Theorıes of Internatıonal Relatıons I (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

Anarchical structure is the main feature of the international system. Moral principles guide politics. Security issues are always on the top of the state agenda. Humanitarian issues are the main determinants offoreign policy. Which of the above are among the basic assumptions of classical or structural realism?

I and II

I and III

II and III

III and IV

I, II and IV

Açıklama:

According to classical or structural realism,

an anarchical structure is main feature of the international system.

Moral principles cannot guide politics.

Security issues are always on the top of the state agenda.

States are the main actors.

The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Which of the following philosophers is closely associated with classical realism?

Immanuel Kant

Karl Marx

Niccolò Machiavelli

David Hume

John Locke

Açıklama:

The ideas and works of Kant, Hume, and Locke influenced and developed liberalism, where as the Karl Marx was influencial in Marksist theory. Machiavelli is the founder of classical realism. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following major theories of International Relations try to explain war and peace through economic reasons?

Globalism

Classical realism

Neo-realism

Liberalism

Pluralist

Açıklama:

Realist approaches focus on the security problems of the states in the anarchical nature of the international system, and pluralists research on how to realize peace and cooperation in the face of multi actors and their interdependent relations in terms of economic, political and social fields. Globalism tries to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Deduction can also be used as a scientific method.
Knowledge can only be reached by experiments and observations.
Priori knowledge is universal.

Which of the above statements are TRUE about rationalism?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Rationalism has adopted deduction as a scientific method that depends on the reason and intuition as well as a source of knowledge rather than observation and experiment and it is called as a priori knowledge. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions closely associated with positivism?

There is no important difference between natural world and social world.

There are regularities in the social world, just as are in the universe or natural World.

There should be a distinction between facts and values.

Priori knowledge is important and can guide scientific research.

Research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification.

Açıklama:

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge. Positivism is distinguished by four important assumptions. First of these is the belief about the uniqueness of science. According to this assumption which is called as naturalism in philosophical language, there is no important difference between natural world and social world and through the methodology of natural science, social world can be analyzed. Second assumption is that there should be a distinction between facts and values. In terms of philosophy, this point of view which is known as objective position assumes that objective knowledge can be attained by scientific methods despite the existence of subjective factors influencing the research. Third assumption is based on the belief that as in the universe or natural world, there are also regularities in the social world. In this way, as research is carried out, either deductive or inductive methods are employed. According to the final assumption, research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification. The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which of the following is not among the major international theories?

Postmodernism

Kantianism

Liberalism

Marxism

Grotianism

Açıklama:

Indeed, realism, liberalism and Marxism are the fundamental divisions which are very common in different studies. On the other hand, Shimko used the basic division of realism and liberalism and further elaborated it with the division as Machiavellianism, Grotianism and Kantianism. Moreover, approaches about post-positivism and post-modernism remained only as intellectual contentions rather than a framework for analysis to be applied to the scientific research in the field of IR. The correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following cannot be said about International Relations (IR) according to realists?

States are unitary actors capable of rational decision making.

There is no central authority to govern the relations among states.

Basic agenda of IR are security issues.

Multinational companies are the major actors of international politics.

Norms and rules should be applied to IR for preserving peace and order.

Açıklama:

Realism depicted the international politics as a struggle for power and interest, and states as unitary actors capable of rational decision making. According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. Whereas for idealists, the norms and rules which are relevant to international law and international organizations should be applied to international relations for preserving peace and order. According to realism, states are the major actors of international politics. Their interests and the rivalry for getting more powerful, shapes politics. Multinational companies (MNCs) and international organizations are not assumed as actors of international politics. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

What is the main focus for international relations according to the liberal theory?

Anarchy

Security

Peace

War

Military

Açıklama:

This Kantian Liberalism approach sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process, and there are certain rules restricting the states to use power rather than to see the international relations as a war among gladiators or struggle of interest between states as in the Hobbesian thought. According to this approach, there is no anarchy and no state of war in IR. Peace is the main focus for international relations. The correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which of the following criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries and focus to explain war and peace through economic reasons?

Idealist approaches

Kantian liberalists

Pluralists

Marxist theories

Realist approaches

Açıklama:

As realist approaches focus on the security problems of the states in the anarchical nature of the international system, and pluralists research on how to realize peace and cooperation in the face of multi actors and their interdependent relations in terms of economic, political and social fields, globalist approaches criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa while other countries get richer. According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Increasing interdependency relations in global politics
Increase in the number of new actors
International relations getting more transnational
War and peace shaping the main agenda

Which of the following above influenced the emergence of the non-state centric approach?

I and II

I, II and IV

III and IV

I, II, III and IV

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Transnationalism as a new paradigm was encouraged by the developments such as emergence of new actors and state-centric approach lost its attractiveness. In the field of IR, the number of actors increased and differentiated extending from individual to the larger international social organizations. The critics focusing on state-centric paradigm intensify as international relations get more transnational and the numbers of actors increase. After 1970’s a group of scientists led by J. Nye, R. Keohane and K. J. Holsti claimed clearly the invalidity of the state-centric approaches as a result of globalization and emerging non-state actors. While state-centric paradigm focused on subjects such as security and stability, Wallerstein and Galtung proposed “dependency” and Keohane and Nye offered interdependency and transnationalism as conceptual frameworks whereby military and security issues are no longer main subjects. The correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

According to realism, __________ are the major actors of international politics. Their interests and the rivalry for getting more powerful shapes politics.

states

organizations

companies

people

politicians

Açıklama:

Realism
states

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

“This approach sees international relations as a cooperation process, and there are certain rules restricting the states to use power rather than to see the international relations as a war among gladitors or struggle of interest between the states”.
Which approach is described above?

Realist

Kantian

Economic

Hobbesian

Pluralist

Açıklama:

Kantian

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which approach state that theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanete from contradictions of capitalism?

Globalist

Liberalist

Realist

Marxist ***

Communist

Açıklama:

Marxist

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

In system theories, state is accepted as an entity responding to the effects from outside, i.e., like a billiard ball or black box whereby internal features are ____________.

facilitated

enhanced

accepted

ignored

based

Açıklama:

ignored

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which one of the following is not one of the variables concerning the state in analytical level?

Ideologies

Public opinion

Famine

Wars

Economic needs

Açıklama:

Famine

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

What are the three levels of analysis?

Class, text and system

System, state and individual

State, system and text

System, text and individual

State, individual and class

Açıklama:

The level of analysis is a subject of study in IR. In general there are two or three levels such as system and state or system, state and individual. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which of the following is not among the basic assumptions of positivism?

True knowledge can only be acquired through observations.

A priori knowledge is accepted as universal and deductive.

Research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification.

There should be a distinction between facts and values.

Deductive or inductive methods are employed in research.

Açıklama:

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the following philosophers does not represent rationalism?

John Dewey

Rene Descartes

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Immanuel Kant

Benedictus de Spinoza

Açıklama:

Rationalism is represented by certain philosophers belonging to Cartesian School such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. It should be noted that Grotius and Kant also contributed significantly to this philosophical approach as well as they did in the field of IR. However, traditional pragmatism particularly depends on the views of American philosophers such as William James (1842-1910), Charles Peirce (1839-1914) and John Dewey (1859-1952). The correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which of the following is TRUE about pragmatism?

Knowledge must depend on observation and experiment.

Knowledge can only be reached through reason.

Reality can only be acquired without experiment or observation.

The main source of human knowledge is data (fact) and it is easily observed.

Our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way.

Açıklama:

Third epistemology besides empiricism and rationalism is pragmatism. It in fact represents a midway approach between empiricism and rationalism. As experiment and observation are made by researchers, they regard the importance of reasoning and the difference from rationalist experiments and observations-causes the change of belief and values of the human being which may be relative. For pragmatics emphasizing on the inextricability of theory and observation, there can be more than one theory at a time and the researcher can be forced to choose one of them. Moreover, pragmatism, as a different approach from other epistemologies, assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary. According to pragmatism, our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way. The correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Both have positivist features.
Both apply the mathematical and statistical analyses in their studies.
Basic premises of both are value free and are based on verification.

Which of the following above are similarities between behaviouralism and traditionalism?

Only II

I and II

Only III

I, II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

Assumptions of both traditional and behavioural approaches are in particular factual and verified by empirical data as well as employing objective methods. So, they have positivist features. Assumptions of both of these approaches to a certain extent escape to be subjective and are free from artificial judgements. Whether they are notified either traditional or scientific, basic premises of these approaches are value free and are based on verification of factual hypotheses. For this reason, they differ from normative approaches. The correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and __________.

feelings

moods

concerns

observations

perspectives

Açıklama:

Positivism
observations

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

I. Science is accepted only as valid scientific knowledge and acts are basic objects to be experimented on.
II. There are two important philosophical beliefs: 1) The main source of human knowledge is data (fact) and it is easily observed, 2) Data (or fact) is available only as a result of our senses.
Which term is described above?

Positivism

Realism

Pluralism

Globalism

Marxism

Açıklama:

Positivism

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

According to Rationalism, the nature is ___________ by certain rules and laws results of which could only be observed rather than themselves.

led

commanded

surrounded

belonged

directed

Açıklama:

Rationalism
commanded

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which approach assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary?

Realism

Rationalism

Pragmatism

Liberalism

Marxism

Açıklama:

Pragmatism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

I. It can be identified among the others as an approach challenging the scientific and social standpoints of modernism.
II. It is an alternative effort not only related with the international relations but all social and natural sciences.
III. It rejects the traditional approaches which are concerned with the general principles and universal rules that science and society would be managed by.
Which term is described by the above sentences?

Post-modernism

Normativism

Behaviouralism

Traditionalism

Modernism

Açıklama:

Behaviouralism vs Traditionalism
Post-modernism

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which of the following theories or approaches analyzes foreign policy at individual level?

Classical realism and some conflict theories

Game theory

Decision making theories

Theories of strategy

Internatonal system theories

Açıklama:

In general, there are two or three levels such as system and state or system, state and individual. In case the system approach is used, then the structure becomes the main focus to emphasize and the features of each state and their decision makers or power capabilities are not taken into consideration. In other words, in such cases, public opinions, local characters, ethnic or ideological differences are not a point of concern for the researcher. Hence, in system theories, state is accepted as an entity responding to the effects from outside whereby internal features are ignored. In these models based on the system level of analysis, foreign policy is accepted as a response of state to the foreign environment.On the other hand, in the case of state level analysis, according to the theoretical framework used, state is accepted as the main determinant for foreign policy process and in some theories such as game theories, state is assumed to maximize its gains, but for realist theories state takes balance of power into consideration and tries to attain more power to survive. Taking the states to the core of research as mentioned above provides the researcher the opportunity to make concrete generalizations.Theories only focusing on individuals such as decision making theories and its models, foreign policy process is tried to be analyzed through behaviors of decision makers or political leaders. In this kind of analysis, individual is very central and also ideologies, motivations, values and beliefs are very important factors to be included to the analysis. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which of the following theories of knowledge assumes that if one theory cannot yield productive result and function effectively; it can be changed or completely be abandoned?

Pragmatism

Post-modernism

Positivism

Rationalism

Deduction

Açıklama:

Pragmatism, as a different approach from other epistemologies, assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary. In this context, one of basic premises of pragmatism is that if one theory cannot yield productive result and function effectively; it can be changed or completely be abandoned. So, it should be assessed with the consequences of theory or thesis and no need to be engaged to a certain theory without reservation. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Globalization and emerging non-state actors led to the emergence of which of the following approaches to International Relations?

Marxism

State-centric

Realism

Non-state centric

Positivist

Açıklama:

Globalization and emerging non-state actors
Increasing interdependency relations in global politics
International relations getting more transnational
The increase in the number of actors are the reasons of emergence of non-state centric approaches. The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which of the following is included in analytic models based on the system as a level of analysis?

decision makers

elites

public opinion

state’s own characteristics

response of state to the foreign environment

Açıklama:

In all analytic models based on the system as a level of analysis; decision makers, elites and public opinion are not included to analysis as well as state’s own characteristics. In these models based on the system level of analysis, foreign policy is accepted as a response of state to the foreign environment. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which of the following theories is advocating hermeneutic/interpretation instead of reality/empirical verification?

Empricism

Post-modernism

Rationalism

Pragmatism

Positivism

Açıklama:

Post-modernism rejects the traditional approaches which are concerned with the general principles and universal rules that science and society would be managed by. The reflection to science is discerned as positivism which is relevant to objective knowledge and scientific methodology depending on observable and empirical research methods. Postmodernists are clearly opposing to a general methodology to be applied in all fields of sciences. Therefore, universal rules and principles shouldn’t be applied to science. In this context, incomparability and uncountability are main theoretical problems for science. Accordingly, different justice and truth positions cannot be compared with each other. In conclusion it is difficult to believe that only one truth or one reason and one universal social life position would be valid for all, and for progress of history. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the followings could also be used instead of "realism"?

Machiavellianism

Marxism

Positivism

Liberalism

Pluralism

Açıklama:

Theories of International Relations have been categorized or classified by different writers or scholars. Among these, the classification as realism, liberalism and Marxism are very common. Since some concepts are being used to define these concepts, some others are using different identification for the same ones. For example, conservatism or Machiavelism as well as Hobbesianism could be used instead of realism. Similarly, instead of liberalism some scholars are using pluralism, Kantianalism or Grotianalism. The same conceptual difference would be for Marxism since some writers are using radicalism or globalism to define the same thing.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which one is the main assumption of realism?

Human beings are good in nature.

Security issues are always on top of the state agenda.

Inernational organizations are the real actors of international politics.

Wars and conflicts among states are not natural.

Moral principles can guide politics.

Açıklama:

According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. The correct is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which of the followings defines the idea that states have to deal with their own security problem?

high politics

security dilemma

central authority

military capability

self help

Açıklama:

One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. In such an international environment, naturally providing security becomes the main concern of states. States have to deal with their own security problem that is called as the rule of “self help”. Since all states behave the same way, no state can attain utmost security; rather feed the insecurity for all states that is called as the security dilemma

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which of the followings is true about Kantian Approach?

The root of international relation is the struggle for interest.

The state is no longer the only actor.

Moral and ethical factors are disregarded.

Anarchical sturucture is the main feature of the system.

Peace reflects only the interwar period.

Açıklama:

The correct option is B. One of main premises of pluralism is that state is no longer the only actor, rather there are many political actors in international system which are known as nongovernmental organizations or civil society organizations operating at local or international levels. For realist approaches, the states are rational and state interest is the basis for political process as well as military and security issues being main agenda of international relations. Whereas, for pluralists, the subject of rationality of states is a contentious issue, noting the plurality of agenda in the international system.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

Which of the following focuses that war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism?

Liberalism

Realism

Marxism

Kantianism

Grotianism

Açıklama:

According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. Based on these ideas, imperialist powers seek to divide the world among them hence conflicts become inevitable in the form of struggle for colonies.The correct is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

Which one is the paradigm that focuses on concepts such inequality and exploitation rather than security and stability?

state centrism

non-state centrism

classical realism

neo-realism

conservatism

Açıklama:

After 1970s, a group of scientists claimed clearly the invalidity of the state-centric approaches as a result of globalization and emerging non-state actors. While state-centric paradigm focused on subjects such as security and stability, the others offered interdependency and transnationalism as conceptual frameworks whereby military and security issues were no longer main subjects. Concepts such as inequality and exploitation were increasingly discussed. Paradigm debate began with the rejection of assumptions adopting the state as a basic actor.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

Which of the followings is not one of the assumptions of positivism?

Social world can be analysed by the methodology of natural science.

There should be a distinction between facts and values.

There are regularities in the social world as in the universe.

Research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification.

A priori knowledge is the only valid knowledge to be accepted.

Açıklama:

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. In the beginning, when human was created, reason was empty like a tabula rasa or a blank sheet that nothing was written on. The correct is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which of the following suggests that the accuracy of an opinion or thought can only be understood by looking at the success in practice?

conservatism

rationalism

positivism

pragmatism

behaviorism

Açıklama:

According to pragmatism, our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way. If the impact of beliefs over our actions lead to the success and effectiveness of our behaviors then it is acceptable. Therefore, beliefs and theories are evaluated according to the contribution to the realization of the supposed research purposes; this can only be learned and tested through experience. The accuracy of an opinion or thought can only be understood by looking at the success in practice. This is briefly called as pragmatist verification.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Positivism
Pragmatism
Rationalism
Marxism

Which of the above is/are among the main epistemologies in terms of theory of knowledge?

I, II,III

Only I

Only IV

I and III

II and IV

Açıklama:

In terms of theory of knowledge, in the history of philosophy or history of scientific thought, it can be stated that there have been three perspectives or three theories of scientific knowledge in order to answer the question: what is scientific knowledge? The correct is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which one's main agenda is to criticize modernism and refute its foundations but not to replace it with certain approaches?

Empricism

Pragmatism

Post modernism

Realism

Positivism

Açıklama:

Post-modernism can be identified among them as an approach challenging the scientific and social standpoints of modernism. In fact, it is an alternative effort not only related with the international relations but all social and natural sciences. It rejects the traditional approaches which are concerned with the general principles and universal rules that science and society would be managed by.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 41

Which theory tries to explain the international politics through human nature?

Realism

Idealism

Liberalism

Marxism

Globalism

Açıklama:

According to the realist paradigm, nature of human has important results for the international politics. For realist scholars, human is naturally sinful, egoist, interest oriented, aggressive and all the time power seeking in character. In particular, classical realism depends on the opinions of Carr and Morgenthau, and explains the international politics through human nature. Objective laws which dominate human nature must be understood to conceive international politics. In other words, as long as these laws are neglected, IR cannot be figured out. Naturally, humans are created with negative evil character and has passion and vanity (Shimko, 1992: 286; Buzan, 1996: 50). Morgenthau and Niebuhr among leading post war realists explain IR with human nature. According to them, just like individuals, states also have negative characters such as interest seeking and aggressive. States seek persistently to increase their power and capabilities to the extent that they can take other states under their control. Therefore, in such a structure, war and conflict are normal processes.

Doğru Cevap: A

Which theory emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern?

Idealism

Marxism

Realism

Neo-realism

Globalism

Açıklama:

In contrast to realism or conservatism, Wilsonian idealism depends on Kantian liberalism, and it emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

This approach sees international relations as a cooperation process.
Cooperation is the main feature ıf international relations instead of struggle for conflicting interests.
According to this approach, there is no anarchy and no state of war in international relations.

Which theory is defined above?

Realism

Neo-realism

Marxism

Globalism

Liberalism

Açıklama:

Besides, for Kantian universalism representing the cosmopolitan outlook, the root of international relations is transnational relations and linkages rather than the struggle for interest. In fact, according to cosmopolitan mode of thought the will of all human beings are the same and is to reach the best and universal society. Moral and ethical factors are not disregarded and international relations looks like nonzero sum game models of the game theories in which cooperation is the main feature instead of struggle for conflicting interests. This approach is also called as liberal/ idealist view. This Kantian approach sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process, and there are certain rules restricting the states to use power rather than to see the international relations as a war among gladiators or struggle of interest between states as in the Hobbesian thought. According to this approach, there is no anarchy and no state of war in IR. However, neither complete struggle of interest like Hobbesian view nor complete harmony of interest like in Kantian thought is the real/exact situation in international relations. Therefore, international society reflects either of the both cases to some respect. There are international institutions and international rules binding on states.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

According to the which theory focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, do war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism?

Imperialism

Marxism

Idealism

Liberalism

Realism

Açıklama:

According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which approaches criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa while other countries get richer?

Realism

Pluralism

Liberalism

Globalism

Idealism

Açıklama:

Globalist approaches criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa while other countries get richer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

There is no important difference between natural world and social world and through the methodology of natural science, social world can be analyzed.
There should be a distinction between facts and values.
As in the universe or natural world, there are also regularities in the social world.
Research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification.

Which of the concepts do the assumptions above define?

Behaviouralism

Traditionalism

Positivism

Rationalism

Pragmatism

Açıklama:

Positivism is distinguished by four important assumptions. First of these is the belief about the uniqueness of science. According to this assumption which is called as naturalism in philosophical language, there is no important difference between natural world and social world and through the methodology of natural science, social world can be analyzed. Second assumption is that there should be a distinction between facts and values. In terms of philosophy, this point of view which is known as objective position assumes that objective knowledge can be attained by scientific methods despite the existence of subjective factors influencing the research. Third assumption is based on the belief that as in the universe or natural world, there are also regularities in the social world. In this way, as research is carried out, either deductive or inductive methods are employed. According to the final assumption, research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 50

Which approach states that the nature is commanded by certain rules and laws results of which could only be observed rather than themselves?

Normativism

Pragmatism

Rationalism

Positivism

Behaviouralism

Açıklama:

Another epistemology is rationalism which is represented by certain philosophers belonging to Cartesian School such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. This thought was developed by the scientific revolutions of Newton, Kepler and Galileo. It should be noted that Grotius and Kant also contributed significantly to this philosophical approach as well as they did in the field of IR. Rationalism reached to the top with Hegel. Rationalism has adopted deduction as a scientific method that depends on the reason and intuition as well as a source of knowledge rather than observation and experiment and it is called as a priori knowledge. According to this approach, the nature is commanded by certain rules and laws results of which could only be observed rather than themselves

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 51

Which of the following divisions are commenly used for internatinal relations?

Realism, pluralism and globalism

Realism, liberalism and Marxism

Conservatism, liberalism and radicalism

Traditional, global society and neo-Marxism

Communitarianism, cosmopolitanism and functionalism

Açıklama:

Indeed, realism, liberalism and Marxism are the fundamental divisions which are very common in different studies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

Which of the following paradigms supports that human is naturally sinful, egoist, interest oriented, aggressive and all the time power seeking in character?

Kantianism

Functionalism

Grotianism

Realism

Cosmopolitanism

Açıklama:

For realist scholars, human is naturally sinful, egoist, interest oriented, aggressive and all the time power seeking in character.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 53

"According to _______________, instabilities in international structure threaten the security of states."
Which of the following options fills in the gap correctly?

Conservatism

Liberalism

Idealism

Machiavellianism

Neorealism

Açıklama:

According to neorealism, instabilities in international structure threaten the security of states.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 54

Which of the following paradigms emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern?

Kantian universalism

Kantian liberalism

Wilsonian Idealism

Realism

Conservatism

Açıklama:

In contrast to realism or conservatism, Wilsonian idealism depends on Kantian liberalism, and it emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

Which appraoach sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process?

Kantian universalism

Grotianism

Structural Marxism

Grotian approach

Transnationalism

Açıklama:

Kantian universalism sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

Who prefers the concept of world society, instead of international relations which can be counted as a traditional approach?

Modelski

Galtung

Burton

Bull

Wallerstein

Açıklama:

Burton prefers the concept of world society, instead of international relations which can be counted as a traditional approach. Because, according to Burton, concept of world society comprises not only the concept of international relations, but also relations among other non-state actors and processes at the same time.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Which of the following is one of the three epistemologies?

Pragmatism

Realism

State-centrism

Liberalism

Idealism

Açıklama:

There are three theories of knowledge or three epistemologies for scientific knowledge: empricism, rationalism and pragmatism.

Doğru Cevap: A

International relations were divided into three categories as traditional theories, global society theories and Maxist theories by.......... What is the best option to complete the statement above?

Holsti

Viotti and Kauppi

Barry Buzan

Shimko

Smith

Açıklama:

International relations can be divided into three categories such as “traditional theories, global society theories and neo-Marxist theories” as Holsti accepted.

It can be named differently such as “realism, pluralism and globalism” (Viotti andKauppi, 1993).

Barry Buzan identified the theories of international relations as “conservatism, liberalism and radicalism”.

Indeed, realism, liberalism and Marxism are the fundamental divisions which are very common in different studies.

On the other hand, Shimko used the basic division of realism and liberalism and further elaborated it with the division as Machiavellianism, Grotianism and Kantianism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 72

Which option is not a feature that a human has for realist scholars?

interest oriented

sinful

egoist

obedient

power seeking

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Which information below is not true about realistic scholars?

Realists accept states as rational actors.

According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues.

There is a central authority to govern the relations among states.

Political and military issues are primary topics.

States have to deal with their own security problem.

Açıklama:

Realists accept states as rational actors; that behave in accordance with
certain rules and national interests to realize their objectives and to sustain
themselves through national capacity (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 35; Grieco,
1995: 153; Buzan, 1996: 54; Senarclens, 1991: 11-12).

According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda.

One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system.

There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. In such an international environment, naturally providing security becomes the main concern of states.

States have to deal with their own security problem that is called as the rule of “self help”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 74

Which information below is not true about Hobbesian approach?

There is a situation of a war against all and threat of use of force.

It is also called as Machiavellianism.

Conflicts among states are strange.

Moral principles cannot guide politics.

States aren’t concerned with the ethical rules of the society.

Açıklama:

According to Hobbesian approach, there is a situation of a war against
all and threat of use of force. This is why state of nature means state of war and it is indispensable feature of the international system. For Hobbesian approach which is also called as Machiavellianism, conflicts among states are very natural. In conclusion, according to Hobbesian approach, moral principles cannot guide politics and politicians don’t regard moral principles for making their decisions. States, when engaged with others, aren’t concerned with the moral and ethical rules of the society.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

Which information below is not true about Wilsonian idealism?

It is in contrast to conservatism.

It is in contrast to realism.

It depends on Kantian liberalism.

It emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals.

International politics is a struggle for power.

Açıklama:

In contrast to realism or conservatism, Wilsonian idealism depends on Kantian liberalism, and it emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern.
Also, realism, philosophical roots of which depends on Machiavelli and Hobbes, depicted the international politics as a struggle for power and interest.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

How many sovereign states which are members to the United Nations (UN) as a major actor in international politics are there?

162

169

177

185

193

Açıklama:

There are 193 sovereign states which are member to the United Nations (UN) as a major actor in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Which information below is not true about dependency theories like pluralists?

They accept the states as important actors.

Their main concern is to understand the uneven development of international economic system.

They focus on developed countries.

They focus on the dependency relations between industrialized northern countries.

Nonstate actors are important for them.

Açıklama:

Dependency theories like pluralists are likely to accept the states, international organizations and nonstate actors as important actors. However, their main concern is to understand the uneven development of international economic system and its results. In particular, they focus on the dependency relations between industrialized northern countries (in North America, Europe and
Far East) and underdeveloped poor countries in Asia, Africa and South America.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 78

Who wrote the well-known article titled “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations” in 1969?

Holsti

Singer

Buzan

Waltz

Simon

Açıklama:

David Singer known by his contributions to the problem of level of analysis, in his well-known article titled “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations” (1969: 22), reduced the number of levels of analysis to two categories as: system level analysis and state level analysis.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 79

Which information below is not true about rationalism?

Observation is the source of knowledge.

It is represented by certain philosophers such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza.

This thought was developed by the scientific revolutions of Newton, Kepler and Galileo.

Rationalism reached to the top with Hegel.

Rationalism has adopted deduction as a scientific method.

Açıklama:

Another epistemology is rationalism which is represented by certain philosophers belonging to Cartesian School such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza.

This thought was developed by the scientific revolutions of Newton, Kepler and Galileo.

Rationalism reached to the top with Hegel.

Rationalism has adopted deduction as a scientific method that depends on the reason and intuition as well as a source of knowledge rather than observation and experiment and it is called as a
priori knowledge.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 80

Which writer below has not contributed to post-modernism?

Jean-François Lyotard

Roland Barthes

Thomas Kuhn

Gilles Deleuze

Luce Irigaray

Açıklama:

Jean-François Lyotard, Roland Barthes, Judith Butler, Gilles Deleuze, Luce Irigaray, Paul Feyerabend, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and Richard Rorty are among the writers that made valuable contributions to post-modernism.

Thomas Kuhn and Richard Rorty, contemporary representatives of pragmatism, also point out that a paradigm can only be valid as long as it can solve the problem. For Kuhn, survival of a paradigm depends on its problem-solving capacity.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 2

Soru 1

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.
Terrorist groups or multinational companies are part of international politics.
In the hierarchy of issues, socio-economic topics are referred to as high politics.
States are rational and purposive actors.

Which of the above statements are among the assumptions of realist theory of international relations?

I and II

II an III

III and IV

I and IV

Açıklama:

Realist theory of international relations has four main assumptions upon which further various hypotheses are built to analyze certain events and/or phenomena. These are:

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.
State is seen as a unitary actor.
States are rational and purposive actors.
According to hierarchy of issues, national and international security are located at the top. In this regard, socio-economic topics remains in the field of low-politics.

In light of the above information, the correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

Which of the following is one of the principles of classical realism?

Politics is governed by mutually-agreed laws.

Nations actions should be judged by universal moral principles.

Statesmen are entailed to universal moral principles in their acts and actions.

Political realism is in favor of legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.

Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics.

Açıklama:

One of the pioneers of classical realism, Hans Morgenthau (1997) states six principles of realism that could help us comprehend profoundly the realist vision of international phenomenon. These six principles are:
1. Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.
2. Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.
3. Interest determines political conduct within the political and cultural context which foreign policy is formulated.
4. Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics. There can be no political morality without prudence.
5. Nations are entities that pursue their interests as defined by power and should not be judged by universal moral principles.
6. Political realism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

Which of the following scholars is in favor of bipolarity to organize international relations?

Raymond Aron

Kenneth Waltz

Hans Morgenthau

Randall Schweller

John Mearschimer

Açıklama:

Unlike Morgenthau who defends the necessity of a unipolar system to better organize international structure and Raymond Aron who counts on a multipolar structure because of its homogeneity in terms of power; Waltz is the only great realist who is in favor of bipolarity (Battistella, 2012: 151). Mearsheimer, in his essay about future of the post-Cold War World, particularly Europe, emphasizes that a transition to a multipolar order from a bipolar one provokes instability. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the points in which classical and structural realism differ from each other?

Units of analysis to be employed

The politics and ethics of statecraft

Existence of independent sovereign states in an anarchical environment

Their view related to polarity of international system

Conception of balance of power

Açıklama:

Classical and structural realism are founded on same basic principles and differ from each other at certain points such as unit of analysis to be employed, conception of balance of power, or their view related to polarity of international system. What separates essentially neorealism from the classical tradition is that it gives no account of human nature and that it disregards the statecraft ethics. However, certain elements such as the existence of independent sovereign states operating in an international system characterized by anarchy constitutes a point of departure of neorealist arguments as well. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the following is the main area in which neoclassical perspective differ from both classical realism and neorealism?

Domestic society

Anarchy

Statecraft ethics

Social science

Leadership

Açıklama:

Comparison of Classical realism, neorealism, and neoclassical realism
Classical Neorealism Neoclassical
Anarchy yes yes yes
State power yes yes yes
Leadership yes no yes
Statecraft ethics yes no no
Domestic society no no yes
Social science no yes yes
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which of the following is the main area in which neorealism perspective differ from both classical realism and neoclassical realism?

Anarchy

State power

Leadership

Domestic society

Social Sciences

Açıklama:

Comparison of Classical realism, neorealism, and neoclassical realism
Classical Neorealism Neoclassical
Anarchy yes yes yes
State power yes yes yes
Leadership yes no yes
Statecraft ethics yes no no
Domestic society no no yes
Social science no yes yes
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of unit-level analyses employed by neoclassical paradigm?

Leader images

Statescraft ethics

Strategic culture

State-society relations

Domestic institutional arrangements

Açıklama:

Unit-level variables employed by neoclassical paradigm could simply be classified in four broad categories, namely, “images and perception of state leaders, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutional arrangements.” The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following theories supports the assumption that "great powers … are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal"?

Realism

Neo-realism

Neo-classical realism

Defensive realism

Offensive realism

Açıklama:

Mearscheimer claims that states seek hegemony; they all want to become, ultimately, regional hegemons. His theory, as it is called, offensive realism is built upon the assumption that “[G]reat powers… are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal” (Mearsheimer, 2001: 29). The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of realist theory?

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.

State is seen as a unitary actor.

States are rational actors.

People are the central and most important actors in world politics.

Military and related political issues dominate world politics.

Açıklama:

Introduction
People are the central and most important actors in world politics.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

According to Thomas Hobbes (2016), man is naturally ___________ and in a world of limited resources, he is guided by an endless will to gain power and it is this will that shapes his relations with others.

egoist

easygoing

relaxed

careless

restless

Açıklama:

Classical Realism
According to Thomas Hobbes (2016), man is naturally egoist and in a world of limited resources, he is guided by an endless will to gain power and it is this will that shapes his relations with others.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

It refers to an interest that encompasses the values, expectations and aspirations of the people of the state, as well as their security from external threats and their material well-being.
It is the more effective guide to foreign policy than the moral or traditional considerations of a given state.

Which terms is described by the above sentences?

National security

National interest

National peace

National economy

National ethics

Açıklama:

Classical Realism
National interest

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

____________________ creates a kind of order and constitutes the distinction between anarchy and chaos.

National security

Moral principle

Balance of power

Religious consideration

Regulating mechanism

Açıklama:

Classical Realism
Balance of power creates a kind of order and constitutes the distinction between anarchy and chaos.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which one of the following is not one of the differences between realism and neorealism?

Neorealism gives no account of human nature and it disregards the statecraft ethics.

Neorealism puts the emphasis on leaders and their decisions.

Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature in neorealism.

Neorealism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.

Neorealists emphasize the primacy of absolute gain to take a better position at international scene.

Açıklama:

Structural Realism (Neorealism)
Neorealism puts the emphasis on leaders and their decisions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which of the following is not one of the factors that encourages the limitation of violence, the stability, within a bipolar world?

There are no peripheries as a result of an international system with only two major powers.

Increased intensity is expressed in a reluctance to accept small territorial losses.

Competition is more complicated than multipolar systems. ***

To fight small wars in the present may be the means of avoiding large wars later.

Comprehension of revolutionary political, military and economic changes within the bipolar balance, are to be seen as sources of peace and stability.

Açıklama:

Structural Realism (Neorealism)
Competition is more complicated than multipolar systems.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which one of the following is not one of the types of Balance of Power?

Simple balance

Local balance

Global balance

Rigid balance

Multipolar balance

Açıklama:

Structural Realism (Neorealism)
Multipolar balance

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

I. It is not only a theory of international politics but one of foreign policy.
II. It puts forward more accurate explications in terms of foreign policy actions of international actors on a wide range of issues.
III. It explains political phenomena ranging from short-term crisis decision-making, foreign policy behavior and patterns of grand strategic adjustment of individual states.
Which term is described above?

Neoclassical realism

Realism

Structural realism

International system

Neorealism

Açıklama:

Neoclassical realism 5

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Unit-level variables employed by neoclassical paradigm could simply be classified in four broad categories except _______________.

images and perception of state leaders

strategic culture

state-society relations

domestic institutional arrangements

intercultural relations

Açıklama:

Neoclassical realism
intercultural relations

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which event caused ‘a stunning comeback’ of realism?

Fall of Berlin Wall

Cold War

9/11 terrorist attacks

World War I

War in Algeria

Açıklama:

Conclusion
9/11 terrorist attacks

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following assumptions is correct about defensive realism?

States react more to imbalances of power than imbalances of threat.

States prefer to bandwagon with dominant state for domestic security.

Bipolar structure of power is more stable than multipolar order.

Bandwagoning with the most threating power is more common than bandwagoning with the most dominant power.

States will continue to strive for power unless they become a hegemon.

Açıklama:

States are susceptible to balance against dominant power instead of bandwagoning with it and having not more than necessary power for security and survival is the key to a stable international system. This view is known as the defensive realism. Stephen Walt put forward the balance of threat theory according to which states react not to imbalances of power but to an imbalance of threat (Walt, 1987: 263). Thus, they form alliance against the most threatening power which is not always the dominant power in the system. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is the center of attention in neorealist paradigm of international relations?

Leaders and their decisions and actions at international level

Traits of states

Systemic structure

Domestic or internal forces

Absolute gain

Açıklama:

Neorealism's center of attention is the systemic structure that is completely external to the actors, particularly, relative distribution of power and capabilities. Neorealism asserts that neither individual decision makers nor states' traits are important in international relations. Neorealist paradigm is interested in external factors and their impact of state's decisions and actions in the international relations. Neorealist paradigm disregard internal factors and asserts that states are happy with relative gains and are not always in search of absolute gains. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which cannot be said to be one of the characteristics of realism?

It is pessimist about human reason.

It is not convinced that humans can achieve liberal goals.

It is not utopist.

It was provoked by authoritarian political currents.

It has been the dominant theory in international relations since 1920s.

Açıklama:

Realist thinking represents a long historical tradition that extends from Thucydides and Machiavelli to Hobbes, Rousseau and Clausewitz and that refers to Realpolitik vision of (post)-Westphalian epoch.
Realism has been the dominant theory in international relations since the end of the Second World War.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which name below is not one of the thinkers who contributed to realism in its classical shape?

Nicholas Spykman

Kenneth Waltz

Henry Kissenger

Edward H. Carr

George Kennan

Açıklama:

Since 1980s, the realist paradigm has witnessed, a fragmentation for some, a sophistication or adaptation for others.
Kenneth Waltz was a neo-realist.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which below is not one of the four realist assumptions?

Military and related political issues dominate world politics.

States are influenced to a great extent by international organizations.

States are unitary actors.

States are rational actors.

States are central actors in world politics.

Açıklama:

Other non-state actors such as terrorist groups, multinational corporations etc. play a secondary role at best, in realist perspective.
Acoording to realist theory, international organizations have no capacity to do more than its member states want to do and they have very little influence on state behavior (Mearsheimer, 1994).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Hans Morgenthau (1997) states six principles of realism. Which below is not one of them?

Politics is governed by objective laws.

Interest determines political conduct.

Nations can be judged by universal moral principles when necessary.

Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics.

Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.

Açıklama:

One of the pioneers of classical realism, Hans Morgenthau (1997) states six principles of realism that could help us comprehend profoundly the realist vision of international phenomenon.
Nations are entities that pursue their interests as defined by power and should not be judged by universal moral principles.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

What do all realists believe is at stake when it comes to international politics?

Influence of state

Welfare of state

Structure of state

Survival of state

Relations of state

Açıklama:

If a policy is necessary to defend state’s interest but inconsistent with moral considerations, an ideal statesman, in a Machiavellian manner, must disregard the morality aspect of political action.
While some realists like Carr (1981), do not support a categorical separation (or divorce, in his exact words) between political and moral field (97-100), all of them underlines the fact that when it comes to international politics, what is at stake is survival of state.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which thinker below is in favour of structural realism (neorealism)?

John Mearsheimer

Stephen Walt

Kenneth Waltz

Gideon Rose

Reinhold Niebuhr

Açıklama:

In his seminal work, Theory of International Politics (1979), he tries to develop a scientific approach to understand and explain the international political system.
Kenneth Waltz is considered precursor of neorealism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

What affects state behaviour according to defensive realism?

Imbalance of threat

Imbalance of wealth

Imbalance of power

Imbalance of views

Imbalance of structures

Açıklama:

In this view, the factor that affects state behavior is threat perception and the power others have is just one of the multiple factors.
Defensive realism which is further developed by Stephen Walt who, in the same vein, put forward the balance of threat theory according to which states react not to imbalances of power but to an imbalance of threat (Walt, 1987: 263).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

What type of realism explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought?

Neo-classical realism

Defensive realism

Offensive realism

Classical realism

Structural realism

Açıklama:

“Neoclassical realism is”, as stated by Randall Schweller, “essentially the only game in town for the current and next generation of realists” (Schweller, 2003: 344-45).
Gideon Rose (1998) says, “it [neoclassical realism] explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

What is the primary factor that shapes foreign policy choices of states according neoclassical realism?

Soft power

Hard power

Relative power

Absolute power

Lack of power

Açıklama:

They combine it with the classical realist view that defends the importance of national level variables related to statecraft and state-society relations in forming the state’s external actions.
Neoclassical realists agree with neorealist assumption that the primary factor that shapes foreign policy choices of states is their relative power at international level.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which thinker below is considered a neoclassical realist?

Kenneth Waltz

Henry Kissenger

Stephen Walt

George Kennan

Gideon Rose

Açıklama:

Gideon Rose (1998) says, “it [neoclassical realism] explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought.”
One of the precursors of neoclassical realism is Gideon Rose.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Which one of the following is not among the scholars who contributed to the development of realism in its classical shape?

George Kennan

Hans Morgenthau

John Locke

Nicholas Spykman

Henry Kissinger

Açıklama:

In modern sense, however, it is influenced the most by two authors, namely, Edward H. Carr and Reinhold Niebuhr (Battistella, 2012: 129-131). Until today, there are, of course, many other names such as George Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Nicholas Spykman, Henry Kissinger etc. who contributed to the development of the theory in its classical shape. Moreover, since 1980s, the realist paradigm has witnessed, a fragmentation for some, a sophistication or adaptation for others

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

I. States are the central and most important actors of world politics
II. The emphasis is on hierarchy of issues according to which the ones related to national and international security are located at the top
III. The importance of the freedom of the individual is highly prioratized.
Which one of these is/are among the four main assumptions of realist theory of international relations?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

I-III

Açıklama:

In that respect, realist theory of international relations has four main assumptions upon which further various hypotheses are built to analyze certain events and/or phenomena. First of all, states are the central and most important actors of world politics. Secondly, from the realist point of view, state is seen as a unitary actor. Third realist assumption is based on the belief that, incarnated in the leader, states are, in essence, rational (purposive) actors. Fourth and the last main realist assumption puts emphasis on hierarchy of issues according to which the ones related to national and international security are located at the top.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 33

Which one of the following is not among the six principles of realism stated by Hans Morgenthau (1997)?

Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.

Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.

Interest determines political conduct within the political and cultural context which foreign policy is formulated.

Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics. There can be no political morality without prudence

The basic of governence is the importance given to the freedom of the individual.

Açıklama:

Hans Morgenthau (1997) states six principles of realism that could help us comprehend profoundly the realist vision of international phenomenon. These
six principles are:
1. Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.
2. Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.
3. Interest determines political conduct within the political and cultural context which foreign policy is formulated.
4. Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics. There can be no political morality without prudence.
5. Nations are entities that pursue their interests as defined by power and should not be judged by universal moral principles.
6. Political realism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which one of the following expressions stands for the regulating mechanism at the center of an anarchical environment full of powerseeker, rational and amoral actors?

status quo

balance of power

Machiavellian manner

national interest

security dilemma

Açıklama:

Nevertheless, realists do not deny existence and necessity of a regulating mechanism at the center of an anarchical environment full of powerseeker, rational and amoral actors. This mechanism, called as “balance of power”, creates a kind of order and constitutes, as mentioned above, the distinction between anarchy and chaos.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

Which one of the following is a component of political situation according to Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft?

Power politics

Political ethics

Human necessities

National interest

Balance of power

Açıklama:

Power politics is a component of political situation according to Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft. The other are related with the political conduct.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

I. self-interest
II. animus dominandi
III. balance of power
Which one(s) of these is/are among the components of human nature according to Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

self-interest and animus dominandi are among the components of human nature according to Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

I. puts the emphasis on leaders and their decisions at international level
II. Center of attention is the systemic structure that is completely external to the actors
III. There is the relative distribution of power and capabilities
When classical realism and neorealism are considered, which one(s) of these is are among the assumptions of neoliberalism?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

Unlike classical realism that puts the emphasis on leaders and their decisions and actions at international level; neorealism’s center of attention is the systemic structure that is completely external to the actors, particularly, relative distribution of power and capabilities.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which one of the following scholars is considered as the precursor of neorealism?

Kenneth Waltz

John Locke

Hans Morgenthau

Edward Carr

George Kennan

Açıklama:

In this vein, considered as the precursor of neorealism, Kenneth Waltz, in his seminal work, Theory of International Politics (1979), tries to develop a scientific approach to understand and explain the international political system.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Which one of the following is not among the types of balance of power?

simple

rigid

unique

local

flexible

Açıklama:

Simple, rigid, local and flexible are among the types of balance of power.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

I. Offensive intentions
II. Aggregate power
III. Local balance
Which one(s) of these is/are among the components of Walt's the balance of
threat theory?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

I-III

Açıklama:

Walt's theory include AGGREGATE POWER, OFFENSIVE CAPABILITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY and OFFENSIVE INTENTIONS

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

Who is the author of "Politics Among Nations"?

Edward H. Carr

Hans Morgenthau

Reinhold Niebuhr

Henry Kissinger

Nicholas Spykman

Açıklama:

Politics Among Nations was written by Hans Morgenthau in 1948.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the realist theory of international theory?

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.

State is seen as a unitary actor.

Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.

Military and related political issues dominate world politics.

Incarnated in the leader, states are, rational (purposive) actors.

Açıklama:

Realist theory of international relations has four main assumptions:

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.
State is seen as a unitary actor.
Incarnated in the leader, states are, in essence, rational (purposive) actors.
Military and related political issues dominate world politics.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 43

Which of the following is a principle of classical realism, Hans Morgenthau states?

Political realism accepts the legalistic-moralistic approach.

Statesmen conduct themselves.

Prudence is the weakest virtue in international politics.

Politics is governed by subjective laws.

Interest determines political conduct .

Açıklama:

One of the pioneers of classical realism, Hans Morgenthau (1997) states six principles of realism that could help us comprehend profoundly the realist vision of international phenomenon. These six principles are: 1. Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. 2. Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power. 3. Interest determines political conduct within the political andal context which foreign policy is formulated. 4. Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics. There can be no political morality without prudence. 5. Nations are entities that pursue their interests as defined by power and should not be judged by universal moral principles. 6. Political realism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 44

Which of the following is a regulating mechanism at the center of an anarchical environment full of powerseeker, rational and amoral actors?

Balance of power

State of nature

Security dilemma

Global state

National interest

Açıklama:

Realists do not deny existence and necessity of a regulating mechanism at the center of an anarchical environment full of powerseeker, rational and amoral actors. This mechanism is called as “balance of power”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

Which of the following is one of the items of political situation in Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft?

Balance of power

Political ethics

Sel-interest

Political power

National interest

Açıklama:

Table 2.1: Morgenthau’s Concept of Statecraft
Human Nature (basic condition):Self-interest
Political Situation (means and context): Power politics, Political power, Political circumstances, Political skills
Political Conduct (goals and values): Political ethics (prudence, etc.), Human necessities (security, etc.), National interest, Balance of power

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

I. Flexible
II. Rigid balance
III. Subjective balance
IV. Global balance
V. Specific balance
Which of the above given options are types of balance of power?

I, III ve V

I, II ve IV

II ve IV

II, IV ve V

III, IV ve V

Açıklama:

Types of BOP: RIGID BALANCE SIMPLE BALANCE MULTIPLE BALANCE LOCAL BALANCE REGIONAL BALANCE GLOBAL BALANCE FLEXIBLE BALANCE.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

“[G]reat powers… are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal.” How is this assumption called?

Balance of power

The balance of threat theory

Defensive realism

Defensive security

Offensive realism

Açıklama:

Offensive realism is built upon the assumption that “[G]reat powers… are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 48

"_____________ has been the dominant theory of International Relations discipline since the end of the Second World War."
Which of the following options fills in the gap correctly?

Realism

Moral

Politics

Anarchy

Law

Açıklama:

Realism has been the dominant theory of International Relations discipline since the end of the Second World War.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

Which of the following names is of neoclassical realism?

Kenneth Waltz

Henry Kissinger

Gideon Rose

Stephen Walt

John Mearsheimer

Açıklama:

Starting with neo-realism (structural realism) of Kenneth Waltz, followed by offensive/defensive realism of John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt and neoclassical realism of Gideon Rose, realists keep to exert relatively accurate and profound insights regarding the international politics and state behavior in the post-Cold War World.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 50

Which of the following names wrote "Twenty Years' Crisis"?

Hans Morgenthau

Thomas Hobbes

Edward Carr

Kenneth Waltz

Raymond Aron

Açıklama:

Edward Carr wrote Twenty Years’ Crisis.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 51

Which of the following lists the two most influential figures in the development of the theory of realism in modern sense?

Edward H. Carr and Reinhold Niebuhr

Hobbes and Rousseau

Nicholas Spykman and Henry Kissinger

Thucydides and Machiavelli

George Kennan and Hans Morgenthau

Açıklama:

In modern sense, realism is influenced the most by two authors, namely, Edward H. Carr and Reinhold Niebuhr. Until today, there are many other names such as George Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Nicholas Spykman, Henry Kissinger etc. who contributed to the development of the theory in its classical shape.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the following is NOT among the assumptions of realist theory of international relations?

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.

State is seen as a unitary actor from the realist point of view,

Incarnated in the leader, states are rational (purposive) actors.

Military and related political issues dominate world politics.

Socio-economic issues are considered high-politics.

Açıklama:

The statements in the first options are about the four assumptions that realist theory of international relations has. However, according to realist theory, socio-economic issues are considered low-politics as opposed to what is stated in the option E. Indeed, military, strategic issues that concerns security of state are often referred to as “high politics”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

“… in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death."
The quotation from Hobbes (2016) above is used to show that __________ .

humans live in a world of endless resources

politics have their roots in human nature

human in nature look for equality among all people

political morality is possible without prudence

interest determines political conduct regardless cultural context

Açıklama:

First, let's have a look at the six principles:
1. Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.
2. Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.
3. Interest determines political conduct within the political and cultural context which foreign policy is formulated.
4. Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics. There can be no political morality without prudence.
5. Nations are entities that pursue their interests as defined by power and should not be judged by universal moral principles.
6. Political realism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.
As seen in these principles, first classical realists, without denying the importance of anarchy, underlines the role of human nature. To describe this nature, Thomas Hobbes uses these words:
“… in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death” (Hobbes, 2016).
Simply put, man is naturally egoist and in a world of limited resources, he is guided by an endless will to gain power and it is this will that shapes his relations with others. As an animus dominandi, he constantly seeks to make others the subject of his domination. In realist perspective, this egoism and powerseeker (domination-seeker) character of human-being is also found as a constitutive element in every association and organization created by man. So, if international politics is all about power, it is the inevitable result of the reflection of human characteristic on international actors.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

Which of the following is the writer of Theory of International Politics?

Thucydides

Thomas Hobbes

Hans Morgenthau

Kenneth Waltz

Carr

Açıklama:

Kenneth Waltz is considered as the precursor of neorelaism. Theory of International Politics (1979) is his seminal work and in this book he tries to develop a scientific approach to understand and explain the international political system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

"Competition in __________ systems is more complicated than competition in __________ones because uncertainties about the comparative capabilities of states multiply as numbers grow, and because estimates of the cohesiveness and strength of coalitions are hard to make."
Which of the following meaningfully complete the quotation above?

multipolar / bipolar

unipolar / multipolar

bipolar / unipolar

bipolar / multipolar

unipolar / bipolar

Açıklama:

In Waltzian perspective, having only two great powers in the system is a sine qua non condition to a stable international environment. “Significant changes take place when the number of great powers reduces to two or one. With more than two, states rely for their security both on their own internal efforts and on alliances they may make with others. Competition in multipolar systems is more complicated than competition in bipolar ones because uncertainties about the comparative capabilities of states multiply as numbers grow, and because estimates of the cohesiveness and strength of coalitions are hard to make”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

According to defensive realists, what is the main goal of international structure?

Increase their existing power

Be content with the existing status quo

Stop others' strive for power

Preserve their relative power

Gain as much power as possible

Açıklama:

For defensive realists, international structure incites states to maintain the existing balance of power, the present status quo. So, in this regard, main goal of international actors is to preserve their relative power not to increase it. However, in offensive realist perspective, common belief is that it is extremely rare to find states that are content with the existing status quo. That is because the international structure compels them to maximize their relative power as it is the only way to maximize their security. In that sense, their aggressive actions should be considered as an implication of their natural desire to survive.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

The figure above shows __________ .

Balance of Threat

Power Relations

Types of Balance

Realist Model of Foreign Policy

Types of Balance of Power

Açıklama:

According to Walt, there are four elements that define perceived threat. The four elements of threat are aggregate power, geographic proximity, offensive capabilities, and offensive intentions. Basically, how powerful is it, how close is it, how much military might is it capable of, and is it acting aggressively? Those are the four criteria that states use to evaluate the threat posed by other states.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Neoclassical realism is seen as a promising prospect for the study of international relations because of __________ .

giving less importance to some domestic variables

combining “outside and inside” elements to establish a solid analytical framework for IR

highlighting the importance of material factors in international relations

ignoring public opinion, civil society on foreign policy process

establishing power balance for states

Açıklama:

Neoclassical realism could be considered as an approach that seizes the middle-ground in realist perspective. Given the increasing importance of some domestic variables such as public opinion, civil society on foreign policy process, adding that the immaterial factors that have been mostly ignored by the other realist views, its inclination to combine “outside and inside” elements to establish a solid analytical framework for not only states’ foreign policies but also international politics in general, offers, without doubt, a promising prospect for the study of international relations in 21st century.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

Which of the following states the reason why neorealist paradigm of international relations is not capable of offering an explicit policy guidance

They have little or no choice owing to the confining international structure in which they must operate.

International actors are not interested in having a solid framework to facilitate foreign policy.

New developments in international relations do not leave any room for initiations.

State leaders are not interested in confronting the practical problems of world politics.

They do not want to change the balance of power and threat in IR.

Açıklama:

Neorealist paradigm of international relations is not capable of offering an “… explicit policy guidance to state leaders as they confront the practical problems of world politics. This is presumably because they have little or no choice owing to the confining international structure in which they must operate”. It is not at all interested in developing a solid framework to facilitate foreseeing foreign policy moves of international actors. Waltzian argument, conforming to its determinist character, is simply that structure determines behavior and dictates policy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

Which of the following factors are NOT among the factors that encourage the limitation of violence in interstate relations, hence stability, within a bipolar world?

As a natural result of an international system with only two major powers, there are no peripheries.

The intensity of competition increases and there is a reluctance to accept small territorial losses.

The nearly constant presence of pressure and the recurrence of crisis must be pointed out.

The preponderant power of major actors are to be seen as sources of peace and stability.

States should be encouraged more to maximize their power over other countries.

Açıklama:

There are “four factors that encourage the limitation of violence in interstate relations”, thus, the stability, within a bipolar world. First of all, as a natural result of an international system with only two major powers, there are no peripheries. Secondly, the scope of factors those included in the competition is extended as the intensity of competition increases and “increased intensity is expressed in a reluctance to accept small territorial losses.” As a third characteristic of bipolar world, one must point out “the nearly constant presence of pressure and the recurrence of crisis.” Although it may sound, at first glance, a bit odd that this condition of permanent tension is considered to be a factor that encourages peace and stability, this assumption emphasizes the fact that “to fight small wars in the present may be the means of avoiding large wars later.” These three factors as the stabilizing particularities of a bipolar world, combined with a fourth element which is the preponderant power of major actors that help to achieve, in one way or another, comprehension and absorption of revolutionary political, military, and economic changes within the bipolar balance, are to be seen as sources of peace and stability. These are also the characteristics of the AmericanSoviet relations in the post-WWII era and in that perspective, they are considered to be generally effective to maintain the relative stability of this period and relevance of each factor is proved by various crisis examples of different degree such as Korea, Formosa Strait, Cuba, Berlin, Indo-China, etc..

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Which of the following is not one of main assumptions of realist theory in international relations?

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.

States are considered unitary actors.

States are rational actors.

National and international security rank at the top of the hierarchy of issues.

Socio-economic topics and the wellbeing of citizens rank at the top of the hierarchy of issues.

Açıklama:

Strategic issues such as the security of the state are often referred to as "high politics" whereas socio-economic topics remain in the field of "low politics". As such, the hierarchy of issues prioritises military and related national and international security issues.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 62

Which of the following principles of classical realism is related to the pre-civil condition of animus dominandi, wherein life is ruled and shaped by a permanent state of war of every man against every man?

Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.

Interest determines political conduct.

Nations cannot be judged by universal moral principles.

Political realism rejects the legalistic-moralistic approach to international politics.

Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics.

Açıklama:

Classical realists state that man is naturally egotistical and has an endless will to gain power. As animus dominandi, he constantly seeks to make others the subject of his domination. Since this state is considered human nature, it is also a result of the state of nature, the pre-civil condition that is an extremely adverse human circumstance in which life is ruled and shaped by a permanent state of war of every man against every man. This constant fear of death has resulted in humans engaging in rational collaborations due to security concerns. As such, human nature lies at the root of politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

Which of the following does the "balance of power" refer to?

The concept that states must prioritise morality over security.

The realist notion that politics itself is not immoral, but amoral (non-moral) due to the fact that states are abstract entities and are therefore not bound by the limits of universal moral principles.

A regulating mechanism at the center of an anarchical environment that leads to a configuration and policies that balance out the will of states to either maintain or overthrow the status quo.

The international system with intricate policies and universal legislations that prioritise morality in an effort to automatically ensure permanent stability and peace on an international level.

The self regulatory mechanism in which more powerful states are determinant in the policies of international relations, while lesser states are reliant on them for security and, in fact, existence.

Açıklama:

The "balance of power" is a mechanism that creates the distinction between anarchy and chaos. While nations try to maintain or overthrow the status quo based on their own aspirations, the necessity for a configuration called the balance of power rises, leading to policies that aim at preserving it. The power relationships between states sustain international order, with the power of states being balanced by each other. Since this process is a result of statesmen policies and international relations, it does not appear automatically but emerges from these policies (which may be subject to change) and serves to provide temporary stability and peace at the international level.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Which below can be inferred from the statement “the vast majority of IR theorists are not realists because of its pessimistic conviction that there are severe limitations on human reason and its ability to achieve the progressive, liberal goals that most of us take for granted as moral truths"?

There are not many IR theorists who can be considered realists.

Most of IR theorists are strongly realists.

Moral truths are what IR realists are mostly concerned with.

Human reason is capabable of achieving progress without limits.

Liberal goals do not interest most of IR theorists.

Açıklama:

Part of the statement “the vast majority of IR theorists are not realists" suggests that most IR theorists are not in fact realists. The reason for the claim is expalined further in the rest of it.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

Which of the following is the fundamental difference of approach between classical realism and neorealism in international relations?

Classical realism in international relations stems from the international politics of ancient Greece while neorealism has proven to be the dominant theory of international relations since the end of the Second World War.

Classical realism is based on the progressive, liberal thought of idealism whereas neorealism emerged following the brute force political currents that were influential in the rise of national socialism in Germany in the 1930's and the consolidation of authoritarian political currents.

Classical realism emphasizes human nature and the self-interest of states, while neorealism emphasizes that the traits of states and statesmen will determine the balance of power in international relations.

Neorealism abandons the human nature aspect and statecraft ethics that are dominant in the classical realism approach to international relations, instead determining that the international systemic structure as a whole is determinant as it may constrain individual decision makers.

Classical realists see international relations as a result of external pressures shaping state policy and international relations, while neorealism implies that internal forces result in power struggles that shape international relations.

Açıklama:

In essence, neorealism gives no account of human nature and disregards statecraft ethics, instead focusing on the systemic structure of international relations that is completely external to the actors. It is this international system that tell states and individual actors what to do, and not the other way around.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

Within the relative gain approach to the concept of balance of power, which of the following reflects the differentiation of international systems from a neorealist perspective?

Monopolar and bipolar.

Monopolar, multipolar, bipolar.

Multipolar, unipolar, bipolar.

Unipolar, bipolar.

Multipolar and unipolar.

Açıklama:

In the neorealist perspective, particular international systems can be differentiated as being multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar based on the number of major actors or the distribution capabilities across units (in which neorealism considered states to be units).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 67

Which of the following is not one of the four factors that encourage the limitation of violence in interstate relations in a bipolar world according to neorealists?

The lack of peripheries in a world with only two major powers.

The increase in the scope of factors included in the competition between the powers.

The permanent state of tension that arises in a bipolar arrangement.

The dominant power of major actors (in a bipolar structure) to absorb revolutionary political, military and economic changes.

A threat to the sine qua non condition of survival for each state.

Açıklama:

As the fundamental requirement to other needs, survival and security is the primary goal of any state. In a bipolar arrangement, the constant pressure of such a threat may result in permanent tension that may result in smaller conflicts to prevent larger ones, but a fundamental threat to the very existence of the state is not considered a limiting factor that contributes to stability in a bipolar world.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 68

Which below is not an assumption of the realist theory?

States are the central and most important actors of world politics.

State is a unitary actor.

States are, in essence, rational actors.

National and international security are the most important issues for states.

Security of state are often referred to as “low politics” whereas socio-economic topics remain in the field of “high politics”

Açıklama:

Fourth and the last main realist assumption puts emphasis on hierarchy of issues according to which the ones related to national and international security are located at the top. “Military and related political issues dominate world politics.” (Viotti and Kauppi, 2012: 40). In that logic, military, strategic issues that concerns security of state are often referred to as “high politics” whereas socio-economic topics remains in the field of “low politics”. In that context, the hierarchy mentioned here schematize the realist vision of political issues regarding their importance and primacy over one another.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 69

Which of the following events may be characterised as exemplary of a bipolar international system?

American-Soviet relations following World War II.

The rise of ISIS and terrorist organisations in the middle east.

American intervention during the Gulf wars.

The trade embargoes applied to Cuba leading up to the missile crisis.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Açıklama:

American-Soviet relations in the post WW II era are considered to be a relatively stable example of bipolar balance in that despite constant tension during the Cold War era including certain crises such as the Cuban missile crisis, the two global superpowers were effective at maintaining the relative stability of this period.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 70

What is a possible inferrence from the saying "Man is wolf to another man" in field of internatioanl relations?

Humanism is above all else in international relations.

Liberal approaches to various issues would make the world a better place.

Acquisiton of power is very important in international relations.

Co-operation among states is a key to peace in the world.

Hostility is evitable in international relations.

Açıklama:

“The [realist] tradition focuses on the nationstate as the principle actor in international relations and its central proposition is that since the purpose of statecraft is national survival in an hostile environment, the acquisition of power is the proper, rational and inevitable goal of foreign policy (Evans and Newnham, 1998: 465). In this view, international arena is the scene of power politics and power, in that matter, it is conceptualized as both a means and an end in itself. In other words, international actors, nation-states notably, seek to gain power and it is this power what helps them survive in this environment in which reigns homo homini lupus est (man is wolf to another man) principle.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 71

Which of the following explains the alliances formed in opposition to the Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs?

Discrepancies in regional balances of power.

A struggle for offensive power to establish dominance in a neorealist multipolar viewpoint.

Defensive realism to stabilise the international system.

The balance of threat theory in response to the international security dilemma.

Offensive realism in an attempt to establish hegemony over Iran and North Korea.

Açıklama:

The international security dilemma establishes that states trying to increase their own security by means of offensive weapons decreases the security of others. As such, despite not being dominant powers on a global or even regional scale, the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea signify an increasingly significant threat. As such, alliances established in opposition to these programs are reactions as results of a threat imbalance best explained by the balance of threat theory.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

Which of the following is defined by Randall Schweller as "the only game in town for the current and next generation of realists"?

Classical realism.

Structural realism.

Neorealism.

Offensive realism.

Neoclassical realism.

Açıklama:

Neoclassical realists agree with the neorealist assumption that the primary factors of foreign policy choices are the relative powers of states on an international level. This is then combined with the classical realist view of the importance of national level variables resulting in a complex implementation of both external and internal variables. As such, Randall Schweller stated that "Neoclassical realism is essentially the only game in town for the current and next generation of realists".

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 73

Which of the following may be considered the fundamental shortcoming of the neorealist paradigm?

It completely disregards state-level issues.

It does not provide a solid framework for foreign policy moves and practical problems of world politics.

It complicates international relations by introducing a third level of analysis beyond human nature and the traits of states.

It rejects the notion that human nature is in any way influential in international relations.

It reduces international relations into an anarchical structure of functionally identical states.

Açıklama:

On a theoretical level, neorealism is not interested in developing a solid framework to facilitate foreseeing foreign policy moves of international actors. As such, this paradigm is not capable of offering an "explicit policy guidance to state leaders as they confront the practical problems of world politics. This is presumably because they have little or no choice owing to the confining international structure in which they must operate".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

Which below is not one of the six principles of realism?

Prudence is the supreme virtue in international politics.

Nations can be judged by universal moral principles.

Interest determines political conduct.

Statesmen conduct themselves in terms of interest defined as power.

Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.

Açıklama:

Nations cannot be judged by universal moral principles.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 75

Which below is a summary of the classical realist point of view regarding politics?

All politics is struggle for power.

Politics is focused mainly on welfare of people.

Politicians are concerned about universal moral values while acting.

Politics is governed by ethics.

States do not need politics to survive.

Açıklama:

Given classical realist point of view that sees “all politics” whether international or domestic, as a “struggle for power” and its distinction between “high” and “low” politics, it can be claimed that “the difference between domestic politics and international relations”, in classical realist thought, “are of degree, not of kind” (Halliday, 2012: 25).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 76

Who is the pioneer of structural realism?

George Kennan

Edward H. Carr

Rousseau

Henry Kissinger

Kenneth Waltz

Açıklama:

Considered as the precursor of neorealism, Kenneth Waltz, in his seminal work, Theory of International Politics (1979), tries to develop a scientific approach to understand and explain the international political system.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Which below is not a type of balance of power?

Complex balance

Rigid balance

Global balance

Multiple balance

Regional balance

Açıklama:

Simple balance, regional balance, rigid balance, multiple balance, global balance, local balance and flexible balance are types of balance of power.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 78

What is the theory that assumes “[G]reat powers… are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal”?

Classical realism

Defensive realism

Offensive realism

Structural realism

Neoclassical realism

Açıklama:

As different from defensive realism, even in the contrary direction, Mearsheimer, in his essay about future of the post-Cold War World, particularly Europe, emphasizes that a transition to a multipolar order from a bipolar one provokes instability. He argues that “the next decades in a Europe without the superpowers would probably not be as violent as the first 45 years of this century but would probably be substantially more prone to violence than the past 45 years” (Mearsheimer, 1993: 43). He affirms partially Waltz’s view by accepting that the anarchic structure compels states to compete for power for security and survival. However, the image of state portrayed by Mearsheimer is greedier and more aggressive than how Waltz pictures it. He claims that states seek hegemony; they all want to become, ultimately, regional hegemons. His theory, as it is called, offensive realism is built upon the assumption that “[G]reat powers… are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal” (Mearsheimer, 2001: 29).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 79

What type of realism does the definition “it explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematising certain insights drawn from classical realist thought" refer to?

Neoclassical realism

Structural realism

Classical realism

Offensive realism

Defensive realism

Açıklama:

“Neoclassical realism is”, as stated by Randall Schweller, “essentially the only game in town for the current and next generation of realists” (Schweller, 2003: 344-45). Taken the definition offered by one of the precursors of this paradigm, Gideon Rose (1998) says, “it [neoclassical realism] explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Which of the following is a key concept of classical philosophy that is also commonly mentioned by liberal writers?

rule of God

pluralism

spontaneous order

unlimited state

democracy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following sentences is true about Classical Liberal Theory of International Relations?

As the basic unit of analysis is taken to be the state, classical liberals have concentrated on the nature of states.

Classical liberals have been realistic to recognize human nature as rigid and non-complying.

Conflict is never considered as part of human life.

Classical liberals have been away from the Kantian utopianism’s idea that that conflicts could be totally abolished.

Classical liberals are not at all concerned with the means/tools to deal with violence.

Açıklama:

As the basic unit of analysis is taken to be the human being, classical liberals have concentrated on the human nature and actions in explaining IR. They have been realistic to recognize the human nature as flexible and need to freedom to use his/ her reason and potential. Conflict is also recognized as a natural part of human life since individual is prone to making mistakes and act according to his/her passions. Thus, politics needs to study conflict resolution as well as conditions of peaceful cooperation, in both domestic and international spheres. Classical liberals in this sense have been away from the Kantian utopianism’s idea that conflicts could be totally abolished. They are concerned more with the means/tools to deal with violence and how to limit its occurrence (van de Haar, 2009, 128).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why classical liberals oppose to the Kantian cosmopolitanism?

There is no need for a universal enforcer

Separate nation states could realize this alone and together

A universal enforcer itself would be a threat to liberty

Sovereignty of nations matter more

Humanitarian intervention is the only option

Açıklama:

Classical liberals oppose to the Kantian cosmopolitanism on the ground that there is no need for a universal enforcer, separate nation states could realize this alone and together, since a universal enforcer itself would be a threat to liberty. By the same token, classical liberals valued sovereignty of nations, and humanitarian intervention was not their concern.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

According to Haas (1970), which of the following is NOT one of the regularities observed within the industrialized-pluralistic nations?

Collective decisions

Limiting the media

Spill-over

The faith of elites in increased integration

Mutual interests of governments and groups

Açıklama:

Haas defined integration as “a process for the creation of political communities defined in institutional and attitudinal terms” (Haas, 1970, 610- 611). Among his generalizations for the regularities observed within the industrialized-pluralistic nations (such as the case of economic integration of Western Europe) were: (1) interests of the governments and groups in direction of interdependence and mutual benefits (2) collective decisions, (3) spill-over and (4) the faith of elites in increased integration.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

According to Robert Keohane, which of the following is one of the forms that institutions can take?

Multinational corporations

Dictatorships

Companies

Occupational networks

Regimes

Açıklama:

Robert Keohane explained the role of institutions as “persistent and connected sets of formal and informal rules that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity and shape expectations”. In his words, international institutions could take one of three forms: (1) formal intergovernmental or cross-national, non-governmental organizations, (2) international regimes, and (3) conventions (customary norms and practices).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following is true about the assumptions of liberal theory as explained by Moravcsik?

The fundamental actors are companies that act rationally and are prone to collective action for their interests.

An important source of social interests is nationalism.

States represent some domestic groups whose interests shape state preferences.

The independent individual preferences shape state behavior.

Groups’ demands may be towards conflict or cooperation.

Açıklama:

The fundamental actors are individuals who act rationally and are prone to collective action for their interests. Their demands may be towards conflict or cooperation under different social conditions such as divergent beliefs, scarcity of materials and inequality in political power. This means that there is no automatic harmony of interests. An important source of social interests is globalization that offers transnational economic, social and cultural opportunities (2013, 711).
States represent some domestic groups, whose interests shape state preferences. The nature of the state institutions and the societal demands shape the foreign policy.
The interdependent state preferences shape state behavior, so the costs and benefits to foreign societies when dominant social groups want to realize their preferences are taken into consideration. Thus cooperation (its form, substance and depth) depends on patterns of these preferences and their influences on dominant groups in other states instead of realist priority on configuration of power.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which of the following political tradition does the argument below depend on?
“Democratic peace theory argues that democracies can maintain peaceful relations among each other, owing to shared values and common approach in domestic republican governance.”

Hobbesian

Grotian

Classical liberal

Classical realist

Kantian

Açıklama:

Democratic peace theory follows the Kantian tradition and scholars like Michael Doyle and Bruce Russett share the idea that democracies can maintain peaceful relations among themselves due to their shared values and common approach in their domestic republican governance

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following is the main object of study or the unit of analysis in classical liberalism?

Social interactions within and across states

Individuals and their behavior

States in an international infrastructure

Non-governmental international organizations

Violent anti-government groups

Açıklama:

In classical liberalism, individual is the main object of study (unit of analysis), not groups, societies or nations. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts of classical liberal philosophy?

Priority of the national interest

Spontaneous order

Rule of law

Natural law

Limited state

Açıklama:

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. Priority of national interests is one of the concepts of classical realism. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

Which of the following is not among the concepts of classical liberal philosophy?

Individualism

Freedom

Natural law

Politics

Rule of law

Açıklama:

Classical liberalism
Politics

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

The basic mentality of the classical liberal writers is that social phenomena can only be understood through the study of the ______________ behavior (van de Haar, 2009).

political

individual

situational

descriptive

prescriptive

Açıklama:

Classical Liberalism
individual

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

I. Free market is the most widely used spontaneous order in liberal studies.
II. It is an outcome of human experience and collective result of trial and errors.
III. The related assumptions are based on the “laissez faire” (non-intervention) understanding so that state acts as an arbiter in disputes between individuals.
Which term is described by the above sentences?

Natural law

Individual freedom

Rule of law

Natural order

Limited state

Açıklama:

Classical Liberalism
Natural order

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Classical liberals see ___________ as a threat whenever it starts to limit the individual freedom and is shaped towards imperialism.

utopianism

internationalism

anarchism

humanism

nationalism***

Açıklama:

Classical Liberalism
nationalism

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which event provided room to manouver for the liberals, in the shape of economic interdependence and integration in Western Europe?

Cold War

Colonialism

Foundation of IMF

The World War I

Integration of Western Europe

Açıklama:

Liberal Internationalism
Cold War

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Liberals reject the distinction made by __________ between international and domestic politics, since they see foreign policy as an extension of the latter.

communists

institutionalists

realists

fascists

neoliberalists

Açıklama:

Neoliberal Institutionalism
realists

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

What is neoliberalism criticized for?

Its lack of a development-centered approach

Relative gains

Institutional cooperation

Its lack of a production-based approach

Its beneficial outcomes

Açıklama:

Neoliberal Institutionalism
Its lack of a development-centered approach

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

___________ liberalism is about the effects of gains and losses of the people in transactional economics on the state behavior.

Republican

Ideational

Commercial

Fundamental

International

Açıklama:

Neoliberal Institutionalism
Commercial

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

Which theory is criticized to be incapable of explaining globalization since it ignores the transnational societal interaction among agents?

Liberalism

Realism

Neoliberalism

Surrealism

Neorealism

Açıklama:

Neoliberal Institutionalism
Realism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

Following the liberal tradition, democratic peace theory is not based on__________________________________.

faith in human rationality

capability of maintaining peace

ability to overcome anarchy

peace enhancing effects of trade

conflicts among the countries

Açıklama:

Liberal Democratic Peace/Republican Liberalism
conflicts among the countries

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

International relations is an amalgam of conflictual and collaborative relations.
Human freedom cumulates through cooperation and interdependence.
The political and economic behaviours should be studies as two distinct areas.

Which of the above statements truely represents the basic assumptions of liberal international theory?

Only I

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III.

Açıklama:

The liberal thinkers discuss that international cooperation, just like conflict, emanates from the anarchic nature of the international system and argue that IR is an amalgam of conflictual and collaborative relations. Liberal tradition is cooperative in its nature because of its emphasis on human freedom which is thought to cumulate through cooperation, interaction and interdependence. Another assumption of the theory is that political and economic behaviors cannot be seperated from each other. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Which of the following is the term used in classical liberalism to refer to customs and practices that serve as the general conditions to be preserved?

Individualism

Freedom

Spontaneous law

Natural law

Rule of law

Açıklama:

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. According to classical liberal writers, social phenomena can only be understood through the study of the individual behavior and this gives the theory its voluntaristic characteristic. The classical liberals emphasize the importance of freedom; protection from intrusion and interference by others. The natural law denotes the customs and practices that serve as the general conditions to be preserved. Another key concept used by liberals is the spontaneous (natural) order which is composed of informal tacit contracts such as customs or conventions. The state is a set of governmental institutions and is a political entity. According to classical liberals, the sovereign (state) has three duties; (1) protection of its people from invasion of other states, (2) protection of each individual in society from oppression of other member(s) including protection of property and (3) provision of public services and sustainability of the societal institutions important for both individual freedom and peaceful coexistence. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

Why are economic organizations like the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund not in conformity with the classical liberal tradition?

They pose a threat to sovereign states.

They set limits to the individual freedom.

Their actions force sovereign states to act violently.

They interfere with the free market.

They undervalue the vast impact of capitalism.

Açıklama:

According to the liberal theory of international relations, any treats to free market can lead to conflicts and also threaten world peace and democracy. Economic organizations interfere with the free market, so they are not in conformity with the classical liberal tradition. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which of the following is not a key term of liberal internationalism?

Functionalism

Interdependence

Neo-functionalism

Transnationalism

Global governance

Açıklama:

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, interdependence and transnationalism are all terms drived from the liberal internationalism. Global governance is a theory coined by neoliberal institutionalists. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Cooperation is a positive-sum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges.
It is only prone to studying cooperation among states.
Political processes are the foci of analysis.

Which of the above statements differentiate the liberal theory from realist theory of international relations?

I only

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positive-sum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation (where gains of one party mean losses for others). Opposing to the realist dedication to nation-state as the focus of analysis, in liberal view, the political processes are foci and are formed through competition and cooperation among individuals and groups as agents (representing both state and non-state actors). According to liberal writers, structural theories such as neorealism lack a theory of preferences. In this connection, realism is criticized to be incapable of explaining globalization since it ignores the transnational societal interaction among agents. On the other hand, liberalism also takes policy interdependence into consideration. This is why the neoliberal view of power politics is not only prone to studying cooperation but is also applicable to the analysis of conflict. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the following variants of neoliberal theory discusses the effects of the conflict and compatibility of collective social values and identitites on state behavior?

Commercial liberalism

Republican liberalism

Regulatory liberalism

Sociological liberalism

Ideational liberalism

Açıklama:

There are three variants of neoliberal theory, ideational, commercial and republican. Ideational liberalism discusses the effects of the conflict and compatibility of collective social values and identities as regards public (collective) goods provision (like geographical border, political decision-making processes and socioeconomic regulation) on state behavior. Commercial liberalism is about the effects of gains and losses of the people in transactional economics on the state behavior. Finally, republican liberalism is about the effects of the variants of democratic representation and rent- seeking on state behavior. Regulatory and sociological liberalism are strands of classical liberal theory. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of liberal tradition?

top-down analysis

economic interdependence or interconnectedness

an extensive agenda composed of all issue areas

pluralist image of world politics

analysis of decision making processes

Açıklama:

Liberal tradition has four main assumptions: (1) pluralist image of world politics where states, non-state and transnational entities are important actors (2) economic interdependence or interconnectedness where network of states, governmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, groups and individuals turn into a global civil society that has a pacifying affect on states (3) an extensive agenda composed of all issue areas not limited with military and security issues but involving economic, social and environmental ones (4) individual level of analysis, opposed to a top-down analysis of structural realism and analysis of decision-making processes with an eye to individual, social, cultural differences. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which of the following theories put forth that social institutions govern the actions in the international arena?

Functionalism

Neo-functionalism

Transnationalism

Regime

Interdependence

Açıklama:

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, transnationalism and interdepence are all theories and terms coined by liberal internationalists and they focus mainly on the importance of international cooperation and collaboration. Regime theory, on the other hand, is an outgrowth of neoliberal institutionalism and puts forth that social institutions govern the actions in the international arena. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

When was International Relations as a discipline born?

Just before the First World War

Following the First World War

Just before the Second World War

Following the Second World War

Just before the Cold War Period

Açıklama:

International Relations as a discipline was born following the devastation and trauma of the First World War (WWI)

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

When did classical liberalism emerge as a political theory?

In the 15th century

In the 16th century

In the 17th century

In the 18th century

In the 19th century

Açıklama:

The classical liberalism can be traced back to ancient thinkers and has its roots in the Stoic philosophy. It was developed as a “political” theory in the 17th century by writers like John Locke whose philosophical and theological defense of property rights and religious toleration inspired other liberal thinkers (Thorsen, 2010, 191).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 43

I. individualism
II. state-centricism
III. Natural law
Which one(s) of these is/are among the key concepts of classical liberal philosophy?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

I-III

Açıklama:

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. The different classifications of classical liberalism is based on different interpretations of these six core elements.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 44

Which one of the following terms refers to the school of thought which argues that human beings are all part of a larger community despite their different political entities and cultures?

Secularization

Liberalism

Realism

Stoicism

Patriotism

Açıklama:

Stoicism is a school of thought which argues that human beings are all part of a larger community despite their different political entities and cultures. The equality of people comes from the universal ability of human kind to reason and the applicability of natural law. The emphasis on universalism in stoic philosophy affected liberal precursors like Hugo Grotius (17th century) and Immanuel Kant (19th century).

Doğru Cevap: D

Which of the following is NOT one of the concepts of classical liberalism?

Moral judgment

Limited state

Rule of law

Spontaneous order

Natural law

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 55

Which of the following can explain the "invisible hand"?

Economic growth

Free market

Unintended consequences

Recognition of rights

Control of state

Açıklama:

Classical liberals accept that order is possible as a result of customs, traditions and societal institutions. Smith’s explanation of the free market and his famous example the invisible hand denotes such understanding.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 56

Who stated that in the state of nature, individuals lived together out of fear and they had the right to do anything necessary for survival in their struggle for life?

Adam Smith

Immanuel Kant

David Hume

Thomas Hobbes

Hugo Gratius

Açıklama:

According to realist philosopher Thomas Hobbes, in the state of nature, individuals lived together out of fear and they had the right to do anything necessary for survival in their struggle for life.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

Which book is about the dangers of unrestrained individual freedom and the stability sustained by the sovereign’s rule?

The Wealth of Nations

The Rule of Law

The Twenty Years’ Crisis

Second Treatise on Government

Leviathan

Açıklama:

In Leviathan, Hobbes wrote about the dangers of unrestrained individual freedom and the stability sustained by the sovereign’s rule.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

"In ____________, diplomacy is the bond between members of international society that converge around common norms and goals that is international law" Which of the fllowing fills in the gap correctly?

Patriotism

Classic liberalism

the Grotian view

Kantian cosmopolitanism

Liberal internationalism

Açıklama:

In the Grotian view, diplomacy is the bond between members of international society that converge around common norms and goals that is international law

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 59

"Since there is need for consensus and collective decision making mechanisms, it is not easy to realize ______________ and it is in the interests of the actors to follow this path or not." Which of the following fills in the gap correctly?

Complex interdependence

Republican liberalism

Golobal governence

Mutual dependence

International behavior

Açıklama:

Since there is need for consensus and collective decision making mechanisms, it is not easy to realize global governance and it is in the interests of the actors to follow this path or not.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Whose book is “Perpetual Peace”?

Mikhail Gorbachev

Robert Keohane

Andrew Moravcsik

Immanuel Kant

Michael Doyle

Açıklama:

Kant in his book “Perpetual Peace” (1795) wrote about three definitive articles that had to be accepted by all nations for a perpetual peace to exist.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 61

Which one of the following is true about liberalism?

the political and economic behaviors needs to be separated in to two distinct issue areas.

The liberal reading of IR is composed of both ordinary and individual behaviors characteristic.

Human freedom is thought to cumulate through cooperation, interaction and interdependence in liberal tradition.

Liberalism has criticized because of inadequacy to explain international cooperation and narrow definitions of the national interest.

The liberal scholars were affected by the act of national governments.

Açıklama:

In liberalism, the political and economic behaviors cannot be separated from each other. It is impossible to categorize them as two distinct issue areas. The liberal reading of IR is composed of both conflictual and cooperative behaviors of states, non-state entities and individuals. Also, liberalism has criticized realism’s inadequacy to explain international cooperation and argues that the realist analyses are confined with the limits of narrow definitions of the national interest. The liberal scholars were affected by the international circumstances around them such as the Cold War or the increasing effects of globalization. Correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

When did international relations was born as a discipline?

First world war

second world war

Cold war

Rennaisance

Industrial revolution

Açıklama:

International Relations as a discipline was born following the devastation and trauma of the First World War (WWI).

Doğru Cevap: A

The rise of multinational corporations increased interest towards state- centrism and politics

Interdependence and transnationalism supported liberalism’s pluralistic nature

The shift from integration to interdependence was due to acceleration in globalization

The reluctance of states to transfer their sovereignty to regional organizations was due to complex interdepence.

Haas and Nye formulated “complex interdependence” as a structure of multiple channels connecting states and making them sensitive to “what goes on” in each other reciprocally.

Which of the above statements are wrong?

II, III and V

II and IV

I and V

I, III and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The shift from integration to interdependence was also because of the acceleration in globalization. The reluctance of states to transfer their sovereignty to regional organizations was due to complex interdepence.Keohane and Nye formulated “complex interdependence” as a structure of multiple channels connecting states and making them sensitive to “what goes on” in each other reciprocally.
Correct answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 67

In 1970s, the liberal theory evolved into a more realist version compared with both classical liberalism and liberal internationalism. This became more apparent with the welfare liberals. What is the base of their ideas?

The formation of republics or incompatibility with the rights or abilities of the other(s).

Keynesian doctrines of increased role of state in economics that brought economic nationalism on the agenda again

Perfecting the domestic political system and overcoming the war system through establishment of responsible governments,

The balance of power mechanism.

Collective security which aims to provide security for all states.

Açıklama:

It became more apparent with the welfare liberals who based their ideas on Keynesian doctrines of increased role of state in economics that brought economic nationalism on the agenda again. The doctrinal elements of liberalism were reevaluated under the light of changing international circumstances. Correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 68

Which of the following consept is a positivesum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes through liberal lenses?

Cooperation

Colaboration

Instututionalism

Interdependence

Reformation

Açıklama:

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positivesum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation. Correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which one of the following is the shared idea of Michael Doyle and Bruce Russett about democracies?

In democracies, international commerce is a force for peace.

In democracies global institutions needs to guide and restrain collective activities of agents.

Democracies can maintain peaceful relations among themselves due to their shared values and common approach in their domestic republican governance.

In democracies, human rights and democracy shall continue as core values of liberalism

In democracies, the nature of the state institutions and the societal demands shape the foreign policy.

Açıklama:

Scholars like Michael Doyle and Bruce Russett share the idea that democracies can maintain peaceful relations among themselves due to their shared values and common approach in their domestic republican governance.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 70

Which of the following can not be a basis of democratic peace theory?

Ability to overcome anarchy and power politics.

Capability of maintaining peace.

Faith in human rationality.

Peace enhancing effects of trade.

Mutual advatages of politics.

Açıklama:

Following the liberal tradition; democratic peace theory is based on
(1) faith in human rationality,
(2) capability of maintaining peace,
(3) ability to overcome anarchy and power politics,
(4) peace enhancing effects of trade. Correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

Which of the following is FALSE about the classical liberalism?

It can be tracked back to ancient thinkers.

It has its roots in the Stoic philosophy.

It was developed as a "theological" theory in the 17th century.

John Locke inspired other thinkers by his views.

Individualism and freedom are among key words of classical liberalism.

Açıklama:

The classical liberalism can be traced back to ancient thinkers and has its roots in the Stoic philosophy. It was developed as a “political” theory in the 17th century by writers like John Locke whose philosophical and theological defense of property rights and religious toleration inspired other liberal thinkers.
There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

"Non-Christian people in a Christian country are not allowed to practice their religion, which has to be confined to the interior only. If they do so, they may be attacked or protests and in such a situation there are no laws to protect them."
Which of the following principles of classical liberalism is violated in the description above?

Individualism

Natural Law

Spontaneous Order

Freedom

Rule of Law

Açıklama:

Freedom is an indispensable condition for classical liberalism and is also closely related with the degree of state’s involvement in the life of the individual.
Freedom is the area where the individual is free to act, without violating the rights of others. The classical liberals emphasize the importance of protection from intrusion and interference by others.
Freedom is comprised of all personal liberties known as “personal security under the law” (protecting life of an individual), the freedoms of private property and contract, religious belief, intellectual inquiry and expression. Liberalism strongly argues for the protection of a large private sphere for the individual, whereas living together with others necessitates compliance with general rules which are required to maintain justice and order, both in domestic and international spheres

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

"What the liberal thinkers had in mind was a system where individuals could choose how to integrate with the division of labor. As result of experience, driving force was agreed to be the consumer taste to determine what to produce for the market, under very limited government planning."
Which of the following terms is related to the extract quoted above?

The rule of law and protection of the individual

Intellectual inquiry and expression

Spontaneous order and free market

Natural law and natural rights

Negative freedom and arbitrary authority

Açıklama:

The spontaneous (natural) order is composed of informal tacit contracts such as customs or conventions.
Free market is the most widely used spontaneous order in liberal studies, as a type of regularity in human affairs and a product of evolution of social practices. Thus, it is an outcome of human experience and collective result of trial and errors.
The related assumptions are based on the “laissez faire” (non-intervention) understanding so that state acts as an arbiter in disputes between individuals and ensures the conditions under which individuals can enjoy their rights.
In this connection, classical liberals accept that order is possible as a result of customs, traditions and societal institutions. Smith’s explanation of the free market and his famous example the invisible hand denotes such understanding. Free market then is all about the bartering and division of labor inherent to humans. The self interest of the humans have resulted in a system whereby other individuals could also find products and services for their consumption. The relationship between liberty, economic growth and progress were thought as the unintended consequences of the human action and evolved into the capitalist system.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 74

"In the state of nature, individuals lived together out of fear and they had the right to do anything necessary for survival in their struggle for life."
Which of the following philosophers stated the view quoted above?

Immanuel Kant

Adam Smith

David Hume

Richard Cobden

Thomas Hobbes

Açıklama:

According to realist philosopher Thomas Hobbes, in the state of nature, individuals lived together out of fear and they had the right to do anything necessary for survival in their struggle for life. This rather pessimistic view is at a distance from liberal ideas on state of nature and natural rights of human beings. In the Hobbesian (realist) tradition, for order in social life, obedience to law is important and the sovereign has the authority to use power. In terms of liberty, people are under complete subjection by the sovereign so through liberal lenses, their rights are not safe. Hobbes’ ideas have provided the philosophy behind the growth of the realist tradition in IR.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

Classical liberals oppose to the Kantian cosmopolitanism.
Which of the following states the reason for this opposition?

Kanians valued sovereignty of nations.

Kantians favored humanitarian intervention.

Classical liberals state there is no need for a universal enforcer.

Classical liberals want less free countries to avoid taking developed ones as models.

Classical liberals want international law to be flexible in protecting individual rights.

Açıklama:

Classical liberals oppose to the Kantian cosmopolitanism on the ground that there is no need for a universal enforcer, separate nation states could realize this alone and together, since a universal enforcer itself would be a threat to liberty.
By the same token, classical liberals valued sovereignty of nations, and humanitarian intervention was not their concern. They believed that the developed countries could be models for less free countries through international trade and cultural exchange. States communicate and negotiate through diplomacy and this maintains the stability. In the Grotian view, diplomacy is the bond between members of international society that converge around common norms and goals that is international law (rule of law at international level). Due to the anarchical nature of the international system that lacks a central authority, international law is enforced by the states themselves and the different interpretations of rules may lead to conflicts. Generally, states recognize that it is in their interest to conform to international law. According to classical liberalism, international law must be restricted to the international protection of individual rights. This has been the ground for the establishment of the international governmental organizations since the nineteenth century.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 76

Which of the following names studied the nature of international collaboration and how it could be achieved through apolitical processes in his integration theory named “functionalism”?

David Mitrany

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Robert Keohane

Josehp S Nye, Jr

Ernst Haas

Açıklama:

In post-WWII Western European politics, liberals such as David Mitrany studied the nature of international collaboration and how it could be achieved through apolitical processes in his integration theory named “functionalism”. According to Mitrany, nonpolitical experts could better deal with their areas of technical expertise and initiate collaboration which in time would expand into other areas as well. The ever closer union of Western Europe increased the attention towards liberal integration theories and the question evolved this time around whether political integration could be achieved or not.
Ernst Haas was the one putting forward the assumptions of "neofunctionalism".
The most well-known liberal internationalist Wilson in the aftermath of the WWI argued for a system of collective security to maintain peace, based on rule of law, instead of the old balance of power mechanism.
Robert Keohane listed three strands of classical liberal theory as (1) commercial liberalism about the pacific effects of trade, (2) democratic liberalism about pacific effects of republican governments, (3) regulatory liberalism about rules and institutions for relations between countries. Joseph Nye has added a fourth one (4) sociological liberalism about the effects of transnational ties on national attitudes and interests.
The term interdependence (mutual dependence) entered the liberal terminology and was followed by the term transnationalism, which further supported liberalism’s pluralistic nature as regards international actors. The rise of the multinational corporations (MNCs) in world politics and their business transactions across the national boundaries of sovereign nation states increased the interest towards international political economy. The transgovernmental coalitions of the MNCs began to have steering role in economics and were closely related with politics as studied by Nye and Keohane.

Doğru Cevap: A

the interests of the working class
the power of ruling class over social institutions
the influence of the majority on values and norms

Which of the above is part of the cultural hegemony?

III

I and II

II and III

Açıklama:

Cultural hegemony, in a generic sense, is the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following schools of thought accuse the West of keeping underdeveloped countries in a position of subordination and dependence through limiting investments and bribing local elites?

Marxism

Imperialism

Socialism

Neo-marxism

Communism

Açıklama:

Neo-Marxism focuses especially on the issues of underdeveloped and core-developed country relations. In this regard, many neo-Marxists accuse the West that represents the world capitalist system of keeping underdeveloped countries in a position of subordination and dependence through limiting investments and bribing local elites. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the following scholars has come up with the theory of world system?

Immanuel M. Wallerstein

Antonio Gramsci

Raul Prebich

Thomas Weisskopf

Johann Galtung

Açıklama:

World system theory is put forth by Immanuel M. Wallerstein. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

The North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy.
All countries situated in the south hemisphere are labeled as underdeveloped or developing Third World countries.
The countries in the South account for a quarter of the global income.

Which of the above statements is true about the north and south division?

III

I and II

II and III

Açıklama:

The North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy. The North is roughly composed of developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South is comprised of underdeveloped or developing Third World countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, taking placing in the South, yet being labeled as part of the North. The developed countries of the North account for over 90 percent of all manufacturing industries in the world. Even though these countries account for only one quarter of the total global population, they control almost 80 percent of the world’s total income. On the other hand, the countries in the South are characterized by low level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and high population. These countries account for only a fifth of the global income for over three quarters of the global population. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of United Nation's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

eradicating extreme poverty and hunger

ensuring environmental sustainability

promoting gender equality and empowering women

developing a global partnership for sustainable world economy

combatting fatal diseases

Açıklama:

The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 has a total of eight goals revealed within this program were eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combatting fatal diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global partnership for development. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

According to the Marxist theory, class conflict exists between the _____.

government and citizens

white collar and blue collar workers

capitalists and workers

literate and illiterate

urban and rural communities

Açıklama:

Classic Marxist theory is essentially based on the evolution of capitalism and class conflict in the Western world. It is argued that the capitalism of 19th century in Europe emerged out of the earlier feudal system. In the capitalist system, private interests control labor and market exchanges. A clash inevitably arises between the controlling capitalist class and the controlled working class. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

According to Marx, what would occur at the end of the class conflict?

The victory of the capitalists and permanent defeat of workers

Overthrow of capitalism and the attainment of a new socialist order

Agreement between capitalists and workers based of bilateral compromise

Disappearance of the working class by using labor forces from other countries

Adopting the liberalist system and a totally free market approach

Açıklama:

Marx and Engels predicted the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by workers and the eventual attainment of a classless society. A clash inevitably arises between the controlling capitalist class and the controlled working class. Out of this clash, a new socialist order is born in the end. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Who did Marx learn the idea of dialectics from?

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Adam Smith

Charles Fourier

David Ricardo

Comte de Saint-Simon

Açıklama:

It is from the German philosopher Georg W. F. Hegel that Marx learned a way of thinking about the world, called “dialectics”. British political economists, especially Adam Smith and David Ricardo, provided Marx with a first approximation of his labor theory of value. Finally from many French utopians, such as Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint-Simon, Marx borrowed the idea of a happier future beyond capitalism. These are the main ingredients that led to the formation of Marxism. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

What is the theory of alieanation mainly about?

Agreements among employees

Workers’ production and labor relations

The capitalists’ loss of surplus value

The wealth distribution of capitalists

Finding new markets for products

Açıklama:

In the theory of alienation, Marx argues that workers in the capitalist society do not own the means of production, such as machines, raw materials, or factories. These are owned by the capitalists to whom the workers must sell their labor force. This system of labor displays four relations that lie at the core of Marx’s theory of alienation: First, the worker is alienated from his or her productive activity, playing no part in deciding what to do or how to do. Second, the worker is alienated from the product of that activity, having no control over what happens to it. Third, the worker is alienated from other human beings, with competition and mutual indifference. This applies not only to relations with the capitalists, who use their control over the worker’s activity and product to further their own profit maximizing interests, but also to relations between individuals inside the working class as everyone tries to survive as best as he or she can. Finally, the worker is alienated from the distinctive potential for creativity and community. As a result, workers gradually lose their ability to develop finer qualities as members of human species. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

Which of the following is NOT among the arguments against Classic Marxism?

The existence of middle class who own stocks, private property, and other assets

The improved wages of the workers who can create demand for surplus production

Free individuals who do not feel exploited by buying products of the capilalist system

The fact that socialist revolutions in the Soviet Union did not lead to greater economy

The capitalists’ control of the state and instituions such as schools, media and religion

Açıklama:

Marx argues that the actual course of history is determined by class struggle. To Marx, each class is defined chiefly by its relation to the production process. The interests of the capitalists lie in securing their power and expanding profits. Workers, on the other hand, have interests in higher wages and better working conditions. In order to realize them, they need a new distribution of power. These two major classes constantly try to promote their interests at the expense of the other and their goals are truly incompatible. In this battle, the capitalists are aided by their wealth, their control of the state, and their domination over other institutions, such as schools, media, and religious institutions that guide people’s thinking. In brief, choice E reflects a view of Marx, so it is not a criticism against classical Marxism. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

The notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism is ...

Alienation

False Consciousness

Class consciousness

Communism

Utilitarianism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 45

Imperialism: A Study was written by ...

J. A. Hobson

V. Lenin

D. K. Fieldhouse

A. Gramsci

R. Prebich

Açıklama:

Hobson (1858-1940) was an English economist influenced by liberal thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. In his classic study, Imperialism: A Study, first published in 1902, he attempts to explain the rise of new imperialism in the 1870s and 1880s when Great Britain, together with the other European powers, engaged in a scramble for colonies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

The term that refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society is ...

Imperialism

Empirical Testing

Economic Planning

Isolationism

Cultural Hegemony

Açıklama:

Gramsci developed the concept of “cultural hegemony”, through which capitalism perpetuates itself. Cultural hegemony, in a generic sense, is the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones.
Colonialism led to a cultural clash. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions.
Western countries introduced modern medicine that stressed the use of vaccines and more sanitary hygiene, helping to save lives and increase life expectancy.
Throughout the 19th century, it, in a way, became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries.
The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas.

Which of the arguments above can be used by the one who has been planning to underline the drawbacks of colonialism?

I and II

II and IV

I, II and III

I, IV and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, the rapid expansion of colonialism and the Industrial Revolution occurred as a result of other major technological improvements in communications, transportation, and manufacturing processes. The European states needed raw materials found in colonies, hence international trade expanded, so did international investment. This way, capital especially moved from Europe to North America in search for higher profits. Throughout the 19th century, it, in a way, became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. Besides, businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas. Only by directly controlling these regions, which meant setting up colonies under their direct control, could the industrial economy work without any serious problem (www. tamaqua.k12.pa.us).
The era of colonialism brought about serious consequences, changing both Western society and its colonies. Through it, Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. This way, powers held back the colonies from developing industries. Colonialism also led to a cultural clash. By the start of the 20th century, Western nations had control over most of the globe. Europeans were convinced that they had superior cultures and forced the people to accept the Western way of life. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions. But the good thing was Western countries introduced modern medicine that stressed the use of vaccines and more sanitary hygiene, helping to save lives and increase life expectancy.
As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is A. The argument in the option I “Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones.” and in the option II “Colonialism led to a cultural clash. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions.” can be used by the one who has been planning to underline the drawbacks of colonialism, so the correct answer is A. The argument in the option III underlines the good side of that period. The arguments in the options IV and V express the reasons in favor of colonists for the rise of colonialism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum.
The government should be out of foreign trade, as well as domestic economy, as much as possible.
Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress.
The simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence.
Free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations. In headto-head competition, the advanced or “mature” industries can easily defeat the less advanced or “infant” industries.

Which of the arguments above can be used by a debater who advocates economic nationalism?

I and II

I, II and V

III, IV and V

I, II, III and IV

II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Recommendation for Revision
Page 96
According to the liberals, all economic decisions should be made by the market place and by the market place, it is meant free market.
According to the liberals, all economic decisions should be made by the market place, which is meant free market.
Economic nationalism, as another major approach to IPE, refers, in a generic sense, to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economic sphere. The nationalists also believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets.
The main theorists of economic nationalism are Alexander Hamilton (1780-1804), the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, who wrote The Report on the Subject of Manufactures (1791) and Friedrich List (1789-1846), a Prussian economist, who wrote The National System of Political Economy (1841). According to them, the simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence (Hamilton, 2001; List, 1991).
The rise of economic nationalism in recent history occurred particularly in the first part of the 20th century and it was essentially a response to the economic crises, nationalist movements, and enlarged states. In this respect, economic nationalism emerged as a criticism of economic liberalism as well. It is argued that states compete economically. This is very different from liberalism. The liberals believe that companies compete economically, but states do not. However, the nationalists see companies as elements of state power. So from this point of view, while Ford and McDonald’s, for example, contribute to United States power, Honda and Fuji contribute to Japanese power. The nationalists also believe that free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations. In headto-head competition, the advanced or “mature” industries can easily defeat the less advanced or “infant” industries.
As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The arguments in the option III “Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress.”, in the option IV “The simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence.” and in the option V “In headto-head competition, the advanced or “mature” industries can easily defeat the less advanced or “infant” industries.” can be used by a debater who advocates economic nationalism. The arguments in the option I “Political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum.” and “The government should be out of foreign trade, as well as domestic economy, as much as possible.” are the arguments in favor of economic liberalism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations.
The simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence.
The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders.
The key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth.

Which of the above is/are the argument(s) of economic liberalism approach formulated by Adam Smith and the one(s) which can be used by a debater who advocates economic nationalism to strenghten his/her position?

III

I and II

III and IV

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith (17231790), a famous English economist. Smith argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders. Hence, political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum. This means that imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible (Smith, 2003).
As also undertsood from the information given the arguments in the option III and in the option IV are the arguments of economic liberalism approach and can be evaluated as the ones which do not not conflict with the arguments of economic nationalism by the one who advocates economic nationalism, so the correct answer is D.
The ones in the option I “Free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations.” and in the option II “The simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence.” are the arguments of economic nationalism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Adam Smith
David Ricardo
Alexander Hamilton
Friedrich List
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels

Which of the theorists above can be said to be the main theorists of economic structualism approach?

I and II

II and IV

IV and V

V and VI

III, V and VI

Açıklama:

Economic structuralism, on the other hand, is concerned with the international division of labor created by the capitalist system. It sees that the division of labor is unfair, creating categories of rich and poor people, as well as rich and poor nations, at the macro level. Within the structuralist approach, there are actually two sub-approaches: the Marxist approach, which rejects capitalism completely, and the dependency approach, which aims to reform it. Particularly Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) created a great amount of literature outlining a theoretical critique of capitalism. The best place to look for details would be Marx and Engels’ The Communist Manifesto (1848) or Marx’s The Capital (1867).
As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels can be said to be the main theorists of economic structualism approach. Adam Smith and David Ricardo formulated economic liberalism approach. Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List can be said to be main theorists of economic nationalism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

The gold standard system was first adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of the Great Britain, the hegemonic power at that time
The Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in the history of the industrialized World, began after the stock market crash, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was held.
The Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible.
The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being.

What is the correct chronological order of the events above?

I, II, III, V, IV

III, I, II, V, IV

V, IV, II, I III

III, V, I, II, IV

V, IV, III, II, I

Açıklama:

In the late 19^thcentury, the gold standard system was first adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of the Great Britain, the hegemonic power at that time. The gold standard was a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money had a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. A country that used the gold standard set a fixed price for gold and bought and sold gold at that price. That fixed price was used to determine the value of the national currency (Bryan, 2010). Until the First World War, most countries in Europe were on the gold standard. Yet with the war, the system collapsed, because of the declining power of Great Britain and of the terrible economic conditions during and after the war. Even though there were some efforts to return to the safety of the gold standard in the second part of the 1920s, this did not last long due to the stock market crash, or the Great Depression, in late 1929. Therefore, the interwar period was basically an era characterized by financial instability and low level of international trade, with no vivid economically hegemonic power. The Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in the history of the industrialized World, began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Then the Second World War erupted in late 1939, lasting about six years. Towards the end of the war, a stable finance and monetary system was aimed to be established by the Western countries fighting against Nazi Germany under the leadership of the United States. To that end, delegates from 44 countries met in the United States, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in July 1944. The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was held from July 1-22, 1944. The main goals were to ensure a foreign exchange rate system, prevent competitive devaluation, encourage international trade, and eventually promote economic growth.
With the intention of realizing these goals, the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being.
In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. As also understood from the information given, the correct chronological order of the events in the options is “I, II, III, IV, V”, so the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

The World Bank
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The World Trade Organization (WTO)

Which of the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, which were set up along with the Bretton Woods Agreement, above have survived, still directing international trade and finance to a great extent, even though the Bretton Woods monetary system collapsed?

I and II

II and IV

III and IV

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The Bretton Woods system was eventually dissolved between 1968 and 1973. The overvaluation of the United States dollar led to concerns among the members of the system over the exchange rates and their tie to the price of gold. In August 1971, President Richard Nixon announced the “temporary” suspension of the dollar’s convertibility into gold. While the dollar had struggled throughout most of the 1960s within the parity established at Bretton Woods, this crisis marked the breakdown of the system. A later attempt to revive the fixed exchange rates failed and by March 1973, major currencies began to float against each other.
Even though the Bretton Woods monetary system itself collapsed this way, the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, which were set up along with the Bretton Woods Agreement, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade Organization (WTO), have survived, still directing international trade and finance to a great extent. As also understood from the information given, the crrect answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

The world system is most prosperous when there is a hegemon to organize the international political and economic system.
When hegemony breaks down, it is assumed, the international system falls into disorder, with the resulting decline in peace and prosperity.
The hegemon comes to the conclusion that it is unable to bear the costs of the system it has created.
At some point, either the hegemon begins to put domestic interests over its international obligations or it becomes too weak to realize its widespread commitments.

What assumptions does the theory of hegemonic stability hold?

I and II

I and IV

III and IV

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The theory of hegemonic stability holds the assumption that the world system is most prosperous when there is a hegemon to organize the international political and economic system. Historically, the periods of the Dutch (162072), British (1815-73), and United States (post1945) hegemony are commonly cited as evidence of the link between hegemony and prosperity (Kindleberger, 1977, 1981). When hegemony breaks down, it is assumed, the international system falls into disorder, with the resulting decline in peace and prosperity (Keohane, 1981). As also understood from the information given the correct answer is A. “The world system is most prosperous when there is a hegemon to organize the international political and economic system.” and “When hegemony breaks down, it is assumed, the international system falls into disorder, with the resulting decline in peace and prosperity.” are the assumptions which the theory ofhegemonic stability holds. However, some scholars argue that hegemony is a self-defeating and hence, temporary condition. While the hegemonic state bears the burdens of organizing the international system and supplying public goods, free-rider states prosper and increase the burdens on the hegemon. At some point, the hegemon comes to the conclusion that it is unable to bear the costs of the system it has created. So either it begins to put domestic interests over its international obligations or it becomes too weak to realize its widespread commitments. The Great Britain’s decline in the late 19th and early 20th century can be cited as an example of that (www. pugetsound.edu/what-is-ipe).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

The history of MNCs is closely related to the history of colonialism.
Some of the first multinationals were directed by European monarchs in order to conduct expeditions.
The East India Company, which showed up in as early as 1660, founded by the British, was one of the world’s earliest multinationals.
The MNCs, as we know today, did not really appear until the 19th century. That was due to the rise of industrial revolution.
The development of the factory system; that is, capital-intensive manufacturing processes, combined with better storage techniques and faster transportation, rapidly brought about the emergence of many MNCs.

Which of the statements with regard to the history of multinational corporations (MNCs) above are correct?

I and II

I, III and IV

II, IV and V

I, III, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The history of MNCs is closely related to the history of colonialism. Some of the first multinationals were directed by European monarchs in order to conduct expeditions. Many of the colonies that were not held by Spain or Portugal were under the administration of some of the world’s earliest multinationals. The East India Company, which showed up in as early as 1660, founded by the British, was one of them. It was headquartered in London and took part in international trade and exploration with trading posts in India. Some other examples include the Swedish Africa Company, founded in 1649, and the Hudson’s Bay Company, which was incorporated in Canada in the 19th century. However, the MNCs, as we know today, did not really appear until the 19th century. That was due to the rise of industrial revolution. The development of the factory system; that is, capital-intensive manufacturing processes, combined with better storage techniques and faster transportation, rapidly brought about the emergence of many MNCs. During the 19th and early 20th century, the search for natural resources and pressure to protect or increase markets drove transnational expansion by companies almost exclusively from the United States and Western Europe. As also understood from the information given, all statements with regard to the history of MNCs in the options are correct, so the correct answer is E.
Right after the Second World War, the United States-based MNCs heavily dominated foreign markets for a few years. Then from the 1950s on, European and Japanese MNCs started to show up and in time, they quickly increased in number. At the same time, major technological advances in shipping and communication accelerated the expansion of these MNCs almost all over the world. By the early 1970s, major MNCs had come to control about 70-80 percent of the world trade outside the centrally planned economies. Over the past half century, particularly after the end of the Cold War, there has been an obvious proliferation of MNCs. For example, while in 1970, there were some 7.000 parent MNCs, today that number has jumped to roughly 38.000. Approximately 90 percent of them is based in the industrialized world, controlling over 207.000 foreign subsidiaries. The large number of MNCs can be somewhat misleading, however, since the wealth of MNCs is actually concentrated among the top 100 firms (Greer and Singh, 2018).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

MNCs create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods.
By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide.
Through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace.
Multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries.
MNCs have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.
The introduction of multinationals into a host country’s economy may lead to the downfall of smaller, local businesses as well, since MNCs have better products and they can afford to even offer them at lower prices, as they have the financial resources to buy in bulk.

Which of the arguments above can be expressed by the one who is opposed to MNCs?

I and II

I, IV and V

IV, V and VI

III, IV, V and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

MNCs have long been subject to serious discussions. Advocates of MNCs argue that they create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods. It is also said that MNCs tend to establish operations in markets where their capital is most efficient or wages are lowest. By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide. Some liberal economists go further than extolling the economic benefits of MNCs, pointing a positive relationship between the international liberal economy and peace. It is argued that through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace (Mingst and Arreguin-Toft, 2011). Those opposed to MNCs, on the other hand, say that multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries. In addition, they argue that MNCs tend to develop a monopoly for certain products, driving up prices for consumers. MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources. Moreover, the introduction of multinationals into a host country’s economy may lead to the downfall of smaller, local businesses as well, since MNCs have better products and they can afford to even offer them at lower prices, as they have the financial resources to buy in bulk. Some critics further claim that MNCs breach ethical standards, accusing them of evading ethical laws and leveraging their business agenda with capital (Evans, 1979; Dunning, 1981). As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The arguments in the option IV “Multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries.”, in the option V “MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.” and in the option VI “The introduction of multinationals into a host country’s economy may lead to the downfall of smaller, local businesses as well, since MNCs have better products and they can afford to even offer them at lower prices, as they have the financial resources to buy in bulk.” can be expressed by the one who is opposed to MNCs. The arguments in the option I “MNCs create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods.”, in the option II “By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide.” And in the option III “Through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace.” can be expressed by the advocate of MNCs, not the one who is opposed to MNCs.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

High-tech Trade Rivalry
Trade Discrimination
Unpredictable Economic Crises
North-South Inequalities
Illicit Market

Which of the areas above are posing a serious challenge to economic globalization and triumph of economic liberalism?

I and V

I, II and III

II, III and IV

II, III, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

It is a fact that after the end of the Cold War, the globalization of the world economy has been occurring at an extraordinarily rapid pace. Accompanying the process of globalization, however, it has appeared as a trend counter to the benign vision of economic and political harmony from more open borders. While it is true that in terms of national welfare, greater openness to competitive market forces, including competitive market forces from abroad, and greater freedom from artificial market restrains are closely associated with higher economic growth, as well as higher standards of living, there are basically five areas posing a serious challenge to economic globalization and the triumph of economic liberalism. These include high-tech trade rivalry, trade discrimination, unpredictable economic crises, North-South inequalities, and illicit market. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All of the areas in the options are posing a serious challenge to economic globalization and triumph of economic liberalism.

High-Tech Trade Rivalry: As opposed to the predominant win-win nature of conventional trade interactions, special concerns have arisen about trade competition in high-tech sectors, such as telecommunications, advanced materials, computers, bio-chemicals, and so on. Economies of scale dictate that only a few countries actually enjoy the presence of a critical industry that has important economic and defense ramifications. From any country’s point of view, strategic trade industries are valuable not only because they incorporate a large proportion of high-wage, highskill jobs, but also because they are likely to generate economic, social, or defense-related benefits. Therefore, countries generally desire to ensure the presence of their own country’s companies in strategic industries.
Trade Discrimination: As the world is moving toward internationalism fast in the post-Cold War era, it has become fashionable to argue that trade discrimination among nations is now over. This argument was also supported by the successful completion of the Tokyo (1973-1979) and Uruguay Rounds (19861994) of trade negotiations in the past. However, the observable reality is quite the otherwise. Even not counting the impact of natural determinants of trade patterns, such as geographic proximity or absolute size of the nations in question, we have seen the emergence of great trade blocs in Europe, the Western hemisphere, and Asia in the post-Cold War period.
Unpredictable Economic: Crises Another serious issue is unpredictable economic crises. As argued above, international economic relations have become truly global in the post-Cold War world. Communications are instantaneous and the world economy operates on all continents simultaneously. Thus, wherever the origin of a crisis arises, it inevitably affects almost all countries of the world.
North-South Division: The post-Cold War period also witnessed the resurgence of North-South economic antagonism, resulting from deep inequalities between the two sides. Not counting exceptions, the North, in general, refers to developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South refers to underdeveloped or developing southern hemisphere countries. Indeed, the North-South confrontation is not new. It has occurred before in international arena. However, in accordance with the decline of ideological clashes, it has recently begun to occupy a more significant agenda in international affairs (Yılmaz, 2012: 91).
Illicit Market: Finally, the clandestine side of globalization in the post-Cold War era has showed itself in the rise of illicit market, or sometimes called black market. The illicit market refers, in a generic sense, to economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules. To be more specific, what makes a market illicit can either be the illegal nature of goods and services themselves, or the illegal ways of their transaction. Thus, illicit market activities may include the illegal movement of commodities to evade tariffs, trade restrictions and sanctions, or the illegal movements of the banned materials, like drugs, human organs, endangered species, even protected intellectual property.

High-Tech Trade Rivalry: As opposed to the predominant win-win nature of conventional trade interactions, special concerns have arisen about trade competition in high-tech sectors, such as telecommunications, advanced materials, computers, bio-chemicals, and so on. Economies of scale dictate that only a few countries actually enjoy the presence of a critical industry that has important economic and defense ramifications. From any country’s point of view, strategic trade industries are valuable not only because they incorporate a large proportion of high-wage, highskill jobs, but also because they are likely to generate economic, social, or defense-related benefits. Therefore, countries generally desire to ensure the presence of their own country’s companies in strategic industries.
Trade Discrimination: As the world is moving toward internationalism fast in the post-Cold War era, it has become fashionable to argue that trade discrimination among nations is now over. This argument was also supported by the successful completion of the Tokyo (1973-1979) and Uruguay Rounds (19861994) of trade negotiations in the past. However, the observable reality is quite the otherwise. Even not counting the impact of natural determinants of trade patterns, such as geographic proximity or absolute size of the nations in question, we have seen the emergence of great trade blocs in Europe, the Western hemisphere, and Asia in the post-Cold War period.
Unpredictable Economic: Crises Another serious issue is unpredictable economic crises. As argued above, international economic relations have become truly global in the post-Cold War world. Communications are instantaneous and the world economy operates on all continents simultaneously. Thus, wherever the origin of a crisis arises, it inevitably affects almost all countries of the world.
North-South Division: The post-Cold War period also witnessed the resurgence of North-South economic antagonism, resulting from deep inequalities between the two sides. Not counting exceptions, the North, in general, refers to developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South refers to underdeveloped or developing southern hemisphere countries. Indeed, the North-South confrontation is not new. It has occurred before in international arena. However, in accordance with the decline of ideological clashes, it has recently begun to occupy a more significant agenda in international affairs (Yılmaz, 2012: 91).
Illicit Market: Finally, the clandestine side of globalization in the post-Cold War era has showed itself in the rise of illicit market, or sometimes called black market. The illicit market refers, in a generic sense, to economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules. To be more specific, what makes a market illicit can either be the illegal nature of goods and services themselves, or the illegal ways of their transaction. Thus, illicit market activities may include the illegal movement of commodities to evade tariffs, trade restrictions and sanctions, or the illegal movements of the banned materials, like drugs, human organs, endangered species, even protected intellectual property.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which period does Pax Britannica refer to?

17th century

From 1602 to 1799

From 1815 to 1914

19th century

From 1945 to 1991

Açıklama:

Pax Britannica refers to the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the start of the First World War in 1914. That period, under the leadership of the Great Britain, was comparatively free of military conflict among major powers.The correct answer is "C".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

Which of the followings are the consequences of the era of colonialism?
I. Western countries managed to establish a global economy.
II. Local economies could not find a chance to grow.
III. It led to a cultural clash.
IV. Western countries introduced modern medicine to the colonial people.

I, II, II

II, III, IV

I, II, IV

I, III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. Colonialism also led to a cultural clash. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions. But the good thing was Western countries introduced modern medicine that stressed the use of vaccines and more sanitary hygiene, helping to save lives and increase life expectancy. The correct answer is "E".

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by:

Adam Smith

Alexander Hamilton

Friedrich List

Karl Marx

Friedrich Engels

Açıklama:

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith (1723-1790), a famous English economist. Smith argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders.The correct answer is "A".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

Which IPE approach argues that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress?

Economic liberalism

Economic nationalism

Economic structuralism

Economic planning

Marxism

Açıklama:

Economic nationalism refers to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economic sphere. The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets.The correct answer is"B".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which economic approach rejects capitalism completely?

The liberal approach

Nationalist approach

The Marxist approach

The dependency approach

The capitalist approach

Açıklama:

Within the structuralist approach, there are actually two sub-approaches: the Marxist approach, which rejects capitalism completely, and the dependency approach, which aims to reform it. The correct answer is "C".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

When was the Bretton Woods Agreement signed?

1944

1948

1958

1968

1973

Açıklama:

The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being.The correct answer is "B".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following isnot one of the G20 countries?

The United Kingdom

The United States

China

Turkey

European Union

Açıklama:

The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The correct answer is "E".

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

.....................is a powerful state supplying public goods to the international system. What can be written in the blank?

The G20

The IMF

The European Union

A hegemon

The Bretton Woods

Açıklama:

A hegemon is a powerful state supplying public goods to the international system. These public goods include stable money, security and a system of free trade that can be shared by all. The correct answer is"D".

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

'Economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules' can be called:

Trade discrimination

Trade blocs

Economic antagonism

Illicit market

High-tech trade

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

Which one is not a result of an economic crisis?

High rates of unemployment

High level of income

Recession

Decreasing growth in local economy

Deprivation of human needs

Açıklama:

Whenever occurs, an economic crisis means, first of all, high rates of unemployment, low level of income, recession, decreasing growth in local economy and subsequently, deprivation of human needs for many. The correct answer is "B".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

refers to the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the start of the First World War in 1914.
the period, under the leadership of the USA, was comparatively free of military conflict among major powers.
The hegemonic power of the period was France and Germany.

Which of the statements best explain the Pax Britannica period?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

European industrialized nations expanded their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries.
The world experienced a major decline in trade and investment, so states enacted policies to protect themselves from the effects of the crisis.
The European states needed raw materials found in colonies, hence international trade expanded throughout the world.
Due to the advances in ship design and navigation system, the European explorers opened up new frontiers in the American continent and the Middle East to trade.
The states strived to promote free trade to stimulate international capital flow and to establish a stable exchange rate system.

Which of the following represents the chronological order of the development of global economy?

I, II, III, IV, V

IV, III, I, II, IV

III, II, V, IV, I

IV, I, III, II, V

V, II, III, I, IV

Açıklama:

In the period from the late Middle Ages through the end of the 18th century, Mainly due to the advances in ship design and navigation system, the European explorers opened up new frontiers in the American continent and the Middle East to trade. In the beginning of 19th centruy, the European states needed raw materials found in colonies, hence international trade expanded throughout the world. Throughout 19th century it became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. The period following World War I, the world experienced a major decline in trade and investment in the period following World War I, so states enacted policies to protect themselves from the effects of the crisis. The post World War II period, the goals were to promote free trade to stimulate international capital flow and to establish a stable exchange rate system. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which of the following statements best explains the economic structuralist view of the politics of the international economy?

Along with innovation, a division of labor is needed.

Nations can and should be specialized in certain arenas

Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress

Free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations

The division of labor is unfair, creating categories of rich and poor people

Açıklama:

Economic structuralism is concerned with the international division of labor created by the capitalist system. It sees that the division of labor is unfair, creating categories of rich and poor people, as well as rich and poor nations, at the macro level. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which of the following statements best explains the economic nationalist view of the politics of international economy?

The relationship among individuals, society, state and the market, in general, can be characterized by severe competition which is conflictual and exploitative.

International wealth is believed to be maximized with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage

Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress.

Constantly expanding markets of capitalism inevitably lead to economic crises, and dangerous speculation by holders of capital only exacerbates these crises.

Market functions best when it is free of government interference.

Açıklama:

Economic liberals believe that individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interests, that when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce goods and services that people need, and that market functions best when it is free of government interference. At the international level, international wealth is believed to be maximized with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage. Economic nationalism, on the other hand, refers to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economic sphere. The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets. Economic structuralism, finally, stresses that the relationship among individuals, society, state and the market, in general, can be characterized by severe competition which is conflictual and exploitative. By extension, the relationship among states, which support owners of the means of production, is also conflictual because of inherent expansion of capitalism. It is also argued that constantly expanding markets of capitalism inevitably lead to economic crises, and dangerous speculation by holders of capital only exacerbates these crises. To eliminate economic problems and conflict inherent in the capitalist system, the capitalist system must be overthrown. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

It was first adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of Great Britain.

The exchange rate applied at the time was $35/ounce.

A country that used the gold standard set a fixed price for gold and bought and sold gold at that price.

Which of the above statements best describes the classic gold standard system developed in order to achieve financial stability?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I only

II only

Açıklama:

Financial stability is very important for the growth and expansion of international trade. In order to achieve financial stability, in the late 19th century, the gold standard system was adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of Great Britain, the hegemonic power at that time. The gold standard was a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money had a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. A country that used the gold standard set a fixed price for gold and bought and sold gold at that price. That fixed price was used to determine the value of the national currency. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

Which of the following institutions was establised to promote liberal economic principles, like non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises and preferential access to developed markets?

the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

the British East India Company

the World Bank

the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

the Dutch East India Company

Açıklama:

The third part of the economic order formed after the Second World War was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This treaty was aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which of the following caused the collapse of the Bretton Woods system?

The end of Cold War

The establishment of European Union

Free float of currencies in 1973

Growing importance and pressure of IMF on developing countries

The establishment of World Trade Organization

Açıklama:

After the Second World War, the Bretton Woods system came into being. Under the Bretton Woods Agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the United States dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. The exchange rate applied at the time was $35/ounce. The system had worked well for a while, but eventually dissolved between 1968 and 1973. The overvaluation of the United States dollar led to concerns among the members of the system over the exchange rates and their tie to the price of gold. An attempt to revive the fixed exchange rates failed and by March 1973, major currencies began to float against each other. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

What do the liberal economists think about the multinational companies (MNCs)?

Through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peac

The introduction of MNCs into a host country’s economy leads to the downfall of smaller, local businesses.

MNCs have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries.

MNCs have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.

MNCs breach ethical standards, accusing them of evading ethical laws and leveraging their business agenda with capital

Açıklama:

Liberal economists are in favor of MNCs. They believe that through stronger bonds between states, MNCs can also help world peace. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

high-tech trade rivalry
unpredictable economic crises
illicit market

Which of the above areas pose serious challenge to economic globalization and the triumph of economic liberalism?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Only II

Açıklama:

There are five areas posing a serious challenge to economic globalization and the triumph of economic liberalism. These are high-tech trade rivalry, trade discrimination, unpredictable economic crises, North-South inequalities, and illicit market. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

According to many critics what is one of the main causes for the reflashing of terrorism in the 21st century?

Illicit Market

North-South Division

Unpredictable Economic Crises

Trade Discrimination

High-Tech Trade Rivalry

Açıklama:

Many critics, nevertheless, see the NorthSouth inequalities as one main cause for the reflashing of terrorism in the 21st century. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

Which country was the center of the Industrial Revolution, the major trading state and source of international capital in the 19^th century?

France

The Great Britain

The United States

Germany

Italy

Açıklama:

Historical background
The Great Britain

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

I. All economic decisions should be made by the market place and by the market place, it is meant free market.
II. Along with innovation, a division of labor is needed. Everyone finds a niche to make a living. If one loses a competition, he or she moves on to another one.
III. nations can and should be specialized in certain arenas as well.
Which approach is described by the above sentences in international political economy?

Liberalism

Economic nationalism

Economic structuralism

Colonialism

Industrialism

Açıklama:

Three Major Approaches to International Political Economy
Liberalism

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

_________________________ is concerned with the international division of labor created by the capitalist system. It sees that the division of labor is unfair, creating categories of rich and poor people, as well as rich and poor nations, at the macro level.

Economic nationalism

Interventionism

Liberalism

Economic sructuralism

Imperialism

Açıklama:

Economic Structuralism
Economic sructuralism

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

Financial ______________ has been very important for the growth and expansion of international trade.

flexibility

stability

currency

variability

clarity

Açıklama:

International trade and finance
stability

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 45

Which of the following is not one of the aims of The Bretton Woods Conference?

to ensure a foreign exchange rate system

prevent competitive devaluation

encourage international trade

to build more factories

promote economic growth

Açıklama:

International trade and finance
to build more factories

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

Which institution was designed to monitor exchange rates, secure financial stability, and promote sustainable economic growth by providing policy, advice and financing the members, and by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability?

The World Bank

The IMF

World Trade Organization

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The G20

Açıklama:

International trade and finance
The IMF

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

Which one of the following is not one of the Multinational corporations?

Coca-Cola

Nestle

Google

Baidu

Toyota

Açıklama:

Multinational Corporations
Baidu

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which one of the following opinions support multinational corporations?

They create job opportunities for many people.

They exploit developing nations.

They create job losses in their own home countries.

They tend to develop a monopoly for certain products.

They leverage their business agenda with capital.

Açıklama:

Multinational Corporations
They create job opportunities for many people.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

High rates of unemployment
Low level of income
Recession
Decreasing growth in local economy
Deprivation of human needs for many
All of the above terms are the results of economic _______________

confrontation

crisis

globalization

stratification

dedication

Açıklama:

Trade discrimination
crisis

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 50

_____________ refers, in a generic sense, to economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules because of the illegal nature of goods and services themselves, or the illegal ways of their transaction.

The North-South division

The open market

The illicit market

The financial sector

The high-tech trade rivalry

Açıklama:

The illicit market

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 51

When did International Political Economy (IPE) become a more distinct discipline freeing itself from being a sub-field of International Relations?

During the Cold War era

During the expansion of Western Colonialism

In the post-Cold War era

Between the First and Second World War

After the foundation of the European Union

Açıklama:

IPE developed as a sub-field of International Relations during the Cold War years (1945-1991), particularly in the 1970s, but it has especially become a more distinct discipline in the post-Cold War era. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

Which of the following is NOT a reason for colonialism?

To find raw materials

To expand markets

To invest excess capital

To benefit from cheap labor

To help colonized countries grow

Açıklama:

Throughout the 19th century, it became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. Besides, businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas. The era of colonialism brought about serious consequences, changing both Western society and its colonies. Through it, Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. This way, powers held back the colonies from developing industries. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

Which theoretical approach to IPE argues that the key to national wealth is economic growth which is made through free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders, and thus, imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible?

Economic Liberalism

Economic Nationalism

The dependency approach

Economic Structuralism

The Marxist approach

Açıklama:

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith who argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders. Hence, political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum. This means that imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

Which of the following is a belief of Economic Structuralism?

Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress.

Capitalists own everything, while workers do all the work but have no power and no money.

The government should be out of foreign trade, as well as domestic economy, as much as possible.

Infant industries should be protected by the state from foreign competition until they flourish.

International economy is conflictual and insecure, so the state should defend itself.

Açıklama:

Statements A, D, and E reflect the views of Economic Nationalism while C supports Economic Liberalism. Marx and Engels maintained that advanced capitalism divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Which of the following is FALSE about the Great Depression?

There was no vivid economically hegemonic power during this period.

In its lowest point, about 15 million Americans were unemployed.

It began after the Wall Street stock market crashed.

It occurred because of the effects of the Second World War.

It was an era of financial instability and low level of international trade.

Açıklama:

Until the First World War, most countries in Europe were on the gold standard. Yet with the war, the system collapsed, because of the declining power of Great Britain and of the terrible economic conditions during and after the war. Even though there were some efforts to return to the safety of the gold standard in the second part of the 1920s, this did not last long due to the stock market crash, or the Great Depression, in late 1929. The Great Depression was the worst economic crisis in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to roughly 1939. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 56

Which of the following was the main hegemonic power behind the Bretton Woods system?

Great Britain

The Netherlands

Spain

The United States

Germany

Açıklama:

With the intention of realizing these goals, the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being. Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the United States dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. Keeping the price of gold fixed and adjusting the supply of dollars was the responsibility of the United States. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

Which Bretton Woods institution became later the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

GATT

IMF

World Bank

The Dutch East India Company

Pax Britannica

Açıklama:

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. In 1995, the GATT became a formal institution, renaming itself as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Representing states that conduct over 90 percent of the World’s trade, the WTO has the task of implementing the Uruguay Round, serving as a forum for trade negotiations and providing a venue for trade review. Choices D and E are not Bretton Woods institutions. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following trading blocs was established by some of the former Soviet republics?

ASEAN

CIS

UNASUR

SAARC

NAFTA

Açıklama:

The Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS, was formed during the disintegration of the Soviet Union by some of the former Soviet republics. The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way comparable to a federation or a confederation The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

Which of the following is generally NOT a high-tech sector?

Telecommunications

Bio-chemicals

Agriculture

Military equipment

Microelectronics

Açıklama:

As opposed to the predominant win-win nature of conventional trade interactions, special concerns have arisen about trade competition in high-tech sectors, such as telecommunications, advanced materials, computers, bio-chemicals, and so on. Economies of scale dictate that only a few countries actually enjoy the presence of a critical industry that has important economic and defense ramifications. For instance, the United States, Japan, Russia, European countries, and other great powers all want to be the major producers in telecommunications, microelectronics, military equipment, and other advanced products. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Turkey is a member of:

the EU

the G7

NAFTA

APEC

the G20

Açıklama:

The G20 is made up of 19 countries and the European Union. The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Which of the following accurately describes the fundamental assumption of the field of political economy?

Local politics determine local economy, international politics and relations determine the global economy.

The policies and power positions of states are determined by their inherent economic power such as natural resources.

Neither politics, nor economy can be fully understood in the absence of each other as they are intertwined.

The fundamental drive for survival results in economic power struggles that drive politics.

Politics and economics are separate fields with both corollary and causational influences with each other.

Açıklama:

Political economy is, in a generic sense, a discipline analyzing the relationship between economy and politics, or vice versa. The basic assumption on which the discipline is based is that neither politics, nor economy can be fully understood in the absence of the other. That is to say, economy affects politics, as politics affects economy. Even the two can be said to be intertwined most of the time.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

Which of the following may be considered the catalyst that led to the development of the field of international political economy?

The space race.

World War II.

World War I.

The development of the Internet.

The expansion of Western colonialism.

Açıklama:

The expansion of Western colonialism, mainly advances in ship design and navigation allowing global trade routes to be established may be considered the roots of both the global economy and of international political economy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 63

I. Economic Liberalism
II. Economic Structuralism
III. Economic Nationalism
IV. Economic Realism
Which of these are the major approaches to international political economy?

I & II.

I, II & III.

II & III.

II, III & IV.

I, II, III & IV.

Açıklama:

Economic liberalism, economic nationalism and economic structuralism are the three major approaches to international political economy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 64

Which of the following economists established the notion that economic growth is the key to national wealth?

Adam Smith.

David Ricardo.

Alexander Hamilton.

Friedrich List.

Friedrich Engels.

Açıklama:

Adam Smith argued that the key to national wealth and therefore national power is economic growth, which could be ensured through free trade, free flow of goods, services and investments across borders.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

Which approach of international political economy advocates state protection of businesses from foreign competition through the implementation of policies such as tariffs, quotas, bans and similar protections?

Economic liberalism.

Economic nationalism.

Economic structuralism.

Capitalism.

Socialism.

Açıklama:

Economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets. Emerging as a response to economic crises, nationalist movements and enlarged states, nationalists see companies as elements of state power and therefore contributory to state wellbeing. More advanced nations therefore have a competitive advantage and therefore ''infant'' industries must be protected by the state from foreign competition

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

Which of the following is responsible for implementing the most comprehensive trade agreement in history?

The gold standard.

The World Bank

The Bretton Woods Monetary Conference.

The World Trade Organization.

The International Monetary Fund.

Açıklama:

While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)was the treaty aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, and established the most comprehensive trade agreement in history, it became a formal institution in 1995 and was renamed the World Trade Organization. The WTO has the task of implementing the Uruguay Round of the negotiations conducted by GATT, serving as a forum for trade negotiations and providing a venue for trade review. It represents the states that conduct over 90 percent of the world's trade.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 67

As a critical question to current events in international political economy, which of the following countries is considered a possible challenger and threat to the liberal international order currently under the hegemony of the United States?

Germany.

China.

Great Britain.

Russia.

The European Union.

Açıklama:

Despite the relative erosion of its position within the global economy, the United States continues to bear roughly the same major share of the international strategic burden, as it has done before. Yet a critical question in IPE with respect to the issue of hegemony today is whether China will challenge the United States hegemony and threaten the liberal international order. Another is whether Germany will move to establish itself as a hegemon within the European Union.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 68

Which of the following arguments about multinational corporations (MNCs) may be made by a liberal economist?

MNCs exploit developing nations.

MNCs have too much political influence over governments.

MNCs establish market monopolies by undercutting smaller businesses.

MNCs enhance international trade, linking interdependence and thereby peace.

MNCs may be detrimental to the environment due to the depletion of local resources.

Açıklama:

Liberal economists usually extoll the virtues of MNCs, and even go so far as to arguing that they result in an interdependence in international trade. This, in turn, requires states to put aside their national differences for economic wellbeing, resulting in peace.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 69

Which of the following issues is related to the establishment of trade blocs such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement?

High-tech trade rivalry.

Trade discrimination.

Unpredictable economic crises.

North-South division.

Illicit market.

Açıklama:

Through globalisation and internationalism in the post Cold War era, it was argued that trade discrimination would be a thing of the past. The observable reality indicates that this is not the case, with localised trade agreements such as the EU and NAFTA being established and providing preferential benefits to member states.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

Which of the following issues in the post Cold War era do international political economy critics blame for the rise of terrorism in the 21st century?

North-South division.

Illicit market.

Unpredictable economic crises.

Trade discrimination.

High tech trade rivalry.

Açıklama:

It is remarkable that the economic north-south division has not yet led to military conflict, yet many critics see this issue as one main cause for the rise of terrorism in the 21st century as the power imbalance between the northern hemisphere and underdeveloped or developing nations in the southern hemisphere has also previously led to confrontation in the international arena.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 71

Which of the following about Economic Liberalism is not true?

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith.

All economic decisions are made by the market place and by the market place.

Winners and losers in the economy are not decided by the government, but by the market.

All the decisions made by consumers is the marketplace, the “invisible hand”.

Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress.

Açıklama:

The nationalists also believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 72

Approach Representative
Economic Liberalism I
Economic Nationalism II
Economic Structuralism III
Which of the following about approach and their representatives is true?

I- Adam Smith
II- Alexander Hamilton
III- Karl Marx

I- Alexander Hamilton
II- Karl Marx
III- Adam Smith

I- Karl Marx
II- Adam Smith
III- Alexander Hamilton

I- Adam Smith
II- Karl Marx
III- Alexander Hamilton

I- Alexander Hamilton
II- Adam Smith
III- Karl Marx

Açıklama:

Approach Representative
Economic Liberalism I- Adam Smith
Economic Nationalism II- Alexander Hamilton
Economic Structuralism III- Karl Marx

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

Which country adopted the gold standard system as a leader in the late 19th century?

Austria

Germany

Great Britain

Japan

United States

Açıklama:

In the late 19th century, the gold standard system was first adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of the Great Britain, the hegemonic power at that time. The gold standard was a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money had a value directly linked to gold.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 74

Which of the followings is not one of the advantages of multinational corporations according to its advocates?

They create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods.

They tend to establish operations in markets where their capital is most efficient or wages are lowest.

By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide.

They can lead a positive relationship between the international liberal economy and world peace.

They tend to develop a monopoly for certain products, driving up prices for consumers.

Açıklama:

Multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries. In addition, they argue that MNCs tend to develop
a monopoly for certain products, driving up prices for consumers. MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

States should produce and export those products which they can produce most efficiently, relative to other states. If international trade is free and is away from certain restrictions, it is believed that all nations win in the final analysis out of a great amount of international exchanges. This way, nations also get to know each other, cultural exchanges can occur, stereotypes can be reduced, and peace can spread all over the world.
Which of the following is the approach which is supported by David Ricardo?

Colonialism

Economic liberalism

Economic nationalism

Economic structuralism

Hegemony

Açıklama:

David Ricardo (1772-1823) is a representative for economic liberalism.
That is, states should produce and export those products which they can produce most efficiently, relative to other states. If international trade is free and is away from certain restrictions, it is believed that all nations win in the final analysis out of a great amount of international exchanges. This way, nations also get to know each other, cultural exchanges can occur, stereotypes can be reduced, and peace can spread all over the world.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 76

Closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, it can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets.
Which of the following approach is defined in the paragraph above?

Colonialism

Economic liberalism

Economic nationalism

Economic structuralism

Hegemony

Açıklama:

The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 77

A: Advanced capitalism divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money.
B: The simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence.
Which of the following matching is true according to expressions of A and B?

A: Economic liberalist
B: Economic nationalist

A: Economic liberalist
B: Economic structuralist

A: Economic nationalist
B: Economic liberalist

A: Economic structuralist
B: Economic nationalist

A: Economic structuralist
B: Economic liberalist

Açıklama:

Marx and Engels started their critiques of the capitalist system by examining the most advanced
capitalist nations at that time, namely the Great Britain and Prussia. To them, advanced capitalism
divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the
money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. (A)
The main theorists of economic nationalism are Alexander Hamilton (1780-1804), the first United
States Secretary of the Treasury, who wrote The Report on the Subject of Manufactures (1791) and Friedrich List (1789-1846), a Prussian economist, who wrote The National System of Political Economy (1841). According to them, the simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence (Hamilton, 2001; List, 1991). (B)

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 78

Which of the following is not one of the critiques of people who opposed to multinational corporations?

They have undue political influence over governments.

They exploit developing nations.

They creates job losses in their own home countries.

They tend to develop a monopoly for certain products.

They reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers.

Açıklama:

Advocates of MNCs argue that they create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods. It is also said that MNCs tend to establish operations in markets where their capital is most efficient or wages are lowest. By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

Which of the following is not as a part of illicit market?

Trade of illegal drugs

Trade of human organs

Trade of petroleum goods

Trade of endangered species

Trade of protected intellectual property

Açıklama:

The illicit market refers, in a generic sense, to economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules. To be more specific, what makes a market illicit can either be the illegal nature of goods and services themselves, or the illegal ways of their transaction. Thus, illicit market activities may include the illegal movement of commodities to evade tariffs, trade restrictions and sanctions, or
the illegal movements of the banned materials, like drugs, human organs, endangered species, even protected intellectual property.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 80

Which of the following is evaluated as the largest trade negotiation ever any kind in history?

I- Increase uncertainties
II- Establish an order
III- Maintain security
IV- Establish global governance
V- Provide reference for right/false behaviour
VI- Increase the cost of common effort to reduce violations
VII- Increase the quality of kowledge among sides
VIII- Surrender to a hegemon

I, III, IV, VI

II, V, VII, VIII

III, V, VI, VIII

I, II, VI, VI, VII

II, III, IV, V, VII

Açıklama:

In some fields, states would be eager to create regimes to prevent the anarchy and uncertainty, and establish an order and maintain security. Like social contract law of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, states through surrendering some parts of their sovereignty have had to consent to establish global governance.
International regimes reduce uncertainties and provide a reference for which behaviors are false or right. In other words, regimes facilitate the identification of violations of rules in social, political and security related fields. Moreover, they also reduce the cost of common effort for those responding to such violations. According to Krasner, regimes make it easier to reach an agreement for parties, since it increases the communication among sides and influence the quality and quantity of knowledge in a positive manner. In terms of the need for a hegemonic power, there are different views. While realists believe having a hegemon is essential for cooperation, liberals think that this cooperation would be persisting even after hegemony ended through institutions. The choice which includes the correct aims is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

In which situation would states NOT need to establish/agree with a regime to coordinate their cooperation?

If there is a need to reduce the effects of anarchy hindering cooperation among states

If there are issues that go beyond the physical and political limits of individual states

If they are too weak and small to resolve the problem through power relations

If they want to reduce the probability of international conflict to maintain their own security

If they have opportunity to behave unilaterally without jeopardizing the interests of others

Açıklama:

It can be stated that in certain conditions, states would not need to form a regime to coordinate their cooperation or eliminate the conflicts:

Firstly, states wouldn’t need to form a regime, if they have opportunity to behave unilaterally without jeopardizing the interests of others.

Secondly, if states having common interest could behave in the same manner, they don’t need an international regime.

Finally, if the best strategy of one state is the better of the worst strategy of the others, then states would not need to establish a regime to act in the same way.

The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which of the following insist that a hegemonic power is necessary for enforcing states to cooperate and that this cooperation is possbbile only in the hegemonic era?

Humanists

Realists

Liberals

Impressionists

Democrats

Açıklama:

Ünitenin geneli ile ilgili eleştiri, öneri ve kısmi düzeltmelerimi 8, 9 ve 10. soruların açıklama kısımlarına yazdım.
Realists insist that a hegemonic power is necessary for enforcing states to cooperate and that this cooperation may not continue in post hegemonic era, liberals focus that this cooperation would be persisting even after hegemony ended through institutions. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Who argues that cooperation would be possible even in the lack of a hegemonic power in case there are international regimes that assist to establish cooperation?

Keohane

Krasner

Conca

Zacher

Hopkins

Açıklama:

İçeriğin düzeni de okuyucu için net anlaşılır değil. Bu yüzden soru yazarken, sayfa numarası belirtmek zor oldu çünkü konu dağınık ve sürekli tekrar ettiği için çeldirici seçenekler ünitenin her yerinden yazılmak zorunda. Benim okuyucu olarak metin içeriği konusunda beklentim şöyle olurdu:

What are ‘regimes’? What are they not? (Prisoner’s dilemma ilk paragrafta vermek için çok erken. Net olarak IRT ile ilgisi de metinden anlaşılmıyor. Bunu önce regime’i iyice açıkladıktan sonra vermek lazım.)

Historical background

Why are regimes needed? (Prisoner’s dilemma burada verilebilir)

How are they established? How do they work? What regulates them? What happens if they are violated?

Examples where they are necessary. Real life examples of good practices

Different approaches to regimes

Advantages and disadvantages, critiques

Bunların büyük bir kısmı ünitede olsa bile çok dağınık.
Keohane adopts the significant role of hegemony for establishing and creating the international regimes. Howver, Keohane opposed the argument that international regimes and cooperation would not be created or continued in post hegemonic era. Keohane, in his study, argues that cooperation would be possible even in the lack of a hegemonic power in case there are international regimes that assist to establish cooperation. In other words, “regimes are examples of cooperative behavior, and facilitate cooperation, but cooperation can take place in the absence of established regimes.
While realists insist that a hegemonic power is necessary for enforcing states to cooperate and that this cooperation may not continue in post hegemonic era, liberals focus that this cooperation would be persisting even after hegemony ended through institutions. This is why cooperation, according to Keohane, should be thought with institutions in the post hegemonic era. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

What is the connection betwen prisoner’s dilemma and IRT?

High crime rates, anarchists and international terrorism in states

Laws concerning the punishment conditons of prisoners

Uncertainty, mutual suspicion and issues about cooperation of states

International conflicts arising from the use of nuclear weapons

International laws regulating the exchange of prisoners between states

Açıklama:

Ünite sonundaki 10 sorunun tümünün soru kökü olumsuz ifade (not) içeriyor ve seçeneklerde de ‘not’ olması sorunun anlaşılmasını daha da zorlaştırıyor. Ünitedeki gramer hatalına değinmedim ama testtekiler aşağıda yazıyorum:

3. sorunun A şıkkında not THE veya A main obstacle (bir article eklenmeli. Genel olarak ünitede article eksikliği sorunu var.)

5. soruda D şıkkındaki ‘is’ gereksiz ve gramer hatası oluşturuyor.

6. sorunun yanıtının neden E olduğunu bilmek isterim. Soru yanıtları, tıpkı bizim bu soruların cevaplarını yazdığımız gibi kitaplarda da açıklanmalı; sadece ‘doğru yanıt … dır’ deyip bırakılmamalı.

8. sorunun seçenekleri büyük harfle başlamalı

It is well known that model of prisoner’s dilemma explains why the states escape from cooperation. Therefore, while the realist approach based on prisoner’s dilemma emphasizes that possible risks and uncertainties might cause to escape/refrain from cooperation, free rider approach also argues that the existence of some countries trying to employ the collective action without paying any cost might restrict the cooperation of states.
Realists who are adopting the assumptions of uncertainty and prisoner’s dilemma assume that these mutual suspicion and non-confidence of states would feed and sustain the process. Therefore, international regimes would eliminate these uncertainties and feed the confidence instead of non-confidence.
Moreover, conditioned cooperation (if game is reiterated, players would be encouraged to cooperate in order to escape from the probable cost) in the model of prisoner’s dilemma might be effective to encourage states to establish regimes. Meetings frequently done between states to boost the cooperation would be main imperative for realization of conditioned cooperation in prisoner’s dilemma.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which of the following is an assumption of realists?

Regimes enable states to collaborate.

Regimes promote the common good.

Peace can only be achieved by the increase of democratic states.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Açıklama:

Bu ünitede genel olarak ‘a, an, the’ kullanımında eksiklikler, bazı dil kullanım hataları ve anlatım bozuklukları var. Bunları tek tek yazmak oldukça çok zaman alacağı için burada yazamıyorum. İngilizce kaynaklar için dil editörlüğünün daha dikkatli yapılması gerektiğini düşünüyorum. Bu konuda görevlendirme verilirse yapabilirim.

Toplam 12 sayfalık ana gövdede çok fazla kitap ve kişi görseli var. Ünitenin toplam 3,5-4 sayfası bu görsellerden oluşuyor. Geriye çok az içerik kalıyor ve içeriğin çoğu sıkça tekrar eden bilgilerden oluşuyor. Konu uzmanı olmadığım halde içeriğin zayıf kaldığını söyleyebilirim ve bu yüzden soru yazmak kolay olmadı. Öte yandan, ünite içindeki kitap resimleri ve altında kitaplara dair açıklamalar reklam gibi görünüyor. Ünite bitiminde 'okunması önerilen kaynaklar' diye ayrı olarak verilebilirdi.

Sayfa 119’daki görsel ünite içinde hiçbir konuya bağlanmamış ve açıklanmamış.

Liberal institutionalists assume the following:

1 Regimes enable states to collaborate.
2 Regimes promote the common good.
3 Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
4 Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

In addition, according to liberals, peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states.
Realists assume the following:

1 Regimes enable states to coordinate.
2 Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
3 Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
4 The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

International _______________ can be defined as explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes related to certain issue areas/ subjects.

organizations

regimes

politics

trade

relations

Açıklama:

The Concept of Regime
regimes

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

Which of the definitions of regime is correct?

Regime is thought as a result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international conflict intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations.

Regimes are defined so broadly as not to constitute either all international relations or all international interactions within a given issue area.

Regime can be described as explicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations.

Regimes do not include regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures influencing behaviors and results.

Açıklama:

The Concept of Regime
Regime is thought as a result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and ______________collective choice (Krasner, 1982: 186).

carrying

implementing

choosing

adapting

deleting

Açıklama:

The Concept of Regime
implementing

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

States are willing to share their authority in global or domestic issues in .............

the use of waters

the use of natural resources

the protection of wild life

animal rights

the increase in pollution

Açıklama:

The Concept of Regime
the increase in pollution

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

International regimes reduce and even prevent the ____________ applications stemming from uncertainties and gaps in certain fields.

unfair

wrong

true

exact

common

Açıklama:

International Regimes and Cooperation
unfair

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

Which of the following is not one of the ideas of Realist approach to regimes?

Regimes enable states to coordinate.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.

Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Açıklama:

International Regimes and Cooperation
Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Powerful states and coalitions that have vigorous ______________cannot establish effective regimes.

harmony

competition

cooperation

interest

hesitation

Açıklama:

International Regimes and Cooperation
competition

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

International regulations should increase the economic productivity and eliminate uncertainties because such uncertainties might cause ........................

violations and differentiation of goods

insufficient food supplies

increase in productivity

economic barriers

protectionist behaviors

Açıklama:

International Regimes and Cooperation
violations and differentiation of goods

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Hegemonic theory assumes that hegemonic power is an important __________________ to form regimes leading to institutional cooperation.

act

bargain

catalyzer

gain

means

Açıklama:

The Critiques of International Regimes
catalyzer

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following is an example of regime theories’ using the concepts of realist theory?

The presence of hegemonic power reduces the security concerns, and leads the states to think directly to increase their absolute gains instead of relative gains.

Regimes in terms of determining the rights and liabilities, responsibilities and rights, discourage the states to act together.

The costs of bargaining would increase through increasing the use of institutions and cooperation among states.

Hegemonic power does not assist states to understand the intentions and choices of each other.

The choices would increase the effects of anarchy and uncertainty hindering further cooperation among states.

Açıklama:

The Critiques of International Regimes
The presence of hegemonic power reduces the security concerns, and leads the states to think directly to increase their absolute gains instead of relative gains.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

International regimes can be defined as explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes related to certain issue areas / subjects.
Cooperation is possible in an environment in which there is a higher authority to enforce the nations to cooperate.
Cooperation is possible even in an environment of anarchy in which soverign states are struggling for power and interest.

Which of the above statements is true about international regime theories?

I only

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II, III

Açıklama:

International regimes can be defined as explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes. International regime theories indicate that cooperation is possible in an environment in which there is no higher authority. Regime theories also introduce the possibility of cooperation in an environment of anarchy in which soverign states are struggling for power and interest. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

I. Cooperation is possible in an environment in which there is no higher authority to enforce nations to cooperate.
II. It's a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation.
III. It aims for the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations.
Which of the above is correct regarding the international regime theories?

Only I

Only

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

International regime theories (IRT) indicate that cooperation is possible in an environment in which there is no higher authority to enforce the nations to cooperate. According to Keohane (1993:23), regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Which of the above stands in the most outer circle in the regime formation?

Economic conditions

Civil Society

Statehood

Civil liberties

Political participation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

I. Principles are beliefs of fact, causation and rectitude.
II. Norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.
III. Rules are specific prescriptions of proscriptions for action.
Which of the terms above is correctly given according to Krasner?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

International regime can be defined as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations. Principles are beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude. Norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations. Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action. Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

I. Hedley Bull defines the regimes as rules and institutions that regulates behaviors of individuals and states.
II. Krasner notes that regimes should not be seen as provisional regulations.
III. Keohane points out that regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject.
Which of the explanations above is correctly given with the correct author?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Keohane and Nye argue that regimes are regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures influencing behaviors and results. Hedley Bull, defines the regimes as rules and institutions that regulate behaviors of individuals and states. Krasner noted that regimes should not be seen as provisional regulations changing according to the change of power and interest in international relations. Keohane also pointed out that regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject.

Doğru Cevap: E

to indicate the regulations related to international issue areas

to explain the legitimate and accepted rules of games and behaviors for sovereign states in international area

to point out the willigness of states for cooperation in different institutional environments and different conditions

Which of the above statements are among the purposes of adopting both a narrower and a broader definition of the international regimes?

I only

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Main purpose of adopting the broader definition is to indicate the regulations related to international topics, civil societies, social movements and global governance. The concept of international regime is explaining the legitimate and accepted rule of games and behaviours for sovereign states in international are. On the other hand, the narrow definition is widely used and the narrow use of concept is to intend to point out the willingness of states for cooperation in different institutional environments and different conditions. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

In which of the following are theoreticians and their definition of international regimes given correctly?

Regimes are regulations comprimising of the rules, norms and procedures influencing behaviour and results (Puchala and Hopkins)

Regimes are regulations resulting from voluntary cooperation of governments (Keohane and Nye)

Regime is a conceptual framework to understand the behavious of states and to explain the situation which couldn't be explained before (Krasner)

Regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviours of states for a certain phenomenon (Young)

Regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject (Jervis)

Açıklama:

Regimes are defined by various theoreticians as also discussed in the related chapter of the book. Below is a summary of what each person has stated about regimes:

Regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations (Krasner).
Regimes are regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures influencing behaviors and results (Keohane and Nye).
Regimes are rules and institutions that regulate behaviors of individuals and states (Hedley Bull).
Regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject (Keohane).
Regimes are not only making the cooperation easier in short run, but also in the long run, providing an environment of cooperation for promoting relations (Jervis).
Regimes are regulations resulting from voluntary cooperation of governments (Krasner).
Regime is a conceptual framework to understand the behaviors of states and to explain the situation which couldn’t be explained before (Puchala and Hopkins).
Regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviors of states for a certain phenomenon (Young).

The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

In which of the following is the theory and the particular explanatory variable each theory stresses given correctly?

realist theories-knowledge and ideas

neoliberal theories-constellations of interests

cognitive theories-state power

neoliberal theories-knowledge and ideas

cognitive theories-constellations of interests

Açıklama:

International regimes are “codes of conduct” agreed upon by states to govern their relations in specific areas of international politics. There are three most important theories of international regimes. Each of these theories stress a particular explanatory variable: realist theories emphasize state power; neoliberal theories focus on constellations of interests; and cognitivist theories are concerned with knowledge and ideas. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages that international regimes provide?

reduce the uncertainties in certain fields

prevent any unfair applications stemming from uncertainties

faciliate the identification of violations of rules

increases the communication among sides

increase the likelyhood of conflict and chaos

Açıklama:

International regimes reduce uncertainties and provide a reference for which behaviors are false or right. In other words, regimes facilitate the identification of violations of rules in social, political and security related fields. Moreover, they also reduce the cost of common effort for those responding to such violations (Perritt, 1998). According to Krasner (1991: 12), regimes make it easier to reach an agreement for parties, since it increases the communication among sides and influence the quality and quantity of knowledge in a positive manner. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

A hegomonic leader may lead the world into chaos and war.
Hegemony and cooperation are opposite concepts.
Cooperation is possible even in the lack of a hegemonic power

Which of the above statements are among the ideas of Robert O. Keohare?

Only I

Only II

Only III

II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

Keohane elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled as “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order. As well, he noted that hegemony and cooperation would not be opposite concepts since most of the international cooperation was raised in post-Second World War era, in which American hegemonic leadership was an issue. Keohane argues that cooperation would be possible even in the lack of a hegemonic power in case there are international regimes that assist to establish cooperation. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Which one is one of the liberal institutionalists' approaches to regimes?

Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

Regimes lead states to aggression
.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.

The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Açıklama:

Liberal institutionalists assert that regimes:

enable states to collaborate.

promote the common good.

flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

promote globalization and a liberal world order.

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following assumptions find support in international regimes theory (IRT)?

States generally prefer regime formation in areas in which they don't have common interests.

If states have less competition and strong common interest, this would lead to powerful regimes.

States would be willing to cooperate despite the possible extra costs that regimes formation may bring.

States are more likely to establish regimes to share their power about legitimate use of power for internal issues.

States will form regimes especially in areas where they have the opportunity to behave unilaterally.

Açıklama:

Regimes are products of efforts to conciliate the conflicting interests, and also consequences of developments through which mutual interdependencies would increase the cost for conflicting relations among nations. Another important reason that leads to the formation of regimes is the multiplicity of interests of states as mentioned above. Therefore, if states don’t have common interests and/or states prefer the unilateral initiatives, then international regime would be impossible. Regimes formed between great powers would be stronger than those formed between weak states. As well, powerful states and coalitions that have vigorous competition cannot establish effective regimes. Therefore if states have less competition and strong common interest, this would lead to powerful regimes. At the same time, as noted earlier, since states would try to reduce costs by establishing regimes, if cost exceeds the benefits, then they would be reluctant to form regimes. For this reason, states should be persuaded and convinced for having common interests. In fact, states would hesitate to form regime in the field of their sovereignty, because regime would limit the sovereign rights of states in those areas in favor of international inspection and sharing their powers with other states. In particular, states would not be willing to share their power about legitimate use of power for internal issues. So they don’t prefer to establish common regimes in these domestic issues if they do not perceive a real threat to their rights inside the country. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

Acceptance of the states as basic actors
Ignorance of the non-state actors
Zero-sum assumption

Which of the above are among the critiques of international regimes?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Theory of International regimes has been criticized for its acceptance of the states as basic actors, and ignorance of the non-state actors. The correct answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 60

... can be defined as explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes related to certain issue areas/subjects.
Which of the following completes the definition given above?

First-image theories

Bipolar system

Unipolar system

International regimes

Prisoner's dilemma

Açıklama:

International regimes can be defined as explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes related to certain issue areas/subjects.
Thus, the correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 61

Regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding ... intending the coordination and harmonization of ....
Which of the following completes the definition given above?

the international cooperation - interest among nations

collective goal - mutual harmonization

mutual harmonization - collective goal

collective goal - interest among nations

interest among nations - mutual harmonization

Açıklama:

Regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

Where ... see regimes as more or less efficient responses to fixed needs, ... see them as conditioned by ideology and consensual knowledge and evolving as actors learn.
Which of the following should complete the statement?

Functional theories - cognitive theories

Marxist theories - cognitive theories

Marxist theories - liberal theories

Marxist theories - constructivist theories

Functional theories - constructivist theories

Açıklama:

Where functional theories see regimes as more or less efficient responses to fixed needs, cognitive theories see them as conditioned by ideology and consensual knowledge and evolving as actors learn.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

Why the concept of regime would cause the question of the limits of state sovereignty?

Because states, naturally, are eager to establish international regimes in the fields out of their authority.

Because some limitations of international regimes which constrain states' sovereign rights are blurred to determine the subjects either domestic or global in character.

Because states would be eager to create regimes to prevent the anarchy and uncertainty.

Because there is no compulsion for regulations to be bilateral or multilateral.

Because international regimes may be formed in every field of subjects of international relations.

Açıklama:

The concept of regime would cause the question of the limits of state sovereignty. Because states in many subjects would face some limitations of international regimes which constrain their sovereign rights, so they are blurred to determine the subjects either domestic or global in character.
Thus, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 64

Who, elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order?

Puchala and Hopkins

Arthur A. Stein

Stephen D. Krasner

Robert Keohane

Haggard and Simmons

Açıklama:

Robert Keohane elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled as “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

I-States operate in an anarchic international system.
II-States are not rational and unitary actors.
III-States are not the units responsible for establishing regimes.
IV-Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.
Which of the statements given above are true for the common assumptions of liberal and realist approaches to regimes?

I-II

I-II-III

II-III-IV

III-IV

I-IV

Açıklama:

Some of the common assumptions of liberal and realist approaches to regimes can be listed as:
States operate in an anarchic international system.
States are rational and unitary actors.
States are the units responsible for establishing regimes.
Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.
Thus, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 66

Regimes enable states to coordinate.

Regimes promote the common good.

Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Which of the assertions belong to the liberal institutionalists' approach to regimes?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

I-II-IV

Açıklama:

Liberal institutionalists' approach to regimes:
1- Regimes enable states to collaborate.
2- Regimes promote the common good.
3- Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
4- Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.
Thus, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

I.Regimes enable states to coordinate.
II.Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
III.Power is the least important feature of regime formation and survival.
IV.The nature of world order does not depend on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.
Which of the assertions belong to the realists' approach to regimes?

I-II

I-III

I-IV

II-III

II-IV

Açıklama:

Realists approaches to regimes argues that:
Regimes enable states to coordinate.
Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of
regimes.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

According to whom, since states might not have control in certain fields anyway and have to accept foreign involvement, they might prefer to form international regimes in their own domain in order to escape/refrain from uncontrolled foreign interference?

Mark Zacher

Robert Keohane

Peter Mayer

Volker Rittberger

Stephen D. Krasner

Açıklama:

According to Zacher, since states might not have control in certain fields anyway and have to accept foreign involvement, they might prefer to form international regimes in their own domain in order to escape/refrain from uncontrolled foreign interference. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

I- Theory of international regime claims that functional theories are related to mutual interest but the regime theories are related to common interests.
II- The regime theories are intending to explain the relations between certain states in certain areas, in contrast functional theories are related to all community of states.
III- Functional theories are explaining clearly where, why and when states cooperate.
Which of the above is/are among the counter-arguement of Theory of International regimes as a response to the critiques of functional theories?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

I-III

Açıklama:

Responding to some other critics about assumptions of international regime theories
set forth by functional theories, regime theories argue that:
Theory of international regime claims that functional theories are related to mutual interest but the regime theories are related to common interests.
Functional theories are intending to explain the relations between certain states in certain areas, in contrast regime theories are related to all community of states.
Besides, functional theories are not explaining clearly where, why and when states cooperate.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 70

Which of the following is an accurate definition of international regime theory?

Regime theory is the study and analysis of the rules and ratifications that establish state power structures, ruling, and decision making processes.

Regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations.

Explicit or implicit norms, rules, principles and decision making processes related to certain issue areas/subjects.

A result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Conditioning the behaviors of states consciously to realize collective goals.

Açıklama:

According to Keohane, regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations. This definition accurately describes international regime theory, while the other definitions are descriptive of the concept of regime itself.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 71

Krasner's definition of international regime is that it "can be defined as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations."
Which of the following refer to norms within the context of this definition?

Beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude.

Standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.

Specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action.

Prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice.

The normalization practices legitimizing regime relations.

Açıklama:

Based on Krasner's definition of international regime, norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 72

How does the 'prisoner's dilemma' present a case for international regime theory?

As is the case in the prisoner's dilemma, the rational option for all sides regardless of national interest would be cooperation.

The prisoner's dilemma indicates that the establishment of international regimes would depend on the willingness of one party to cooperate over the other.

Regime theory indicates that the prisoner's dilemma is not applicable to international relations because nations may make unilateral decisions.

The prisoner's dilemma may be interpreted as both a cause for, and a hindrance to the establishment of international regimes depending on the viewpoint.

The prisoner's dilemma indicates that actors of international relations will act in their own best interests, thereby preventing cooperation and eliminating the possibility for the establishment of international regimes.

Açıklama:

Ünite'nin en temel aldığı, ünite boyunca örnek olarak gösterilen 'prisoner's dilemma', ünite boyunca çelişkili örneklerle anlatılmaya çalışılmış ve bu nedenle ünitenin bütününde kargaşaya neden olmaktadır. Genel bir bütün olarak ünitenin baştan yazılmasında fayda vardır çünkü şu anki haliyle uluslararası rejim kuramları hakkında ölçülebilir bilgi sunmakta zorlanıyor.
The realist approach based on the prisoner's dilemma emphasizes that possible risks and uncertainties might cause refrain from cooperation while the cognitivist approach implies that regimes would encourage and institutionalize the mutuality of international relations, while the principle of reciprocity would prevent states from defecting from cooperation.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

How does Keohane describe the roles of hegemony, regimes, and international political economy?

He states that hegemony is the only way for international relations to be conducted.

He states that international regimes and cooperation will dissolve in the post hegemonic era.

He states that the rise of American hegemonic leadership following WW II is indicative of how hegemony is detrimental to establishing international regimes.

He states that international regimes are bound to explicit agreements on an international level, thereby avoiding substantial conflict.

He states that regimes are examples that facilitate cooperation, which can take place with or without hegemony or regimes.

Açıklama:

Keohane asserts that hegemony can assist in the establishment of cooperation, but also that cooperation is possible without hegemony as long as regimes exist to guide the way to such cooperation. Regimes merely regularize expectations. In addition, the rights and rules of cooperation may not be explicit, but may also arise from convergent expectations or even conflict.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 74

Which approach to international regime theory suggests that peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states?

Liberal.

Functional.

Realist.

Cognitivists.

Game theorists.

Açıklama:

Realists explain peace and order within IRT theory through the concepts of national interest and selfish interest. Functional theories explain it through the benefits of international organizations. Liberals, however, assert that peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 75

Which of the following is not a common assumption of both liberal and realist approaches to regimes?

States are rational and unitary actors.

States are the units responsible for establishing regimes.

Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.

States operat in an anarchic international system.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Açıklama:

While liberal institutionalists assert that regimes promote the common good for all parties involved, promoting globalization and a liberal world order, realists assert that power is the central figure of regime formation and survival which therefore means that regimes generate differential benefits for states depending on which states the regimes benefit the most.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Which of the following is an example where there is no need for states to form a regime?

Relinquishing control over international trade routes.

Determining airspace for commercial flights.

Conducting joint military exercises against a common threat.

Imposing sanctions due to condemnable behavior.

Conducting humanitarian aid in areas of conflict.

Açıklama:

While safe passage and the security of aid workers may be subject to international regimes, the act of providing humanitarian aid to war zones, famines and natural disasters is a unilateral decision that does not jeopardize the interests of others. Similarly, coalitions are established for humanitarian aid in which all states providing aid (and often the state receiving aid) have a common interest to behave similarly, negating the necessity for an international regime.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Which critique of regime theory contradicts the liberal institutionalist approach to regimes that states regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon?

The acceptance of states as basic actors and ignorance of non-state actors criticism.

The criticism that functional theories cannot clearly explain where, why and when states cooperate.

The criticism that functional theories ignore power relations among states.

The criticism that regime theories are based on asymmetric relations among states.

The criticism that international regimes do not sufficiently explain unilateral actions that place states in greater security risks.

Açıklama:

Ünitenin bu bölümü yanlış yazılmış. Uluslararası rejim kuramlarına olan eleştiriler yerine gelen eleştirilere verilen yanıtlar ve rejim kuramlarının üstünlükleri yazılmış.
Stone argues that regime theories are constructed on the theory of hegemony that refers to asymmetric relations among states, and therefore it derived from the American hegemony that began after WW II.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 78

Which of the following would not be considered a factor in states avoiding regimes?

A lack of common interests.

Unilateral initiatives with no consequence to any other state.

Limitations introduced to the sovereignty of the state.

Limitations introduced to the autonomy of the state.

The existence of a conflict of interest.

Açıklama:

Regimes themselves are products of efforts to conciliate conflicting interests. The other options would all be limiting factors that would dissuade or prevent a state from establishing regimes.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

Which of the following is one of the common assumptions of both liberal and realist approaches to regimes?

Regimes promote the common good.

Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.

The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Regimes promote the common good.

Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.

Açıklama:

Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system. The reasoning and benefits to such cooperation is approached differently by realists and liberals. Realists assume regimes create differential benefits while liberals assume they promote the common good.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 80

Which of the following about definitions of the regime is not true?

Regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations.

Regimes are regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures influencing behaviors and results.

Regimes as rules and institutions that regulate behaviors of individuals and states.

Regime is a conceptual framework to understand the behaviors of states and to explain the situation which couldn’t be explained before.

Regimes can be seen as provisional regulations changing according to the change of power and interest in international relations.

Açıklama:

Keohane and Nye argue that regimes are regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures
influencing behaviors and results. Hedley Bull, defines the regimes as rules and institutions that regulate behaviors of individuals and states. Krasner noted that regimes should not be seen as provisional regulations changing according to the change of power and interest in international relations. Keohane also pointed out that regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject. A treaty can be ad hoc in character but also would be narrow in terms of subject matter and parties. However, regimes are not always limited to a certain subject and not interim provision.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 81

Which of the following view about regimes is not advocated by liberal institutionalists?

Regimes enable states to collaborate.

Regimes promote the common good.

Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Açıklama:

The view that regimes generate differential benefits for states belongs to realists.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 82

I) Regimes enable states to collaborate.
II) Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
III) Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
IV) Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
V) Regimes promote the common good.
Which of the numbered definitions belong to Liberal institutionalists?

I and II

I, II, and III

I, III, and V

II, III, and V

II, IV, and V

Açıklama:

Numbered views as I, III, and V belong to Liberal institutionalists.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 83

Which of the following expression about regimes is not advocated by realists?

Regimes enable states to coordinate.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.

Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Açıklama:

The expression that regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon belongs to Liberal institutionalists.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 84

Which of the following expression about the regime is not true?

Regime is thought as a result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Regime is that conditioning the behaviors of states consciously to realize collective goals, and can be seen as a specific version of international institutions.

Regime is that explaining the legitimate and accepted rule of games and behaviors for sovereign states in international area.

Regime is that comprises all international institutions and regulations and formal aspect of all state behaviors.

Regimes are always limited to a certain subject and interim provision.

Açıklama:

Keohane also pointed out that regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject. A treaty can be ad hoc in character but also would be narrow in terms of subject matter and parties. However, regimes are not always limited to a certain subject and not interim provision.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Which of the following about definitions of the regime is not true according to Conca's view?

All international institutions can be assumed as international regimes.

International regimes are sub section of international institutions.

International institutions are codified by states.

International institutions would represent the limits of state's authority and power.

All international institutions cannot be assumed as international regimes.

Açıklama:

All international institutions cannot be assumed as international regimes. International regimes are sub section of international institutions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 86

I) Regimes enable states to coordinate.
II) Regimes promote the common good.
III) Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
IV) Regimes promote globalization.
V) Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
Which of the numbered definitions reflect realists?

I and II

II and IV

I, III, and V

II, III, and IV

III, IV, and V

Açıklama:

Numbered views as I, III, and V belong to realists.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 87

Which of the following is one of the assumptions of liberal institutionalists?

Regimes promote international order.

Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.

Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.

Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.

Regimes generate differential benefits for states.

Açıklama:

That regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon is the one of the assumptions of liberal institutionalists.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 88

Which of the following is one of the assumptions of realists?

Regimes promote international order.

Regimes enable states to coordinate.

Regimes promote the common good.

Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Regimes enable states to collaborate.

Açıklama:

Regimes enable states to coordinate. This assumption is one of the assumptions of realists.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 89

Which of the following definition about regime is not true?

idealism

perpetual peace

realism

philosophy

liberalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which statement below can be said related with the normative theory?

For normative studies, value hasn’t got any importance.

For normative theory, morality hasn’t got any significance.

Thanks to normative theory, value can be tested.

Thanks to normative theory, value can be verified with factual experiments.

Normative theory isn’t concerned with what ought to be or should be.

Açıklama:

Normative theories rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments and this is an important difference from empirical/positivist theories. Moreover, they are not concerned with the proposition related to “what is” but “what ought to be, what should be”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which of the statement below is true?

Normative theory has no weaknesses.

Empirical theory has no weaknesses.

Normative theory isn’t considered as utopist.

Normative theory isn’t considered as idealist.

Empirical theory is condemned for being too factual.

Açıklama:

However, either normative theories or empirical theories are also criticized for some perspectives. In other words, both have certain weaknesses. Since normative theories are claimed to be utopist and idealist and empirical theories too, they are condemned to be over factual for consideration of being scientific.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which of the statement below is true related with what Cicero said?

According to Cicero there is no single law that is valid for all society.

Scholars who base their arguments on relativism accept cosmopolitanism.

Scholars who base their arguments on relativism accept the universality of some values.

Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality and universal human rights are accepted by relativists.

According to Cicero, the law of nature and human nature are harmonious with each other because they both reflect the will of God.

Açıklama:

Normative writers criticize the relativist approach and if everything is accepted to be relative, then nothing would have any concrete meaning. On the other hand, those scholars that base their arguments on relativism refuse cosmopolitanism. In other words, they do not accept the universality of some values. Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them. What Cicero is ultimately saying here and elsewhere is that there is the law of nature, and there is human nature. These are of necessity harmonious with each other (and, ultimately, the same thing) because both reflect the will of a benevolent Supreme Being who creates and governs the universe.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

What is the name of the meta-ethical position that applies universally to all similarly situated individuals?

universal law

moral universalism

natural law moral theory

universal principle

perpetual peace

Açıklama:

It is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for “all similarly situated individuals”, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which statement below is correct related with the social contract theory?

Individuals do not sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

According to social contract theory individuals don’t bind themselves to certain principles.

According to social contract theory individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security.

According to social contract theory, people wouldn’t sacrifice their small interests for larger interests.

Social contract theory is not regarded as normative thought.

Açıklama:

The approach of social contract is another important approach which should be regarded for normative thought. According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which statement below is correct related with utilitarianism?

The principle of utilitarianism is not the principle of pleasure and satisfaction.

For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests do not overlap.

According to utilitarianism, if an individual might seek for his own interest, he wouldn’t play for the increment of the interest of society.

According to utilitarianism, if an individual seeks for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people as well.

Utilitarian philosophy doesn’t assume that the individual who works for his own utility, automatically works for the utility of community.

Açıklama:

For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests overlap (harmony of interest thesis). As individual might seek for his own interest, he would play for the increment of the interest of society. And as he works for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people. Utilitarian philosophy assumes that the individual who works for his own utility, automatically works for the utility of community.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

What is the name of the concept which refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general?

covert operation

pacta sund servanda

jus ad bellum

Self-determination

perpetual peace

Açıklama:

The prohibition against the use of force amongst States and the exceptions to it (self-defence and UN authorization for the use of force), set out in the United Nations Charter of 1945, are the core ingredients of jus ad bellum.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

What is the name of the principle which involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference?

non-intervention

perpetual peace

Utilitarian

Moral universalism

Universal law

Açıklama:

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference; …“the principle forbids all States or groups of States to intervene directly or indirectly in the internal or external affairs of other States” and that “a prohibited intervention must accordingly be one bearing on matters in which each State is permitted, by the principle of State sovereignty, to decide freely. Intervention is wrongful when it uses methods of coercion in regard to such choices, which must remain free ones.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following is a subject of empirical theories?

War between states

Perpetual peace

Ethical values

Reasons of relations

Moral factors

Açıklama:

Empirical theories intensify on the real reasons of relations between statesmen and foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: D

Which of the following term is used to define ‘the principle of pleasure and satisfaction’?

Utilatarianism

Idealism

Conservatism

Liberalism

Behavioralism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 37

Which of the following theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles?

Analytical theory

Social contract theory

Normative theory

Cosmopolitan theory

Emprical theory

Açıklama:

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which of the following philosopher supported the idea that by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security?

Immanuel Kant

John Stuart Mill

Jeremy Bentham

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Açıklama:

The approach of social contract is another important approach which should be regarded for normative thought. According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following principle involves the right of a state to conduct its affairs without the affairs of other states?

Free trade

Self determination

Non-intervention

Respect to territorial integrity

Peaceful solution of conflicts

Açıklama:

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following can be an aim of a state from a realist point of view?

To develop human rights

To abide by universal values

To maintain perpetual peace

To increase its power

To obey moral principles

Açıklama:

In particular, according to realist writers, in a real world, sovereign state seeks to increase its power. States looking for power and national interest are not expected to be ethical. Moreover, since there must be numerous moral principles depending on the number of sovereign states, a universal normative theory which is valid for all states is not plausible to establish.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

_____ is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins.
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

Enlightment

Humanism

Individualism

Cosmopolitanism

Nationalism

Açıklama:

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins. The thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Kant, in the eighteenth century, embraced this idea. With the rise of Imperialism and Nationalism in the nineteenth century, however, cosmopolitanism was criticized as an unrealistic, utopian vision.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 42

______ pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice.
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

Cicero

Hobbes

Rousseau

Locke

Kant

Açıklama:

Cicero (BC 106-43) who is an important philosopher in the western thought stated that true law is a law in coincidence with the nature. Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 533).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

In whose idealism is an understanding of cosmopolitan international society which is composed of individuals, states and other actors adopting ethical principles?

Jefferson

Hobbes

Rousseau

Locke

Kant

Açıklama:

In Kantian idealism, there is an understanding of cosmopolitan international society which is composed of individuals, states and other actors adopting ethical principles. Right reason which has a different character transcends the law made by states, necessitates to fulfill states’ responsibilities stemming from universal law. This indicates the way toward the state of perpetual peace. A world federation formed by peaceful states was introduced by Kant as a recipe to solve the security demands of states (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 533).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 44

In the writings of _____ it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best.

Bentham and Mill

Hobbes

Locke and Rousseau

Kant

Augustine

Açıklama:

In the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best. For utilitarianism, if fundamental institutions are reshaped or reconstructed for providing the highest satisfaction, then it is certain that the society is regulated rightly.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

According to_____ , by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life).

Hegel

Locke and Rousseau

Kant

Bentham and Mill

Hobbes

Açıklama:

According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

Who was influenced by Locke’s arguments for the social contract?

Napoleon

Jefferson

Roosevelt

Hobbes

Hegel

Açıklama:

Locke’s arguments for the social contract, and for the right of citizens to revolt against their king were enormously influential on the democratic revolutions that followed, especially on Thomas Jefferson, and the founders of the United States.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

Whose concept brought new economic order demands of poor Third World countries?

Bentham

Rawl

Hegel

Mill

Locke

Açıklama:

Rawl’s concept of justice founded the background of new economic order demands of poor Third World countries to fill the rift between North and South (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 534).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

_____ refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general.

Force Major

Jus ad Bellum

Pacta Sunt Servanda

In Dulci Jubilo

Acta Non Verba

Açıklama:

Jus ad bellum refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general. The prohibition against the use of force amongst States and the exceptions to it (self-defence and UN authorization for the use of force), set out in the United Nations Charter of 1945, are the core ingredients of jus ad bellum.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

Which of the following is the principle of international law that treaties and other international engagements are binding upon the nations that accede to them?

Force Major

Jus ad Bellum

Pacta Sunt Servanda

In Dulci Jubilo

Acta Non Verba

Açıklama:

A principle of international law that treaties and other international engagements are binding upon the nations that accede to them, and obligations accepted under such engagements must be performed, or reparations made in the event of a breach.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 50

Which of the following is not a certain ethical and moral concept of foreign policy goals?

law

justice

international stability

social solidarity

ceasefire

Açıklama:

In addition to the fact that foreign policy
activities are tied to moral principles, some foreign
policy goals also have ethical and moral content.
Foreign policy goals are addressed to certain
concepts such as peace, law, justice, international
stability, social solidarity and freedom.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

Which of the following is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community?

Globalism

Cosmopolitanism

Realism

Pluralism

Normativizm

Açıklama:

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

Which of the following scholars noted that from past to present, in the history of IR value and normative preferences became primary issues?

Ferguson and Mansbach

Kant

Rousseau

Hobbes

John Stuart Mill

Açıklama:

In the late 1980s, paradigmatic uncertainty was increasingly debated among IR scholars. For example, Ferguson and Mansbach noted that from past to present, in the history of IR theory, value and normative preferences became primary issues.

Doğru Cevap: A

"____________ refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general." Fill in the blank with he correct statement.

pacta sund servanda

recta ratio

Bonum commune communitatis

Jus ad bellum

Homo homini lupus

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

Which of the following can not be said about Normative theories in general?

Normative theories, adopt human being’s freedom and capability to determine the outside world rather than emphasizing the influence of international structure and national interest.

These theories are known as educational and instructional theories.

Normative theories have features of being voluntarist and eclectic.

They look like predictive and explanatory theories rather than being deterministic theories.

The propositions of normative theories can be tested and verified by facts.

Açıklama:

Normative theories, adopt human being’s freedom and capability to determine the outside world rather than emphasizing the influence of international structure and national interest. In this sense, normative theories have features of being voluntarist and eclectic. They look like predictive and explanatory theories rather than being deterministic theories. But, the propositions of normative theories cannot be tested or
verified by facts. However, these theories are known as educational and instructional theories. According to these, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

"Therefore, it is frequently observed that ethical norms are employed to excuse foreign policies. According to _______, brother nations and parties have responsibilities to support each other." Fill in the blank with correct historical figure.

Marx

Lenin

Hobbes

Luxemburg

Rousseau

Açıklama:

Therefore, it is frequently observed that ethical norms are employed to excuse foreign policies. According to Lenin, brother nations and parties have responsibilities to support
each other. Similarly, according to the former Soviet Union, communist countries had special responsibilities for saving the weak block members. In this sense, the correct answer is option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 68

Which of the following option states that a people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference?

Self-determination

Natural Law

Social Contract

Perpetual Peace

Non-intervention

Açıklama:

Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule (compelling law/peremptory norm) binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that a people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. In other words, the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have. According to this, the correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which of the following option involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference?

perpetual peace

Covert operations

Self-determination

Moral universalism

Non-intervention

Açıklama:

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct
its affairs without outside interference; …“the principle forbids all States or groups of States to intervene directly or indirectly in the internal or external affairs of other States” and that “a prohibited intervention must accordingly be one bearing on matters in which each State is permitted, by the principle of State sovereignty, to decide freely. Intervention is wrongful when it uses methods of coercion in regard to such choices, which must remain free ones.” In this sense, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 70

According to Mervin Frost, many issues in IR are normative in content and/or introduced with some normative notions. Which of the following can not be one of these issues?

Could the states justify waging war?

What are the normative constraints for states to abide?

What are the rights and obligations of states trying to be neutral in a war?

Did God create the State?

Should the states have nuclear weapons?

Açıklama:

According to Mervin Frost (1986: 82-83), many issues in IR are normative in content and/ or introduced with some normative notions. Could the states justify waging war? What are the normative constraints for states to abide? What are the rights and obligations of states trying to be neutral in a war? Should the states have nuclear weapons? Could the nuclear weapons ethically be advocated? Is deterrence policy legitimate?... and so on. According to these questions, the correct answer is option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 71

________________ is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins.

Imperialism

Nationalism

Cosmopolitanism

Realism

Conservatism

Açıklama:

Introduction
Cosmopolitanism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

Natural law moral theory, the moral standards that govern human behavior are, in
some sense, objectively derived from the nature of ______________ and the nature of the __________.

human beings-world

all living creatures-country

animals-state

human beings-city

plants-world

Açıklama:

COSMOPOLITAN APPROACH AND NORMATIVE THEORY
human beings-world

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

I. An individual has the freedom to choose right, ethic and moral, and his behaviors are not determined in advance.
II. An individual has responsibilities and obligations to perform and to obey to the ethical laws accepted as right by universal reason.
III. The ethical laws are known to individuals, and they are universally obligatory rules for all humankind.
Whose views are stated above?

Cicero

Kant

Locke

Rousseau

Bentham

Açıklama:

COSMOPOLITAN APPROACH AND NORMATIVE THEORY
Kant

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

“This theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction”.
Which theory is described by the above sentences?

Utilitarian

Kantian idealism

Human nature

Social contract

Natural law

Açıklama:

Social contract approach and normative theory

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 75

__________________ philosophy assumes that the individual who works for his own utility, automatically works for the utility of community.

Kantian

Normative

Relativist

Empirical

Utilitarian

Açıklama:

Social contract approach and normative theory
Utilitarian

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

_________ refers to the conditions under which states may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general.

Jus ad bellum

Pacta sunt servanda

Anarchy

Supreme Being

Recta ratio

Açıklama:

Social contract approach and normative theory
Jus ad bellum

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

I. These theories have features of being voluntarist and eclectic.
II. They look like predictive and explanatory theories rather than being deterministic theories.
III. The propositions of these theories cannot be tested or verified by facts.
IV. These theories are known as educational and instructional theories.
What kind of theories are described by the above sentences?

Idealist

Conservative

Realist

Normative

Rationalist

Açıklama:

Normative theories and International Relations

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 78

Which of the following is not one of the concepts that foreign policy goals are addressed to?

peace

law

justice

freedom

slavery

Açıklama:

Normative theories and International Relations
slavery

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

“This theory states that people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. In other words, the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have”.
Which theory is described above?

International law

Self-determination

Law of nature

Compelling law

Truman doctrine

Açıklama:

Normative theories and International Relations
Self-determination

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 80

In Chile, Allende who was a democratically elected president was replaced with General Pinochet who was a military dictator and the US tried to justify this with a policy of prevention of communist threat. What is the name of this operation?

Clandestine

Cold war

Covert

Apartheid

Foreign

Açıklama:

Normative theories and International Relations
Covert

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 81

Which of the following is TRUE about normative theories in late 20th century?

After 1960s, the growing tension between the USA and the former USSR contributed to the arising of normative theories.

Before 1960s, scholars started to use normative standards and concepts such as right and wrong.

Behavioralism in 1960s embraced the ideological elements and answered contemporary needs.

Post-behavioralism in 1970s emerged to include some forgotten concepts such as value, purpose and preference.

Normative theories, which gained popularity in 1960s, started to lose its impact on International Relations theory in 1980s.

Açıklama:

After 1960s, technological and ideological developments contributed to the arising of normative theories. During that decade, popular methodological debate was on the empirical/analytical theories and methodologies, and the scholars put aside the normative theories, and escaped to use normative standards and concepts such as right or wrong and just or unjust assumed as old fashion for the field of IR. Empirical/analytical theories in these years could not cope with the problems of difference among political institutions, practices and values. In 1970s, post-behavioral revolution emerged as a challenge against the so called behavioral revolution of 1960s, since behavioralism could not answer the contemporary needs, and became abstract by distancing from real world and ignoring the ideological elements for consideration of empirical conservatism. In this framework, some concepts such as value, purpose and preference lost their importance. Therefore, post-behavioralism moved to fill this gap, and in 1980s the problem was still not completely overcome, but at least normative theories regained their popularity. It was required to adopt a new idealist viewpoint that moral values would play significant role for policy making processes to reach a stable and peaceful world. In this framework, post-behavioralist scholars founded a theory which could be verified by empirical observations through synthesizing moral principles of liberal thought and rigid conservatism of realist approach (Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, 1990: 565-66). The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 82

Which of the following describes the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community?

Social contract theory

Behavioralism

Cosmopolitanism

Positivist theory

Utilitarianism

Açıklama:

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 83

Normative theories are related with the subjects of economy and social welfare.
Value is an important element for the background of normative studies.
Normative theories are concerned with the proposition related to "what is", rather than "what should be".
Normative scholars object to the thesis of relativity of ethic and value.

Which of the above statements are among the basic principles of normative theories?

I and II

I, III and IV

II and III

III and IV

II and IV

Açıklama:

Normative theories, essentially are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic. Value is always an important element for the background of normative studies, and such theories placed the discussion of politics in the context of morality. However, normative theories rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments and this is an important difference from empirical/positivist theories. Moreover, they are not concerned with the proposition related to “what is” but “what ought to be, what should be”. Normative scholars are against and they object to the thesis of relativity of ethic and value. Kantian, utilitarian and social contract insights are approaches that rest on universality of values. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 84

Which of the following schools of thought does not accept the universality of some values?

Relativist

Normative

Cosmopolitanism

Utilitarianism

Kantianism

Açıklama:

Scholars that base their arguments on relativism refuse cosmopolitanism. In other words, they do not accept the universality of some values. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 85

Which of the following scholars claims that individuals would voluntarily accept to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security?

Augustine

Locke

Cicero

Kant

Jefferson

Açıklama:

According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 86

Universal ethics
Universal anarchy
Universal peace

Which of the above concepts is related to normative theory?

I only

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Normative theories are generally concerned with value laden concepts. Universal law, principles, peace and ethics are some of these concepts; however, the universal anarchy is not one of these concepts. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 87

Which of the following statements is incorrect about the normative theories?

They adopt human being's freedom and capability to determine the outside world

They emphasize the influence of international structure and national interest.

They look like predictive and explanatory theories.

The propositions of normative theories cannot be tested or verified by facts.

They introduce some proposals to foreign policy decision makers about the social issues to be taken into consideration.

Açıklama:

Normative theories, adopt human being’s freedom and capability to determine the outside world rather than emphasizing the influence of international structure and national interest. They look like predictive and explanatory theories rather than being deterministic theories. But, the propositions of normative theories cannot be tested or verified by facts. They introduce some proposals to foreign policy decision makers about the social issues to be taken into consideration. The correct answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

Which of the following principles asserts that every sovereign state has the right to conduct its affairs without outside interference?

self-determination

perpetual peace

universal morality

conflict resolution

non-intervention

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 89

How does the utilitarian philosophy explain the irrational behaviours and actions of individuals?

Corrupted moral values

Egocenterism

Underdevelopment of intellectual capability

Harmony of interest

Conflict of interests

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 90

When is war justified?
When is intervention in domestic affairs of other states justified?
Is the policy of nuclear deterrence morally defensible?

Which of the above issues is related to the normative theory?

Only I

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Normative theories try to find answers for questions like When is war justified? When is intervention in the domestic affairs of other states justified? Is international terrorist activity ever justified? Is the policy of nuclear deterrence morally defensible? The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 91

"______is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community"
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

Cosmopolitanism

Universal law

Natural law

Universal peace

Universal morality

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 92

"Perpetual peace approach is created by_____."
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

Kant

J.J.Rousseau

Cicero

Hobbes

Augustine

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 93

They rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments.
They are concerned with the proposition related to “what ought to be, what should be”.
They are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic.
IV. They depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.
Which of the above are about normative theories?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 94

"True law is a law in coincidence with the nature."
"A single justice depending on single law is valid for all society"
The ideas above are stated by________.

Cicero

Kant

J.J. Rousseau

Locke

Rail

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 95

"good or bad are relative concepts and consequently there is no absolute good and absolute bad. ere are no sensible and objective criteria to divide the good and bad; in contrast, it depends subjectively to the individuals themselves"
The ideas above belong to_______.

Hobbes

Cicero

Kant

Locke

J.J. Rousseau

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 96

"_____ theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles."
Which of the following completes the sentence the most appropriately?

Social contract

Universal principle

Natural law

Moral universalism

Cosmopolitism

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 97

"According to ______ the social and individual interests overlap"
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

kantism

utilitarianism

cosmopolitan understanding

empirical theory

normative theory

Açıklama:

The correct answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 98

Which of the following cannot be considered as a social value?

Freedom

income

opportunity

wealth

wage

Açıklama:

The answer is E

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 99

Whose concept of justice founded the background of new economic order demands of poor ird World countries to fill the rift between North and South?

Cicero's

Kant's

Rawl's

Locke's

Rousseau's

Açıklama:

The correct answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 100

"_____refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general"
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?

Jus ad bellum

Social construct

Universal morality

Cosmopolitanism

Kantism

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 101

Which of the following thinkers developed the idea of European federation?

J.J. Rousseau

Hobbes

Locke

Marx

Durkheim

Açıklama:

J.J. Rousseau developed the idea of the European federation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 102

Which of the following thinkers introduced the concept of "perpetual peace"?

Jean J. Rousseau

Immanuel Kant

Karl Marx

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Açıklama:

Immanuel Kant introduced the concept of Perpetual Peace.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 103

Which of the following was introduced by Kant as a recipe to solve the security demands of states?

A dominant state

A hegemon

A world federation

An international organization

Power

Açıklama:

A world federation of peaceful states was introduced by Kant as a recipe to solve the security demands of states

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 104

Which of the following approaches holds that the society regulated rightly if fundamental institutions are reshaped for providing the highest satisfaction?

Realizm

Empiricism

Normativism

Utilitarianism

Feminism

Açıklama:

For utilitarianism, if fundamental institutions are reshaped or reconstructed for providing the highest satisfaction, then it is certain that the society is regulated rightly.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 105

In his writings, which one of the following thinkers claims that the principle of utilitarianism should be obeyed to reach to the best?

Karl Marx

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

J.J. Rouseau

Jeremy Bentham

Açıklama:

Jeremy Bentham is one of the thinkers who claim that the principle of utilitarianism should be obeyed to reach to the best

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 106

..... theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Social contract

Realist

Empirical

Marxist

Feminist

Açıklama:

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 107

Which of the following is one of the thinkers who developed the social contract theory?

John Locke

Immanuel Kant

Karl Marx

Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill

Açıklama:

John Locke is one of the thinkers who developed the social contract theory.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 108

Which of the following involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference?

Self-defense

Use of force

Balance of power

Principle of non-intervention

Humanitarian intervention

Açıklama:

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference;

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 109

Which of the following is not one of the thinkers who have dealt with the concept of just war?

Augustine

Cicero

Aquinas

Suarez

Bentham

Açıklama:

The concept of just war was dealt by thinkers such as Augustine, Cicero, Aquinas, Suareaz, and Vitoria but not by Bentham.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 110

Which of the following is about the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of their government?

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which one of the matchings below is not true?

Hedley Bull-IR scholar

Adam Watson-diplomat

Desmond Williams-philosopher

Michael Howard-military historian

William Armstrong-economist from the Treasury Department

Açıklama:

The founding members of the British Committee were Herbert Butterfield
(historian), Martin Wight (IR Scholar), Desmond Williams (historian), Michael Howard (military historian), Geoffrey Hudson (historian), Donald McKinnon (philosopher), William Armstrong (economist from the Treasury Department), Adam Watson (diplomat), and Hedley Bull (IR scholar).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which one is one of the similarities between English School and Constructivist School?

They both strive to show the social bases of international relations

For both of them society is constructed with norms and institutions

They both stress the significance of norms

They both stress the significance of other ideational factors such as identity and values

The both have their main roots in the study of history, political theory and international law

Açıklama:

English School and Constructivist School too have similarities and differences. They both strive to show the social bases of international relations and for both of them society is constructed with norms and institutions. They also stress the
significance of norms and other ideational factors such as identity and values. Yet again there are key differences. As Buzan (2014, 33) pointed out the
“English School has its main roots in the study of history, political theory and international law, whereas Constructivism grew out of debates about epistemology and method.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Who identified six characteristics of the School?

Roy Jones

Peter Wilson

Hidemi Suganami

Sheila Grader

Barry Buzan

Açıklama:

Peter Wilson (1989) replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School.He identified six characteristics of the School.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which one is one of the second generation scholars?

Herbert Butterfield

Barry Buzan

Martin Wight

Hedley Bull

Michael Donelan

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Which of the followings is not one of the distinctions of the English School from the other schools and its merits?

Ontological pluralism

Epistemological pluralism

Its historical approach which combines continuity and diversity

The significance given to values and identities.

Material and structural understanding of history

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 42

According to Hidemi Suganami, which one is NOT one of the five factors that united the authors of “British institutionalist approach”?

Aspiration to werthfreiheit (morally neutral analysis)

Rejection of behaviourism or scientism

Reliance on sociological methods (institutional analysis)

Unity and specificity of the states- system (autonomy of IR)

Acceptance of utopianism

Açıklama:

Hidemi Suganami (1983) agreed with Jones on the existence of a distinct school and called it as “British institutionalist approach”. He identified five factors that united the authors of this approach:
1) aspiration to werthfreiheit (morally neutral analysis),
2) rejection of behaviourism or scientism,
3) reliance on sociological methods (institutional analysis),
4) unity and specificity of the states- system (autonomy of IR)
5) rejection of utopianism.
Suganami however disagreed with Jones and considered the contribution of the School to be significant and consequently he did not call for a closure.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Peter Wilson formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School. Which option is one of the six characteristics of the School he identified?

International relations can not be conceptualized in terms of a society

The existence of anarchy within international relations

The institutional basis of international order rather than mechanical or hegemonial/hegemonic imposition

Acceptance of utopian schemes

Acceptance of behaviourism

Açıklama:

Peter Wilson formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School. He identified six characteristics of the School:
1) a perspective of the whole (holism), in other words, the view that international relations constitute a whole,
2) the idea of international society, the view that international relations can be conceptualized in terms of a society,
3) the existence of order within international relations unlike the prevalent conception of anarchy or disorder,
4) the institutional basis of international order rather than mechanical or hegemonial/hegemonic imposition,
5) rejection of utopian schemes
6) rejection of behaviourism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

Yurdusev, who argued for the existence of a distinct school, outlined basic premises of it. Which option is one of the premises he pointed out?

Concern for future

Hold on to extremes

The volitional/voluntaristic conceptualization of mechanical/ structural conception

A broad imaginary perspective

Avoidance of scientific jargon

Açıklama:

Yurdusev argued for the existence of a distinct school and outlined basic premises as follows:
1) concern for history, historical explanation and classical works
2) international relations being an orderly realm
3) the view of the whole
4) the adherence to a via media (middle way) approach, in other words, precaution and refrain from the extremes
5) the significance of and emphasis upon cultural/ civilizational factors in international relations
6) the volitional/voluntaristic conceptualization of international society/system against mechanical/ structural conception
7) a broad historical perspective and the use of historical parallels to current problems (rejection of presentism)
8) avoidance of scientific jargon.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which of the below is one of the founding members of the British Committee?

Herbert Butterfield

Michael Oakeshott

Harold Temperley

Kenneth Waltz

Thomas Kuhn

Açıklama:

The founding members of the British Committee were:

Herbert Butterfield (historian),
Martin Wight (IR Scholar),
Desmond Williams (historian),
Michael Howard (military historian),
Geoffrey Hudson (historian),
Donald McKinnon (philosopher),
William Armstrong (economist from the Treasury Department),
Adam Watson (diplomat),
- Hedley Bull (IR scholar).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which one is a correct argument about the British Committee?

The Committee was composed of scholars coming from different disciplines.

The British Committee met for the first time in 1959 and then worked well into the mid-1980s. Initially the Committee met 6 times a year.

In time, no other scholars participated in the meetings of the Committee.

The penultimate work that came out of the working of the Committee was published in 1981.

The Expansion of International Society, edited by William Armstrong.

Açıklama:

The British Committee met for the first time in 1959 and then worked well into the mid-1980s. Initially the Committee met 3 times a year and discussed the selected issues over a week. In time we see other scholars participate in the meetings of the Committee and also scholars who were inspired by the workings of the Committee such as R.J. Vincent, M. Donelan, J. Mayall, A. James, G. Gong, to name but a few. Martin Wight and Hedley Bull have come to be recognized as the most prominent scholars among the authors of the English School.
The British Committee worked in the way that members prepared and distributed draft papers among themselves and then they discussed them over a week. The first publication of the Committee came out in 1966, titled Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, edited by Butterfield and Wight. In addition to Butterfield and Wight, the book included contributions by other members of the Committee such as Bull, Howard and MacKinnon. The penultimate work that came out of the working of the Committee was published in 1984, titled The Expansion of International Society, edited by Bull and Watson. In-between, we see various works, either collective or individually authored, by members of the Committee or authors inspired by the works of the Committee. It is fair to say that the British Committee thus led to the formation of a body of works, which we now consider as the output of the English School of International Relations.
When one examines the composition and the working of the British Committee, some of the premises and arguments of the English School can be discerned. The Committee was composed of scholars coming from different disciplines, not just those coming from the discipline of IR.

Doğru Cevap: A

common interests

common rules

common values

common institutions

common parties

Açıklama:

Basic premises and arguments of the English School
common parties

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 55

The historicism of the English School __________ presentism in the sense that the present is not conceived as the penultimate culmination point of history, rather it is just one experience within the course of history and part of it.

accepts

prioritizes

idealizes

rejects

includes

Açıklama:

Basic premises and arguments of the English School
rejects

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 56

The international system conception of the English School is very much similar to the system conception found in __________ school as both of them consider system in terms of an interdependence relationship and both of them take the sovereign nation states as the primary members.

Marxist

Realist

Conformist

Constructivist

Structuralist

Açıklama:

English School vs. Other schools and Its merits
Realist

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

English School and Constructivist School both strive to show the social bases of international relations and for both of them society is constructed with _________ and institutions.

rules

schools

norms

people

politicians

Açıklama:

English School vs. Other schools and Its merits
norms

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 58

Contrary to the critical theorists, the English School’s concern for humanity does not implicate the transcendence of the ___________ states and cultural identities.

existing

sovereign

free

national

regime

Açıklama:

English School vs. Other schools and Its merits
existing

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which one of the following includes the similarities among English School and Critical theory
and Marxist approaches?

Not having a material and structural understanding of history

Historical orientation and concern for world community

Entertaining a volitional/voluntaristic conception of history

The significance given to values and cultural and civilizational identities

Ontological and epistemological pluralism

Açıklama:

English School vs. Other schools and Its merits
Historical orientation and concern for world community

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 60

Which one of the following is true about the English School and International Relations?

The English School has a solid base in the theoretical milieu of IR with its basic premises and arguments.

International relations are part of human social phenomena as they are the results of unconscious human decisions and actions.

Human social phenomena and international relations as well are historical in the sense that they do not change in time and space.

International phenomena can be encapsulated within only political power rivalry or material and economical struggle.

The English School emphasized only the role of values from the very beginning in the study of international relations.

Açıklama:

Conclusion
The English School has a solid base in the theoretical milieu of IR with its basic premises and arguments.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the four components of international society?

common interests

common rules

common political system

common institutions

common values

Açıklama:

International society is the core concept and element of international relations. It is defined by four components: common interests, common values, common rules and common institutions. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

salience of power and welfare
ontological and methodological pluralism
acceptence of presentism

Which of the above are among the basic premises of English School?

I and II

I and III

II and III

Açıklama:

There are five basic premises of English School. These are:

ontological and epistomological pluralisn
core concept / element of IR being international society
salience of cultural / civilizational factors and values
epistomological / methodological pluralism
rejection of presentism.

The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

It was composed of scholars coming from different disciplines.
It included theoreticians and people from practice
Publications came after a through discussion

Which of the above statements is accurate about the composition and working of the British Committee?

I only

I and II

II and III

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

When we look at the composition and the working of the British Committee, it is easily recognized that:

it was composed of scholars coming from disciplines
it included people from the practice, not just the theorists
many of its publications came after a through discussion among the members of the Committee.

The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 64

Which of the following is TRUE about the historical development of the English School?

The English school was defined against the American approaches to International Relations (IR)

Their first publication came out the year following their first meeting.

The British royal family encouraged the foundation of the Committee.

The founding members of the committee were all distinguished English historians.

They had their first meeting in Oxford University in 1959.

Açıklama:

The British Committee emerged as a result of an American initiative. The committee first met in 1959 in Cambridge University. The committee consisted of members from different disciplines. Some of these members were theorists, whereas some were involved in practice. The committee had their first publication in 1984. Despite being an American initiative, the English school stood against the American ideology in International Relations. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

Who first coined the term "English School" in 1981?

Martin Wight

Herbert Butterfield

Roy Jones

Hidemi Suganami

Peter Wilson

Açıklama:

Prof. Wight and Butterfield were both in the English Committee founded in 1959; however, the first theorists to use "English school" was Roy Jones in 1981. Prof. Suganami and Wilson also supported the idea of a distinct English school of International Relations; however, neither coined the term "English school". The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 66

Which of the following scholars stood against the existence of a distinct English School?

Roy Jones

Sheila Grader

Hidemi Suganami

Peter Wilson

Tim Dunne

Açıklama:

All of the above scholars, expect for Sheila Grader, supported the English School as a distinct school of International Relations. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

In which of the following is Wight's conceptualization of international thought and its corrensponding term is presented accurately?

Realism - internationa society

Rationalism-International system

Revolutionism-World society

Revolutionism-international society

Rationalism-world society

Açıklama:

The ontological pluralism of the international reality was suggested by Wight. His triple conceptualization of international thought in terms of three Rs, namely Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism corresponded with the international system, international society and world society. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 68

prioritize justice to order.
emphasize the significance of sovereignty.
give room to humanitarian intervention

Which of the above is TRUE about the solidarist version of international society?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The solidarist version of international relations prioritize justice over order. Because they include international cooperation in their interpretation of international relations, they undervalue the significance of sovereignty and diversity, and give room to humanitarian intervention, especially when there is violation of human rights. The answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

Which of the following is TRUE about the English school?

The states are power-seeking and maximizing atomistic billiard balls.

States are historical formations with particular identities existing within a social milieu.

Formation of norms and institutions within a society is purpose oriented and contemporary.

They have a materalistic and structural understanding of history.

The concern for humanity implicate the transcendence of the existing states and cultural identities.

Açıklama:

English School distinguishes from other schools in various ways. For the English School, the states are historical formations with particular identities existing
within a social milieu. The English School has a much more normative orientation. As to the formation norms and institutions of the society, the English School scholars see them as historical formations. Unlike the Marxist conception of history, the English School does not have a material and structural understanding of history as the English School scholars entertain a volitional/
voluntaristic and cultural/civilizational conception of history. Likewise, contrary to the critical theorists, the English School’s concern for humanity does not implicate the transcendence of the existing states and cultural identities. The correct answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

Historicism and voluntarism are the two common grounds between the English school and ______________________.

Realist approaches

Poststructuralist and postmodernist approaches

Marxist approaches

Constructivist approaches

Critical theory

Açıklama:

Historicism and voluntarism are two common grounds between the English school and Poststructuralist and Postmodernist approaches. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 71

English school scholars consider International Relations (IR) as an autonomous subject rather than being a part of (International) Politics.
They examine order in the world in terms of the structure of relations between sovereign nation-states.
They have a common style that involves no use of statistics, geometry and algebra, no rhetoric of world problems, such as poverty and monetary reform.
The English School has a commitment to holism in the sense that the whole is more than the mere summation of its parts.
the existence of order within international relations unlike
the prevalent conception of anarchy or disorder

Which of the above are the defining elements shared by the authors of English Schools according to Jones (1981)?

I-II-III-IV

II-III-IV-V

I-III-IV-V

I-II-IV-V

III-IV-V

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 72

Which of the following supported the view of Jones (1981) related to the characteristics of English Schools and being a distinct school?

Nuri Yurdusev

Tim Dunne

Martin Wight

Sheila Grader

Hidemi Sugunami

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 73

Sugunami (1983) identified five factors that united the authors of Jones's (1981) approach on English Schools. Which of the following is not one of those factors?

aspiration to werthfreiheit

rejection of behaviourism or scientism

reliance on sociological methods

unity and specificity of the statessystem

a perspective of the whole

Açıklama:

The correct answer is E because it is one of the six characteristics of the School Wilson (1989) describes.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 74

Peter Wilson (1989) argued for the existence of a distinct English School. He identified six characteristics of the School. Which of the following are one of these six characteristics?

rejection of behaviourism

unity and specificity of the statessystem

concern for history

international relations being an orderly realm

avoidance of scientific jargon

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Which of the following is one of the first generation scholars of English schools?

Herbert Butterfield

Barry Buzan

Tim Dunne

Peter Wilson

Nicholas Wheeler

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 79

The Committee of English school was composed of scholars coming from different disciplines. Which of the following is NOT from the disciplines of the scholars of the committee?

International relations

History

Politics

Economics

Psychology

Açıklama:

The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 80

"World society refers to_________."
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?

non-state organizations

international practices

social individual

power politics

intentional reality

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 81

Which school does the 1981 Roy Jones article, which coined the term 'English School', refer to?

University of Oxford.

University of Cambridge.

London School of Economics.

King's College London.

Imperial College London.

Açıklama:

The term 'English School' was first coined by Roy Jones in a 1981 article titled 'The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure' in which Jones argued that a group of scholars, basically gathered at the London School of Economics, could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this could could be referred to as the 'English School'.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 82

Which of the following is not one of the four defining elements of the English School as determined by Roy Jones?

They consider International relations to be an autonomous subject rather than a part of (international) politics.

They examine order in the world in terms of the structure of relations between sovereign nation-states.

They have a common style that does not involve the use of statistics, geometry, algebra, and avoids the rhetoric of world issues such as poverty and monetary reform.

They are committed to holism in the sense that the whole is more than the summation of its parts.

They established that international relations as a field has existed for centuries, but has emerged as a subject field from the rise of colonialism.

Açıklama:

The English School does not limit the study (and scope) of the field of international relations to the colonial and post-colonial eras.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 83

Which of the following are required for the sustained definition of the English School?
I. Commonalities of view.
II. Self-identification by members.
III. Recognition by the community.
IV. Historical lineage and evidence.

I, III, IV.

I, II, III.

II, III, IV.

II, III.

I, II.

Açıklama:

Commonality of views, self-identification, and recognition by the community are the three conditions for the definition of a school. While historical lineage and evidence may seem important, the English School itself may also be traced back to arguments from the writings of scholars from previous centuries such as Hugo Grotius, Edmund Burke, and A.H.L. Heeren. Therefore, the first meeteing of the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics in 1959 is considered the birthplace of the English School as one can always take the traces of an event further back.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 84

Which of the following is not one of the four bastions from which the arguments of the English School are derived?

A historical tradition in epistemology that relies on empirical analysis and historical explanation.

A refrain from extremes and the pursuit of accommodation rather than rigid and radical positions.

The prominence of diversity rather than unity.

A preference for diplomacy over force, until absolutely unavoidable.

A focus on international relations as a distinct field rather than an amalgam of theorists and theories from others such as economy, philosophy and mathematics.

Açıklama:

The English School is renowned for its multidisciplinary approach to international relations, as the school conceived study in this field in terms of a multi or inter disciplinary approach since its beginning. While the Committee that established the foundations of the school determined that insight was required from politics, economics, history and philosophy, the convenors of the committee even considered inviting a mathematician for a while.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Which of the following was the initiative that resulted in the emergence of the British Committee?

The unification of scholars in higher education institutes around Britain in search for a unified understanding of international politics.

The expansion of international society to include scholars from Great Britain in discussions of international relations.

The American Committee on the Theory of International Politics suggesting the establishment of the British Committee through the Rockefeller Foundation.

Cambridge historian Herbert Butterfield transferring from Cambridge to the London School of Economics and Political Science.

The British government requiring the establishment of such a committee for a better understanding of and research in international relations and foreign policy.

Açıklama:

The British Committee emerged as a result of an American initiative. Kenneth Thompson, a member of the American Committee on the Theory of International Politics suggested the idea and provided funding through the Rockefeller Foundation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 86

Which of the following examples would be considered an international system rather than an international society?

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement).

EU (European Union).

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

The Cold War.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Açıklama:

The Cold War is the result of rising tensions between the U.S. and Russia/U.S.S.R. following World War II. The relationship between the two nations was borne out of their contact and the impact that their decisions had on each other, where each nation had to calculate their behavior in accordance with the other. The other examples are groups of states with common interests, and therefore bind themselves to a common set of rules in their relations with one another, forming a society of states.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 87

Which of the following is not one of the components defined by international society?

Common interests.

Common threats.

Common rules.

Common values.

Common institutions.

Açıklama:

International society is defined by four components: common interests, common rules, common values and common institutions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

Which of the following basic premises of the English School has an ongoing discussion regarding the priority of either order, or justice within a system?

Ontological pluralism.

Epistemological pluralism.

The salience of cultural factors and values.

International society as a core concept.

The rejection of presentism.

Açıklama:

In time, English School authors have elaborated two versions of international society: the pluralist version and the solidarist version. This typology is an offspring of the order versus justice debate in international relations where pluralists prioritize order to justice, as an unjust system cannot be stable. Solidarists prioritize justice as an unjust system (even if it has order) is undesirable and ultimately unsustainable. This debate is a continuing argument between second-generation scholars that ties into international society as a core concept of international relations - the second basic argument of the English School.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 89

Which of the following is not one of the distinctions of the English School from other schools of thought in international relations?

Emergence from debates on epistemology and method.

A historical approach repudiating determinism.

A historical approach repudiating presentism.

Ontological and epistemological pluralism.

The significance given to values and cultural and civilizational identities.

Açıklama:

The English School has its main roots in the study of history, political theory and international law, whereas constructivism grew out of debates about epistemology and method. The distinctions of the English School from other schools and its merits are ontological and epistemological pluralism, its historical approach repudiating both determinism and presentism, and the significance given to values and cultural civilizational identities.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 90

Which of the following statements is true about the pluralist version of the concept of international society?

It prioritizes order, as it is a prior condition to justice.

It prioritizes justice, as an unjust system cannot be stable.

It prioritizes human rights to allow for humanitarian intervention.

It prioritizes commonalities such as culture as a prerequisite for cooperation.

It prioritizes primary institutions of international relations such as the balance of power.

Açıklama:

Pluralists typically prioritize order to justice within the system as they argue that, although a deeply unjust system cannot be stable, order is in many ways a prior condition for justice. They also enphasize the significance of sovereignt, non-intervention, and cultural and political diversity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Theorıes of Internatıonal Relatıons I (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

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