth School
hegemony

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 83

I. There is a mutual relationship between mind, thoughts, ideals and economic infrastructure.
II. Contemporary economic and political realms are increasingly integrated.
III. This school has focused on issues such as culture, bureaucracy, nature of authoritarianism and social structure instead of analysis of economic base of society.
Which school is described by the sentences above?

Prague

London

Frankfurt

Berlin

Copenhagen

Açıklama:

Aberystwyth School and Critical Theory
Frankfurt

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 84

Critical security studies emerged as a ________ to the problem-solving theories in Security Studies subfield.

support

nature

demand

reaction

critic

Açıklama:

Aberystwyth School and Critical Theory
reaction

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 85

While traditional security conception considers state actor as an objective and given phenomenon, Aberyswyth School gives attention to the ________ of ideas, norms and values that have a crucial place in constitution of individuals and human collectivities as referent objects of security (Mutimer, 2010: 89).

evaluation

maintenance

satisfaction

continuation

importance

Açıklama:

Aberystwyth School and Critical Theory
importance

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 86

What is the most important challenge of Aberystwyth School to traditional security
conception in terms of dealing with security?

accepting security as a political phenomenon

accepting security as a threat

accepting security as a military force

accepting security as a negative concept

accepting security as an objective reality

Açıklama:

Security as a Derivative Concept
accepting security as a political phenomenon

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 87

Which one of the following concepts does not have a significant place in contemporary security thinking?

Minority issues

Repressive regimes

Violations of human rights

Military power

Environmental problems

Açıklama:

A Broadening Security Agenda
Military power

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 88

Which one of the following actors is accepted as the dominant actor of security studies?

Army

State

Country

Individual

Government

Açıklama:

Individual as the Referent Object of Security
State

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 89

What is the turning point for inclusion of human security concept into Security Studies sub-field?

Human Development Report

Aberystwyth School

The Enlightenment Era

Conflict between the USA and the USSR

The First World War

Açıklama:

The Concept of Human Security
Human Development Report

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 90

The concept of human security requires the cooperation with civil society and this cooperation is important to increase ___________ of people about their fundamental rights and freedoms and provide respect to them.

introduction

information

organization

practice

awareness

Açıklama:

The Concept of Human Security
awareness

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 91

"The key question that inspired his work was “why it was so difficult to promote revolution in Western Europe”. In understanding how the prevailing order was maintained, Marxists had concentrated on the coercive practices and capabilities of the state. This theoretician recognized that while this characterization may have held true in less developed societies, it was not the case in the more developed countries of the West in which the system was maintained not only by coercion but also through consent. It is this hegemony that allows the moral, political and cultural values of the dominant group to become widely dispersed throughout the society and be accepted by subordinate groups and classes as their own."
The ideas of which of the following theoreticians is defined in the above paragraph?

Antonio Gramsci

Robert Cox

Max Horkheimer

Johan Galtung

Ken Booth

Açıklama:

The key question that inspired Gramsci’s theoretical work was “why it was so difficult to promote revolution in Western Europe”. Gramsci’s answer to this question revolves around his use of the concept of “hegemony”. In understanding how the prevailing order was maintained, Marxists had concentrated on the coercive practices and capabilities of the state. Gramsci recognized that while this characterization may have held true in less developed societies, but it was not the case in the more developed countries of the West in which the system was maintained not only by coercion but also through consent. It is this hegemony that allows the moral, political and cultural values of the dominant group to become widely dispersed throughout the society and be accepted by subordinate groups and classes as their own.
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 92

Which of the following is not one of the main premises of the Aberystwyth School?

Considering threats in a socially constructed manner

Examining the security issue in the context of emancipation concept

Maintaining and reproducing the status quo

Questioning the narrow, militarized, positivist and theoretically realist security conception

Examining the relationships between self and other

Açıklama:

The Aberystwyth School questions the narrow, militarized, positivist and theoretically realist security conception. In the framework of this critical attitude, the Aberystwyth School emerged in order to revisit the security concept. The Aberystwyth School addresses the security as a derivative concept, claims for the necessity of widening of security agenda, privileges individual as the referent object of security, regards security issue in the context of emancipation concept, considers threats in a socially constructed manner, and examines the relationships between self and other.
One of the most important distinguishing features of the Aberystwyth School is the adoption of thoughts of critical theory to security concept and practice. These theories aim to develop a political theory that targets to provide a social transformation through revealing and, if it is possible, eliminating all obstacles for the emancipation of human beings while the traditional theories with a positivist approach are related with the reproduction of the status quo.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 93

Which of the following scholars introduced the Gramscian thought to the theoretical debates of International Relations?

Max Horkheimer

Ken Booth

Theodore Adorno

Jurgen Habermas

Robert Cox

Açıklama:

Robert Cox introduced his critiques to dominant theories of international relations with a Gramscian perspective, arguing that “theory is always for someone and for some purposes” (Cox, 1981: 128). If values and ideas are the reflections of specific social relationships, all knowledge should reflect a specific context, time and space. In other words, knowledge cannot be timeless and objective in contrast to realist argument. That is why, there is not a simple dividing line between values and facts. In this context, allegedly all objective and value-free theories, thoughts and analyses should be viewed with a critical manner. According to Cox, regarding the world as given helps to legitimization of dominant hegemonic relationships in world politics. Hence, Cox advocates critical theoretical perspective instead of problem-solving one. Because, critical theory attempts to question the dominant order by analysing and revealing social forces that could lead to emancipatory change.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 94

Which of the following does not comply with the Aberystwyth School's approach to security?

Security Studies is the study of the threat, use, and control of military force.

Security theory is a political activity.

Security refers to positive life conditions beyond the survival needs of the state.

Security outcomes result from different political aims and facts.

The concept of security is about the improvement of human welfare.

Açıklama:

Aberystwyth School addresses security theory as a political activity and brings the politics back to security studies by seeking to display the connection between security theory and political order. For the Aberystwyth School, priority is not about how security will be ensured, but the sources of security issues. Hence, it is not sufficient to undertake security as a negative security situation. Positive security that comprises social, economic and cultural structures should have a priority. Thus, as long as the concept of security is about the improvement of human welfare, it will have a positive meaning for the Aberystwyth School.
The concept of “survival plus” that means the security beyond survival of state aims to create appropriate environment for perfection human-beings themselves. In this framework, security refers to positive life conditions beyond the survival needs of the state. According to the Aberystwyth School, security is worthwhile for human collectivities and should be understood as a positive value. Therefore, security is conceptualized as a condition of emancipation of individuals from insecurities.
According to the Aberystwyth School which makes effort to reveal the limitations of traditional security conception, security is a derivative concept based on a priori political understanding. While traditional security conception defines the Security Studies in terms of the study of the threat, use, and control of military force, critical approaches to security focus on the normative choices and their political implications. The Aberystwyth School addresses security theory as a political activity and brings the politics back to security studies by seeking to display the connection between security theory and political order.
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 95

Which of the following is the definition of positive security?

absence of wars and physical conflicts

security needs of the state

continuance of existence in conditions where life is threatened

absence of structural and cultural violence

elimination of military threats to territorial integrity of the state

Açıklama:

The Aberystwyth School defines peace and security not only in terms of the absence of wars and physical conflicts, but also absence of all forms of violence, namely physical, structural and cultural ones. In this sense, positive security that refers to the inclusion of non-military threats to the scope of security and the elimination of structural and cultural violence should have a priority.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 96

What is the ultimate aim of security as defined by the Aberystwyth School?

The state is the proper referent object of security.

The states are credible actors as privileged referent objects of security.

The security of the state automatically means that the security of all individuals who live within it is guaranteed.

The concerns of state security are more important than interests of most ‘vulnerable’ ones.

Humanitarian needs are much more important than the security needs of the state.

Açıklama:

According to the Aberystwyth School, although state preserves its central position in security studies, its previous privileged position as a referent object of security is contested. This is because, broadening of security agenda is necessarily required to analyse various referent objects of security apart from the state actor.
The state-centric security approaches do not provide theoretical and conceptual tools in order to analyse insecurities of human collectivities and individuals. Hence, Aberystwyth School seeks to give a central position to human emancipation instead of security of the state. Such an effort requires to regard individuals as the privileged referent object of security. Such a conceptualization that gives priority to human emancipation is a radical break from dominant security conception based on national security notion.
In the framework of human security concept, humanitarian needs are much more important than the security needs of the state.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 97

Which of the following types of security defines threats in terms of physical violence such as torture, war, ethnic tension, crime and street violence, rape, child abuse, suicide and drug use?

Community security

Economic security

Personal security

Health security

Food security

Açıklama:

In United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) 1994 Human Development Report, the concepts of personal security, community security, economic security, food security, environmental security, political security and health security are described as categories of human security.
In economic security, threats are defined in the following ways; working conditions, employment opportunities, wage and income conditions, poverty, homelessness and job security, etc. In food security, threats are defined as poor access to food and drinkable water, etc. In health security, threats are defined as infectious diseases and cancer, absence of drinkable water, air pollution and poor access to health-care services, etc. In environmental security, threats are defined as degradation of ecosystem, water scarcity, deforestation, air pollution and natural disasters, etc. In personal security, threats are defined in the context of physical violence such as torture, war, ethnic tension, crime and street violence, rape, child abuse, suicide and drug use. In community security, threats are defined as discrimination, assimilation, ethnic tension, genocide, ethnic cleasing and weakening and/or disappearing of traditional languages and cultures, etc. In political security, threats are defined as political repressions of the state and governments, systematic human rights violations, militarization of the society, etc.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 98

Which of the following cannot be considered one of the obstacles to human emancipation?

War

Poverty

Unemployment

Assimilative policies

Political parties

Açıklama:

Emancipation means resisting to oppression, and struggle for a society based on fundamental freedoms, equality, justice, human development and progress. War, poverty, insufficient education and political pressure etc. can be seen as the obstacles for human emancipation. Threats to individuals and societies can include direct (physical) violence such as war, conflict and terrorist activities, indirect (structural) violence such as socio-economic problems, unemployment, poverty, lack or absence of health-care service and/or cultural violence such as discriminatory or assimilative policies to identity-based social groups.
Political parties alone do not constitute a threat to human emancipation.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 99

Which of the following is central to the Aberystwyth School's approach to identity in international relations?

State security is more important than the security of individual communities.

There is a need for emancipatory communities that adopt inclusionary and egalitarian notions of identity to ensure global security.

Ensuring security in Western countries contributes to the security of the non-Western world.

Action taken after 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks has contributed to the establishment of global security.

Hegemony has never played a central role in solving global security problems.

Açıklama:

When the current international security issues are analysed, it is clear that the Western world gives itself a central position and makes non-Western world “others”. Given that the threatened values are the Western values, threats against them emanate from non-Western societies. Therefore, dominant relations, thoughts and actions of contemporary world politics create a hegemony, and solving security problems of this hegemony reflects a unilateral choice without regarding the security needs of all societies of the world.
As xenophobia in the Western societies has increased, interventions conducted in the direction of strategy of “global war on terrorism” have caused massive violations of human rights. In that case, it can be argued that the efforts of the Western world to overcome security problems have contributed to emergence of a global insecurity atmosphere.
In contrast to othering process based on identity that has gained a global characteristic after 11 September, Aberystwyth School draws attention to existence of identity-based oppresive structures that lead to construction of dominative relationships. Therefore, it advocates emancipatory communities based around an inclusionary and egalitarian notions of identity. In this context, it is stated that human emancipation - both that of individual humans and humanity in general - provides the guide both for relations within communities and between them.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 100

----------------------- evaluates human security in a wider perspective by regarding poverty, disease, economy, health and environmental problems. On the other hand, -------------------- with a narrow perspective focuses on physical violence and threats.
Which of the following terms should be used to fill in the above blanks?

Cultural Feminism

Postcolonial Feminism

Constructivist Feminism

Radical Feminism

Postmodern Feminism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Which of the following is TRUE about J. Ann Tickner?
I. She predominantly argue that IR theories and practices connote “gender inequality.
II. Tickner became famous for her attempts to challenge the mainstream IR theories.
III. She wrote the book “Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics."

I and II

I and III

II and III

Only III

Only II

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about feminist IR's general contribution to mainstream IR studies?

Gender analysis should be introduced in order to dismantle the traditional theoretical structure of IR.

The identification of the key concepts of IR with a masculine logic of IR should be criticized.

Feminist IR should be ethically committed to inclusivity and self-reflexivity, and attentiveness to relationships and power in relationships.

The male-oriented discourse and practices implemented by IR should be strengthened.

The “male-stream” view of traditional “high politics” issues such as national interest, power, security, security and war should be revealed;

Açıklama:

• Gender analysis should be introduced in order to dismantle the traditional theoretical structure of IR;
• The “male-stream” view of traditional “high politics” issues such as national interest, power, security, security and war should be revealed;
• The identification of the key concepts of IR such as man, the state, power, rationality, and security, with a masculine logic of IR should be criticized;
• Feminist IR should be ethically committed to inclusivity and self-reflexivity, and attentiveness to relationships and power in relationships.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Which of the following is one of the six principles of Hans J. Morgenthau?
i) politics is governed by objective laws which have roots in
human nature ii) national interest defined in terms of national power iii) interest is rarely active
iv) abstract moral principles cannot be applied to politics v) difference between moral aspirations of a nation and the universal moral principles vi) autonomy of international politics

i, ii, iii

iii, iv, v

iii, v, vi

i,ii,iv,v,vi

i,ii,iii,iv,v

Açıklama:

For Morgenthau, interest is always dynamic. The other items are true.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following feminists below believes that “power” implies the capacity for counter parties to move freely which in turn is attributed to men’s power on women as well as their superiority is also insistent on the masculine character of traditional international relations concepts?

J. Ann Tickner

Christine Sylvester

Cynthia Enloe

Betty Friedan

Linda Kaufmann

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

When did first international women's conference take place?

in 1915

1920

1923

1925

1919

Açıklama:

The first international women’s conference on peace and freedom took place in 1915 where the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) was established with the aim of bringing together women to oppose war, violence and global militarization

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Who wrote "Bananas, Beaches and Bases"?

Ann Tickner

Cynthia Enloe

Christine Sylvester

Charlotte Hooper

Fiona Robinson

Açıklama:

Cyntia Enloe is one of the most prominent feminist scholars, best known for her work on gender and the role of women. Her work Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989) is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Who criticized Hans J. Morgenthau’s “six principles of political realism”?

Charlotte Hooper

Fiona Robinson

J. Ann Tickner

Jacqui True

Jan J. Pettman

Açıklama:

One of the most pronounced examples for the feminist critiques of classical concepts and assumptions brought to the fore by realist theory is J. Ann Tickner’s criticism of Hans J. Morgenthau’s “six principles of political realism” presented in his prominent work Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace first published in 1967.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Who criticizes one of the most important concepts of realism, entitled as “self-help” which assumes the individuality of each and every actor (which is the nation state according to realism) and rejects any type of cooperation in the international system, claiming that actors can rely on no one but themselves for security?

Tickner

Hooper

Enloe

Sylvester

Robinson

Açıklama:

Sylvester on the other hand, as one of the pioneering feminist scholars, criticizes one of the most important concepts of realism, entitled as “self-help” which assumes the individuality of each and every actor (which is the nation state according to realism) and rejects any type of cooperation in the international system, claiming that actors can rely on no one but themselves for security. In that respect, Sylvester argues that the concept of self-help masks out institutional relations, diplomacy, and trade regimes taking place in the meantime

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

When did Sylvester write "Feminist International Relations"?

1989

1990

1991

1992

1994

Açıklama:

“Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era” by Christine Sylvester, 1994.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Which of the following author's work "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" is acknowledged as the root of modern feminism?

Rousseau

Betty Friedan

Linda Kaufmann

Cyntia Enloe

Mary Wollstonecraft

Açıklama:

It is acknowledged that the roots of modern feminism go back to Mary Wollstonecraft’s work titled A Vindication of the Rights of Women published in 1792, in which the author argued that women should leave the private sphere and take active part in the public sphere instead (Donovan, 2010: 33). Wollstonecraft’s work principally regarded as a reaction to Rousseau’s work Emile in which he legitimizes different sets of educational and behavioral standards for girls and boys.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

What is the “third wave” of feminism primarily concentrated on?

dealing with the fact that feminism were dominated by white women from advanced capitalist societies

strengthening of women’s cultural and political presence in societies.

legal equality between men and women

the same political rights as men

parenting rights

Açıklama:

The “third wave” of feminism on the other hand, covered the period of 1990s and early 2000s and criticized the fact that the first two waves of feminism were dominated by white women from advanced capitalist societies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

Sex refers to the actions between men and women, while gender more often refers to cultural and social differences

Sex refers to cultural differences, while gender more often refers to social differences

Sex refers to biological differences, while gender more often refers to cultural and social differences

Sex refers to cultural and social differences, while gender more often refers to biological differences

Sex refers to patriarchy, while gender more often refers to biological differences

Açıklama:

Although the words gender and sex are often used interchangeably, they have slightly different connotations; sex tends to refer to biological differences, while gender more often refers to cultural and social differences and sometimes encompasses a broader range of identities than the binary of male and female.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

_____ signifies the qualities or attributes regarded as typical characteristics of men and manly behaviours.
Which of the following best fills in the blank above?

Patriarchy

Femininity

Inequality

masculinity

Hegemonic masculinity

Açıklama:

Masculinity signifies the qualities or attributes regarded as typical characteristics of men and menly behaviours, “femininity” involves distinctive characteristics or behaviours associated with women. It combines features of a hierarchy of masculinities, differential access among men to power (over women and other men), and the interplay between men’s identity, men’s ideals, interactions, power, and patriarchy

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

Which type of feminism argues that gender roles are arbitrarily constructed; and therefore, the relationship between gender and power should be re-evaluated in an unrestricted way?

Postmodern Feminism

Radical Feminism

Constructivist Feminism

Postcolonial Feminism

Socialist and Marxist Feminism

Açıklama:

Postmodern feminism rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of IR in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender. Postmodern feminists claim that gender roles are arbitrarily constructed; and therefore, the relationship between gender and power should be re-evaluated in an unrestricted way.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

_____ is one of the most prominent feminist scholars, best known for her work Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989), which is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations.

Betty Friedan

Linda Kaufmann

Christine Sylvester

Ann Tickner

Cyntia Enloe

Açıklama:

Cyntia Enloe is one of the most prominent feminist scholars, best known for her work on gender and the role of women. Her work Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989) is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations. Enloe in her work, seeks to find a legitimate answer to the question “Where are the women?”; and casts unacknowledged different public roles to women who involve themselves as plantation sector workers, diplomatic wives etc.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Based on the general framework suggested by the authors, scholars and thinkers of feminist IR, Which of the following is not a contribution to mainstream IR studies?

Gender analysis should be introduced in order to dismantle the traditional theoretical structure of IR

The “male-stream” view of traditional “high politics” issues such as national interest, power, security, security and war should be revealed

the definition of such concepts as power, national interest, security, and war, traditionally used in IR with the exclusion of women should be left untouched

The identification of the key concepts of IR such as man, the state, power, rationality, and security, with a masculine logic of IR should be criticized

Feminist IR should be ethically committed to inclusivity and self-reflexivity, and attentiveness to relationships and power in relationships

Açıklama:

Based on the general framework suggested by the authors, scholars and thinkers of feminist IR, this subfield’s general contribution to mainstream IR studies can be summarized as below:
• Gender analysis should be introduced in order to dismantle the traditional theoretical structure of IR;
• The “male-stream” view of traditional “high politics” issues such as national interest, power, security, security and war should be revealed;
• The identification of the key concepts of IR such as man, the state, power, rationality, and security, with a masculine logic of IR should be criticized;
• Feminist IR should be ethically committed to inclusivity and self-reflexivity, and attentiveness to relationships and power.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

"There can be no equality between men and women unless a total reconstruction of the society is done to bring about the desired reforms."
Which of the following types feminism does the idea above belong to?

Constructivist Feminism

Radical Feminism

Postmodern Feminism

Socialist and Marxist Feminism

Liberal Feminism

Açıklama:

Radical feminism primarily aims to formulate new ways of understanding the relationship between men and women; and believes that it is the male-dominated hierarchy (or patriarchy) that is responsible for the oppressed status of women today (Maynard, 1995: 260; Walby, 1990: 3). Therefore, it believes in “going to the root” or the source (of the problem). According to this branch of feminism, if changes are not brought about in this hierarchy, there can be no equality between men and women, and that a total reconstruction of the society is necessary to bring about the desired reforms.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

In feminism power is redefined as _____ .
Which of the following best fills in the blank above?

Domination

Humiliation

Mutual enablement

Competition

Exploitation

Açıklama:

Mutual enablement

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following explored the realist concept of power through her analysis of Hans Morgenthau’s six principles of power politics?

Cynthia Enloe

Jill Steans

J. Ann Tickner

Ann Runyan

Spike Peterson

Açıklama:

J. Ann Tickner

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 41

Which of the following advocates for equality between the sexes through social and political reforms, and legal means?

Constructivist Feminism

Postmodern Feminism

Liberal Feminism

Radical Feminism

Socialist and Marxist Feminism

Açıklama:

Liberal feminism advocates for equality between the sexes through social and political reforms, and legal means; they argue that only with the attainment of equal rights between men and women, feminism can reach its objective. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

Which of the following asserts that the oppressed status of women can be attributed to the unequal treatment at both the workplace and in the house?

Socialist Feminism

Marxist Feminism

Cultural Feminism

Postcolonial Feminism

Radical Feminism

Açıklama:

Marxist feminism asserts that the oppressed status of women can be attributed to the unequal treatment at both the workplace and in the house. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

Which of the following refers to the necessity of changing and strengthening the role of women in the production system of the society in the process of establishing a new societal order in which gender-based division of labor is defied to the highest degree?

Radical Feminism

Constructivist Feminism

Postmodern Feminism

Postcolonial Feminism

Cultural Feminism

Açıklama:

Radical feminism refers to the necessity of changing and strengthening the role of women in the production system of the society in the process of establishing a new societal order in which gender-based division of labor is defied to the highest degree. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: A

Which of the following is the author of 'Bananas, Beaches and Bases' which is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations?

J. Ann Tickner

Cyntia Enloe

Christine Sylvester

Charlotte Hooper

Ann S. Runyan

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

In which of the following work does J. Ann Tickner apply various feminist perspectives to international politics?

Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security

The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War

Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era

Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace

The Long Goodbye: Against Personal Testimony, or An Infant Grifter Grows Up

Açıklama:

In her work Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, Tickner applies various feminist perspectives to international politics and calls to mind the constructive criticisms of mainstream IR theories such as realism, liberalism and Marxism. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

Which of the following feminist scholar puts forward the following three kinds of epistemologies:

empiricism and liberalism,
standpoint and radical-cultural politics,
social feminist practice and postmodern skepticism.

J. Ann Tickner

Christine Sylvester

Ann S. Runyan

Charlotte Hooper

Cynthia Enloe

Açıklama:

Sylvester puts forward three kinds of epistemologies: i) empiricism and liberalism; ii) standpoint and radical-cultural politics, and iii) social feminist practice and postmodern skepticism. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

Which IR theory problematizes the gender relations within the research framework?

Feminism

Green theory

Post-colonialism

Post-structuralism

Critical Theory

Açıklama:

Feminism problematizes the gender relations within the research framework. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the following can be the earlier example of Modern feminism?

The Feminine Mystique

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security

The Long Goodbye: Against Personal Testimony, or An Infant Grifter Grows Up

Bananas, Beaches and Bases

Açıklama:

The roots of modern feminism go back to Mary Wollstonecraft’s work titled A Vindication of the Rights of Women published in 1792, in which the author argued that women should leave the private sphere and take an active part in the public sphere instead. Wollstonecraft’s work principally regarded as a reaction to Rousseau’s work Emile in which he legitimizes different sets of educational and behavioral standards for girls and boys. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 53

Which of the following refers to a system in which females are subordinate to men in terms of power and status?

Feminity

Oligarchy

Patriarchy

Monarchy

Hegemony

Açıklama:

Patriarchy is a system in which females are subordinate to men in terms of power and status. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

Which of the following terms refers to distinctive characteristics or behaviors associated with women?

Patriarchy

Humanity

Masculinity

Femininity

Gender

Açıklama:

“Masculinity” signifies the qualities or attributes regarded as typical characteristics of men and menly behaviors, “femininity” involves distinctive characteristics or behaviors associated with women. The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

Who supports the idea of dismissing the patriarchal societal structure and suggests the establishment of a matriarchal order in which women would not have a secondary legal status?

Liberal feminists

Socialist feminists

Constructivist feminists

Postmodern feminists

Radical feminists

Açıklama:

Radical feminists support the idea of dismissing the patriarchal societal structure and suggest the establishment of a matriarchal order in which women would not have a secondary legal status. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Which of the following stresses that the “male supremacist culture” is the main problem of courses of actions defining women by men?

Cultural feminism

Postcolonial feminism

Constructivist feminism

Radical feminism

Socialist feminism

Açıklama:

Cultural feminism stresses that the male supremacist culture is the main problem of courses of actions defining women by men. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

Which of the following is one of the epistemological categorizations of feminism?

Cultural feminism

Empirical feminism

Radical feminism

Liberal feminism

Socialist feminism

Açıklama:

The epistemological categories of feminism involve empirical feminism, analytical feminism, and normative feminism. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Feminist approaches to IR have been criticized due to its sole and exclusive focus on the role of women in world politics and ____________ of the role of men in the same context.

disregard

believe

connect

dislike

Açıklama:

Limitations of the Feminist Approaches to International Relations
disregard

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

-------------------------- rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of international relations in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender, claiming that gender roles are arbitrarily constructed and that the relationship between gender and power should be re-evaluated in an unrestricted way. In that respect, this approach suggests that the constructive function of legal discourse should be pursued in order to make feminists’ point of “political struggle” over gender differences more visible.
Which of the following types of feminism is defined in the above paragraph?

Socialist feminism

Radical feminism

Postcolonial feminism

Cultural feminism

Postmodern feminism

Açıklama:

Postmodern feminism rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of international relations in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender, claiming that gender roles are arbitrarily constructed and that the relationship between gender and power should be re-evaluated in an unrestricted way. In that respect, this approach suggests that the constructive function of legal discourse should be pursued in order to make feminists’ point of “political struggle” over gender differences more visible.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

In her work Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, she applies various feminist perspectives to international politics and calls to mind the constructive criticisms of mainstream IR theories such as realism, liberalism and Marxism. She persistently claims that there are gender differences and inequalities in the formation of “state identities” and “citizen responsibilities”; and therefore, they should be integrated in the analytical framework of IR studies.
Which of the following feminist scholars is defined in the above paragraph?

J. Ann Tickner

Cyntia Enloe

Christine Sylvester

Kenneth Waltz

Charlotte Hooper

Açıklama:

J. Ann Tickner is an Anglo-American feminist international relations (IR) theorist whose works predominantly argue that IR theories and practices connote “gender inequality”; and hence there are “gendered perceptions” in IR concealed by the claimed notions of “gender neutrality” and “objectivity”. In that respect, Tickner became famous for her attempts to challenge the mainstream IR theories and through her contributions to the sub-discipline of feminist IR by projecting innovative theoretical debates and introducing new areas of analysis. In her work Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, Tickner applies various feminist perspectives to international politics and calls to mind the constructive criticisms of mainstream IR theories such as realism, liberalism and Marxism. Tickner persistently claims that there are gender differences and inequalities in the formation of “state identities” and “citizen responsibilities”; and therefore, they should be integrated in the analytical framework of IR studies (Tickner, 1992).
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Which of the following is not one of Tickner's criticisms of Morgenthau's six principles of political realism?

Morgenthau’s concept of “objective laws” is defined on a masculine basis.

The concept of national interest cannot solely depend on national power.

Abstract moral principles cannot be applied to politics.

The concept of autonomy should be re-defined in such a way as to internalize the existence of women.

There is a need to question the public sphere as it is a sphere that excludes women.

Açıklama:

According to Hans J. Morgenthau, the six principles of political realism are as follows: i) politics is governed by objective laws which have roots in human nature; ii) national interest defined in terms of national power; iii) interest is always dynamic; iv) abstract moral principles cannot be applied to politics; v) difference between moral aspirations of a nation and the universal moral principles; and vi) autonomy of international politics. Tickner re-treated the six mentioned principles of Morgenthau which are commonly acknowledged as the underpinning principles of the realist theory.
Tickner emphasized that Morgenthau’s concept of “objective laws” is defined on masculine basis and that Morgenthau, in announcing the objective laws of human nature, proved partial indeed and implied masculine qualities, whereas human nature has both feminine and masculine qualities.
With regard to defining national interest in terms of national power, Tickner argues that in today’s world, the concept of national interest cannot be equated with national power. Tickner suggests that national interests should be addressed based on cooperative relations on mutual interests that would be multi-dimensional in scope and that would involve all actors.
The argument that abstract moral principles cannot be applied to politics is defended by Morgenthau. However, Tickner indicates that moral principles cannot be separated from politics; public sphere cannot be autonomous, and above all, there arose a necessity for questioning the public sphere as it is a sphere that excludes women.
Furthermore, criticising the concept of autonomy, Tickner insisted that this concept should be re-defined in such a way as to internalize the existence of women.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

Which of the following feminist approaches criticizes Western feminists for their specific focus largely on western women who have comparative advantages in social life?

Empirical feminism

Postmodern feminism

Radical feminism

Postcolonial feminism

Liberal feminism

Açıklama:

Postcolonial feminism has developed as a response to feminism focusing solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures. Postcolonial feminists also reasonably criticize Western feminists for their specific focus largely on western women who have comparative advantages in social life such as access to education, wealth and their active position in the liberal order compared to the women from “marginalized or oppressed groups”.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

Which of the following is a part of the second wave of feminism that started in the second half of the 20th century?

I. Development of technology is posing a threat to human existence
II. Development of technology is posing a threat existence of other species
III. Development of technology is posing a threat to welfare of human beings
Which of the statements above can be adhered by a green theorist?

I, II

I, II, III

II, III

Açıklama:

A green theorist, or ecologist, mainly argues that the development of technology is posing a threat to human existence and other species as well.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

When was the first international treaty on flora (plants) was signed?

1889

1965

1854

1950

1920

Açıklama:

The first international treaty on flora (plants) was signed in 1889 in Bern, Switzerland to prevent the spread of plant disease affecting vineyards in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: A

When did international awareness on pollution and environmental problems begin to increase?

After the First World War

After the Second World War

After the great depression

During cold war between NATO and Warsaw-Pact

Environmental awareness began to increase since the 2000s

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

What was the focus of Stockholm Conference 1972?

The aim of the conference was to issues sustainable development.

The aim of the conference was to issues damage nature.

The aim of the conference was to establish international cooperation for environmental problems.

The aim of the conference was to recognize the right to a healthy environment.

The aim of the conference was to posing a threat to human existence and other species as well.

Açıklama:

In 1972, representatives of the 114 countries gathered in Stockholm for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. The aim of the conference was to establish international cooperation for environmental problems.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

What was the concept of green policy in the 1980s.

During the 1980s green politics issues gender equity.

During the 1980s they were against nuclear armament.

in the 1980s they were against land and air pollution.

During the 1980s, environmental politics,ecological responsibilities, social justice, peacemaking and grassroots democracy played the main role in green politics.

In the 1980s they pointed out the environmental problems.

Açıklama:

During the 1980s, environmental politics, women and gender issues, peacemaking and nuclear non-proliferation played the main role in green politics, and first green political parties were established in Europe. Major issues of the green parties were ecological responsibilities, social justice, non-violence, and grassroots democracy.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 45

What prevented international environmental cooperation during the cold war years?

During the 1980s green politics supported lack of mobility, freedom of marriage, discriminatory divorce rights.

During the 1980s green politics issues gender equity.

During the 1980s they were against nuclear armament.

In the 1980s they were against land and air pollution.

Polarizations curbed the environmental cooperation between the states during the Cold War.

Açıklama:

The second important negative effect of the Cold War era for the environmental politics is the political polarization between states. These polarizations curbed the environmental cooperation between the states during the Cold War. For example, the USSR and Warsaw Pact nations boycotted Stockholm Conference in 1972 due to the lack of inclusion of East Germany to the Conference.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 46

What is the importance of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992?

The purpose of the conference was to rethink Sustainable Management of Forests.

The purpose of the conference was to reconcile worldwide economic development with protection.

he purpose of the conference was to rethink economic growth.

The purpose of the conference resulted in a focused political outcome document such as implementing sustainable development.

The purpose of the conference was to more and more involved in environmental problems.

Açıklama:

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of Principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Development, 1992).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

What does an environmentalist accept?

Environmentalists may spend your day campaigning, raising funds, lobbying, composing press releases, lecturing, writing articles or reports, and researching.

Environmentalists accept the framework of the current political, social and economic structures of world politics as it is and believe that those problems can be solved within those structures.

Environmentalists accept the framework of the ethics, geography, anthropology, policy, politics, urban planning.

Environmentalists is a political movement that thein action towards maintaining nature and the environment, such as reducing climate change.

Environmentalists believe Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

Açıklama:

Environmentalists accept the framework of the current political, social and economic structures of world politics as it is and believe that those problems can be solved within those structures while Greens’ approach to those structures as the main reason of the environmental problems and suggest that those structures must be challenged

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

What is the two major subject of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens?

To reap the benefits of a world truly working together.

The major subjects of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens are Zero Hunger.

The major subjects of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens are sustainable development and ecological modernization.

The major subjects of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens are Good Health and Well-being

The major subjects of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens are about clean water and sanitation.

Açıklama:

The other major subjects of the dispute between Environmentalists and Greens are “sustainable development” and “ecological modernization”. Sustainable development, which is a new phenomenon, is derived from the idea that both economic growth and economic protection can be maintained at the same time.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Rio Earth Summit indicates the reformist concept of “sustainable development” by outlining. What is “sustainable development” according to this text?

Sustainable development is to ensure, zero hunger, good health.

Sustainable development is to protect the planet.

Sustainable development is improving quality of life including social life.

Sustainable development leads countries to protecting the environment

it denotes the poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation

Açıklama:

“Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future,” published by Rio Earth Summit indicates the reformist concept of “sustainable development” by outlining the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century when fundamental principles of the development discourse do not have to be rethought but need to be managed rather differently. The second alternative of greening capitalism is ecological modernization. It is also a new variation of sustainable development that leads countries to protecting the environment.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

What is main reason of the ecologic problems?

Main reason is overpopulation.

Main reason is acid rain.

Main reason is waste disposal.

Main reason is loss of biodiversity.

it is the main cause to see ecology as just a resource to be used.

Açıklama:

Greens think that extensive trade is the main cause of the crumble of both the independence of nations and economic security. An extensive trade is also the main reason of the ecologic problems because it is the main cause to see ecology as just a resource to be used. Green political economy criticizes global economy with those arguments and brings a normative and ethical perspective to relations between human and non- human worlds. However, green rejection is not for consumption, but it is stressed that consumption and protection should be balanced.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

When did Green Theory first emerge?

At the end of the 19th century

At the start of the 20th century

At the start of the 19th century

At the end of the 20th century

At the start of the 21st century

Açıklama:

With the emergence of environmentalism, as a social and intellectual movement, green politics has also started to become a part of International Relations and has profoundly occupied the literature with the increase in environmental problems.
Green political thinking generally is seen as a new ideology emerging at the end of the twentieth century while the first ecological movements can be traced back to the nineteenth-century rebels against industrialization.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 52

In 1972, representatives of the 114 countries gathered in Stockholm for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Which of the below cannot be said to be one of the aims of the conference?

To protect the environment

To remedy the damage to the environment

To encourage action against environmental problems

To provide guidelines for action against environmental problems

To prevent the spread of disease to agricultural lands worldwide

Açıklama:

The first international treaty on flora (plants) was signed in 1889 in Bern, Switzerland to prevent the spread of plant disease affecting vineyards in Europe. The treaties followed the Bern Treaty in the 1920s and the 1950s which also aimed protection of the European agricultural lands from the disease.
The main principal purpose of the conference was declared as “to serve as a practical means to encourage, and to provide guidelines … to protect and improve the human environment and to remedy and prevent its impairment”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

When were the first green political parties established in Europe?

In 1990s

In 1980s

In 2000s

In 1970s

In 1960s

Açıklama:

International awareness on pollution and environmental problems began to increase after the Second World War when economic boom during the post-War years provided problems as well as benefits, and environmental problems stood out among the former.
During the 1980s, environmental politics, women and gender issues, peacemaking and nuclear non-proliferation played the main role in green politics, and first green political parties were established in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

Which of the below was not one of the major issues of the green parties?

Ecological responsibilities

Social justice

Immigration

Non-violence

Grassroots democracy

Açıklama:

During the 1980s, environmental politics, women and gender issues, peacemaking and nuclear non-proliferation played the main role in green politics, and first green political parties were established in Europe.
Major issues of the green parties were ecological responsibilities, social justice, non-violence, and grassroots democracy (Erçandırlı, 2017: 496).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

Which of the below cannot be true about Green Theory?

It first emerged in the early 1990s.

It was a challenger to liberalism and socialism.

It has become more transnational over the years.

It proposes an ecocentric worldview.

It embraces industrialization, globalization and technological developments as driving forces for a greener future.

Açıklama:

Hence, green theorist, or ecologist, mainly argues that the development of technology is posing a threat to human existence and other species as well.
The increasing impact of industrialization, globalization and technological developments have been beneficial for our lives but also have created many problems. Green ideology criticizes the economic and technological developments that damage nature.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Green Thought does not distinguish or prioritize the human being from the rest of the nature, instead assumes human beings as a part of the nature. Which of the below can be said to be true based on the statement?

It considers humans apart from nature.

It makes a clear distinction between humans and animals.

It is ecocentric.

It doesn't assume other living beings as valuable as humans.

It prioritizes humans over other living beings.

Açıklama:

“Green Thought” is a radically different way of thinking in International Relations problematizing relations between human and nature and construction of social practices.
Green Thought does not distinguish or prioritize the human being from the rest of the nature, instead assumes human beings as a part of the nature. This non-hierarchical approach called “ecocentrism” is the central feature of green thought.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Which of the terms below refers to a human-centered worldview which regards the nature within the human values?

Environmentalism

Anthropocentrism

Liberalism

Ecocentrism

Socialism

Açıklama:

Modern human culture is based on anthropocentrism and positivist social science is based on anthropocentric perspective.
Anthropocentrism refers to a human-centered worldview which regards the nature within the human values.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Which of the terms below refers to a philosophy that denotes a nature-centered ethical view?

Ecocentrism

Liberalism

Anthropocentrism

Socialism

Environmentalism

Açıklama:

According to ecocentrism, there is no supremacy over the creatures. So, ecocentrism denies the superiority of human against the other living species.
The ecocentric political philosophy denies the human-centered view and denotes a nature-centered ethical view.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which of the statements below reflects the Green approach to security?

It assumes that states are perpetually insecure, and this is why they continuously have to acquire capabilities.

It suggests that security must be provided by and for a state as the main principal actor.

It takes human well-being and ecosystem integrity as the ethical and analytical reference point.

It points out that states as the main actors must provide security for themselves in an anarchic world.

It proposes 'anthropocentrism' as a correct way of thinking about security issues.

Açıklama:

According to Greens, the conceptual constraints of anthropocentrism itself hinder a more inclusive definition which would take into account the dependence of the state and human security on the well-being of ecological structures.
Greens argue for a more comprehensive framework for understanding security that takes human well-being and ecosystem integrity as the ethical and analytical reference point (Eckersley, 2013: 275)

Doğru Cevap: C

I- Its ecocentric world view is way too radical.
II- Some of its arguments depend on outdated numbers.
III- Its assumptions and expectations from world politics are not realistic.
Which of the above are among the major criticisms against Green theory?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The major criticisms leveled against the green theory are:

Its ecocentric world view is way too radical.
Some of its arguments depend on outdated numbers.
Its assumptions and expectations from world politics are not realistic.

Doğru Cevap: E

Theorıes of Internatıonal Relatıons II (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

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