International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three states.

The main motivation of the States in establishing organizations has always been international and regional cooperation. It is clear that Realpolitik as well as economic, cultural and even ideological expectations play a decisive role in this respect.

Indeed, NATO for example, not only asks its member States “to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies”, but also encourages “economic collaboration between any or all of them” (Article 2).

BRICS is a good example in this regard. Although a number of them are neighbours, five States (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) from different continents with different economic characteristics are now championing free global trade and even arguably aiming in the long run to replace global trade institutions such as the IMF and World Bank.

Realism argues that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens.

Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization. The routine daily work of the organization is done by this body which also coordinates all relevant internal and external activities in line with the aims, rules and principles set out in the statute of the organization.

Although their mere participation and contribution to plenary meetings and debates is somehow regarded important, there are cases where this status is granted as a means of preparation for, and transition to, full-membership. Observer status is not confined to States. It is also granted to non-State actors such as other international and regional organizations, unrecognised States/entities, multinational companies and non-governmental organizations.

All independent Arab States have the right to be a member of the League of Arab States which makes the organization an ethno-regional one.

Last but not least, this model encourages the closed-door diplomacy, as some members may seek economic and diplomatic ways of convincing and even compelling others.

International organisations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States.

The Charter, which prohibits threat and use of force in its Article 2/4, permits States to defend themselves against an armed attack individually or collectively (Article 51).

Warsaw Pact has intervened militarily to Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) in order to protect revolutionary principles.

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are members of BRICS.

The main motivation of the States in establishing organizations has always been international and regional cooperation.

Organization as functional interfaces of cooperation are usually established for three general concrete reasons particularly at regional levels: Military alliance, economic cooperation and dealing with common “technical” issues.

States tend to establish, or become a member of regional military alliances in order to strengthen their security.

It is assumed and expected that establishing institutional mechanism among States which are not only trade-partners but have interdependent and even complementary economies would have a win-win affect. Such solidarity organizations are established in order to facilitate and foster trade relations and economic cooperation in between States that usually share common borders. As such organizations mostly reduce and even lift trade barriers, tariffs and other restrictions and thus increase trade volumes, they not only improve the welfare of the citizens of the member States but also foster the regional economy as a whole. Some regional organizations go even further and aim supranational economic, social and even political integration, as is the case for the EU which somehow constitutes a role-model for many regional organizations across the world.

First modern organizations were established in 19th century in order accommodate postal communication and land, sea and rail transportation at a regional level.

Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital.

Organizations set up their bodies and organs in line with their purposes, goals, principles and even number of members. The duly take into account regional and international climate, as well. Organization have, or create in the course of time, bodies deemed necessary for the fulfilment of organizational purposes and functions. Yet they all, almost as a rule, basically have three main bodies: Secretariat, plenary assemble and specially authorised body.

Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization.

First modern organizations were established in 19th century in order accommodate postal communication and land, sea and rail transportation at a regional level.

Nevertheless, first, the highest available standard is something different from the highest possible standard. Second, as such hegemonic States are usually the main sources or contributors of the root-causes of the problem in question, their suggestions usually shares the burdens with co-members unevenly to their best advantage. In short, although common problems de nitely need joint institutional solutions, such endeavours cannot be analysed as politics-free technical steps to the good of all.

Best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism (idealism, rationalism). ere are also a wide range of theories that oppose these two, which are usually referred to as critical theories/approaches, such as Marxism, feminism, constructivism and so on.

Secretary-General, normally elected by the plenary assemble of the member States, represents the organization externally at the international level.

Organizations, on the other hand, are also open to observer members which are sometimes called “contact States”, “dialog partners” etc..

Tere are two decision-making models in organizations: Consensus and voting.

i. İnternational legal people ii. international agreement iii. Duly signed documents by governmental bodies iv.at least three states all of these are necessary components of an international organization

statutes includes information on; i. Basic aims ii. purposes iii. principles of the organization iv. The membership criteria v. Decision making procedures

Implied Powers

The motives to establish an organization are;
i. Economic, culural and ideological expectations
iii. The perception of them as useful legal and political tools
iv. The criticisms of the decisions would go to the institution.

The most accepted view is that organizations have functional and limited powers.

The reasons for the establishment of an organization as functional interfaces of cooperation are;
i. Military alliances
ii. Economic cooperation organizations
iii. Common technical problems

Critical theories state the uneven and hegemonic nature of international relations.

The main bodies of an organization are;
i. Secretariat iii. plenary assemble iv. Specially authorised body

The decision making models in an organization are;
i- Voting
ii- Consensus

The ‘specially authorized body’ has a limited number of members.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States.

BRICS is a good example in this regard. Although a number of them are neighbours, five States (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) from different continents with different economic characteristics are now championing free global trade and even arguably aiming in the long run to replace global trade institutions such as the IMF and World Bank.

Best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism (idealism, rationalism). There are also a wide range of theories that oppose these two, which are usually referred to as critical theories/approaches, such as Marxism, feminism, constructivism and so on. All of these general theories of international relations are also adjusted to international and regional organizations.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital. Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle.

Plenary assemble is the sole body that contains the governmental representatives of all member States. It is usually equipped with general powers and authorities regarding the structure and operation of the organization. It approves the budget, admits new members, amends the statute and so on.

There are organizations which are open to the membership of any “country” or even “territory”, provided that other criteria are met. These are usually “technical” organizations which claim that they simply want to take on board as much relevant party as possible and function thoroughly.

Five out of eleven founding members of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation are not coastal States.

Any State “having Muslim majority” may apply for the membership of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation which now has 57 members from all over the world and is effectively open to States “having Muslim population.

The host State which remains the sovereign of the relevant field in question in principle allocates and devotes it to the use of the organization and accepts to supply and ensure all infrastructural means, as well as the security thereof.

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International organizations are institutional, legal, and political entities established by the main subjects and actors of international relations, States, at regional or global levels. They are, therefore, also referred to as inter-governmental organizations or international governmental organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

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International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. Therefore, the correct option is B.

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The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. Therefore, the correct option is E.

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The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. Therefore, the correct option is E.

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Possessing an international legal personality, first and foremost, means having rights, powers and obligations within international legal realm. Organizations are not only subject to all relevant sorts of international responsibilities, they also have the capacity and capability to create legal rules. However their personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. They can only act and function within the framework of their statutes. They cannot use powers exceeding the limits drawn therein. The exact scope of this functional and limited personality, however, is interpreted differently in the literature. Therefore, the correct option is A.

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Although possessing an international legal personality is crucial for organizations to take part in international politics, the opposite is not necessarily true. Indeed, there are regular “summit” meetings or entities that do not hold a legal personality and yet are quite influential in international politics. The G-7/8 is indeed one of the most active and effective decision making and standard-setting global actor although it does not possess a legal personality. Therefore, the correct option is D.

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NATO and Warsaw Pact are the most known examples of such collective self-defence organizations which characterised the Cold War. Meanwhile, it must be particularly emphasised that such regional organizations are not established solely for military objectives visà-vis third (group of) States. They have a very strong socio-economic-political aspect as well. Therefore, the correct option is B.

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Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. They, as the main if not the sole actor of international relations, simply want to maximise their interests and survive in a world of homo homini lupus. As this cannot be ensured individually particularly in certain regions, States do and should be part of institutional military alliances against common enemies. Therefore, the correct option is C.

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Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital. Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle. Therefore, the correct option is A.

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In the voting model, each member casts its vote on a draft resolution and the decision is deemed to be taken if the affirmative votes exceed a certain number or ratio. In simple majority, the affirmative vote requirement is more than half of all votes cast. In qualified majority, affirmative votes should be more than half of the votes cast. Finally unanimity, contrary to the general understanding, does not require affirmative votes of all members but simply seeks that no single negative vote is cast. So absences or abstentions are ignored which in turn means that members that do not effectively want to block (“veto”) a resolution may well prefer either not participating the voting or being present but casting a blank vote. The main weakness of this model is the fact that it has the potential to concretise and crystallise the diversity of views among its members. Therefore, the correct option is D.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the provisions in the answer choices are among the provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the international organizations accommodated by the constituting documents, which are usually called statutes.

Organizations, with their own legally independent and permanent bodies and powers, differ from other international platforms, conferences and say summits. They are also distinguished from international regimes, which are in fact general mechanisms foreseen and consumed by a group of States for accomplishing various individual goals. International and regional organizations possess a legal personality, as well as being an autonomous political entity, and may well act on their own behalf despite the fact that their decisions and policies are shaped thanks to the votes of the member States. Possessing an international legal personality, first and foremost, means having rights, powers and obligations within international legal realm. Organizations are not only subject to all relevant sorts of international responsibilities, they also have the capacity and capability to create legal rules. However their personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. As can be understood from the information given, all the answer choices include the characteristics of international organizations, so the correct answer is E.

International organizations’ personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. They can only act and function within the framework of their statutes. They cannot use powers exceeding the limits drawn therein. The exact scope of this functional and limited personality, however, is interpreted differently in the literature. Some argue that organizations can only use powers explicitly given to them in their statutes, which in fact means that the discretion of any organization is limited and it is the member States that still counts. Others, therefore, argue that organizations should be allowed to use implied powers that are, or might be, necessary to accomplish the goals set forth in the statutes. Finally, some go further and suggest that any power not forbidden in the statute might naturally be used especially by global organizations such as the UN. As none of these views respectively championing explicit, implied or natural powers secured a widespread support, it might be concluded that organizations have functional and limited personalities and they can act only within the limits drawn in their statutes. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is B. “Organizations should be allowed to use implied powers that are, or might be, necessary to accomplish the goals set forth in the statutes.” and “Any power not forbidden in the statute might naturally be used especially by global organizations such as the UN.” might be regarded as contradictory with international organizations’ limited personality.

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It is, therefore, posible to conclude that not only…
It is, therefore, possible to conclude that not only…
Although possessing an international legal personality is crucial for organizations to take part in international politics, the opposite is not necessarily true. Indeed, there are regular “summit” meetings or entities that do not hold a legal personality and yet are quite influential in international politics. The G-7/8 is indeed one of the most active and effective decision making and standard-setting global actor although it does not possess a legal personality. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is B.

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… in order accommodate postal communication…
… in order to accommodate postal communication…
The globalisation process may easily be labelled as an era of regional integration ambitions, for states are increasingly becoming unable of tackling and competing with global trade individually. This is also because of the fact that the ways/means of industrial production have changed dramatically in the last decades. States do not constitute “specialised industrial production units” anymore. Production process itself is fragmented and various parts of almost all sorts of goods are produced and assembled in different countries. No country is the sole producer, and thus the sole exporter, of no goods. International market is not anymore an exchange platform of final products, but rather that of intermediate goods. Exporting and importing (of different parts of a single product) are intertwined and neither can be possible and even meaningful without the other. So, cooperation is increasingly becoming a sine qua non for all States if they want to co-produce something. Moreover, since factors of production are scattered around the world and particularly cheap labour force might well be found in quite far regions, economic cooperation is not anymore limited with the neighbouring countries either. In fact, State practices do confirm this trend, as economic organizations that are increasingly becoming inevitable are not necessarily established at regional levels between States that share common borders. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All arguments given in the answer choices be used in order to argue that no country is the sole producer, and thus the sole exporter, of no goods.

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Best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism (idealism, rationalism).
Writing idealism and rationalism in parenthesis may be misunderstood as if they were the synonmys for realism and liberalism.
There are also major theoretical approaches that endeavour to explain regional and international organizations. It must be emphasised at the outset that theories do not determine and designate politics. International actors such as States, organizations and other emerging non-State actors do shape politics. Theories simply claim to explain politics from usually solely a certain angle.
Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. They, as the main if not the sole actor of international relations, simply want to maximise their interests and survive in a world of homo homini lupus.
Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital.
Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle. Mutual interdependence thus fixed intensifies and deepens over time in such a fashion that war and even conflict becomes needles and even undesired. The most advanced version of this approach is represented by the functionalist integration theories. As used to explain supranational regional organizations such as the EU, it is argued that a close cooperation on non-controversial practical, technical, economic and legal issues rather than political and military ones would not only create a “common peace and welfare zone”, but also strengthen a sense of commonness and togetherness in between citizens.
Critical theories usually emphasises the uneven and hegemonic nature of international and regional relations. They argue that organization of relations at all social and political levels has a hierarchical rather than cooperative character.
As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements related to theoretical approaches given are correct.

Organizations set up their bodies and organs in line with their purposes, goals, principles and even number of members. The duly take into account regional and international climate, as well. Organization have, or create in the course of time, bodies deemed necessary for the fulfilment of organizational purposes and functions. Yet they all, almost as a rule, basically have three main bodies: Secretariat, plenary assemble and specially authorised body.
Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization. It is the only body that is not composed of the representatives of the member States but rather employs officers working for, and accountable to, the organization itself.
Plenary assemble is the sole body that contains the governmental representatives of all member States. It is usually equipped with general powers and authorities regarding the structure and operation of the organization. It approves the budget, admits new members, amends the statute and so on. It ordinarily meets sparsely, say annually or even once in two years, to discuss, consult and negotiate general issues on its agenda.
Almost all organizations have a core specially authorised body which is usually called council or board and is equipped with special powers. Unlike the assembly, it has a limited number of members. These members are either elected by the plenary assembly for a certain period of time according to certain criteria or envisaged as permanent members in the statute of the organization.
The correct answer is B. Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization. Specially authorised body is equipped with special powers. As can be understood from the information given, specially authorised body is usually called council or board.

Membership first and foremost means holding all legal rights and privileges that stem from membership such as participating at the meetings, operations and decision-making processes of the organization on an equal footing. Organizations designate their membership criteria and application procedures in their statutes. Although founding members might have a certain degree of psychopolitical advantage, it is the full-membership that counts. Organizations, on the other hand, are also open to observer members which are sometimes called “contact States”, “dialog partners” etc.. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer B.

In the voting method, each member casts its vote on a draft resolution and the decision is deemed to be taken if the affirmative votes exceed a certain number or ratio. In simple majority, the affirmative vote requirement is more than half of all votes cast. In qualified majority, affirmative votes should be more than half of the votes cast. Finally unanimity, contrary to the general understanding, does not require affirmative votes of all members but simply seeks that no single negative vote is cast. So absences or abstentions are ignored which in turn means that members that do not effectively want to block (“veto”) a resolution may well prefer either not participating the voting or being present but casting a blank vote. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. Consensus is a model where decisions are taken without voting. Each and every member holds the right to express its opinion on a draft resolution. Objections, suggestions, proposals and amendment requests are voiced until a compromise and consent is reached at. At a point where no party raises further issues, the resolution is assumed to be assented. In cases where the matter in question directly relates a member State, the organizations may prefer consensus minus one procedure according to which that State is denied to have its say due to the principle nemo judex in sua causa (no-one should be a judge in his own cause).

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… as well as regular, budgets in order to…
… as well as regular budgets in order to...
Organizations require material, physical and economic means to carry out their activities and perform their duties. This is because the expenses incurred to run and fund daily work, activities and fixed costs such as personal salaries and infrastructural expenditures are all to be met by the organization itself. That’s why organizations have their own budgets generated and set with the contributions of the members. Organizations have two basic kinds of budgets. Budgets that depend on the yearly contributions of the members as well as on other regular revenues and incomes of the organizations are mostly called regular budgets. These budgets towards planned or projected activities and expenditures of relevant bodies and organs of the organizations are in principle approved and audited by the plenary bodies. As a huge difference in between financial means and contributions of the members may cause an imbalance among members for the advantage and benefit of influential ones, organizations usually set ceiling and minimum rates so that no member disproportionally finances, and thus seeks to influence, the organization. As States that do not pay their contributions timely may pose important financial problems, organizations reserve the right to impose sanctions including the suspension of the voting right. Yet there are cases where an influential State is but only kindly requested to pay its huge amount of arrears whereas a weak State is denied its voting right due to a relatively much smaller amount of yearly contribution. Organizations may also need additional financial means for unusual or extraordinary activities and expenditures. Ad hoc budgets are raised in such cases with the contributions of willing members. There are members who contribute to ad hoc, as well as regular, budgets in order to increase their respective influences within and outside the organization. Likewise, members sometimes contribute to ad hoc budgets with very small and even symbolic amounts just to demonstrate their positions and alignments. In short, budgeting systems of organizations are too not of mere economic and financial character but also have political dimensions, repercussions and effects. All statements in the answer choices are correct, so the correct answer is E.

All of them are among the main features of international organizations.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States.

The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization.

All of them are among the reasons why organizations are established.

All of them are among the reasons why organizations as functional interfaces of cooperation are usually established.

"Military alliance" is the treaty a group of States signs which establishes a defence pact and declare that an attack against any of them is in fact directed to all of them.

"Coup d'etat" is a general term referring to overthrowing an existing government using force.

Economic cooperation organizations are established in order to facilitate and foster trade relations and economic cooperation in between States that usually share common borders.

Canada is not member of BRICS.

Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization.

The legal basis of regional organizations is provided by the UN Charter. The Charter, which prohibits threat and use of force in its Article 2/4, permits States to defend themselves against an armed attack individually or collectively (Article 51).

Article 52, which is the true legal basis of regional security organizations, allows States to establish “regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with” regional and international peace and security, provided that they are “consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations”.

Chapter VIII (Articles 52-54) of the UN Charter provides the legal basis for regional military alliances.

BRICS means five States (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), not Belgium.

As the idea of regional economic organization is going through a re-organization, economic co-operation is transforming into economic co-production.

The two best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) suggest that States are not (potential) enemies
but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens.

Realism argues that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security.

All organizations basically have three main bodies: Secretariat, plenary assemble and specially authorised body.

Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization. It is the only body that is not composed of the representatives of the member States but rather employs officers working for, and accountable to, the organization itself.