Polıtıcal Scıence (ENG) - Tüm Sorular
Ünite 1
Soru 1
Bismark defined politics as the ‘art of the _______’
Seçenekler
A
possible
B
state
C
people
D
power
E
ideas
Açıklama:
Bismarck defined politics as the ‘art of the possible’.
Soru 2
Who remarked that that politics is organized dispute about power and its use?
Seçenekler
A
Bernard Crick
B
Michael Curtis
C
Rajeev Bhargava
D
Carl Schmitt
E
David Easton
Açıklama:
Michael Curtis aptly remarked that ‘Politics is organized dispute about power and its use, involving choice among competing values, ideas, persons, interests and demands’.
Soru 3
According to Pollock, which of the following does theoretical politics not include?
Seçenekler
A
The Theory of the State
B
The Theory of Government
C
The Theory of Legislation and
D
The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
E
The Theory of Relations
Açıklama:
Theoretical politics does not include the theory of relations.
Soru 4
Which of the following is true about Modern Political Science.
I. It is the study of how power is used in modern society.
II. It includes extra legal processes involved in the government.
III. It is concerned with how power is obtained.
IV. It is concerned with the factors involved in decision making.
I. It is the study of how power is used in modern society.
II. It includes extra legal processes involved in the government.
III. It is concerned with how power is obtained.
IV. It is concerned with the factors involved in decision making.
Seçenekler
A
I & II
B
III & IV
C
I & IV
D
II & III
E
I, II, III, & IV
Açıklama:
Modern Political science is the study of how power is used in modern society. It inclues extra legal processes involved in the government. It is concerned with how power is obtained with the factors involved in decision making.
Soru 5
Who argued that there is no such thing as political science?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Jean Bodin
C
Edmund Burke
D
Thomas Hobbes
E
Henry Sidgwick
Açıklama:
Aristotle saw political science as the master science and Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Henry Sidgwick also held the same view. However, writers such as Frederic W. Maitland, Auguste Comte and Edmund Burke maintained that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government.
Soru 6
Which of the following statements is correct about Political Science?
Seçenekler
A
There are uniform principles in Political Science that are universally valid.
B
It is primarily concerned with man and his behavior in social context.
C
Political science is a natural science.
D
It deals with human beings that behave the same.
E
A systematic study is possible in Political Science.
Açıklama:
A systematic study is possible in Political Science. There are no uniform principles or laws in Political Science which are universally valid. Political Science is primarily concerned with man and his behavior in political context. Political Science is a social science. It deals with human beings, and all human beings do not behave in the same manner at all times.
Soru 7
Which of the following is a modern approach to political sciences?
Seçenekler
A
Historical Approach
B
Post-Behavioral Approach
C
Philosophical Approach
D
Institutional Approach
E
Legal Approach
Açıklama:
Generally, the liberal approach to political analysis can be divided into traditional approaches (Historical, Philosophical, Institutional, Legal) and modern approaches (Behavioral and Post -Behavioral).
Soru 8
Which of the following approaches to the study of political science analyses past events to arrive at laws?
Seçenekler
A
Marxian
B
Philosophical
C
Institutional
D
Historical
E
Legal
Açıklama:
The historical approach focuses on the process of arriving at laws governing politics through an analysis of historical events. It also stands for an attempt at understanding the political process through a historical account of political thought of yester years.
Soru 9
Which of the following is correct about the Philosophical Approach to the study of political science?
Seçenekler
A
It is guided by historical accounts and events.
B
Values are not emphasized.
C
It argues that there are not standards of right and wrong.
D
It is identified with value preferences.
E
It aims to arrive at truth through common sense.
Açıklama:
The philosophical approach is generally identified with value preferences. The emphasis is on moral and rational premises. This approach is based on the view that values are inevitable and essential for evaluating political phenomena.
Soru 10
The Institutional Approach relies on ______ rather than _______.
Seçenekler
A
description - values
B
explanation - behavior
C
description - explanation
D
values - behavior
E
evaluation - values
Açıklama:
The Institutional approach relies heavily on description rather than explanation.
Soru 11
Which of the following is not a widely accepted definition of politics?
Seçenekler
A
Politics is the activity by which differing interests are conciliated.
B
Politics is the art of the possible.
C
Politics is organized dispute about power.
D
Politics is a study of the city-state and its administration.
E
Politics is the activity to escape taking sides.
Açıklama:
Carl Schmitt'e göre hiçkimse politikada taraf olmaktan kaçınamaz. Dolayısıyla E şıkkındaki görüş (ve cümle) politikanın bir tanımı değil, aksine politikanın yadsınmasıdır. Dolayısıyla doğru cevap E'dir. Diğer şıklarda verilen cümlelerin her biri, önemli bir teorisyen tarafından yapılan politika tanımıdır.
"Carl Schmitt famously pointed out, friends and enemies; in politics no one can escape taking sides."
"Carl Schmitt famously pointed out, friends and enemies; in politics no one can escape taking sides."
Soru 12
Which of the following statesmen or thinkers strongly supported that no social order was viable without effective sovereignty and a failure to perceive the fragility of human institutions had led to a naive confidence that democracy and law would generate a sovereign state of their own accord?
Seçenekler
A
Bernard Crick
B
Otto von Bismarck
C
Carl Schmitt
D
Robert A. Dahl
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
"Carl Schmitt (1888-1986) was a German political theorist. He was shaken by the experience of Germany’s collapse during the First World War, and by the instability that he observed in the Weimar Republic, he believed that no social order was viable without effective sovereignty."
Soru 13
What was the main reason that David Easton argued for a value-laden Political Science?
Seçenekler
A
He was critical of the empirical approach of Behavioralists.
B
He was against any social change.
C
He wanted to eliminate any exercise of power over others.
D
He denied the interests of the subordinate classes.
E
He wanted to work for a small elite or dominant class.
Açıklama:
"As against empirical and value free approach of Behavioralists, Easton argued for a value-laden Political Science to understand social realities and work for social change."
Soru 14
Which of the following thinkers rejected the idea that politics is a "science"?
Seçenekler
A
Jean Bodin
B
Thomas Hobbes
C
Henry Sidgwick
D
Edmund Burke
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
"writers such as Frederic W. Maitland and Auguste Comte maintain that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government. They agree with Edmund Burke that there is no science in Politics."
Soru 15
Which of the following approaches focuses on the process of arriving at laws governing politics through an analysis of past events?
Seçenekler
A
Philosophical
B
Institutional
C
Historical
D
Legal
E
Behavioral
Açıklama:
"The historical approach...focuses on the process of arriving at laws governing politics through an analysis of historical events."
Soru 16
Which of the following is not a criticism brought against the "historical approach to politics"?
Seçenekler
A
It insists on discovering what is inevitable and then advocates ‘totalitarian’ methods for its realization.
B
It is not possible to understand ideas of the past ages in terms of the contemporary ideas and concepts.
C
Ideas of the past are hardly any guide for resolving the crises of today's world.
D
Its themes are generally concerned with moral reasoning which cannot be subjected to scientific test.
E
The present-day world is beyond the comprehension of the past thinkers.
Açıklama:
The themes of "the philosophical approach.. are generally concerned with moral reasoning which cannot be subjected to scientific test".
Soru 17
The characteristic feature of the ---- involves a detailed description of the nature and structure of the state and government.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Historical
B
Institutional
C
Philosophical
D
Legal
E
Behavioral
Açıklama:
"The characteristic feature of the institutional approach involves a detailed description of the nature and structure of the formal institutions such as state and government."
Soru 18
Those scholars who support the ---- approach believe that research untutored by theory may prove trivial while theory unsupportable by data may turn out to be futile.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Behavioral
B
Historical
C
Marxian
D
Institutional
E
Legal
Açıklama:
"Behavioralists drew a clear distinction between ethical evaluation and empirical explanation that are concerned with values and facts respectively... Systematization stands for establishing close interrelationship between theory and research, because research untutored by theory may prove trivial while theory unsupportable by data may turn out to be futile."
Soru 19
Which of the following approaches has strongly advocated that research in political science should be relevant to social problems and that political scientists should work toward solving social conflicts?
Seçenekler
A
Post-behavioral approach
B
Marxian approach
C
Institutional approach
D
Legal approach
E
Historical approach
Açıklama:
"The Post-Behavioralists insist that research in Political Science should be related to urgent social problems and must be purpose oriented... (and that) Political Scientists should actively engage in the resolution of these conflicts instead of being mere observer."
Soru 20
Which of the following is not one of the core concepts of the Marxian approach?
Seçenekler
A
Historical materialism
B
Class struggle
C
Social conservatism
D
Dialectical materialism
E
Class societies
Açıklama:
Not Marxism but Behavioralism "was charged with being ‘an ideology of social conservatism tempered by modest incremental change’."
Soru 21
Which one below is the reason for why politics is defined as the ‘art of the possible'?
Seçenekler
A
It is organized dispute about power.
B
It is a study of the city-state and its administration.
C
It is the activity through which people make rules under which they live.
D
It is the phenomena of conflict and cooperation.
E
It is the technique of compromise.
Açıklama:
From the practical point of view, politics is sometimes defined as the technique of compromise. That is why Bismarck defined politics as the ‘art of the possible’.
Soru 22
Which one of the followings below is not one of that theoretical politics includes according to Frederick Pollock?
Seçenekler
A
The Theory of the State
B
The Theory of Government
C
The Theory of Application
D
The Theory of Legislation
E
The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
Açıklama:
Frederick Pollock divides politics into theoretical politics and practical or applied politics (Pruthi, 2005: 65-66). According to him theoretical politics includes:
The Theory of the State
The Theory of Government
The Theory of Legislation and
The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
Soru 23
Who supports the idea that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government, and there is no science in Politics?
Seçenekler
A
Jean Bodin
B
Thomas Hobbes
C
Henry Sidgwick
D
Auguste Comte
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
But writers such as Frederic W. Maitland and Auguste Comte maintain that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government. They agree with Edmund Burke that there is no science in Politics. It is evident that there are no uniform principles or laws in Political Science which are universally valid.
Soru 24
Which one below is one of the traditional approaches to the study of political science?
Seçenekler
A
Historical
B
Behavioral
C
Post-behavioral
D
Marxian
E
Dialectical
Açıklama:
Generally, the liberal approach to political analysis can be divided into traditional approaches (Historical, Philosophical, Institutional, Legal) and modern approaches (Behavioral and Post -Behavioral). The Marxian approach to political analysis, however, is entirely different from the liberal approach; and it is comprehensive in nature.
Soru 25
Which approach below is based on the view that values are inevitable and essential for evaluating political phenomena?
Seçenekler
A
Institutional
B
Philosophical
C
Behavioral
D
Historical
E
Legal
Açıklama:
The philosophical approach is generally identified with value preferences. The emphasis is on moral and rational premises. This approach is based on the view that values are inevitable and essential for evaluating political phenomena.
Soru 26
Which approach below is interested in classification of governments, identification of levels of government (federal, state, local) as well as branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial)?
Seçenekler
A
Institutional
B
Legal
C
Behavioral
D
Historical
E
Post-behavioral
Açıklama:
An institution is a set of offices and agencies arranged in a hierarchy, each of which has certain functions and powers. Accordingly, the institutional approach proceeds to study the organizations and functioning of government, its various organs, political parties, and other institutions affecting politics. The chief concerns of this approach include classification of governments (monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, polity and democracy, dictatorship, parliamentary and presidential, unitary and federal), identification of levels of government (federal, state, local) as well as branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial). The Institutional approach relies heavily on description rather than explanation.
Soru 27
Who is not one of the exponents of the “scientific politics” that started at the beginning of 20th century?
Seçenekler
A
Charles Merriam
B
Harold D. Lasswell
C
Vernon Van Dyke
D
George Catlin
E
Arthur Bentley
Açıklama:
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This phase in Political Science is attended by a decisive reorientation of the discipline in terms of the methods it used. The notable exponents of this “scientific politics” were Charles Merriam, Harold D. Lasswell, George Catlin and Arthur Bentley. They looked especially to statistics and psychology as relevant tools for politics. Giving an anti-Marxian orientation to political analysis in the Post-War political context was their underlying motive. Various intellectual movements such as pragmatism, logical positivism and Behavioral psychology contributed much to the development of the new approach.
Soru 28
Which ones below is true about the goals of Behavioral Political Science?
I To establish standards of the good, the right, and the just to achieve good life.
II To understand political phenomenon realistically and to predict things.
III To create a value theory.
IV To make the empirical content of political science more scientific.
I To establish standards of the good, the right, and the just to achieve good life.
II To understand political phenomenon realistically and to predict things.
III To create a value theory.
IV To make the empirical content of political science more scientific.
Seçenekler
A
I, II
B
I,III
C
II,III
D
II,IV
E
III, IV
Açıklama:
The goal of Behavioral Political Science is not the achievement of good life but to understand political phenomenon realistically and to predict things. That means the creation of a systematic casual theory but not value theory. According to Robert A. Dahl, the Behavioral approach in Political Science is “an attempt to make the empirical content of Political Science more scientific.” The ‘intellectual foundations’ for this attempt, according to David Easton, is based on regularities, verifications, techniques, quantification, values, systematization, pure science and integration.
Soru 29
Which one below is one of the seven major traits post-Behavioralism that David Easton put forward?
Seçenekler
A
Ethical neutrality
B
Scientific objectivity
C
Value-free orientation
D
Humanist conception
E
Value-laden research
Açıklama:
David Easton, who had laid the intellectual foundation stones of Behavioralism, now set forth seven major traits or features of post-Behavioralism, which he called Credo of Relevance (Jayapalan, 2002: 86; Chaurasia, 2003: 137-138). They are:
Substance over technique
Relevant research
Value-laden research
Political scientist as critical intellectual
Action-oriented research
Politicization of the profession
Substance over technique
Relevant research
Value-laden research
Political scientist as critical intellectual
Action-oriented research
Politicization of the profession
Soru 30
....... says that society does not only consist of individuals but also represents the sum total of interrelations within which these individuals exist.
Seçenekler
A
Kaplan
B
Marx
C
Engels
D
Lenin
E
Zedong
Açıklama:
Marx says that society does not only consist of individuals but also represents the sum total of interrelations within which these individuals exist. According to him, all societies in history have been class societies.
Soru 31
Who defined politics as 'the art of the possible'?
Seçenekler
A
Otto von Bismarck
B
Aristotle
C
Carl Schmitt
D
Frederick Pollock
E
Bernard Crick
Açıklama:
From the practical point of view, politics is sometimes defined as the technique of compromise. That is why Bismarck, the first Chancellor of the German Empire, defined politics as the ‘art of the possible’.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 32
Topics such as origin, nature, and ends of the state constitute a part of -------- while others related to the actual administration of affairs of government fall under the scope of ------.
Which of the following two terms fill the gaps in the above sentence?
Which of the following two terms fill the gaps in the above sentence?
Seçenekler
A
Applied politics/Theory of the state
B
Theoretical politics/Applied politics
C
Theoretical politics/Theory of the state
D
The state/The government
E
Political science/Politics
Açıklama:
Scholars such as Westel W.Willoughby, Georg Jellinek, and Frederick Pollock make a distinction between the theoretical and applied dimensions of Political Science. To them, topics such as origin, nature, and ends of the state constitute a part of theoretical politics while others related to the actual administration of affairs of government fall under the scope of applied politics. It is generally agreed that this is a useful and convenient distinction.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 33
Which of the following scholars argued that politics is not a science?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Thomas Hobbes
C
Henry Sidgwick
D
Jean Bodin
E
Edmund Burke
Açıklama:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, regarded it as the master science. Scholars such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Henry Sidgwick agreed with him. However, some writers including Edmund Burke held that there is no science in Politics. It is evident that there are no universally valid principles or laws in Political Science. Political Science is primarily concerned with man and his behavior in political context. It deals with human beings, and all human beings do not behave in the same manner at all times. Consequently, it is impossible to obtain correct results in Political Science as in natural sciences.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 34
Political philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, John Locke and Marx raised the following questions: What ideals are sought to be realised through the state, what is the meaning of freedom and equality, what are the grounds and limits of political obligation?
Who described this approach as historicism, and criticised it on the grounds that it insists on discovering what is inevitable?
Who described this approach as historicism, and criticised it on the grounds that it insists on discovering what is inevitable?
Seçenekler
A
Karl Popper
B
J. S. Mill
C
Jean Jacques Rousseau
D
Jeremy Bentham
E
James Bryce
Açıklama:
Political philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, J. S. Mill, Hegel and Marx raised the following questions: What ideals are sought to be realised through the state, what is the meaning of freedom and equality, what are the grounds and limits of political obligation?
Karl Popper described this approach as ‘historicism’, and criticized historicism - especially Marxism - on the grounds that it insists on discovering what is inevitable, and then advocates ‘totalitarian’ methods for its realization.
The correct answer is A.
Karl Popper described this approach as ‘historicism’, and criticized historicism - especially Marxism - on the grounds that it insists on discovering what is inevitable, and then advocates ‘totalitarian’ methods for its realization.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 35
In which of the following approaches to Political Science, the focus is on the legal and constitutional framework in which different organs of government have to function, and the powers and procedure which makes their actions legally valid?
Seçenekler
A
Institutional approach
B
Historical approach
C
Philosophical approach
D
Legal approach
E
Behavioural approach
Açıklama:
The legal approach refers to an attempt to understand politics in terms of law. It focuses on the legal and constitutional framework in which different organs of government have to function, and the powers and procedure which makes their actions legally valid. For example, the legal approach to Indian politics will proceed to analyze the implications of various provisions of the Indian constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India, the procedure of the formation and legal position of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies, the election procedures, the powers and position of the President, Prime Minister, and Governors.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 36
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This caused radical changes in Political Science in terms of methods. Statistics and psychology have become tools used in Political Science.
Which of the following approaches describes this tendency in Political Science?
Which of the following approaches describes this tendency in Political Science?
Seçenekler
A
Philosophical approach
B
Historical approach
C
Sociological approach
D
Institutional approach
E
Behavioural approach
Açıklama:
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This caused radical changes in Political Science in terms of methods. Statistics and psychology have become tools used in Political Science.
Various intellectual movements such as pragmatism, logical positivism and behavioural psychology contributed much to the development of the new approach. The Behavioural approach is based on the assumption that political institutions and nature of political events are largely determined by the nature and behavior of people - both elites and masses.
The correct answer is E.
Various intellectual movements such as pragmatism, logical positivism and behavioural psychology contributed much to the development of the new approach. The Behavioural approach is based on the assumption that political institutions and nature of political events are largely determined by the nature and behavior of people - both elites and masses.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 37
Which of the following is not one of the major characteristics of post-behavioralism according to David Easton?
Seçenekler
A
Value-laden research
B
Action-oriented research
C
Political scientist as a critical intellectual
D
Change orientation
E
Superiority of technique over substance
Açıklama:
David Easton set forth seven major features of post-Behavioralism, which he called Credo of Relevance: substance over technique, change orientation, relevant research, value-laden research, political scientist as a critical intellectual, action-oriented research, and politicisation of the profession.
The first one emphasises the superiority of substance and purposive research over mere techniques.
The correct answer is E.
The first one emphasises the superiority of substance and purposive research over mere techniques.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 38
As a result of the Behavioural revolution, the emphasis in Political Science shifted to the behaviour of individuals in political situations. Consequently, -------- constituted the core concern of politics. In the words of --------, politics became “the study of shaping and sharing power” and a political act is “one performed in power perspectives”.
Which of the following fill the gaps in the above sentence?
Which of the following fill the gaps in the above sentence?
Seçenekler
A
Power relations/Harold D. Lasswell
B
Individualism/Abraham Kaplan
C
Political behaviour/Heinz Eulau
D
Behaviourism/Robert A. Dahl
E
Scientific politics/Arthur Bentley
Açıklama:
As a result of the Behavioural revolution, the emphasis in Political Science shifted to the behaviour of individuals in political situations. Consequently, ‘power relations’ constituted the core concern of politics. The Behaviouralists viewed the state as the repository of power. Thus, the concept of power became fundamental in Political Science. The change of emphasis from state to power has broadened the area of political inquiry. It shifted the focus of attention from mere structures and institutions to actions and processes. Thus, in the words of H. D. Lasswell, politics became “the study of shaping and sharing power” and a political act is “one performed in power perspectives”.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 39
Which of the following terms constitutes the basis of the Marxian approach?
Seçenekler
A
Financial resources
B
Class societies
C
Class conflict
D
Problem solving
E
Politics of struggle
Açıklama:
According to Marx, politics, economics, culture and ideology are all inseparably intertwined. It is hard to disentangle one from the other. The ‘forces of production’ at the particular stage of historical development are matched by definite ‘relations of production’ that characterize the society. The relations of production taken together constitute the economic foundation (base) of the society. The legal and political institutions (super structure) stand on this economic structure. In the Marxian approach to political analysis, politics is thus conceived in terms of the specific articulation of class struggles. Though other types of struggles are not ignored, class conflict is the core of the Marxist view of politics.
Soru 40
Which of the following terms refer to two important tools used in Marxian methodology?
Seçenekler
A
Value-laden research/Action-oriented research
B
Patrician/Plesbian
C
Politics of consent/Politics of struggle
D
Dialectical materialism/Historical materialism
E
Class conflict/class struggle
Açıklama:
The theory of dialectical materialism and its application in history, i.e., historical materialism, are the two important tools in Marxian methodology.
Soru 41
Who did say that man is by nature and necessity a social and political animal?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Bernard Crick
C
Carl Schmitt
D
Frederick Pollock
E
David Easton
Açıklama:
Aristotle said centuries ago that man is by nature and
necessity a social and political animal
necessity a social and political animal
Soru 42
Which of the following suggestion is not correct?
Seçenekler
A
According to Robert A. Dahl, politics is a universal activity.
B
From a liberal perspective, politics is the activity through which people make, preserve, and
amend the general rules under which they live.
amend the general rules under which they live.
C
Some scholars make a distinction between the theoretical and applied dimensions
of Political Science.
of Political Science.
D
Modern writers prefer the use of the term ‘Politics’ to ‘Political Science’
E
There is no unanimity among political thinkers regarding the question whether Political Science is a science or not.
Açıklama:
Modern writers prefer the use of the term ‘Political Science’ to ‘Politics’. So the suggestion E is not correct.
Soru 43
....., a Behavioral turned Post-Behavioral political scientist defined Politics
as “the authoritative allocation of values that are binding on the society”?
as “the authoritative allocation of values that are binding on the society”?
Seçenekler
A
David Easton
B
Frederick Pollock
C
Georg Jellinek
D
Westel W.Willoughby
E
Karl Popper
Açıklama:
David Easton a Behavioral turned Post-Behavioral political scientist defined Politics
as “the authoritative allocation of values that are binding on the society”. The correct answer is A.
as “the authoritative allocation of values that are binding on the society”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 44
Who wrote "A History of Political Theory"?
Seçenekler
A
George H. Sabine
B
Karl Popper
C
Paul Janet
D
Robert A. Dahl
E
Bernard Crick
Açıklama:
The most illustrative book of the historical approach in political science is George
H. Sabine’s A History of Political Theory. The correct answer is A.
H. Sabine’s A History of Political Theory. The correct answer is A.
Soru 45
When did the the political science begin to develop as a discipline?
Seçenekler
A
1st century B.C.E
B
3rd century B.C.E
C
4th century B.C.E
D
5th century
E
7th century
Açıklama:
The development of Political Science as a discipline can be traced back to the 4th century
BCE.
BCE.
Soru 46
Who seperated political science from theology?
Seçenekler
A
Africans
B
Russians
C
Americans
D
Romans
E
Greeks
Açıklama:
The development of Political Science as a discipline can be traced back to the 4th century BCE. It was the Greeks that separated the subject from theology for the first time. The correct answer is E.
Soru 47
Which aproach stands for an attempt to understand politics in terms of law?
Seçenekler
A
Historical approach
B
Philosophical Approach
C
Institutional Approach
D
Legal Approach
E
Behavioral Approach
Açıklama:
The Legal approach stands for an attempt to understand politics in terms of law. It focuses on the legal and constitutional framework in which different organs of government have to function and the powers and procedure which makes their actions legally valid. The correct answer is D.
Soru 48
When did Behavioralism received new challenges from within?
Seçenekler
A
1940's
B
1950's
C
1960's
D
1980's
E
2000's
Açıklama:
During the 1960’s, Behavioralism received new challenges from within. The correct answer is C.
Soru 49
How many divides does theoretical politics include according to Frederick Pollock?
Seçenekler
A
2
B
3
C
4
D
5
E
6
Açıklama:
According to him theoretical
politics includes:
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
According to him theoretical
politics includes four divides. The correct answer is C.
politics includes:
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
According to him theoretical
politics includes four divides. The correct answer is C.
Soru 50
Which approach says that political analysis, politics is thus
conceived in terms of the specific articulation of
class struggles?
conceived in terms of the specific articulation of
class struggles?
Seçenekler
A
Historical Approach
B
Philosophical Approach
C
Institutional Approach
D
Marxian Approach
E
Legal Approach
Açıklama:
In the Marxian approach to political analysis, politics is thus conceived in terms of the specific articulation of
class struggles.
class struggles.
Soru 51
"Man is by nature and necessity a social and political animal." These words belong to which of the following political thinkers?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Plato
C
Socrates
D
Robert A. Dahl
E
Bernard Crick
Açıklama:
The great Greek political thinker Aristotle said centuries ago that man is by nature and necessity a social and political animal. According to Aristotle, he who is unable to live in society or who has no need for it, because he should be sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god.
Soru 52
Which of the following political thinkers see politics as "one of the unavoidable facts of human existence"?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Aristotle
C
Robert A. Dahl
D
Bernard Crick
E
Socrates
Açıklama:
According to Robert A. Dahl, politics is a universal activity. Whether an individual likes it or not everyone in a society is tossed into the arena of politics. To him, “a citizen encounters politics in the government of a country, town, school, church, business firm, trade union, club, political party, and a host of organizations. Politics is one of the unavoidable facts of human existence. Everyone is involved in some fashion at sometime in some kind of political system.
Soru 53
The concept of "political science" originated in which of the following civilisations?
Seçenekler
A
Greek
B
Chinese
C
British
D
Italian
E
French
Açıklama:
In its classical form Political Science had its origin in the ancient Greek city-states. The oriental people had speculated on the state and its problems even before the Greeks. But they did not develop Political Science in a pure and systematic form. Thus, historically the term ‘Politics’ itself was derived from the Greek words ‘Polis’ (city-state), ‘Polity’ (government), and ‘Politeia’ (constitution).
Soru 54
Which of the following political thinkers called politics as the "master science"?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Aristotle
C
Plato
D
Parmenides
E
Diogenes
Açıklama:
To the Greeks, Politics is everything that touches the life of the state. Thus Aristotle called Politics as the ‘master science’. For the Greek, ‘Political’ then pertains to whatever is done within or by the State.
Soru 55
Which of the following theories is not included by theoretical politics according to Frederick Pollock?
Seçenekler
A
The Theory of the State
B
The Theory of Government
C
The Theory of Legislation
D
The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
E
The Theory of Education
Açıklama:
Frederick Pollock divides politics into theoretical politics and practical or applied politics. According to him theoretical politics includes:
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
Soru 56
In which of the following years was the concept of "political science" accepted by political scientists?
Seçenekler
A
1924
B
1936
C
1948
D
1960
E
1972
Açıklama:
The central focus of interest of Political Science or Political scientists in all over the world is that of the political aspects of human relations in society. In this sense, Political Science is the scientific designation of the subject of our study. This name, “Political Science,” was accepted by some Political Scientists at a conference held on 16 September 1948 under the auspices of the UNESCO.
Soru 57
Which of the following political thinkers claims that there is no science in politics?
Seçenekler
A
Jean Bodin
B
Thomas Hobbes
C
Henry Sidgwick
D
Auguste Comte
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, regarded it as the master science. Scholars such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Henry Sidgwick also held the same view. But writers such as Frederic W. Maitland and Auguste Comte maintain that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government. They agree with Edmund Burke that there is no science in Politics.
Soru 58
According to which scholar the term ‘political’ refers to decision-making within and about the community?
Seçenekler
A
Rajeev Bhargava
B
Bernard Crick
C
Michael Curtis
D
Carl Schmitt
E
Robert A. Dahl
Açıklama:
Rajeev Bhargava points out that the word ‘political’ refers to decision-making within and about the community.
Soru 59
According to which scholar "Politics is organized dispute about power and its use, involving choice among competing values, ideas, persons, interests and demands"?
Seçenekler
A
Rajeev Bhargava
B
Michael Curtis
C
Bernard Crick
D
Westel W.Willoughby
E
Carl Schmitt
Açıklama:
Michael Curtis remarks that ‘Politics is organized dispute about power and its use, involving choice among competing values, ideas, persons, interests and demands’.
Soru 60
According to Frederick Pollock, which of the following is not one of the subjects included by theoretical politics?
Seçenekler
A
The Theory of the State
B
The Theory of Government
C
The Theory of Legislation
D
The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
E
The Theory of State as a Natural Person
Açıklama:
Frederick Pollock divides politics into theoretical politics and practical or applied politics (Pruthi, 2005: 65-66). According to him theoretical politics includes:
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
"The Theory of State as a Natural Person" is not included in this definition.
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person
"The Theory of State as a Natural Person" is not included in this definition.
Soru 61
According to Frederick Pollock, which of the following is not one of the subjects included by practical politics?
Seçenekler
A
The State
B
The Government
C
Laws and Legislation
D
The State personified
E
The State as an Artificial Person
Açıklama:
According to Frederick Pollock, Practical Politics includes:
• The State (Actual forms of Government)
• The Government (The working of Government, Administration etc.)
• Laws and Legislation (Procedure, Courts etc.) and
• The State personified (War, Diplomacy, Peace and International affairs). "The State as an Artificial Person" is not included in this definition.
• The State (Actual forms of Government)
• The Government (The working of Government, Administration etc.)
• Laws and Legislation (Procedure, Courts etc.) and
• The State personified (War, Diplomacy, Peace and International affairs). "The State as an Artificial Person" is not included in this definition.
Soru 62
Which scholar defines Political Science as “that part of science which treats the foundations of the state and principles of government”?
Seçenekler
A
Paul Janet
B
Westel W.Willoughby
C
Georg Jellinek
D
Frederick Pollock
E
David Easton
Açıklama:
According to Paul Janet, Political Science is “that part of science which treats the foundations of the state and
principles of government” (Johari, 2006: 7).
principles of government” (Johari, 2006: 7).
Soru 63
Who defined the study of political thought as "politico-ethical"?
Seçenekler
A
Henry Sidgwick
B
Frederic W. Maitland
C
Richard G. Gettell
D
Edmund Burke
E
Robert Niven Gilchrist
Açıklama:
The study of political thought is in the main normative or what is referred to as politico-ethical by Richard G. Gettell.
Soru 64
Which of the following is one of the traditional approaches to political science?
Seçenekler
A
Legal approach
B
Behavioral approach
C
Post-behavioral approach
D
Marxian approach
E
Post-Marxian approach
Açıklama:
Generally, the liberal approach to political analysis can be divided into traditional approaches (Historical, Philosophical, Institutional, Legal) and modern approaches (Behavioral and Post -Behavioral). The Marxian approach to political analysis, however, is entirely different from the liberal approach; and it is comprehensive in nature. Therefore, "Legal approach" is the correct answer.
Soru 65
Which scholar criticizes historicism?
Seçenekler
A
Karl Popper
B
Karl Marx
C
Wilhelm Hegel
D
George H. Sabine
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Karl Popper has criticized historicism - especially Marxism - on the grounds that it insists on discovering what is inevitable, and then advocates ‘totalitarian’ methods for its realization.
Soru 66
How is the philosophical approach to political science generally identified with?
Seçenekler
A
Legal preferences
B
Value preferences
C
Institutional preferences
D
Constitutional frameworks
E
Formal governmental institutions
Açıklama:
The philosophical approach to political science is generally identified with value preferences.
Soru 67
Which scholar is a notable critic of the scientific politics of the behavioral approach?
Seçenekler
A
Charles Merriam
B
Harold D. Lasswell
C
George Catlin
D
Arthur Bentley
E
David Easton
Açıklama:
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This phase in Political Science is attended by a decisive reorientation of the discipline in terms of the methods it used. The notable exponents of this “scientific politics” were Charles Merriam, Harold D. Lasswell, George Catlin and Arthur Bentley. David Easton was very critical of the scientific politics, and was the most ardent advocate of Post-Behavioralism.
Soru 68
In which of the following centuries did social sciences begin to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement?
Seçenekler
A
16th century
B
17th century
C
18th century
D
19th century
E
20th century
Açıklama:
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement.
Soru 69
Which of the following thinkers is not an exponent of “scientific politics”?
Seçenekler
A
Vernon Van Dyke
B
Charles Merriam
C
Harold D. Lasswell
D
George Catlin
E
Arthur Bentley
Açıklama:
The notable exponents of “scientific politics” were Charles Merriam, Harold D. Lasswell, George Catlin and Arthur Bentley. They looked especially to statistics and psychology as relevant tools for politics.
Soru 70
Which political approach interprets the question of politics based on dialectical and historical social change?
Seçenekler
A
Liberal approach
B
Marxian approach
C
Capitalist approach
D
Behavioral approach
E
Post-behavioral approach
Açıklama:
The Marxian approach to political analysis is fundamentally different from the liberal political analysis - both traditional and modern. Karl Marx approaches the question of politics from the point of view of social change which is dialectical and historical.
Ünite 2
Soru 1
The _____________ claimed to be God’s Vicar on earth.
Seçenekler
A
Bishop of Rome
B
Caliph
C
Sultan
D
Czar
E
Shinto
Açıklama:
The Bishop of Rome (Pope) claimed to be God’s Vicar on earth and had the power to challenge secular rulers through accusations of violation of religious rules.
Soru 2
According to John Locke, government exists to serve the people in their pursuit of ________ .
- life II. Liberty III. Property IV. Health V. Happiness
Seçenekler
A
II, III, IV & V
B
I, II, III, & V
C
I, III, IV & V
D
III, IV & V
E
I, II, & III
Açıklama:
John Locke stated that government exists to serve the people in their pursuit of life, liberty, and propert (that latter was replaced by pursuit of happiness).
Soru 3
At present, sovereignty is legally defined by ________ .
Seçenekler
A
Belief
B
Borders
C
Geography
D
Ethnicity
E
Language
Açıklama:
Presently, sovereignty is legally defined by borders.
Soru 4
Which of the following appeared after Chekoslovakia dissolved?
Seçenekler
A
Macedonia
B
Serbia
C
Kosovo
D
Slovakia
E
Bosnia
Açıklama:
Czechoslovakia divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Yugoslavia became Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo.
Soru 5
Legitimacy is not obtained through ______________ .
Seçenekler
A
Religion
B
Heredity
C
Geography
D
Election
E
International recognition
Açıklama:
Legitimacy is obtained through religion, heredity, election and international recognition but not geography.
Soru 6
The movement toward protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta in ___________ .
Seçenekler
A
1050
B
1082
C
1120
D
1205
E
1215
Açıklama:
The movement toward protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta in 1215.
Soru 7
Which of the following lead to nationalism?
Seçenekler
A
Literacy
B
mass communication
C
mass mobilization
D
mass media
E
all of the above
Açıklama:
Historically, nationalism has come about as a result of increasing literacy, mass transportation, mass mobilization, mass communication, and mass media.
Soru 8
The French Revolution was a ____________ revolution.
Seçenekler
A
social
B
religious
C
economic
D
political
E
religious
Açıklama:
The French Revolution was a social revolution.
Soru 9
The trans-Atlantic trade tied __________.
Seçenekler
A
China, Central Asia and Europe
B
Europe, Africa and the Americas
C
East Africa, Middle East and South Asia
D
Europe, China and Middle East
E
Asia, China and the Amricas
Açıklama:
The trans-Atlantic or Triangle trade tied Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The Great Silk Road
linking China, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The Indian Ocean trade linked East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
linking China, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The Indian Ocean trade linked East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Soru 10
Globalization values____________
Seçenekler
A
loyalty to an organizaiton.
B
belonging to a group defined by feeling of commonality.
C
the concept of one world.
D
family tradition.
E
belonging to an ethnic group.
Açıklama:
Globalization values the concept of one world.
Soru 11
Given the historical evolution of the concept, which of the following cannot be considered as one of the correct definitions of "sovereignty"?
Seçenekler
A
Control over a territory
B
Control of distribution of resources
C
An entity with specific borders
D
Jurisdiction over assorted peoples
E
Control over people who lived in a certain space
Açıklama:
Historically the concept of sovereignty has referred to "full authority" over a defined territory and/or people. The control of distribution of resources might be the by-product of sovereignty, as the textbook underlines that especially many emergent nations "have struggled for political control since it could also mean control of distribution of resources."
Soru 12
If a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, it can be called a --- .
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
state
B
nation-state
C
sovereign entity
D
country
E
sole authority
Açıklama:
If a nation lacks treaty recognition, it means it lacks international recognition and therefore it is not a state, nation-state, or a sovereign entity.Besides, it cannot be the sole-authority within its borders. Therefore the correct answer is D. As the textbook emphasizes, "if a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, it can be called a country."
Soru 13
Mono-nations are those nations that are uniform in language, culture, and descent. Therefore, they are the most prominent examples of homogeneity. Given this definition, which of the following states cannot qualify as a mono-nation?
Seçenekler
A
Nigeria
B
Monaco
C
Lichtenstein
D
Somalia
E
South Korea
Açıklama:
The states other than Nigeria qualify as "mono-nations". As explained in the textbook, Nigeria is not homogeneous, as "the Hausa is the largest single group within Nigeria that has many linguistic/ethnic designations."
Soru 14
The fear that Chinese might overcome the indigenous Malays in numbers led to the expulsion of some people from Malaysia and the formation of an independent state of --- .
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Indonesia
B
Taiwan
C
Singapore
D
East Timor
E
Hong Kong
Açıklama:
"The fear that Chinese might overcome the indigenous Malays in numbers led to the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia and the formation of an independent state of Singapore."
Soru 15
As sovereign states, there is a certain relationship between France and Monaco in terms of geographical location. In which of the following pairs can one observe the same relationship?
Seçenekler
A
Russia - Kaliningrad
B
France - the Vatican
C
Serbia - Kosovo
D
India - Bangladesh
E
Italy - San Marino
Açıklama:
"The enclaves of Andorra and Monaco are in France while Italy has the north central enclave of San Marino and the Vatican entirely within its territory."
Soru 16
The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called --- .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Salad bowl
B
Melting pot
C
Nationalism
D
Irredentism
E
Colonialism
Açıklama:
"The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism".
Soru 17
Rather than religion, a perceived threat, an ideology, or an enemy, in which of the following states did the economic success help the governments gain legitimacy in the aftermath of World War II?
Seçenekler
A
Great Britain
B
India
C
China
D
Japan
E
Romania
Açıklama:
"Economic success can help a government gain legitimacy. The successful transition to democracy in post-war Germany and Japan was assisted by the economic success of the German and Japanese miracles.”
Soru 18
In the case of the United Kingdom, the movement toward protecting the rights of citizens began with ---.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
a social contract
B
the codified constitution
C
constitutionalism
D
unwritten constitutions
E
the Magna Carta
Açıklama:
"In the case of the United Kingdom, the movement toward protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215 describing the concept of trial by jury."
Soru 19
Dwight Eisenhower offered a famous dictum based on the premise that "power is meaningful only when it is used." In a democracy, then, the projection of power is a combination of all of the following except ---.
Seçenekler
A
arms
B
economic strength
C
a policy of isolation
D
political will
E
the support of public opinion
Açıklama:
"a policy of isolation can have the potential to negate power."
Soru 20
Which of the following refers to a number of routes that linked China, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe between 200 BCE and 1500 CE?
Seçenekler
A
The Great Silk Road
B
The Indian Ocean Trade
C
The Trans-Atlantic Trade
D
The Triangle Trade
E
The Roman Sytem
Açıklama:
"The Great Silk Road (200 BCE1500 CE) was a number of routes linking China, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe."
Soru 21
Citizens have the right as sovereigns to create their own government. However, once this government is created, it cannot be questioned as it represents the general will. Henceforth, the freedom of the individual will derive from this government. The rights of the individual are subordinate to this government as it represents their commonwealth that collectively guarantees the rights of all.
What is the name of this theory concerned with the relations between the ruled and their rulers?
What is the name of this theory concerned with the relations between the ruled and their rulers?
Seçenekler
A
Territorial integrity
B
Social contract
C
National sovereignty
D
Ultimate authority
E
Globalization
Açıklama:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, theorists including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau developed popular sovereignty, which means that ultimate authority lies with the people. This concept arose in opposition to the centralising tendencies of some monarchs who claimed a divine right to rule and the rise of absolutist monarchs in the 17th century. Focusing on the relationship between governments and people, Rousseau held that government must rely on the consent of the governed, the volonté générale(“general will”). Rousseau's refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 22
-------- are the most common political entities today. They have a combination of international recognition of authority within defined borders and have a population of one or more dominant or charter groups with the same language, religion, culture, and tradition.
Which of the following is the concept defined above?
Which of the following is the concept defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Countries
B
Counties
C
Territories
D
Nation-states
E
Lands
Açıklama:
Nation-states are the most common political entities. ey have a combination of international recognition of authority within defined borders and have a population of one or more dominant or charter groups with the same language, religion, culture, and tradition. After WWI and the development of political units based on international treaties as well as the post- colonial emergence of Asian and African units, this characterisation of political entities became dominant.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 23
The desire of a nation-state is to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called --------.
Which of the following concepts refers to this desire of nation-states?
Which of the following concepts refers to this desire of nation-states?
Seçenekler
A
Irredentism
B
Melting pot
C
Territorial integrity
D
Legitimacy
E
Authority
Açıklama:
The desire of a nation-state is to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 24
Which of the following best defines the concept of legitimacy?
Seçenekler
A
full authority over a defined territory
B
ultimate authority given to people
C
a set of laws that outlines the rights of citizens and the duties of government
D
international recognition and law
E
recognition of the right of rulers to govern
Açıklama:
The option A provides a limited definition of sovereignty, B is a limited definition of popular sovereignty, C is the definition of constitution. E provides a general definition of legitimacy.
The issue of legitimacy has been a factor in governance since the beginning of history. During the period of dominance by monarchy, it could refer to birth that a claimant to the throne would claim. In recent times, if elections are fairly conducted, election outcomes result in claims to legitimacy even though dictators also use them and often conduct them in a questionable manner to justify their rule as legitimate. In democracies, public opinion can eventually determine legitimacy.
The correct answer is E.
The issue of legitimacy has been a factor in governance since the beginning of history. During the period of dominance by monarchy, it could refer to birth that a claimant to the throne would claim. In recent times, if elections are fairly conducted, election outcomes result in claims to legitimacy even though dictators also use them and often conduct them in a questionable manner to justify their rule as legitimate. In democracies, public opinion can eventually determine legitimacy.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 25
Which of the following is the charter that started the movement for protecting the rights of citizens in the 13th century in the United Kingdom?
Seçenekler
A
Capotulations
B
Magna Carta
C
Declarations on the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
D
Bill of Rights
E
The Federalist papers
Açıklama:
In the United Kingdom, the movement for protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215. It is considered one of the most important documents in the world history as it set forth the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to law, and that everyone has the right to a fair trial.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 26
Which of the following information about constitution(s) is not true?
Seçenekler
A
The United Kingdom has an unwritten constitution.
B
Constitution is a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government.
C
Constitutions have been used since the early 20th century.
D
A codified constitution has a preamble or introduction that sets forth its goals. It is then followed by the articles.
E
The central aspect of constitutionalism is that a government is limited by fundamental law (such as the constitution) and by the procedures that are prescribed by law.
Açıklama:
All information about constitutions is true, except the one in option C. The presence of constitutions date back to thousands of years ago. For instance, Sumerians and their successors in Mesopotamia had constitutions.
The modern concept of constitution and the related theme of constitutionalism date back to the times of political philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.
The correct answer is C.
The modern concept of constitution and the related theme of constitutionalism date back to the times of political philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 27
Which of the following is the term used to define diplomatic and cultural power projections?
Seçenekler
A
Soft power
B
Collaboration
C
Cooperation
D
Traditional power
E
Mutual power
Açıklama:
The projection of power can take different forms, including military, economic (through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 28
Which of the following information about power and authority is not true?
Seçenekler
A
In democratic countries, power comes from elections.
B
In an interdependent world, confrontation rather than soft power is a better was of using power.
C
The school of realism holds that the projection of power should not be based on moral behavior but rather toward self-preservation and survival.
D
Authority derives fundamentally from an office or position appointed to the said person whereas power can be exercised officially or unofficially.
E
Power can be exercised in many ways that range from persuasion to coercion. Authority, in contrast, is determined by the responsibilities that come from an appointed position.
Açıklama:
In a multi-polar world, reliance solely on brute power may not be effective. States have different interests. They may not have an agreement in a specific field, but agree on other fields. Thus, in an interdependent world, cooperation or soft power rather than confrontation is a better way of using power.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 29
Which of the following is the ideology that people use to develop unity within the group?
Seçenekler
A
Globalism
B
Idealism
C
Liberalism
D
Nationalism
E
Globalisation
Açıklama:
Nationalism can be defined as an ideology that people use to develop unity within the group. It relies on linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities, and sometimes on kinship. Often, the concept of nationalism develops a sense of unity against some external factors.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 30
Which of the following is not one of the cultural impacts of globalisation?
Seçenekler
A
Food chains that sell hamburger and sushi spread around the globe.
B
Jeans have become universal clothes.
C
Indian meditation and Buddhism have been practiced by people across the world.
D
Hollywood and Bollywood films attract viewers across the world.
E
Multi-national companies mainly from the West and East Asia establish production and distribution facilities away from their original home.
Açıklama:
The first four options refer to effects of globalisation in the domain of culture. However, the fifth option is particularly related to the economic impact of globalisation.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 31
.... can be defined as control over a territory?
Seçenekler
A
State
B
Sovereignty
C
Authority
D
Legitimacy
E
Power
Açıklama:
Sovereignty can be defined as control over a territory.
Soru 32
When was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
Seçenekler
A
1215
B
1453
C
1592
D
1648
E
1789
Açıklama:
In
international terms, the present understanding
dates back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
whereby statehood was defined as an entity with
specific borders in the territorial sense.
international terms, the present understanding
dates back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
whereby statehood was defined as an entity with
specific borders in the territorial sense.
Soru 33
.... in the political science context,
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern?
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern?
Seçenekler
A
Legitimacy
B
Constitutionality
C
Sovereignty
D
Territory
E
Identity
Açıklama:
Legitimacy, in the political science context,
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern.
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern.
Soru 34
Which of the following projection can be called soft power?
I- Millitary Power
II- Economic Power
III- Diplomatic Power
IV- Cultural Power
I- Millitary Power
II- Economic Power
III- Diplomatic Power
IV- Cultural Power
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
I and III
C
I and IV
D
II and III
E
III and IV
Açıklama:
The projection of power can take the form of military, economic
(through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.
(through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.
Soru 35
Which country calls itself a social capitalist country?
Seçenekler
A
China
B
USA
C
United Kingdom
D
Japan
E
Germany
Açıklama:
With new economic clout, China, which now calls itself a social capitalist
country, has increased its political reach and now seeks to control the South China and East China Seas with suspected oil deposits through a series of fortified man-made islands
country, has increased its political reach and now seeks to control the South China and East China Seas with suspected oil deposits through a series of fortified man-made islands
Soru 36
Which country has termed itself a melting pot as immigrants adopt a common language and
adhere to other culture patterns?
adhere to other culture patterns?
Seçenekler
A
Russia
B
USA
C
United Kingdom
D
China
E
Japan
Açıklama:
The United States, for example, has been built upon immigration.
Therefore, the US has termed itself a melting pot as immigrants adopt a common language and adhere to other culture patterns. Recently, the term has been replaced by salad bowl as assimilation to original immigrants from the British Isles (in
terms of language, religion, and other customs)does not happen on a regular basis.
Therefore, the US has termed itself a melting pot as immigrants adopt a common language and adhere to other culture patterns. Recently, the term has been replaced by salad bowl as assimilation to original immigrants from the British Isles (in
terms of language, religion, and other customs)does not happen on a regular basis.
Soru 37
Which of the following can not be said about constitution and constitutionalism?
Seçenekler
A
A constitution can be defined as a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens
and the duties of government.
and the duties of government.
B
Contrary to the public impression, constitutions go back four
thousand years to the times of the Sumerians.
thousand years to the times of the Sumerians.
C
The increasing power of absolute monarch created a counter movement
that led to the role of constitutionalism.
that led to the role of constitutionalism.
D
Currently, a constitution can take only one form.
E
The United Kingdom has an unwritten constitution.
Açıklama:
Currently, a constitution can take three forms. The most common is a written or codified constitution. The correct answer is D.
Soru 38
Who said the famous dictum "power is meaningful only when it is used"?
Seçenekler
A
Dwight Eisenhower
B
Charles De Gaulle
C
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
D
Nelson Mandela
E
Jacques Chirac
Açıklama:
The projection of power overseas is often
critical in terms of strategy. Dwight Eisenhower
o ered a famous dictum based on the premise
that power is meaningful only when it is used.
critical in terms of strategy. Dwight Eisenhower
o ered a famous dictum based on the premise
that power is meaningful only when it is used.
Soru 39
When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) signed?
Seçenekler
A
1947
B
1952
C
1963
D
1992
E
1995
Açıklama:
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), signed in 1947, “was an international
agreement that promoted international trade and
the reduction of trade barriers among member
states from 1947-1994” (www.asil.org, 2017).
GATT became the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 1995.
(GATT), signed in 1947, “was an international
agreement that promoted international trade and
the reduction of trade barriers among member
states from 1947-1994” (www.asil.org, 2017).
GATT became the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 1995.
Soru 40
Which of the following country is a member of NAFTA?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey
B
Russia
C
United Kingdom
D
Germany
E
Mexico
Açıklama:
The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) among the US, Canada,
and Mexico. The correct answer is E.
Agreement (NAFTA) among the US, Canada,
and Mexico. The correct answer is E.
Soru 41
When has the term of sovereignty acquired an additional meaning that now has legal standing?
Seçenekler
A
During the medieval period
B
In modern times
C
During Mesopotamian civilizations
D
During ancient Egypt
E
During Renaissance
Açıklama:
In modern times, sovereignty has acquired an additional meaning that now has legal standing. Influenced by the writings of political philosophers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (see previous chapter for a full analysis of their writings), sovereignty is also interpreted as popular sovereignty, which means that ultimate authority lies with the people.
Soru 42
Which one of the following terms refers to the group of people of a common culture derived from a feeling of unity based on customs and beliefs?
Seçenekler
A
Nation
B
State
C
Country
D
Sovereignty
E
Jurisdiction
Açıklama:
A nation is group of people of a common culture derived from a feeling of unity based on customs and beliefs
Soru 43
Which one of the following can be given as an example to nation states that are uni form in language and culture, and are called as mini-states?
Seçenekler
A
The Hausa
B
The Basques
C
Monaco
D
Abkhazia
E
Somalia
Açıklama:
Only a few of the nearly 200 political states or nation states are uniform in language, culture, and descent. Usually, these are mini-states such as Monaco (French-speaking) and Lichtenstein (German-speaking)
Soru 44
Which one of the following terms refers to the desire to unite all members of a group in one state?
Seçenekler
A
Jurisdiction
B
Sovereignty
C
Globalization
D
Irredentism
E
Conglomeration
Açıklama:
At the other end of the spectrum is the desire of a nation-state to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism
Soru 45
Which of the following wrote that government exists to serve the people in their pursuit of life, liberty, and property?
Seçenekler
A
David Hume
B
John Locke
C
Thomas Hobbes
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Adam Smith
Açıklama:
John Locke wrote that government exists to serve the people in their pursuit of life, liberty, and property (that latter was replaced by pursuit of happiness in the American Declaration of Independence).
Soru 46
Which concept can be defined as "control over a territory"?
Seçenekler
A
Globalism
B
Authority
C
Heredity
D
Sovereignty
E
Legitimacy
Açıklama:
Sovereignty can be defined as control over a territory.
Soru 47
Who maintained that citizens had the right as sovereigns to create their own government?
Seçenekler
A
John Locke
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C
Gandhi
D
Adam Smith
E
Rene Descartes
Açıklama:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau went even further in the refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract (social compact). He maintained that citizens had the right as sovereigns to create their own government.
Soru 48
Which of the following can be defined as "Group of people of a common culture derived from a feeling of unity based on customs and beliefs" ?
Seçenekler
A
Nation
B
State
C
City
D
Country
E
County
Açıklama:
A nation is group of people of a common culture derived from a feeling of unity based on customs and beliefs.
Soru 49
If a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, what can it be called?
Seçenekler
A
State
B
Territory
C
Country
D
Nation-state
E
County
Açıklama:
If a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, it can be called a country.
Soru 50
Which of the statements about Abkhazia and South Ossetia is not true?
Seçenekler
A
They broke away from Georgia.
B
They are now autonomous within their borders, although under the protection of Russia.
C
The largest groups within these territories are respectively the Abkhazians and South Ossetians.
D
Technically, they are states.
E
They are not states in the international sense since they lack international recognition.
Açıklama:
Although they are in nominal control of their territory and have one dominant group with shared culture, religion, language, and traditions, these are not states in the international sense since they lack international recognition. Technically, they are countries and nations but not states.
Soru 51
The immigration of which migrants into Fiji challenged this island-nation’s indigenous culture that ultimately led to a military coup by native Fijians?
Seçenekler
A
Indian
B
African
C
American
D
Spanish
E
German
Açıklama:
The immigration of Indian migrants into Fiji challenged this island-nation’s indigenous culture that ultimately led to a military coup by native Fijians and the expulsion of large number of Indians.
Soru 52
What is "the desire to unite all members of a group in one state" called?
Seçenekler
A
Colonialism
B
Constitutionalism
C
Legitimacy
D
Globalization
E
Irredentism
Açıklama:
The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism (Fellman et al., 2007: 429-430).
Soru 53
Which of the following states is not recognized by Greece?
Seçenekler
A
Macedonia
B
Kosovo
C
Serbia
D
Bosnia
E
Croatia
Açıklama:
Yugoslavia became Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia-later joined by Montenegro and Kosovo-all recognized as states with boundaries although Greece does not recognize Macedonia and Russia does not recognize Kosovo.
Soru 54
Which of the following can be defined as "a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government"?
Seçenekler
A
Authority
B
Mandate of Heaven
C
Legitimacy
D
Constitution
E
Sovereignty
Açıklama:
A constitution can be defined as a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government.
Soru 55
Which one of the following definitions stands for the term legitimacy?
Seçenekler
A
Desire to unite all members of a group in one state
B
Immigrants' adopting a common language
C
Having an international recognition
D
The group of people of a common culture
E
Recognition of the right of rulers to govern
Açıklama:
Legitimacy, in the political science context, can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to govern. The issue of legitimacy has been a factor in governance since the beginning of history
Soru 56
Which one of the following terms refers to the a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government?
Seçenekler
A
Legitimacy
B
Constitution
C
State
D
Nation-state
E
Regulation
Açıklama:
A constitution can be defined as a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government.
Soru 57
"X derives fundamentally from an office or position usually appointed whereas Y can be exercised officially or unofficially"
Which of the following terms are mentioned in the statement above referring to their difference?
Which of the following terms are mentioned in the statement above referring to their difference?
Seçenekler
A
Constitution - Constitutionalism
B
Dependancy - Independancy
C
Legitimacy - illegitimacy
D
Authority - Power
E
Recognition - Dominancy
Açıklama:
Power and authority are differentiated in a number of ways. Authority derives fundamentally from an office or position usually appointed whereas power can be exercised officially or unofficially
Soru 58
Since when has the term globalization come to the fore?
Seçenekler
A
World War I
B
The industrial revolution
C
The American Revolution
D
World War II
E
18th Century
Açıklama:
Nationalism dominated the destiny of many countries between the American Revolution and the end of World War II. Since the War, however, the concept of globalization has come to the fore.
Soru 59
Historically, nationalism has come about as a result of certain factors. Which one of the following cannot be included among them?
Seçenekler
A
Increasing population
B
Increasing literacy
C
Mass transportation
D
Mass mobilization
E
Mass media
Açıklama:
Historically, nationalism has come about as a result of increasing literacy, mass transportation, mass mobilization, mass communication, and mass media. These cultural and technological transformations have developed a feeling of identity that reinforces a broader sense of commonality, which often overcomes class, religious, and other differences
Soru 60
Which one of the following terms is used as the metaphor for the world by the supporters of globalization?
Seçenekler
A
The melting pot
B
The salad bowl
C
The global village
D
The pursuit of happiness
E
The ideal city
Açıklama:
Those who espouse globalism and the end product of globalization believe fervently that people live in a global village
Ünite 3
Soru 1
Which of the following is not true for city-states?
Seçenekler
A
City-states were mainly self-governing bodies
B
City-states arose at different times in different parts of the world
C
Present-day Italy housed some famous examples of city-states
D
The first city-states emerged in the Medieval era
E
More than one form of government was developed under city-states
Açıklama:
The emergence of nation states began from what was called the city-states. The first well-documented city-state appeared in southern Mesopotamia in Sumer around 5000 BCE. The format of the city-state has been with us and developed in every part of the world since then.
Soru 2
Which civilization is believed to have given rise to the concept of citizenship?
Seçenekler
A
Greece
B
Egypt
C
India
D
China
E
Americas
Açıklama:
Citizenship is the privilege of membership of a political community. The political community in this context means a community to which one owes certain duties. The city-states in Greece are alleged to have given rise to the concept of citizenship.
Soru 3
A system of checks and balances guarantees which of the following?
Seçenekler
A
Citizens hold the right to vote
B
Public officials are paid in time
C
Government power is not abused
D
Foreign raids are successfully avoided
E
Big firms are subsidized
Açıklama:
The system of checks and balances guarantees that no one branch of government abuses its power. The powers of each of the branches of government are delineated in the constitution of the state.
Soru 4
Which of the following can be defined as a political system that brings together separate states within a larger political set-up, but allows for each entity to maintain its own fundamental political integrity?
Seçenekler
A
Parliamentarism
B
Despotism
C
Decentralism
D
Federalism
E
Cameralism
Açıklama:
Federalism is a political system that brings together separate states within a larger political set-up, but allows for each entity to maintain its own fundamental political integrity. In a federal system, basic policies are implemented through some form of negotiation while ensuring that members share in decision-making processes that impact their citizens. In federalism, there are many power centers with power dispersed in such a way that each polity within the set-up is safeguarding individual and local liberties.
Soru 5
In which of the following countries is the head of the state also the head of the government?
Seçenekler
A
Japan
B
Austria
C
United Kingdom
D
Botswana
E
Sweden
Açıklama:
There are some parliamentary systems where the head of state is also the head of government and is answerable to the legislature. Examples include the parliamentary systems of Botswana and South Africa.
Soru 6
Which of the following is among the criticisms of presidential system?
I- Potential to lead to authoritarianism
II- The separation of powers can lead to a gridlock
III- Difficulty of removing president from the office
I- Potential to lead to authoritarianism
II- The separation of powers can lead to a gridlock
III- Difficulty of removing president from the office
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I and II
D
I and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
There are three basic criticisms leveled against presidential systems: • Presidential systems may lead to authoritarianism since they raise the stakes in elections and promote polarization. • The separation of powers can lead to a gridlock, especially if the president and the legislative majority are from different political parties. • In a presidential system, even if the president becomes unpopular, it remains difficult to remove him/her from office.
Soru 7
In which of the following countries the power of the monarch is rather symbolic?
Seçenekler
A
Saudi Arabia
B
Oman
C
United Kingdom
D
Morocco
E
Qatar
Açıklama:
Although United Kingdom is considered a monarchy in theory, it is a constitutional monarchy, which means that there is the rule of law and the power of the Queen is more symbolic than real.
Soru 8
Bureaucratic-military regime, where a coalition of military officers and technocrats pragmatically govern the state, is an example of which of the following?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarianism
B
Oligarchy
C
Democracy
D
Theocracy
E
Anarchy
Açıklama:
In authoritarian regimes, a single person maintains power through a combination of strategies. These include appeals to traditional legitimacy, patron-client ties, and repression. Bureaucratic-military regime, where a coalition of military officers and technocrats pragmatically govern the state, is an example of authoritarian regimes.
Soru 9
Which of the following best describes the political regime of present-day France?
Seçenekler
A
Constitutional Federal Republic
B
Semi-Presidential Republic
C
Federal Parliamentary Republic
D
Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
E
Theocratic Monarchy
Açıklama:
France is a semi-presidential republic. It is made up of 18 regions. Its capital is Paris. Dependent areas include: Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna.
Soru 10
Which of the following is not a federal-level political party in the United States of America?
Seçenekler
A
The Democratic Party
B
The Green Party
C
The Libertarian Party
D
The Republican Party
E
The Conservative Party
Açıklama:
The political parties in the US include the Democratic Party, the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Republican Party.
Soru 11
Who defines a political system as a system of interactions through which biding or authoritative allocations are made and implemented?
Seçenekler
A
Max Weber
B
David Easton
C
Immanuel Kant
D
Juan Linz
E
Alexander Hamilton
Açıklama:
David Easton defines a political system as a system of interactions through which biding or authoritative allocations are made and implemented. The correct answer is B.
Soru 12
- Membership of the democratic political community
- Having access to the collective benefits and rights associated with membership
- Participating in your community’s political, social and economic process
Seçenekler
A
Only II
B
I & II
C
I & III
D
II & III
E
I, II & III
Açıklama:
Characteristics which defines citizenship include:
- Membership of the democratic political community
- Having access to the collective benefits and rights associated with membership
- Participating in your community’s political, social and economic process
Soru 13
Which of the given countries is an example of parliamentary constitutional monarchy?
Seçenekler
A
Germany
B
The United States of America
C
The United Kingdom
D
France
E
Turkey
Açıklama:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland) is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The correct answer is C.
Soru 14
Which of the following is NOT among the qualities of authoritarianism?
Seçenekler
A
It has constraints on political institutions and groups
B
Its basis for legitimacy is based on emotion
C
The regime is viewed as a necessary evil that must solve an existing social problem
D
The government attempts to control the thoughts of every citizen.
E
It does not have an extensive system of political mobilization
Açıklama:
The TOTALITARIAN government attempts to control the thoughts of every citizen. The correct answer is D.
Soru 15
In a/an ..............., god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state.
Fill in the blank with the correct option.
Fill in the blank with the correct option.
Seçenekler
A
anarchy
B
totalitarianism
C
republic
D
autocracy
E
theocracy
Açıklama:
In a theocracy god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state. The correct answer is E.
Soru 16
According to Larry Diamond, democracy has four key elements. Which of the given is NOT among these elements?
Seçenekler
A
The choosing of and replacement of governments through free and fair elections
B
Its basis for legitimacy is based on emotion.
C
Active participation of people as citizens in the political and civic life of the state
D
Protecting the human rights of all citizens
E
A legal system which ensures that each and every citizen is equal before the law
Açıklama:
According to Larry Diamond, democracy has four key elements:
- The choosing of and replacement of governments through free and fair elections
- Active participation of people as citizens in the political and civic life of the state
- Protecting the human rights of all citizens
- A legal system which ensures that each and every citizen is equal before the law
Soru 17
- Legislators
- Administrators
- Arbitrators
Seçenekler
A
Only III
B
I & II
C
I & III
D
II & III
E
I, II & III
Açıklama:
The components of a government include legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. The correct answer is E.
Soru 18
How many senators are there in the US Senato?
Seçenekler
A
100
B
150
C
195
D
215
E
435
Açıklama:
The “Senate” is made up of 100 senators. The correct answer is A.
Soru 19
- It is a system dominated by a multiplicity of small groups.
- It is not open in the logic that it is continuously recruiting new membership from different segments in society.
- The different groups are politically autonomous.
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I & II
C
I & III
D
II & III
E
I, II & III
Açıklama:
A pluralistic system is open in the logic that it is continuously recruiting new membership from different segments in society. The correct answer is C.
Soru 20
In which type of democracy do people vote for their representatives who, in turn, vote policy initiatives?
Seçenekler
A
Representative democracy
B
Direct democracy
C
Parliamentary democracy
D
Presidential democracy
E
Authoritarian democracy
Açıklama:
In representative democracy, people vote for their representatives who, in turn, vote policy initiatives. The correct answer is A.
Soru 21
Which of the following is NOT true about city state?
Seçenekler
A
City-states arose at different times in different parts of the world.
B
The city-states were part of a long evolution; from hunter-gatherer or Neolithic societies to complex communities.
C
City-states began in the cities of the Hanseatic League
D
City-states took long historical periods to emerge.
E
Over time, religious differences brought about a lack of homogeneity; changes in class and caste weakened many of the city-states
Açıklama:
City-states began in Switzerland and Germany, the latest being the cities of the Hanseatic League.
Soru 22
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of citizenship?
Seçenekler
A
As a citizen, one has the obligation to respect laws.
B
Citizenship includes the right to participate in elections.
C
Citizenship requires paying taxes
D
As a citizen, one has the obligation to participate in military services
E
Citizenship relinquishes the responsibilities of promoting and sustaining the benefits of good citizenship
Açıklama:
Citizenship does not relinquish but stipulates the responsibilities of promoting and sustaining the benefits of good citizenship
Soru 23
Which of the following is true about Normative Theories?
Seçenekler
A
They examine the attributes and advantages of a good citizen.
B
They explore the social and economic processes
C
They explore political processes that have fashioned the emergence of citizenship in different times and places.
D
They explore the different ways through which different groups of people have been able to access citizenship.
E
Their objectives are to understand how and why citizenship came about as well as to expound the forms of citizenship
Açıklama:
The other options are not true for Normative Theories but Empirical Theories
Soru 24
Which of the following is a true match in terms of countries and their legislature?
Seçenekler
A
China-Bicameral
B
France-Unicameral
C
Italy-Unicameral
D
Hungary-Unicameral
E
New Zealand-Bicamera
Açıklama:
Hungary has a unicameral system
Soru 25
Which of the following best describes ‘areal division’?
Seçenekler
A
Divisions used to secure local autonomy and the representation of different groups within the civil society
B
Divisions safeguarding neutrality and equality in the process of representing the political interests of different groups
C
Divisions allowing for the representation of new interests by allowing supporters to vote in relatively equal territorial units.
D
Divisions allowing for direct lines of communication between citizens and their government
E
Divisions allowing for diverse groups to have their own territorial power bases
Açıklama:
Except from b, all the options define territorial neutrality.
Soru 26
Which of the following is a criticism of Presidential Systems?
Seçenekler
A
There is a separation of powers in a presidential system
B
In these systems elections are direct
C
A president is thought to have strong powers and can enact change quickly if needed.
D
The separation of powers can lead to a gridlock
E
The presidency and the legislature are parallel; they allow each structure to monitor the other.
Açıklama:
All the other options are among the advantages of presidential systems. However; the separation of powers can lead to a gridlock, especially if the president and the legislative majority are from different political parties.
Soru 27
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of ‘Pluralism’?
Seçenekler
A
Pluralism is a system dominated by a multiplicity of small groups
B
The different groups in a pluralistic system have the right and freedom to conduct business in the political Marketplace.
C
The pluralistic system is open in the logic that it is continuously recruiting new membership from different segments in society.
D
The exercise of power by one group is often cancelled out by the powers of another
E
In pluralistic systems, groups and office seekers don’t need to work hard to find public support
Açıklama:
In pluralistic systems groups and office seekers work hard to find public support.
Soru 28
Which of the following best suits this definition “monarchies that are habitually hereditary with few or no legal restraints on political matters”?
Seçenekler
A
Elective Monarchy
B
Territorial Monarchy
C
Absolute Monarchy
D
Constitutional Monarchy
E
Direct Monarchy
Açıklama:
An absolute monarchy has few or no legal restraints on political matters and absolute monarchies are habitually hereditary.
Soru 29
Which of the following match is true regarding types of democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Totalitarianism - god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state
B
Theocracy - a system of government where the state has total control of the society and all aspects of both public and private life
C
Autocracy - there is little self-restraint exercised in controlling the opponents or the mass public
D
Authoritarianism - a system of government in which one person controls supreme power over the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise
E
Oligarchy- power effectively remains in the hands of small number of individuals.
Açıklama:
In an oligarchy (rule by a few), power effectively remains in the hands of small number of individuals.
Soru 30
Anarchy is defined as:
Seçenekler
A
a system of government in which one person controls supreme power over the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise
B
a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does not recognize authority
C
power effectively remains in the hands of small number of individuals. These could be individuals of the same royalty, class, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, religious or military class who control state affairs.
D
A system in which god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state
E
A system in which power rests with an elected group of individuals who act on behalf of the citizens.
Açıklama:
Anarchy is described as a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does not recognize authority. It originally means “no leader.”
Soru 31
Where and when did the first well documented city state first appear?
Seçenekler
A
Mesopotamia around 5000 BCE
B
Italy around 4500 BCE
C
China around 3000 BCE
D
Greece around 2500 BCE
E
Africa around 2000 BCE
Açıklama:
The first well documented city state first appeared in southern Mesopotamia in Sumer around 5000 BCE.
Soru 32
Which of the following is correct about citizenship?,
I. Citizenhsip is the privilege of being a member of a political community.
II. The city-states in Italy are said to have given rise to the concept of citizenship.
III. Citizenship includes the right to participate in the democratic process
IV. Citizenship is similar to being a subject of a monarch.
I. Citizenhsip is the privilege of being a member of a political community.
II. The city-states in Italy are said to have given rise to the concept of citizenship.
III. Citizenship includes the right to participate in the democratic process
IV. Citizenship is similar to being a subject of a monarch.
Seçenekler
A
I, II
B
III, IV
C
I, III
D
II, III
E
II, IV
Açıklama:
Citizenship is the privilege of membership of a political community. The city-states in Greece, not Italy, are alleged to have given rise to the concept of citizenship.Citizenship includes the right to participate in the democratic process. Citizenship is different from being a subject of a monarch.
Soru 33
In which country is the legislature unicameral (made up of only one house)?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
Canada
C
United Kingdom
D
Turkey
E
Italy
Açıklama:
The legislature is unicameral- made up of only one house. Unicameral systems may be found in countries such as Turkey, China, New Zealand, Norway, and Hungary. Examples of bicameral systems are the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
Soru 34
In which country is the legislature bicameral?
Seçenekler
A
China
B
New Zealand
C
Norway
D
Hungary
E
Italy
Açıklama:
Examples of bicameral systems are the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The legislature is unicameral- made up of only one house. Unicameral systems may be found in countries such as Turkey, China, New Zealand, Norway, and Hungary.
Soru 35
In ________________ loose states agree to abide by the dictates of a powerful central
government.
government.
Seçenekler
A
a unitary system
B
a confederal system
C
federalism
D
a parliamentary system of government
E
a consensus systems
Açıklama:
A unitary system of government is a political arrangement where a large proportion of power resides with the central government. Federalism is a political system that brings together separate states within a larger political set-up, but allows for each entity to maintain its own fundamental political integrity. A confederal system is one where loose states agree to abide by the dictates of a powerful central government. In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch of government derives democratic legitimacy from, and it is accountable to, the legislature. In consensus systems there is relatively more consensus characterized by semi-circular debating chambers.
Soru 36
Which of the following is a criticism of the presidential system?
Seçenekler
A
Elections are mostly direct.
B
There is separation of Powers.
C
A president can enact change quickly if needed
D
Presidential systems may be more stable than the parliamentary system.
E
Presidential systems may promote polarization.
Açıklama:
A criticism of the presidential systems is that it may lead to authoritarianism since they raise the stakes in elections and promote polarization. The advantages of presidential systems are as follows: elections are direct. There is also separation of powers in a presidential system. A president is thought to have strong powers and can enact change quickly if needed, provided that the separation of powers does not become an obstacle. They may be more stable than the parliamentary system, where a prime minister can be dismissed.
Soru 37
It is said that the idea of pluralism comes from _____ .
Seçenekler
A
the US
B
Italy
C
Greece
D
Sweden
E
th UK
Açıklama:
It is said that the idea of pluralism comes from ancient Greece.
Soru 38
All European monarchies are constitutional except in ____________.
Seçenekler
A
Britain
B
Vatican City
C
Spain
D
Sweden
E
Denmark
Açıklama:
All European monarchies are constitutional except in Vatican City.
Soru 39
_____________ is a system of government in which one person controls supreme power over the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise.
Seçenekler
A
Democracy
B
Oligarchy
C
Autocracy
D
Anarchy
E
Republic
Açıklama:
In an autocracy one person controls supreme power over the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise.
Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decisionmaking
processes of state affairs.
In an oligarchy, power effectively remains in the hands of small number of individuals.
An autocracy is a system of government in which one person controls supreme power over
the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise.
Anarchy is described as a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does
not recognize authority.
A republic is a form of government in which power rests with an elected group of individuals who act on behalf of the citizens.
Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decisionmaking
processes of state affairs.
In an oligarchy, power effectively remains in the hands of small number of individuals.
An autocracy is a system of government in which one person controls supreme power over
the citizens with little legal restraints on how much power that an individual can exercise.
Anarchy is described as a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does
not recognize authority.
A republic is a form of government in which power rests with an elected group of individuals who act on behalf of the citizens.
Soru 40
In __________________ god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state.
Seçenekler
A
Theocracy
B
Democracy
C
Oligarchy
D
Totalitarianism
E
Anarchy
Açıklama:
In a theocracy god or a deity is recognized as the immediate ruler of the state.
Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decisionmaking
processes of state affairs.
In an oligarchy, power effectively remains in the hands of small number
of individuals.
Totalitarianism is a system of government where the state has total control of the society and all
aspects of both public and private life.
Anarchy is described as a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does
not recognize authority.
Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decisionmaking
processes of state affairs.
In an oligarchy, power effectively remains in the hands of small number
of individuals.
Totalitarianism is a system of government where the state has total control of the society and all
aspects of both public and private life.
Anarchy is described as a situation in society where a group of people or a single person does
not recognize authority.
Soru 41
The emergence of nation states began from what was called the ---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Central monarchies
B
City-states
C
Aristocratic oligarchies
D
Hanseatic League
E
Republican forms of government
Açıklama:
"The emergence of nation states began from what was called the city-states."
Soru 42
In today's democratic state system, which of the following bestows the person with the right to participate in elections?
Seçenekler
A
Social relationships
B
Personal wealth
C
Economic equality
D
Citizenship
E
Pluralism
Açıklama:
"Citizenship includes the right to participate in the democratic process, including participating in elections."
Soru 43
In which of the following states is the legislature unicameral?
Seçenekler
A
The United States
B
The United Kingdom
C
France
D
Canada
E
Turkey
Açıklama:
"Unicameral systems may be found in countries such as Turkey... Examples of bicameral systems are the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom."
Soru 44
In which of the political systems is there a central government that controls sub-national units and does not share power with any counties or provinces?
Seçenekler
A
Federal system
B
Confederal system
C
Canton system
D
Unitary system
E
Presidential system
Açıklama:
"In a Unitary system, there is a central government that controls sub-national units. Power is not shared between the different states, counties, or provinces."
Soru 45
Which of the following principles refers to a system whereby there exists no single source of authority within a state but rather sovereignty is considered as resting with many different institutions?
Seçenekler
A
Pluralism
B
Westminster system
C
Checks and balances
D
Consensus system
E
Bicameralism
Açıklama:
Çeşitli demokrasi ilkeleri ile yasama ve yürütme açısından farklılaşan yönetim sistemlerini öğrencinin özümsemiş olmasını beklediğinden dolayı, bu soru "analiz" sorusu olarak kabul edilebilir.
"Pluralism is a system whereby there exists no single source of authority within a state...In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions".
"Pluralism is a system whereby there exists no single source of authority within a state...In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions".
Soru 46
Which of the following statements is false about the presidential system such as in the United States?
Seçenekler
A
The president acts as both the head of government and the head of state
B
The president is fully responsible for the judicial branch of government
C
The president is not responsible to the legislature
D
The president cannot dismiss the legislature branch
E
The legislature may impeach the president because of poor conduct
Açıklama:
"The president is fully responsible for the executive branch of government."
Soru 47
In the Mogul Empire the Kurultay elected the Great Khan. Which of the following, then, correctly describes the Mogul Empire's type of government?
Seçenekler
A
Crown republic
B
Constitutional monarchy
C
Elective monarchy
D
Limited monarchy
E
Parliamentary monarchy
Açıklama:
Çeşitli tanımları ve hükumet (yönetim) şekillerini incelemiş ve özümsemiş olması ve verilen seçeneklerden sonuca gitmesi açısından bu soru "Anlama" türünden ziyade, "Analiz" türüne benzemektedir.
"In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected...In the Mogul Empire the Kurultay elected the Great Khan."
"In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected...In the Mogul Empire the Kurultay elected the Great Khan."
Soru 48
Which of the following is not one of the key elements of democracy?
Seçenekler
A
The replacement of governments through free and fair elections
B
Active participation of people in the political and civic life of the state
C
The protection of the human rights of all citizens
D
A legal system which ensures that each and every citizen is equal before the law
E
A written or an unwritten constitution that designates the role of the monarch
Açıklama:
"In ...monarchy, the monarch acts as a non-party head of state. The role of the monarch may be designated under a written or an unwritten constitution." The question expects the student to differentiate this from the basic principles of democracy which are explained in page 62 of the textbook.
Soru 49
Which of the following concepts can be used in place of oligarchy as defined by Aristotle?
Seçenekler
A
Autocracy
B
Authoritarianism
C
Plutocracy
D
Totalitarianism
E
Anarchy
Açıklama:
"The term oligarchy was coined by Aristotle to describe “rule by the rich.” Another term common today is plutocracy."
Soru 50
All of the following are dependent areas (overseas territories) of the United Kingdom, except the ---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Falkland Islands
B
Northern Ireland
C
Gibraltar
D
Turks and Caicos Islands
E
Bermuda
Açıklama:
The Northern Ireland is "a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain." As such, it is not one of the dependent areas (overseas territories) of the UK.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland) is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland) is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
Soru 51
Where did the first well-documented city-state emerge?
Seçenekler
A
China
B
Mesopotamia
C
Greek lands
D
Western Europe
E
East Africa
Açıklama:
The first well-documented city-state appeared in southern Mesopotamia in Sumer around 5000 BCE.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 52
Which of the following information about citizenship is not true?
Seçenekler
A
Citizenship includes the right to participate in the democratic process.
B
The city-states in Greece gave rise to the concept of citizenship.
C
The ability to vote is an important benefit for citizens.
D
Membership in a political community where every citizen can determine the terms on an equal basis is an example of civil equality.
E
Empirical theories set the rights and duties that should be performed ideally by a citizen.
Açıklama:
It is not empirical but normative theories that set the rights and duties to be performed ideally by a citizen. Empirical theories explain how citizens hold the rights and duties associated with citizenship.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 53
In a --------, the executive branch of government derives democratic legitimacy from, and it is accountable to, the legislature.
Which of the following fills the gap in this statement?
Which of the following fills the gap in this statement?
Seçenekler
A
Federal system
B
Parliamentary system
C
Confederal system
D
Presidential system
E
Unitary system
Açıklama:
In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch of government derives democratic legitimacy from, and it is accountable to, the legislature. This means that the executive branch and the legislature work closely together. In this system, the head of state is usually di erent from the head of government.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 54
This system is established through a convenient union, where power is divided between a strong national government and smaller local states (governments) with powers delineated in a constitution.
The authority of exercising political power cannot be taken away from the general government or the state governments without common consent.
A third element is what is called areal division that safeguards neutrality and equality in the process of representing the political interests of di erent groups. The divisions are used to secure local autonomy and the representation of di erent groups within the civil society.
Which system is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Bicameral system
B
Presidential system
C
Confederal system
D
Federal system
E
Parliamentary system
Açıklama:
The system defined in the question is federalism. In this system, power is shared between a powerful central government and states/provinces. The states are given considerable self-rule, and typically have their own legislatures.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 55
It is seen as the opposite of a monistic theory of state, which is usually thought to be endowed with supreme and unlimited power. In this system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions. The state is only one of the institutions together with social, political, cultural, and economic institutions in the society.
Which system is defined above?
Which system is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Monarchy
B
Democracy
C
Pluralism
D
Authoritarianism
E
Totalitarianism
Açıklama:
The system that is seen as the opposite of a monistic theory of state is pluralism. In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions. The state is only one of the institutions among social, political, cultural, and economic institutions within the society.
Pluralism is a system characterised by a multiplicity of small groups. Each group has its scope of power that may be restricted to a narrow specific domain.
The correct answer is C.
Pluralism is a system characterised by a multiplicity of small groups. Each group has its scope of power that may be restricted to a narrow specific domain.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 56
Which of the following information about monarchy is not true?
Seçenekler
A
Today, all monarchies in Europe are constitutional monarchies except for the Vatican City.
B
An absolute monarchy has few or no legal restraints on political matters.
C
A constitutional monarch has three major political rights: the right to be consulted, the right to advice, and the right to warn.
D
Sometimes an elected monarchy may transform into a hereditary monarchy.
E
In absolute monarchy, the monarch does not have the power to dissolve any other form of government.
Açıklama:
In absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises total power over the land. Sometimes other political classes may exercise a certain degree of control on the monarch. These include social classes such as the aristocracy, the clergy, the middle class, and the lower class. A monarchy may have a symbolic legislature, and some form of government. However, the monarch exercises total control over these and may alter or dissolve them at will.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 57
Which of the following are two main types of democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Direct / Representative
B
Autocracy / Plutocracy
C
Authoritarian / Totalitarian
D
Republican / Presidential
E
Parliamentary / Oligarchical
Açıklama:
Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decision-making processes of state affairs. In a democracy, the people who control leaders hold the power. Two main types of democracy are direct democracy and representative democracy. In direct democracies, citizens actively participate in political decision-making. In representative democracy, sovereignty remains with the people. Political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 58
Which of the following philosophers coined the term "oligarchy" to describe "rule by the rich"?
Seçenekler
A
Jean Jacques Rousseau
B
Immanuel Kant
C
Pluto
D
Aristotle
E
Thomas Hobbes
Açıklama:
In an oligarchy (rule by a few), power rests with a small number of individuals. The term oligarchy was coined by Aristotle to describe “rule by the rich.”
Soru 59
France is made up of 18 regions. The executive branch of government is made up of the chief of state (who is the president) and the prime minister (who is the head of government). The president appoints the members of the Council of Ministers. The president is elected directly by absolute majority popular vote in a 2-round system, for a 5-year term. He/she is eligible for a second term.
Which of the following government systems is defined above?
Which of the following government systems is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Semi-presidential Republic
B
Constitutional Federal Republic
C
Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
D
Federal Parliamentary Republic
E
Presidential Federal Republic
Açıklama:
France is an example of countries that adopt the system of semi-presidential republic. The executive branch of government is made up of the chief of state (who is the president) and the prime minister (who is the head of government). The president appoints the members of the Council of Ministers. The president is elected directly by absolute majority popular vote in a 2-round system, for a 5-year term.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 60
The executive branch is made up of the chief of state who is a monarch. The head of government, however, is the prime minister. Members of cabinet are appointed by the prime minister, who is elected from the majority party or majority coalition after legislative elections. The legislative branch of government consists of a bicameral parliament that consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Some members of the House of Lords are life peers, others are hereditary, some are members of the clergy and are appointed by the monarch upon advice from the prime minister, and others are non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. Members of the House of Commons are elected in single-seat constituencies by majority popular vote, and they serve a 5-year term unless the House is dissolved prior to the termination of a member’s term.
The executive and legislative systems of which country is described above?
The executive and legislative systems of which country is described above?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Italy
C
United Kingdom
D
United States
E
Germany
Açıklama:
The question describes the executive and legislative systems of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland), which is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 61
Who defines citizenship as a condition of civic equality?
Seçenekler
A
Giovanni Gentile
B
Juan Linz
C
Richard Bellamy
D
David Easton
E
Carl Schmitt
Açıklama:
Richard Bellamy defines citizenship as a condition of civic equality.
Soru 62
Which state's legislative branch of government is called Congress and divided into two parts?
Seçenekler
A
Germany
B
USA
C
United Kingdom
D
Turkey
E
Poland
Açıklama:
The legislative branch of government makes the
laws. In the United States, the legislative branch of
government is the Congress and it is bicameral, or
divided into two parts. The “Senate” is made up of
100 senators and the “House of Representatives” is
made up of 435 members. The correct answer is B.
laws. In the United States, the legislative branch of
government is the Congress and it is bicameral, or
divided into two parts. The “Senate” is made up of
100 senators and the “House of Representatives” is
made up of 435 members. The correct answer is B.
Soru 63
Which of the following country has unicameral legislature?
Seçenekler
A
New Zealand
B
France
C
Canada
D
United
Kingdom
Kingdom
E
Italy
Açıklama:
In other countries such as China, the legislature
is unicameral- made up of only one house.
Unicameral systems may be found in countries
such as Turkey, China, New Zealand, Norway,
and Hungary. Examples of bicameral systems are
the United States, France, Canada, the United
Kingdom, and Italy.
is unicameral- made up of only one house.
Unicameral systems may be found in countries
such as Turkey, China, New Zealand, Norway,
and Hungary. Examples of bicameral systems are
the United States, France, Canada, the United
Kingdom, and Italy.
Soru 64
Which of the following country has a confederal system?
Seçenekler
A
United Kingdom
B
USA
C
France
D
Switzerland
E
Canada
Açıklama:
A confederal system is one where loose states agree to abide by the dictates of a powerful central
government. Nations that constitute the confederacy are not obliged to follow the lead of a weak central
government. Examples of confederacies include the former Soviet Union, the Confederate States of the
United States (1861-1865), and Switzerland’s Canton system. So the correct answer is D.
government. Nations that constitute the confederacy are not obliged to follow the lead of a weak central
government. Examples of confederacies include the former Soviet Union, the Confederate States of the
United States (1861-1865), and Switzerland’s Canton system. So the correct answer is D.
Soru 65
Which of the following sentence can not be said abut federal state?
Seçenekler
A
In a Federal System of Government, power is not shared between a powerful central
government and states/ provinces.
government and states/ provinces.
B
The states are given considerable self-rule, and typically have their own legislatures
C
A typical federal state is characterized by the existence of a rigid constitution.
D
Canada is made up of two cultures- English and French, cohabiting together
under a federal system.
under a federal system.
E
Geography has sometimes played a major role in maintaining federalism.
Açıklama:
In a Federal System of Government,
power is shared between a powerful central government and states/ provinces. So the suggestion of A can not be said about federal state.
power is shared between a powerful central government and states/ provinces. So the suggestion of A can not be said about federal state.
Soru 66
Which of the following is one of the characteristics of Presidential Systems?
Seçenekler
A
In a presidential system of government, the executive branch of government derives democratic
legitimacy from the legislature.
legitimacy from the legislature.
B
In a presidential system of government, the executive branch of government is accountable to, the
legislature.
legislature.
C
In a presidential system of government the executive branch and the legislature work closely together.
D
It is believed that the presidential system of government originated from
Sweden.
Sweden.
E
In a presidential system, the president acts as
both the head of government and the head of state.
both the head of government and the head of state.
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E. Because the other suggestions are the characteristics of parliamentary system of government.
Soru 67
In a .... god or a deity is recognized as the
immediate ruler of the state?
immediate ruler of the state?
Seçenekler
A
Autocracy
B
Totalitarianism
C
Theocracy
D
Oligarchy
E
Anarchy
Açıklama:
In a theocracy god or a deity is recognized as the
immediate ruler of the state. THe priests in such a
state are required to implement God’s law drawn
from the statute book of the kingdom.
immediate ruler of the state. THe priests in such a
state are required to implement God’s law drawn
from the statute book of the kingdom.
Soru 68
Which of the following state is a Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy?
Seçenekler
A
United Kingdom
B
USA
C
Germany
D
France
E
Russia
Açıklama:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain (England,
Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland) is a
parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The correct answer is A.
Scotland, Wales, and the Northern Ireland) is a
parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The correct answer is A.
Soru 69
Which of the following country is an example of semi-presidential republic?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Germany
C
USA
D
Holland
E
Finland
Açıklama:
France is a semi-presidential republic. It is made
up of 18 regions. The correct answer is A.
up of 18 regions. The correct answer is A.
Soru 70
Which of the following describes a form of government where political power is concentrated in the hands
of a single entity and exercised through a diversity of mechanisms which ensure that the entity’s power
remains absolute?
of a single entity and exercised through a diversity of mechanisms which ensure that the entity’s power
remains absolute?
Seçenekler
A
Democracy
B
Oligarchy
C
Authoritarianism
D
Dictatorship
E
Totalitarianism
Açıklama:
Dictatorship describes a form of government
where political power is concentrated in the hands of a single entity and exercised through a diversity
of mechanisms which ensure that the entity’s power remains absolute.
where political power is concentrated in the hands of a single entity and exercised through a diversity
of mechanisms which ensure that the entity’s power remains absolute.
Soru 71
What was a typical community in early Greece called?
Seçenekler
A
Agora
B
Polis
C
Forum
D
Kosmos
E
Kratos
Açıklama:
A typical community in early Greece was called a polis (city-state) and consisted of a walled urban center that was built on a natural acropolis with a surrounding territory of land under its control.
Soru 72
Which of the following statements about nation states is not true?
Seçenekler
A
They often consisted of several city-states.
B
They lacked some of the homogeneous features of the city state.
C
Geographically they consisted of a walled city or body of water with an outlying area.
D
They were, despite the term “nation,” somewhat less ardently nationalistic in outlook.
E
They may have shared commonalities such as a mutual history.
Açıklama:
Geographically the city-states consisted of a walled city or body of water with an outlying area that provided the necessary goods for existence such as food for those within the boundaries of the walls.
Soru 73
What is the privilege of membership of a political community called?
Seçenekler
A
Federal Parliamentary
B
Republic
C
Totalitarianism
D
Theocracy
E
Citizenship
Açıklama:
Citizenship is the privilege of membership of a political community. The political community in this context means a community to which one owes certain duties.
Soru 74
Which of the following statements does not describe "Normative Theories "?
Seçenekler
A
They set the rights and duties that should ideally be performed by a citizen.
B
They examine the attributes and advantages of a good citizen.
C
Usually, attributes that are no longer tenable are abandoned for the new.
D
The view that good citizenship depends on one’s ability to contribute to his/her country through military service is gradually no longer rational.
E
They explore the social, economic, and political processes that have fashioned the emergence of citizenship in different times and places.
Açıklama:
Empirical theories explore the social, economic, and political processes that have fashioned the emergence of citizenship in different times and places.
Soru 75
Which term is defined as a system through which a state or an entity is controlled and in the same way,it may be considered as the group of people exercising executive authority over a state?
Seçenekler
A
Autocracy
B
Government
C
Monarchy
D
City states
E
Republic
Açıklama:
Government is defined as a system through which a state or an entity is controlled. In the same way, government may be considered as the group of people exercising executive authority over a state.Government is defined as a system through which a state or an entity is controlled. In the same way, government may be considered as the group of people exercising executive authority over a state.
Soru 76
Which of the following belongs to "The Executive Branch of Government"?
Seçenekler
A
Congress
B
Unicameral systems
C
Bicameral systems
D
President
E
Supreme Court
Açıklama:
A president or a prime minister may head the Executive branch of government, and this will depend on whether the country is practicing a parliamentary or a presidential system of governance.
Soru 77
Which type of government is a political arrangement where a large proportion of power resides with the central government?
Seçenekler
A
A parliamentary system
B
A consensus system
C
A unitary system
D
A confederal system
E
A presidential system
Açıklama:
A unitary system of government is a political arrangement where a large proportion of power resides with the central government.
Soru 78
What can be described as a temporary league of independent states that have come together for the purpose of achieving well-defined objectives?
Seçenekler
A
Confederacy
B
Theocracy
C
Anarchy
D
Semi-Presidential Republic
E
Republic
Açıklama:
A confederacy can be described as a temporary league of independent states that have come together for the purpose of achieving well-defined objectives.
Soru 79
Which of the following statements about "Presidential System" is not true?
Seçenekler
A
The executive branch can veto legislature acts and similarly a supermajority of lawmakers can override such a veto.
B
Presidential systems have fixed terms of office.
C
Elections are held regularly and cannot be triggered by a vote of no confidence or a parliamentary procedure except the president has broken the law.
D
In a presidential system,the executive branch is one individual.
E
Presidents can not pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals.
Açıklama:
Presidents can often pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals.
Soru 80
Which of the following is a form of government where the sovereignty of the state is embodied in one or a few individuals who are expected to remain in power until death or until they decide to abdicate power?
Seçenekler
A
Oligarchy
B
Monarchy
C
Democracy
D
Autocracy
E
Theocracy
Açıklama:
A monarchy is a form of government where the sovereignty of the state is embodied in one or a few individuals who are expected to remain in power until death or until they decide to abdicate power.
Ünite 4
Soru 1
What is the comment on or against an opponent, to undermine him personally, rather than his arguments called?
Seçenekler
A
Ad hominem
B
Emancipation
C
Historical Materialism
D
Conservatism
E
Ideology
Açıklama:
Ad hominem
Soru 2
What is the fundamental tenet of Marxism?
Seçenekler
A
Ideology
B
Equality
C
Historical Materialism
D
Emancipation
E
Conservatism
Açıklama:
Historical Materialism
Soru 3
Who argue that there is no obligation to change the world?
Seçenekler
A
Nationalists
B
Feminists
C
Socialists
D
Liberals
E
Conservatives
Açıklama:
Conservatives
Soru 4
What is the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right?
Seçenekler
A
Power
B
Law
C
Emancipation
D
Liberalism
E
Socialism
Açıklama:
Emancipation
Soru 5
Which of the below is about liberalism?
Seçenekler
A
It suggests that we owe a debt to the nation.
B
It involves an enthusiasm for freedom, toleration, individualism and reason.
C
Historical Materialism is the fundamental tenet of it.
D
The person is inclined to hold on to what he has rather than seek what he does not have.
E
It suggests that we owe a debt to women.
Açıklama:
It involves an enthusiasm for freedom, toleration, individualism and reason.
Soru 6
Which of the below is Edmund Burke related?
Seçenekler
A
Conservatism
B
Liberalism
C
Nationalism
D
Feminism
E
Socialism
Açıklama:
Edmund Burke
Soru 7
Which of the below is Georg Lukács related?
Seçenekler
A
Nationalism
B
Feminism
C
Conservatism
D
Socialism
E
Liberalism
Açıklama:
Socialism
Soru 8
Which one of the following statements is true about environmentalism?
Seçenekler
A
It is concerned with order.
B
It is one of the major ideologies.
C
It involves an enthusiasm for freedom, toleration, individualism and reason.
D
It suggests that we owe a debt to the earth.
E
It involves the idea of limited government.
Açıklama:
Environmentalism suggests that we owe a debt to the earth.
Soru 9
Which of the below is NOT true about Socialism?
Seçenekler
A
It has had most success in the form of critique.
B
Historical Materialism is the fundamental tenet of it.
C
Feuerbach is one of the thinkers of it.
D
It suggests we are not mere selves, but selves in a situation, in a society.
E
Hannah Arendt is one of the thinkers of it.
Açıklama:
Hannah Arendt is not one of the thinkers of it.
Soru 10
Who wrote Grundrisse?
Seçenekler
A
Friedrich Nietzsche
B
Hans-Georg Gadamer
C
Karl Marx
D
Feuerbach
E
W.H. Mallock
Açıklama:
Karl Marx
Soru 11
Which of the following ideologies is regarded as the most important one?
Seçenekler
A
Marxism
B
Feminism
C
Conservatism
D
Liberalism
E
Socialism
Açıklama:
Liberalism is regarded as the most important ideology.
Soru 12
Which of the following is/are true abut Environmentalism, Nationalism and Feminism?
I. They are among major ideologies.
II. They are address the status of a particular subject.
III. They address every subject.
I. They are among major ideologies.
II. They are address the status of a particular subject.
III. They address every subject.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I. & III
E
II & III
Açıklama:
Environmentalism, Nationalism and Feminism address the status of a particular subject or object which may have been neglected and may deserve our commitment.
Soru 13
The liberal divides the world into three, one of which is what is intrinsically necessary. What is intrinsically necessary is the ____________ .
Seçenekler
A
self
B
standarts
C
rules
D
practices
E
institutions
Açıklama:
The liberal always divides the world into three: what is intrinsically necessary (the self ), what is necessary to support that intrinsic necessity (a system of standards, rules, laws), and what is contingent (everything else, including all other beliefs, practices, and institutions).
Soru 14
Who indicated that there are two types of liberalism, the first is rational and the second is mechanical?
Seçenekler
A
Ludwig van Mises
B
John Rawls
C
John Dunn
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Karl Marx
Açıklama:
John Dunn comments that there are two types of liberalism ‘The first is rational, transcendental and concerned with consciousness and the second is mechanical, reductive and concerned with desires.’
Soru 15
According to Ludwig von Mises, socialism is ‘anti-liberalism camouflaged as super-______’
Seçenekler
A
Socialism
B
Liberalism
C
Marxism
D
Feminism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
According to Ludwig von Mises, socialism is ‘anti-liberalism camouflaged as super- liberalism’
Soru 16
Which of the following is not correct about socialism?
Seçenekler
A
Socialism always involves a critique of liberalism.
B
Debts are owed to the self as constituted by society
C
The self cannot be abstracted from the self without error.
D
Society consists of individuals.
E
Socialism has had most success in the form of critique.
Açıklama:
Society does not consist of individuals; it expresses the sum of connections and relationships in which individuals find themselves’.
Soru 17
_______________ said that we have to see we have to see ourselves as involved in ‘a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those are dead, and those who are to be born’.
Seçenekler
A
Michael Oakeshott
B
Hans-Georg Gadamer
C
Evelyn Waugh
D
Friedrich Nietzsche
E
Edmund Burke
Açıklama:
Edmund Burke argued that, we have to see ourselves as involved in ‘a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those are dead, and those who are to be born’.
Soru 18
___________ argued, we need our prejudices and the traditions which are the embodiment of those prejudices.
Seçenekler
A
Michael Oakeshott
B
Hans-Georg Gadamer
C
Evelyn Waugh
D
Friedrich Nietzsche
E
Edmund Burke
Açıklama:
Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989) argued, we need our prejudices and the traditions which are the embodiment of those prejudices.
Soru 19
Which of the following statements is correct about conservatists?
Seçenekler
A
The conservative seeks what he does not have rather than to hold on to what he has.
B
The conservative prefers the unknown to the familiar.
C
Conservatists feel an obligation to change the world.
D
If a conservative is not religious, he tends to disrespect religion.
E
The conservative seeks no liberation from tradition.
Açıklama:
The conservative seeks no liberation from tradition.
The conservative is inclined to hold on to what he has rather than seek what he does not have.
The conservative prefers the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’.
Conservatists argue that there is no obligation to change the world.
Even if a conservative is not religious, he tends to respect religion.
The conservative is inclined to hold on to what he has rather than seek what he does not have.
The conservative prefers the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’.
Conservatists argue that there is no obligation to change the world.
Even if a conservative is not religious, he tends to respect religion.
Soru 20
Which of the following ideologies holds that we are all equal before God?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Socialism
C
Conservatism
D
Feminism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
Conservatism holds that we are all equal before God.
Soru 21
Which of the following holds that religion should remain authoritative and it should neither be displaced nor replaced?
Seçenekler
A
Feminism
B
Socialism
C
Environmentalism
D
Conservatism
E
Liberalism
Açıklama:
The correct answer is D
Soru 22
According to liberalism, which of the following is an order external to the self but without which the self cannot exist?
Seçenekler
A
Society
B
Power
C
History
D
Tradition
E
Law
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 23
The major ideologies address all of us because of a claim about the fundamental criterion by which all of us should act in the world. This
a criterion is that a debt is owed to........?
a criterion is that a debt is owed to........?
Seçenekler
A
Tradition
B
The self
C
History
D
Society
E
The nation
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 24
Who declares that ideologies are combinations of political concepts; some concepts are core, some are adjacent, and some are peripheral?
Seçenekler
A
Freeden
B
Waldron
C
Heywood
D
Plato
E
Newman
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A
Soru 25
Liberalism is often treated as if it is.........?
Seçenekler
A
An enthusiasm for tradition
B
An enthusiasm for power
C
A contradiction
D
A certain view about the justification of authority
E
A complex of doctrines
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 26
Which of the following is arguably the most important or the original among the major ideologies of Political Science?
Seçenekler
A
Conservatism
B
Marxism
C
Liberalism
D
Socialism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C
Soru 27
The criterion of socialism (the standard by which it judges entities, institutions, and events) is that debts are owed to .........?
Seçenekler
A
The self as constituted by society
B
Tradition as constituted by history
C
The nation
D
Tradition
E
The self
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A
Soru 28
Which of the following ideologies holds that there is no obligation to change the world?
Seçenekler
A
Marxism
B
Nationalism
C
Conservatism
D
Liberalism
E
Socialism
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C
Soru 29
Which of the following is the dominant ideological tradition within Socialism?
Seçenekler
A
Marxism
B
Humanism
C
Liberalism
D
Nationalism
E
Conservatism
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A
Soru 30
Which of the following suggests that we owe a debt to the nation?
Seçenekler
A
Feminism
B
Socialism
C
Nationalism
D
Liberalism
E
Conservatism
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C
Soru 31
According to Michael Freeden, "if we enter a room and find liberty, rationality, and individualism at its center, while equality decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of --- "
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Conservatism
B
Socialism
C
Liberalism
D
Nationalism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
"If we [enter a room and] find liberty, rationality, and individualism at its center, while equality...decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of liberalism."
Soru 32
When some scholars argue that "all ideologies are après la déluge," they undoubtedly mean something like ideologies---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
are a response to the imagined possibility of change in accordance with some fundamental criterion.
B
fall back on common sense and observe simply that they are divided in this way.
C
are modular structures, frequently exhibiting a highly fluid morphology.
D
are compartmentalized into prefabricated categories-called chapters.
E
share many core, adjacent, and peripheral concepts, but they arrange and order them in different way.
Açıklama:
"Après moi, la déluge is a political expression that is translated as 'After me, the flood'.” Therefore when scholars argue that "All ideologies are après la déluge," they simply mean that ideologies "are a response to the imagined possibility of complete change in accordance with some fundamental criterion."
Soru 33
Which of the following is an ideology whose criterion is that a debt is owed to the self, rather than being an ideology concerned with the status of a particular subject or object?
Seçenekler
A
Environmentalism
B
Feminism
C
Capitalism
D
Conservatism
E
Nationalism
Açıklama:
“Liberalism, socialism, and conservatism are different.. They address all of us, and not because of some end outside ourselves, not because of this or that value, but because of a claim about the fundamental criterion by which all of us should act in the world. This criterion is that a debt is owed to the self.”
Soru 34
Liberalism is not anarchism, because, as Waldron rightly emphasized, liberalism is concerned with ---
Which of the following correctly completes the sentece above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentece above?
Seçenekler
A
religion
B
order
C
tradition
D
authority
E
nation
Açıklama:
"Liberalism is not anarchism, because, as Waldron rightly emphasized, liberalism is concerned with order."
Soru 35
Liberals divide the world into three as: what is intrinsically necessary, what is necessary to support that intrinsic necessity, and what is contingent. Then, which of the following is considered to be "intrinsically necessary" for liberals?
Seçenekler
A
Practices
B
Institutions
C
System of standards
D
Laws
E
The self
Açıklama:
Her ne kadar kitapta konu geçiyorsa da ve soru anlama becerisini ölçüyor gibi görünse de, öğrencinin hem konuyu iyi özümsemiş olması hem de kitapta verilen açıklamalardan sonuca ulaşması açısından bu temelde bir analiz sorusudur.
"Perhaps the best way to express this is to say that the liberal always divides the world into three: into what is intrinsically necessary (the self)..."
"Perhaps the best way to express this is to say that the liberal always divides the world into three: into what is intrinsically necessary (the self)..."
Soru 36
John Rawls attaches great importance to the notion of justice, which holds that "each person has an equal right to the most extensive equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all." Therefore, according to Rawls, liberty can be restricted only for the sake of ---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentece above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentece above?
Seçenekler
A
liberty
B
order
C
national interest
D
authority
E
economic returns
Açıklama:
Öğrenciden Liberalizmin temel değerlerini anlamış olmasını beklemesi ve Liberalizmi diğer yaklaşımlardan ayırt etmesini beklemesi açısından, bu bir Anlama sorusudur.
"As expressed in Rawls’s first principle of justice, this means that ‘each person has an equal right to the most extensive equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all’. So that, as he puts it, ‘liberty can be restricted only for the sake of liberty itself’ ."
"As expressed in Rawls’s first principle of justice, this means that ‘each person has an equal right to the most extensive equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all’. So that, as he puts it, ‘liberty can be restricted only for the sake of liberty itself’ ."
Soru 37
Socialism supports all of the following concepts or ideas, except ---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
the self constituted by society
B
the sociability of the self
C
a self not abstracted from society
D
a fully social self
E
some sort of self in law
Açıklama:
It is liberals who "can fall back on the apparent simplicity of the recognition of some sort of self in law," whereas socialists attempt at explaining that "the self is socially constituted."
Soru 38
Which of the following ideologies attempt to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of a shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order?
Seçenekler
A
Marxism
B
Liberalism
C
Conservatism
D
Anarchism
E
Libertarianism
Açıklama:
"A Marxist is someone who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift."
Soru 39
Which of the following ideologies has involved the view that "the highest virtue in politics is to resist change until change becomes inevitable"?
Seçenekler
A
Conservatism
B
Socialism
C
Liberalism
D
Marxism
E
Nationalism
Açıklama:
"Conservatism is ‘concessionary’. Ever since Robert Peel’s time, conservatism has involved the view ‘that the highest virtue in politics is to resist change until change becomes inevitable."
Soru 40
Which of the following ideologies holds that it is an emancipation from not only unenlightened liberties and individual liberty but also any abstract and unhistorical liberty?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Socialism
C
Marxism
D
Conservatism
E
Anarchism
Açıklama:
"Liberalism is an emancipation from the unenlightened liberties ... Socialism is... also an emancipation from individual liberty. And conservatism is an emancipation from even this, so that liberty is not in terms of the completion of this emancipation, but in terms of the recognition of the incomplete nature of any abstract or unhistorical liberty."
Soru 41
-------- is a comment on or against an opponent, to undermine him personally, rather than his arguments.
Which of the following concepts fills the gap in this sentence?
Which of the following concepts fills the gap in this sentence?
Seçenekler
A
Ad hominem
B
Collection
C
Ideology
D
Liberalism
E
Conservatism
Açıklama:
In the study of political science and political philosophy, ideologies tend to push argument in an ad hominem direction. Ad hominem is a comment on or against an opponent, to undermine him personally, rather than his arguments.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 42
Which of the following information about ideologies is not true?
Seçenekler
A
Environmentalism, nationalism and feminism are the major ideologies.
B
All ideologies are après la déluge, i.e. they are a response to the imagined possibility of complete change in accordance with some fundamental criterion.
C
An ideology is a view about what ought to be thought, said and done about politics in terms of a sole, usually secular, criterion.
D
Each ideology can be distinguished from the others by its criterion and also related to the others by the very same criterion.
E
The ideologies share many core, adjacent, and peripheral concepts, but they arrange and order them in di erent ways.
Açıklama:
Liberalism, socialism and conservatism address every subject, every self, every citizen, as if universal. They address all of us, and not because of some end outside ourselves, not because of this or that value, but because of a claim about the fundamental criterion by which all of us should act in the world. This criterion is that a debt is owed to the self. The self is difficult to characterize (Taylor, 1989.) But it is this difficulty which makes the three major ideologies significant: for each of them attempts to characterize it. This is why the standard studies of ideologies are right to suggest that liberalism, conservatism, and socialism form a triad of major ideologies, in relation to which all other ideologies are minor. Thus, liberalism, socialism and conservatism are the major ideologies.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 43
Which of the following scholars declared that the fundamental theoretical principle of liberalism is that 'no one should believe what he does not understand'?
Seçenekler
A
Harold Laski
B
Jeremy Waldron
C
L. T. Hobhouse
D
Hannah Arendt
E
J. H. Newman
Açıklama:
A century and a half ago J.H. Newman declared that the fundamental theoretical principle of liberalism is that ‘no one should believe what he does not understand’.
Soru 44
- Liberalism is concerned with order. This order is law.
- The liberal always divides the world into three: into what is intrinsically necessary (the self), what is necessary to support that intrinsic necessity (a system of standards, rules, laws), and what is contingent (everything else, including all other beliefs, practices, and institutions).
- In liberalism the relation between one self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves to co-exist.
- According to the liberal, whatever we want to achieve in the world can only be judged in terms of the fact that the fundamental debt is the one owed to freedom.
- The pure thought of liberalism is that only freedom has infinite credit: everything else is an instrument of that credit, and is in debt in relation to this credit.
Seçenekler
A
1-2-5
B
2-3-4
C
1-2-3
D
2-3-5
E
3-4-5
Açıklama:
Liberalism is the fundamental form of modern ideology because of the apparently simplicity of its criterion. The direct appeal to the self, especially the reason of that self (whether understood as rationality or reasonableness), is what made enlightenment possible. It also explains why the liberal is usually far clearer in argument than the socialist or the conservative.
The pure thought of liberalism is that only the self has infinite credit: everything else is an instrument of that credit, and is in debt in relation to this credit.
According to the liberal, whatever we want to achieve in the world can only be judged in terms of the fact that the fundamental debt is the one owed to the self.
Thus, liberalism relies on the debt owned to the self. Freedom, highlighted in statements 4 and 5, does not constitute the basis of liberalism.
The correct answer is C.
The pure thought of liberalism is that only the self has infinite credit: everything else is an instrument of that credit, and is in debt in relation to this credit.
According to the liberal, whatever we want to achieve in the world can only be judged in terms of the fact that the fundamental debt is the one owed to the self.
Thus, liberalism relies on the debt owned to the self. Freedom, highlighted in statements 4 and 5, does not constitute the basis of liberalism.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 45
A -------- is someone who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift.
Fill in the blank in the above sentence.
Fill in the blank in the above sentence.
Seçenekler
A
Liberalist
B
Socialist
C
Conservatist
D
Marxist
E
Materialist
Açıklama:
Marxism originated in the attempt to see the failure of liberalism (and capitalism) in a historically conscious way. A Marxist is someone who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 46
Which of the following is the fundamental tenet of Marxism?
Seçenekler
A
Socialism
B
Historical materialism
C
Equality
D
Freedom
E
Illiberalism
Açıklama:
Historical Materialism is the fundamental tenet of Marxism in all its ‘classical’ varieties. History is the product not of conscious decisions and ideas, but of ‘material’ processes and conditions which can be identified and described without reference to the mental states of those who participate in them. It is the changes in these material conditions which make necessary and bring about those changes in social, political and institutional superstructures which in aggregate form the substance of history.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 47
Which of the following is the philosopher who said that conservatism is ‘to prefer the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect'?
Seçenekler
A
Edmund Burke
B
Michael Oakeshott
C
Hans-Georg Gadamer
D
Evelyn Waugh
E
Friedrich Nietzsche
Açıklama:
In its simplest, or most abstract form, the conservative is inclined to hold on to what he has rather than seek what he does not have. Michael Oakeshott said that conservatism, understood as a ‘disposition’, is ‘to prefer the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’.
Soru 48
- There is no obligation to change the world.
- There is no need for liberation from freedom.
- We have a debt to those who are dead as well as to those who are alive.
Seçenekler
A
Capitalism
B
Socialism
C
Marxism
D
Conservatism
E
Liberalism
Açıklama:
The conservative says that the criterion of a self constituted by both social and historical existence means that there is no historical task, only the necessity of not sundering ourselves from history, as liberals and even socialists seem to require us to do. We have a debt to those who are dead as well as to those who are alive.
Conservatives argue that there is no obligation to change the world: because human imperfection on the one hand and unforeseen consequences on the other make it impossible to know that any change will be for the better. Conservatives look backwards, not forwards, and so look to the very traditions which liberalism and socialists put into question.
The correct answer is D.
Conservatives argue that there is no obligation to change the world: because human imperfection on the one hand and unforeseen consequences on the other make it impossible to know that any change will be for the better. Conservatives look backwards, not forwards, and so look to the very traditions which liberalism and socialists put into question.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 49
Which of the following shows the liberalist approach to religion?
Seçenekler
A
Church and state should be separated, and all matters of religion should be located in privacy. The secular state needs to be left dominant in public.
B
The separation of church and state is an error. Church and state have to be transformed together.
C
Religion is emptied of its mythical, metaphysical or transcendental content and restored to humanity, not merely as a ‘religion of humanity’ but as a praxis.
D
There is a need for a secular interpretation of certain precepts of religion.
E
Religion is what it is, in its publicity and its authority: so it should neither be displaced nor replaced. It should go through no form of secularization, but remain authoritative.
Açıklama:
Liberalism separates ‘church’ and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in public. Socialism alleges that the separation is an error, which leaves the self in thrall to religion: so it refuses the separation, and instead suggests that church and state together have to be transformed. This throws up two formal possibilities. It could involve the secularization of religion, so that religion is emptied of its mythical, metaphysical or transcendental content and restored to humanity, not merely as a ‘religion of humanity’ but as a praxis. Or it could involve a secular interpretation of certain precepts of religion. And conservatism alleges that both are errors, since religion is what it is, in its publicity and its authority: so it should neither be displaced nor replaced. It should go through no form of secularization, but remain authoritative.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 50
Which of the following ideologies seeks an equality which does not offer the same to every self but offers the same to every self as constituted socially?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Socialism
C
Conservatism
D
Nationalism
E
Humanism
Açıklama:
Liberalism is wholly for equality, but only an equality of the self in relation to all other selves in terms of a shared structure of law.
Socialism seeks an equality which does not offer the same to every self but offers the same to every self as constituted socially.
In conservatism, equality is used in the sense that we are all equal before God.
The correct answer is B.
Socialism seeks an equality which does not offer the same to every self but offers the same to every self as constituted socially.
In conservatism, equality is used in the sense that we are all equal before God.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 51
Which of the following ideologies are considered three major ideologies?
I-Liberalism
II-Socialism
III-Conservatism
IV- Environmentalism
V- Feminism
I-Liberalism
II-Socialism
III-Conservatism
IV- Environmentalism
V- Feminism
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
II, III and IV
D
II, III and V
E
I, IV and V
Açıklama:
The classic books on
ideologies are often divided into chapters entitled
‘Liberalism’, ‘Socialism’, ‘Conservatism’ and so on,
but there is no explanation why. So, liberalism, socialism,
and conservatism are considered the three
major ideologies.
ideologies are often divided into chapters entitled
‘Liberalism’, ‘Socialism’, ‘Conservatism’ and so on,
but there is no explanation why. So, liberalism, socialism,
and conservatism are considered the three
major ideologies.
Soru 52
Which of the following can not be said about ideologies?
Seçenekler
A
Ideologies are ‘complex’.
B
Ideologies are ‘hermetically sealed systems of thought’.
C
Ideologies are ‘modular structures,
frequently exhibiting a highly fluid morphology.
frequently exhibiting a highly fluid morphology.
D
Ideologies are intermixed.
E
Ideologies are overlapping.
Açıklama:
Ideologies are ‘complex’ (Heywood, 1998: 17-19; Vincent, 1992: 18; Freeden, 1996: 13). They
are not ‘hermetically sealed systems of thought’ (Heywood, 1998: 13). They are ‘modular structures,
frequently exhibiting a highly fluid morphology (Freeden, 1996: 88). They are ‘internally complex,
intermixed and overlapping’. So the correct answer is B. Because Ideologies are not ‘hermetically sealed systems of thought’.
are not ‘hermetically sealed systems of thought’ (Heywood, 1998: 13). They are ‘modular structures,
frequently exhibiting a highly fluid morphology (Freeden, 1996: 88). They are ‘internally complex,
intermixed and overlapping’. So the correct answer is B. Because Ideologies are not ‘hermetically sealed systems of thought’.
Soru 53
Who uses a metaphor( metaphor of room) to explain ideologies?
Seçenekler
A
L.T. Hobhouse
B
Harold Laski
C
J.H. Newman
D
Jeremy Waldron
E
Michael Freeden
Açıklama:
Michael Freeden explains this using a metaphor.
Ideologies may be likened to rooms that contain
various units of furniture… If we [enter a room
and] find liberty, rationality, and individualism at
its center, while equality-though in evidence-
decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of
liberalism. If order, authority, and tradition catch
our eye upon opening the door, which equality is
shoved under the bed or, at best, one of its weaker
specimens is displayed only when the guests arrive,
we are looking at a version of conservatism. Core,
adjacent and peripheral units pattern the room and
permit its categorization (Freeden, 1996: 86-7.)
Ideologies may be likened to rooms that contain
various units of furniture… If we [enter a room
and] find liberty, rationality, and individualism at
its center, while equality-though in evidence-
decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of
liberalism. If order, authority, and tradition catch
our eye upon opening the door, which equality is
shoved under the bed or, at best, one of its weaker
specimens is displayed only when the guests arrive,
we are looking at a version of conservatism. Core,
adjacent and peripheral units pattern the room and
permit its categorization (Freeden, 1996: 86-7.)
Soru 54
Which of the following ideology suggests that we owe a debt to the earth?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Environmentalism
C
Conservatism
D
Marxism
E
Feminism
Açıklama:
Environmentalism suggests that we owe a debt to
the earth.
the earth.
Soru 55
Which of the following suggests can not be said about liberalism?
Seçenekler
A
It involves the idea of limited government.
B
It involves he maintenance of the rule of law.
C
It involves the avoidance of arbitrary or discretionary power.
D
It involves the responsibility of individuals for their own fates.
E
Liberalism doesn't separate ‘church’
and ‘state’.
and ‘state’.
Açıklama:
The suggestion of "Liberalism doesn't separate ‘church’
and ‘state’" is not correct. Because Liberalism separates ‘church’
and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in
privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in
public. And the other suggestions are correct. Answer is E.
and ‘state’" is not correct. Because Liberalism separates ‘church’
and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in
privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in
public. And the other suggestions are correct. Answer is E.
Soru 56
According to John Rawls; in ....... the relation between one
self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and
it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves
to co-exist?
self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and
it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves
to co-exist?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Socialism
C
Conservatism
D
Feminism
E
Marxism
Açıklama:
John Rawls’s ‘basic structure’ is a restatement
of Kant’s view without Kant’s metaphysics (Rawls,
2001: 48). In liberalism the relation between one
self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and
it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves
to co-exist. Answer is A.
of Kant’s view without Kant’s metaphysics (Rawls,
2001: 48). In liberalism the relation between one
self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and
it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves
to co-exist. Answer is A.
Soru 57
Which ideologie adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered?
Seçenekler
A
Socialism
B
Consevatism
C
Nationalism
D
Marxism
E
Feminism
Açıklama:
Socialism adjusts the criterion of liberalism in
such a way that it is radically altered. Correct answer is A.
such a way that it is radically altered. Correct answer is A.
Soru 58
Which of the ideology is consist of historical materialism?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Conservatism
C
Socialism
D
Marxism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
Historical Materialism is the fundamental
tenet of Marxism in all its ‘classical’ varieties. The correct answer is D.
tenet of Marxism in all its ‘classical’ varieties. The correct answer is D.
Soru 59
"...............is the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right?
Seçenekler
A
Emancipation
B
Equality
C
Reality
D
Humanity
E
Ideology
Açıklama:
Emancipation, the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right (Scruton, 2007: 206).
Soru 60
Which of the following suggest is not correct?
Seçenekler
A
An ideology is a view about what ought to be thought, said and done about politics in terms
of a sole criterion.
of a sole criterion.
B
There are three major ideologies
C
Liberalism is the fundamental form of modern
ideology.
ideology.
D
Socialism recognizes that we are not mere selves, but selves in a situation, in a society-and that it
is to these selves that a debt is owed.
is to these selves that a debt is owed.
E
Conservatism is an emancipation from the unenlightened liberties justified by tradition to an individual liberty, which is legal or political, justified by the secular criterion of the self.
Açıklama:
Liberalism is an emancipation from the unenlightened liberties
justified by tradition to an individual liberty,
which is legal or political, justified by the secular
criterion of the self. So E is not correct. The other suggestions are correct.
justified by tradition to an individual liberty,
which is legal or political, justified by the secular
criterion of the self. So E is not correct. The other suggestions are correct.
Soru 61
Which of the following can be defined as a set of ideas by which men posit, explain and justify the ends and means of organized social action, irrespective of whether such action aims to preserve, amend, uproot or rebuild a given social order?
Seçenekler
A
Fundemental Debt
B
Ideology
C
Aristocracy
D
Tradition
E
Change
Açıklama:
“An ideology is a set of ideas by which men posit, explain and justify the ends and means of organized social action, irrespective of whether such action aims to preserve, amend, uproot or rebuild a given social order (Seliger, 1976: 14).”
Soru 62
What is the meaning of the political expression "Après moi, la déluge" ?
Seçenekler
A
After me, the flood.
B
We can overcome the disasters.
C
Trust me anytime.
D
Never trust the enemy.
E
Be aware of the dangers.
Açıklama:
Après moi, la déluge is a political expression that is translated as “After me, the flood.”
Soru 63
Which of the following ideologies adresses every subject, every self, every citizen, as if universal?
Seçenekler
A
Feminism
B
Environmentalism
C
Nationalism
D
Liberalism
E
Fascism
Açıklama:
Liberalism, socialism, and conservatism are different. They address every subject, every self, every citizen, as if universal. They address all of us, and not because of some end outside ourselves, not because of this or that value, but because of a claim about the fundamental criterion by which all of us should act in the world.
Soru 64
Which of the following thought that liberalism is ‘not a clearcut body of doctrine.’?
Seçenekler
A
Harold Laski
B
J.H. Newman
C
Jeremy Waldron
D
Hannah Arendt
E
John Rowl
Açıklama:
Harold Laski thought that liberalism is ‘not a clearcut body of doctrine.’ But he defined it nonetheless by saying the liberal seeks ‘to indicate the right of the individual to shape his own destiny, regardless of any authority which might seek to limit his possibilities’ (Laski, 1936: 14-15).
Soru 65
Which of the following statements about liberalism is not true?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism is the fundamental form of modern ideology because of the apparently simplicity of its criterion.
B
Liberalism is not anarchism because liberalism is concerned with order.
C
Liberalism is often treated as if it is a ‘complex of doctrines’ which cannot be simplified.
D
Liberalism cannot take some sort of order for granted, and so has to insist on the necessity of an order external to the self but without which the self cannot exist.
E
Liberalism has had most success in the form of critique.
Açıklama:
Socialism has had most success in the form of critique.
Soru 66
Which of the following can be considered as a negative point of conservatism?
Seçenekler
A
Devotion to nation
B
Resistance to change
C
Respect to religion
D
Acceptance of change
E
Devotion to religion
Açıklama:
As many have observed, resistance to change is the abstract concept or negative moment of conservatism.
Soru 67
Who said that conservatism, understood as a ‘disposition’, is ‘to prefer the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’?
Seçenekler
A
Michael Oakeshott
B
Robert Peel
C
Edmond Burke
D
Hans-Georg Gadamer
E
Evelyn Waugh
Açıklama:
Michael Oakeshott said that conservatism, understood as a ‘disposition’, is ‘to prefer the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’ (Oakeshott, 1991: 408).
Soru 68
What is "the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right" called?
Seçenekler
A
Equality
B
Emancipation
C
Religion
D
Participation
E
Discrimination
Açıklama:
Emancipation: The act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right (Scruton, 2007: 206).
Soru 69
Which ideology alleges that the separation of "church" and "state" is an error?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Feminism
C
Socialism
D
Historical Materialism
E
Environmentalism
Açıklama:
Liberalism separates ‘church’ and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in public. Socialism alleges that the separation is an error, which leaves the self in thrall to religion.
Soru 70
Which of the following ideologies concerns mostly with tradition and the religion manifest in tradition?
Seçenekler
A
Socialism
B
Liberalism
C
Historical Materialism
D
Marxism
E
Conservatism
Açıklama:
It explains why liberals are concerned with law, why socialists are concerned with economy, society and power, and why conservatives are concerned with tradition and the religion manifest in tradition.
Soru 71
I. Liberalism
II. Socialism
III. Nationalism
Which one/ones of the ideologies above is/are accepted as considered as major?
II. Socialism
III. Nationalism
Which one/ones of the ideologies above is/are accepted as considered as major?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
Only III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
liberalism, socialism, and conservatism are considered the three major ideologies in the literature.
Soru 72
Which one of the following quotations was uttered by J.H. Newman and is considered as theoretical principle of liberalism?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism is concerned with order
B
Each person has an equal right to the most extensive equal basic liberties
C
Liberalism is the mistake of subjecting to human judgements
D
No one should believe what he does not understand
E
Liberalism rests on a certain view about the justification of social arrangements
Açıklama:
A century and a half ago J.H. Newman declared that the fundamental theoretical principle of liberalism is that ‘no one should believe what he does not understand’ (Newman, 1890: 294.)
Soru 73
Which one of the following scholars believes that thhe relation between one self and another is contingent in liberalism and supports that liberty can be restricted only
for the sake of liberty itself?
for the sake of liberty itself?
Seçenekler
A
John Rawls
B
Hannah Arendt
C
Harold J. Laski
D
J.H. Newman
E
Jeremy Waldron
Açıklama:
In liberalism the relation between one self and another is contingent, not constitutive; and it is law which enables the freedom of separate selves to co-exist. As expressed in Rawls’s first principle of justice, this means that ‘each person has an equal right to the most extensive equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all’. So that, as he puts it, ‘liberty can be restricted only for the sake of liberty itself’ (Rawls, 1972: 244).
Soru 74
Which one of the following ideologies adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered?
Seçenekler
A
Conservatism
B
Socialism
C
Environmentalism
D
Nationalism
E
Feminism
Açıklama:
Socialism adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered. If the criterion of liberalism is that debts are owed to the self, then the criterion of socialism-the standard by which it judges entities, institutions and events-is that debts are owed to the self as constituted by society.
Soru 75
Which one of the following refers to the person who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift?
Seçenekler
A
A socialist
B
A communist
C
A Marxist
D
A racist
E
A capitalist
Açıklama:
A Marxist is someone who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift.
Soru 76
Which one of the following works is accepted as the seminal work of Karl Marx?
Seçenekler
A
A Theory of Justice
B
The Philosophy of Right
C
Responsiblity and Judgement
D
Mein Kampf
E
Grundrisse
Açıklama:
The seminal work of Karl Marx is Grundrisse.
Soru 77
Which one of the following ideologies supoorts that the claims and judgements of both socialism and liberalism are too abstract?
Seçenekler
A
Environmentalism
B
Nationalism
C
Conservatism
D
Captialism
E
Marxism
Açıklama:
Conservatism extends the criterion even further. While liberalism offers the self-whatever that is-as a criterion of judgement, and while socialism offers an extension of this criterion so it includes the social-whatever that is-as a criterion of judgement, conservatism supposes that both of these are too abstract.
Soru 78
Which one of the following people seeks no liberation from tradition and has to accept the existence of an order which emerged from a revolution he could never have sanctioned at the time?
Seçenekler
A
A conservative
B
A liberal
C
A socialist
D
A marxist
E
A capitalist
Açıklama:
The conservative seeks no liberation from tradition. He has a criterion which is an extension of the original criterion, but which is extended so far that it appears to require the restoration of a traditional order, even religious order, which, according to the criterion, cannot be restored. To put it another way, the conservative has to accept the existence of an order which emerged from a revolution he could never have sanctioned at the time
Soru 79
Which one of the following terms refers to the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right?
Seçenekler
A
Equality
B
Emancipation
C
Religion
D
Ideology
E
Dignitiy
Açıklama:
Emancipation: The act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right (Scruton, 2007: 206).
Soru 80
Which one of the following scholars is not a supporter of conservatism?
Seçenekler
A
Edmund Burke
B
Michael Oakeshott
C
Hans-Georg Gadamer
D
Evelyn Waugh
E
John Rawls
Açıklama:
John Rawls is among the supporters of liberalism
Ünite 5
Soru 1
- Hybrid regime
- Full democracy
- Flawed democracy
- Flourishing democracy
- Authoritarian democracy
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
III-IV-V
C
I-II-III-IV
D
I-II-III-V
E
II-III-IV-V
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China). Each type of democracy represents a different perspective on structure and practice. The correct answer is D.
Soru 2
Which of the following is practiced in the United States of America?
Seçenekler
A
A constitutional republic
B
A parliamentary republic
C
A monarchial parliamentary
D
A socialist parliamentary
E
A hybrid democracy
Açıklama:
In the United States, there is a constitutional republic as stated in the preamble of the constitution. The correct answer is A.
Soru 3
Which of the following figures defines democracy as the the government “of the people, by the people, for the people”?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Winston Churchill
C
Abraham Lincoln
D
John Locke
E
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Açıklama:
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln supported the structure of American democracy during the Civil War of 1861-1865, which was fundamentally caused by disagreements over what a democracy should protect. “Of the people, for the people and by the people” was his claim for purpose in democracy. The correct answer is C.
Soru 4
Which of the following political ideals aims minimal government influence on behavior?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Conservative
C
Progressive
D
Socialist
E
Libertarian
Açıklama:
The political ideal that aims minimal government influence on behavior is libertarian. The correct answer is E.
Soru 5
Which of the following is used to refer to democracy in Africa?
Seçenekler
A
The flourishing democracy
B
A second wave of liberation
C
Democracy from direct participation
D
Democracy from indirect participation
E
Representative participation of citizens
Açıklama:
Africa has remained one place where democracy remains only as a potential. With the exception of the Republic of South Africa, only a few signs exist to indicate that democracy is stable enough to survive tribal or ethnic opposition. Some refer to democracy in Africa as a 'second wave of liberation'. The correct answer is B.
Soru 6
- Rule of law developed by citizens
- Citizens determine government through indirect voting
- Representation in government through political party influence
- Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
III and IV
C
I-II-III
D
I-III-IV
E
II-III-IV
Açıklama:
Elements of Indirect Democracy:
- Citizens determine government through indirect voting,
- Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf,
- Representation in government through political party influence,
- Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary,
- Rule of law developed by representative leaders.
Soru 7
- Appointed by the president
- Elected by the parliament
- President can remove or replace
- Elected member of the parliament
- Represents majority party or coalition
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-III-IV
C
II-III-IV
D
II-IV-V
E
III-IV-V
Açıklama:
The characteristics of a Westminster prime minister are as follows:
- Elected by the parliament,
- Elected member of the parliament,
- Represents majority party or coalition,
- Vote by parliament can remove or replace.
Soru 8
Which of the following refers to a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption?
Seçenekler
A
Oligarchy
B
Fascism
C
Theocracy
D
Totalitarianism
E
Stratocracy
Açıklama:
An oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption. Power may be limited to political parties, individuals, or wealthy groups. The correct answer is A.
Soru 9
Which of the following is a form of government headed by military chiefs supported by law?
Seçenekler
A
Plutocracy
B
Stratocracy
C
Theocracy
D
Fascism
E
Totalitarianism
Açıklama:
A stratocracy is a form of government headed by military chiefs. It is not the same as a military dictatorship or junta in which military power is not supported by law. A stratocracy actually provides citizen support as a constitutional enablement. Thus, the state and the military are constitutionally the same entity. The correct answer is B.
Soru 10
- Size
- Origin of law
- Lack of majority
- Need of expansion
- International debts
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
III-IV-V
C
I-II-III-IV
D
I-III-IV-V
E
II-III-IV-V
Açıklama:
The following are some of the problems a democracy must overcome to support its citizens:
- Size,
- Origin of law,
- Lack of majority,
- Need of expansion.
Soru 11
During what time span do we credit the beginning of modern democracy?
Seçenekler
A
1800-1850
B
1750-1800
C
1780-1790
D
350-450 BCE
E
1200-1250
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 12
In which country do we find the longest continuous period of attention to citizen demands?
Seçenekler
A
United Kingdom
B
United States
C
Russia
D
Greece
E
France
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A
Soru 13
Which of the following individuals contributed most to the practice of Plutocracy?
Seçenekler
A
Joseph Stalin
B
John Locke
C
Winston Churchill
D
Adam Smith
E
Adolph Hitler
Açıklama:
The correct answer is D
Soru 14
Which of the following elements can be found in a democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Centrism
B
Tyranny
C
Oligarchy
D
Fascism
E
Anarchy
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A
Soru 15
What is the easiest tactic to gain the support of the voting public?
Seçenekler
A
Increasing the taxes
B
Demonstrating effective military power
C
Influencing public opinion
D
Collecting large donations
E
Increasing social assistance
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C
Soru 16
Which of the following governmental leaders was first in the application of fascist principles?
Seçenekler
A
Joseph Stalin
B
Hugo Chavez
C
Mao Zedong
D
Adolph Hitler
E
Benito Mussolin
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 17
Which country is credited with developing the Westminster parliamentary system?
Seçenekler
A
Switzerland
B
United Kingdom
C
France
D
United States
E
India
Açıklama:
The correct answer is B
Soru 18
Which of these historical figures contributed most to the ideals of liberal democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Alexis de Tocqueville
B
Thomas Paine
C
Aristotle
D
Plato
E
John Locke
Açıklama:
The correct answer is E
Soru 19
Which of the following countries is one of the countries cited by The Economist magazine as an example of full democracy?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
United States
C
Russia
D
Norway
E
China
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China) (Economist, 2015).
Soru 20
According to 'The Economist', which of the following countries is an example of flawed democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Norway
B
Pakistan
C
Canada
D
United States.
E
China
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China) (Economist, 2015). Each type of democracy represents a different perspective on structure and practice.
Soru 21
The political ideology which supports the belief that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules is called:
Seçenekler
A
Libertarian.
B
Authoritarian.
C
Nationalist.
D
Conservative.
E
Progressive.
Açıklama:
An individual’s political ideals may be classified as: libertarian - minimal government influence on behavior, or as authoritarian - acceptance of full government influence expecting strict controls for the sake of safety and security.Conservatives believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules, while progressives have a more progressive attitude, accepting responsibility for their own behavior and that government rules would adapt to accommodate social change over time.
Soru 22
Which of the following is true regarding Westminster Parliamentary system?
Seçenekler
A
It was created in the United States.
B
Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
C
Vote by Parliament can not remove or replace the Prime Minister.
D
The constitution is the only permanent document stating the rules for government.
E
The citizens directly elect members of the legislative body.
Açıklama:
The parliamentary system of government was created in the United Kingdom. All similar parliamentary governments are referred to as Westminster Parliamentary systems. In such systems the citizens directly elect members of the legislative body. The elected members of the parliament then choose from among the leading political party who will be the Prime Minister with executive functions. Unlike in the United States, where the constitution is a permanent document stating the rules for government, the UK parliamentary system does not have a codified constitution. Its rules for government are included in various documents and in the decisions by courts of law. In the Westminster parliamentary system in the United Kingdom, if Parliament loses confidence in the Prime Minister, it can cast a vote of “no confidence” and replace him or her
Soru 23
In the Aristotle's six forms of government, rule by the best is called:
Seçenekler
A
Aristocracy
B
Tyranny
C
Monarchy
D
Democracy
E
Oligarchy
Açıklama:
Aristotle’s Six Forms of Government: Monarchy - rule by one, Aristocracy - rule by the best, Democracy - people power, Tyranny - usurping ruler, Oligarchy - rule by the few, Ochlocracy - mob power
Soru 24
The unicameral Riksdag is the supreme decision-making body in:
Seçenekler
A
United Kingdom.
B
Belgium.
C
Liberia.
D
Germany.
E
Sweden.
Açıklama:
As the supreme decision-making body in Sweden, the unicameral Riksdag is responsible for amending the constitution, appointing government officials, and enacting laws.
Soru 25
The form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption is called:
Seçenekler
A
Fundamentalism
B
Fascism
C
Oligarchy
D
Plutocracy
E
Stratocracy
Açıklama:
An oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption. Power may be limited to political parties, individuals, or wealthy groups. The results of action from this government focus on self-preservation and retention of a base for total power. Aristotle referred to oligarchy as when a government that should be under its control is influenced not for the good of the total society, but instead for a small group of powerful individuals. Aristocracy also refers to rule by a few but they usually have a strong desire to serve their citizens. Oligarchs serve only themselves.
Soru 26
Which of the following statements is true regarding oligarchy?
Seçenekler
A
It is a form of government headed by military chiefs.
B
It is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption.
C
It is a democratic form of government.
D
It is the form of government where the monarch holds a ceremonial title as head of state.
E
Canada is a form of oligarchy.
Açıklama:
An oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption. Power may be limited to political parties, individuals, or wealthy groups. The results of action from this government focus on self-preservation and retention of a base for total power. Aristotle referred to oligarchy as when a government that should be under its control is influenced not for the good of the total society, but instead for a small group of powerful individuals.
Soru 27
Which of the following countries can be classified as stratocracy nowadays?
Seçenekler
A
Canada
B
United States
C
North Korea
D
Egypt
E
China
Açıklama:
For an example of what might be classified as a stratocracy we turn to today’s Egypt where elected leadership comes from its military leader, who while renouncing his military title, has ruled the country as expected from militant intent. Public criticism of leadership is banned, political opposition is practically nonexistent, and civil society activists can face prosecution--possibly imprisonment.
Soru 28
Which of the following is false regarding the problems a democracy must overcome?
Seçenekler
A
As countries range in size to larger populations, representative participation in government becomes more effective.
B
A democracy unable to manage differences so that accommodation is made for minority interests is likely to face civil unrest and possible revolution.
C
The more sophisticated a democracy becomes, the easier its citizens understand the many political issues, leading to a higher participation.
D
In democracies where constitutions are weak or do not exist, law making resorts to natural law or to common law, both subject to extreme liberalism requiring interpretation of circumstance and its constant changes.
E
Democracy and capitalism both assume that people are entitled to behave in their respective domains with freedom from legislated control.
Açıklama:
Early proponents of democracy emphasized the role of an educated public if governance was to be influenced by popular voting and citizen participation. The more sophisticated a democracy becomes, the more difficulty its citizens face to understand the many political issues. This can lead to indifference or even to a refusal to participate. On the other hand it can open political decision making to a public that is ill-informed and likely to support poor policy.
Soru 29
One of the philosophers from the Renaissance period, who wrote that people deserve the rights and liberties permitted under Natural Law is:
Seçenekler
A
John Locke
B
English King John
C
Alexander Fraser Tytler
D
Adam Smith
E
Benito Mussolini
Açıklama:
It was not until the end of the Renaissance that signs of revolution in the name of citizen rights under natural law appear both in Europe and in the British colonies in North America. Philosophical writers from the period, most notably John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Paine, wrote that all people deserve the rights and liberties permitted under Natural Law.
Soru 30
Government is parliamentary in __________________ .
Seçenekler
A
Iran
B
USA
C
France
D
Switzerland
E
Great Britain
Açıklama:
Government is parliamentary in Great Britain .
Soru 31
The Economist defines democracy in ____________ as full democracy
Seçenekler
A
Canada
B
Pakistan
C
United States
D
China
E
Russia
Açıklama:
The Economist defines democracy in Canada as full democracy
Soru 32
The Economist defines democracy in _____________ as hybrid regime.
Seçenekler
A
Norway
B
Pakistan
C
France
D
Russia
E
Canada
Açıklama:
The Economist defines democracy in Pakistan as hybrid regime.
Soru 33
_______ argued that “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.”
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
John Locke
C
Abraham Lincoln
D
Winston Churchill
E
Thomas Paine
Açıklama:
Winston Churchill argued that “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.”
Soru 34
When did women in Switzerland receive their right to vote in government decision making?
Seçenekler
A
1918
B
1934
C
1971
D
1980
E
1990
Açıklama:
Women in Switzerland received their right to vote in government decision making in 1971.
Soru 35
Which of the following is not among the elements of indirect democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Citizens determine government through direct voting.
B
Elections are open to all citizens of legal age.
C
Representation is prsent in government through political party influence.
D
Leadership rotated when determined by leadership to be necessary.
E
Rule of law is developed by representative leaders.
Açıklama:
Citizens determine government through indirect voting.
Soru 36
Which of the following is true about hybrid democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Citziens are included in the process of governing.
B
There are many civil liberties.
C
Social services are highly supported.
D
Is usually found in developing countries.
E
It combines citizen participation with an autocratic style of leadership.
Açıklama:
Citizens are cut off from the process of governing. There are usually few civil liberties and little support for social services in a hybrid democracy. Hybrid regimes can be found mostly in developing countries. These democracies combine citizen participation (frequent and direct elections) with an autocratic style of leadership (leaders decisions cannot be questioned).
Soru 37
In which country was the Westminster Parliamentary system established?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
France
C
Great Britain
D
Germany
E
Norway
Açıklama:
The Westminster Parliamentary system established in Great Britain.
Soru 38
_____________ is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption.
Seçenekler
A
Totalitarianism
B
Fascism
C
Theocracy
D
Oligarchy
E
Plutocracy
Açıklama:
Oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption.
Soru 39
____________ is a form of government headed by military chiefs.
Seçenekler
A
Democracy
B
Stratocracy
C
Theocracy
D
Oligarchy
E
Fascism
Açıklama:
Stratocracy is a form of government headed by military chiefs.
Soru 40
Which of the following politicans or philosophers defined democracy as a form of government "of the people, for the people, by the people" ?
Seçenekler
A
John Locke
B
Winston Churchill
C
Abraham Lincoln
D
Plato
E
Thomas Paine
Açıklama:
"U.S. President Abraham Lincoln supported the structure of American democracy during the Civil War of 1861-1865, which was fundamentally caused by disagreements over what a democracy should protect. “Of the people, for the people and by the people” was his claim for purpose in democracy (Lincoln, 1863)."
Soru 41
Given a continuum of political belief from minimal to full government influence, which of the following approaches advocates or represents minimal government influence on individuals' behavior?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Libertarian
C
Conservative
D
Progressive
E
Socialist
Açıklama:
“On opposite sides of a continuum of political belief, an individual’s political ideals may be classified as: libertarian - minimal government influence on behavior.”
Soru 42
Which of the following theoreticians or philosophers, as a close observer of the democractic process in the newly-established United States, penned the book titled "Democracy in America"?
Seçenekler
A
John Locke
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C
Thomas Paine
D
Alexis de Tocqueville
E
Edmund Burke
Açıklama:
“The resulting relationship between citizens and government was reported effectively by Alexis de Tocqueville, a close observer of the democratic process in the young United States, in his book “Democracy in America.”
Soru 43
In which of the following states, the prime minister may be removed or replaced by a Parliamentary vote?
Seçenekler
A
The United States
B
France
C
Switzerland
D
The United Kingdom
E
Republic of Turkey
Açıklama:
Başkanlık, yarı-başkanlık, doğrudan demokrasi, temsili demokrasi gibi yönetim sistemlerini öğrencinin çok iyi analiz etmiş olması beklendiğinden dolayı, bu bir Analiz sorusudur. İsviçre'de 7-üyeli Federal Konsey bulunmaktadır, Fransa'da yarı-başkanlık sistemi vardır, ABD'de başkanlık sistemi varken, Türkiye'de de cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi uygulanmaktadır. Bu sistemlerde ya başbakan yoktur, ya da başbakan (Fransa'da olduğu gibi) başkan tarafından görevden alınabilmektedir. Westminster Parlamenter sistemi olarak da bilinen Birleşik Krallık'ta ise, Parlamento başbakanı güvenoylaması sonucu düşürebilmektedir. Bu yöntem ders kitabının 109. sayfasında da anlatılmaktadır.
"In the Westminster parliamentary system in the United Kingdom, if Parliament loses confidence in the Prime Minister, it can cast a vote of “no confidence” and replace him or her."
"In the Westminster parliamentary system in the United Kingdom, if Parliament loses confidence in the Prime Minister, it can cast a vote of “no confidence” and replace him or her."
Soru 44
Which of the following is not one of the elements of Indirect Democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Citizens determine government through indirect voting
B
Representation in government through political party influence
C
Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
D
Rule of law developed by representative leaders
E
Citizens initiate requests to change constitutional measures
Açıklama:
Switzerland is "a good example of direct democracy" where citizens initiate "requests to change constitutional measures by forming committees of common interest". Also see the list of "Elements of Democracy" on page 109.
Soru 45
Which of the following is a form of government with a mixture of democratic principles found in non-democratic governments?
Seçenekler
A
Parliamentary democracy
B
Representative democracy
C
Republic
D
Indirect democracy
E
Hybrid democracy
Açıklama:
"Hybrid democracy is a form of government with a mixture of democratic principles found in non-democratic governments."
Soru 46
Which of the following cannot be considered an example for an "illiberal regime," where the political structure does not protect civil liberties?
Seçenekler
A
Switzerland (1874-1971)
B
Venezuela (1998-2013)
C
South Africa (1948-1994)
D
China (1954-1983)
E
Italy (1922-1943)
Açıklama:
Swizerland is "a good example of direct democracy." (page 108). Also see pages 110-112 where the textbook explains illiberal/hybrid regimes that has kind of democratic structure, which does not effectively protect civil liberties/rights.
Soru 47
In which of the following types of government, are the state and the military constitutionally the same entity?
Seçenekler
A
Stratocracy
B
Plutocracy
C
Theocracy
D
Fascism
E
Oligarchy
Açıklama:
"A stratocracy actually provides citizen support as a constitutional enablement. Thus, the state and the military are constitutionally the same entity."
Soru 48
According to Aristotle's classification of forms of government --- is the rule by the best.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Oligarchy
B
Aristocracy
C
Democracy
D
Ochlocracy
E
Monarchy
Açıklama:
According to Aristotle's Six Forms of Government, arictocracy is the "rule by the best".
Soru 49
Democratization is defined as "transitioning to a more citizen-centered political regime from a regime that is less supportive of citizen needs and interests." Then, which of the following is a major problem to overcome in an effort to further support citizens in a capitalist democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Existence of too many political parties
B
Uninformed or ill-informed public
C
Lack of equality and fair distribution of wealth
D
Lack of majority governments and political stability
E
Lack of adequate separation of powers in rule or in practice
Açıklama:
"democracy is based on the principles of equality and fair distribution of wealth while capitalism is based on behaviors that do not result in egalitarianism, but rather in a process through which the wealthy becomes wealthier and the poor poorer."
Soru 50
.........................believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Revolutioners
B
Progressives
C
Conservatives
D
Democrats
E
Technocrats
Açıklama:
Conservatives believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules. The correct answer is C
Soru 51
Which of the following countries is one of the countries cited by The Economist magazine as an example of full democracy?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
China
C
United States
D
Russia
E
Norway
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China) (Economist, 2015).
Soru 52
Which of the following countries is an example of full democracy?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
Canada
C
France
D
Russia
E
Pakistan
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China) (Economist, 2015).
Soru 53
Which of the following political belief emphasizes minimal government influence?
Seçenekler
A
Libertarian
B
Authoritarian
C
Conservative
D
Progressive
E
Democratic
Açıklama:
Libertarian political belief may be classified as minimal government influence on behavior.
Soru 54
Which of the following political belief emphasizes full government influence and strict controls?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Conservative
C
Democratic
D
Libertarian
E
Progressive
Açıklama:
Authoritarian political belief may be classified as acceptance of full government influence expecting strict controls for the sake of safety and security.
Soru 55
Which of the following political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Conservative
C
Democratic
D
Libertarian
E
Progressive
Açıklama:
Conservative political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability.
Soru 56
Which of the following political belief emphasizes responsibility for one’s own behavior?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Conservative
C
Democratic
D
Libertarian
E
Progressive
Açıklama:
Progressive political belief emphasizes responsibility for one’s own behavior.
Soru 57
Which of the following political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Conservative
C
Democratic
D
Libertarian
E
Progressive
Açıklama:
Conservative political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability.
Soru 58
Which of the following statements reflects Plato’s view on democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Decision-making reflects participation of all members who share equal levels.
B
Citizens are capable of influencing government to develop their government.
C
Freedom in a pure democracy would result in anarchy and chaos.
D
Democracy should focus more on the needs of citizens
E
Democracy enhances economic development.
Açıklama:
To Plato, the pursuit of freedom in a pure democracy would result in anarchy and chaos.
Soru 59
Which of the following countries experiences a process that conflicts with the idea of democracy?
Seçenekler
A
U.S.A
B
Great Britain
C
China
D
Iraq
E
France
Açıklama:
Questionable approaches to promoting democracy and frequent conflicts between actions and promises have prevented democratic systems from being imported from another country. An effort on the part of the United States, Great Britain, and others to justify the invasion of Iraq in 2003 in the name of promoting democracy is an example of how this has happened.
Soru 60
What is the best term to define the apartheid regime in South Africa?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Democratic
C
Hybrid
D
Totalitarian
E
Liberal
Açıklama:
Apartheid regime in South Africa (1948-1994) is known to have been a hybrid or illiberal regime, in which there is a structure of democracy but does not protect civil rights.
Soru 61
What is the similarity between the government forms of Saudi Arabia and Russian federation?
Seçenekler
A
They have strict nationalistic and fascist policies.
B
There is a single political party to have all of the power.
C
Their leaders were elected by a large margin in a popular vote.
D
Their aim is to control behavior through fear over population.
E
They are both considered to have a form of oligarchy.
Açıklama:
Saudi Arabia is considered an oligarchy since the Saudi family controls the government. The Saudi oligarchy has hereditary origin. In the Russian Federation, we can see another form of oligarchic control through a class of wealthy business leaders who, through cooperative and dependent relationships, run the government and society.
Soru 62
Which counrty might be an example of a constitutional republic?
Seçenekler
A
Great Britain
B
France
C
The USA
D
India
E
Russia
Açıklama:
In the United States, there is a constitutional republic as stated in the preamble of the constitution; “ in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. The correct answer is C:
Soru 63
Which country is a good example for how lack of citizen support for government leadership or its programs can become a major cause for revolutionary change?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey
B
Russia
C
Germany
D
France
E
Spain
Açıklama:
In pursuing democratic rule, France endured successive violent disagreements between its citizens and the government following its Revolutionary War from 1789-1799, when citizens claimed independence from aristocracy. The correct answer is D.
Soru 64
When you consider political ideals,who believes that stability comes from unchanging rules ?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
Libertarian
C
Progressives
D
Democrats
E
Conservatives
Açıklama:
Conservatives believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules. The correct answer is E.
Soru 65
When you consider an individual's political idea, how would you call someone who supports the strict control of the goverment?
Seçenekler
A
Communist
B
Libertarian
C
Conservative
D
Authoritarian
E
Progressive
Açıklama:
Main concern of an authoritarian would agree on the full government influence expecting strict controls for the sake of safety and security. The correct answer is D.
Soru 66
Which country may be a good example of Democracy from Indirect Participation?
Seçenekler
A
Switzerland
B
Tanzania
C
Russia
D
United Kingdom
E
The USA
Açıklama:
Although the government of the United States provides elements of direct democracy, mostly it demonstrates a republic form of government. Citizens participate in direct elections for their legislative leadership, but it is this representative leadership that determines the form and process of central government. The correct answer is E.
Soru 67
I Elected by the Parliament
II Elected member of Parliament
III Represents Majority Party or Coalitio
IV President can remove or replace
Which ones are true about prime minister's position in the Westminster parliamentary system?
II Elected member of Parliament
III Represents Majority Party or Coalitio
IV President can remove or replace
Which ones are true about prime minister's position in the Westminster parliamentary system?
Seçenekler
A
I and IV
B
II and III
C
II,III and IV
D
I,II and III
E
I,II and IV
Açıklama:
Vote by Parliament can remove or replace prime minister in the Westminster parliamentary system.The correct answer is D:
Soru 68
Why do you think Russia is sometimes be considered a hybrid state even though its structure is presidential?
Seçenekler
A
It has some democratic elements.
B
Its leader is authoritarian.
C
It gives power to the citiziens over goverment .
D
Citizens determine government through indirect voting.
E
Voter turnout are high.
Açıklama:
Russia may be considered a hybrid state even though its structure is presidential. According to its constitution, Russia is considered democratic, but an authoritarian leader rules, making the country an authoritarian democracy. The correct answer is B:
Soru 69
Which non democratic form of goverment promotes the influential power of nationalism?
Seçenekler
A
Theocracy
B
Fascism
C
Oligarchy
D
Plutocracy
E
Stratocracy
Açıklama:
Fascism stresses strict nationalistic policies and rigid control over social behavior and it promotes the influential power of nationalism and is similar to totalitarianism. The correct answer is B.
Soru 70
In the Russian Federation, we can see the control through a class of wealthy business leaders who, through cooperative and dependent relationships, run the government and society.This might be a good example of...
Seçenekler
A
Oligarchy
B
Stratocracy
C
Plutocracy
D
Democracy
E
Totalitarianism
Açıklama:
An oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption. Power may be limited to political parties, individuals, or wealthy groups. The results of action from this government focus on self-preservation and retention of a base for total power. The correct answer is A.
Soru 71
What is a form of government headed by military chiefs?
Seçenekler
A
Monarchy
B
Aristocracy
C
Stratocracy
D
Tyranny
E
Ochlocracy
Açıklama:
Stratocracy is a source of political power comes from military strength. Since many nations maintain an active military force, we can consider how the presence of such power could be used to rule through fear over a population. The idea is to control behavior through forceful action for much the same reason governments exercise control through legislative power. The correct answer is C.
Soru 72
According to The Economist's identification of democracies, what kind of a democracy does Pakistan have?
Seçenekler
A
Full democracy
B
Flawed democracy
C
Hybrid regime
D
Authoritarian democracy
E
Authoritative democracy
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China) (Economist, 2015).
Soru 73
“Of the people, for the people and by the people”
By whom the famous quote above was uttered regarding the purpose in democracy?
By whom the famous quote above was uttered regarding the purpose in democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Winston Churchill
B
Abraham Lincoln
C
George Washington
D
Mahatma Gandhi
E
Martin Luther King
Açıklama:
Democracy is the government “of the people, by the people, for the people” - Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, 1863.
Soru 74
Which one of the following is not included among the common characteristics of all democracies?
Seçenekler
A
Citizen participation in government processes with voting
B
Issue group participation
C
Direct participation
D
The rule of law developed to balance behaviors of both citizens and their government
E
Participation in the formation of a well-desgined constitution
Açıklama:
All democracies possess some characteristics in common. These include: citizen participation in government processes with voting, issue group participation, direct participation, and the rule of law developed to balance behaviors of both citizens and their government.
Soru 75
Which one of the following countries is a good example of direct democracy?
Seçenekler
A
The United States
B
Switzerland
C
Pakistan
D
Russia
E
France
Açıklama:
We can turn to the country of Switzerland to find a good example of direct democracy. With a population of just over 8 million people, it ranks 99th in size among all United Nations member countries. All Swiss citizens of at least 18 years of age take part in government decision-making.
Soru 76
Which one of the following elements is not included in indirect democracy?
Seçenekler
A
The government is determined through direct voting
B
Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf
C
Representation in government through political party influence
D
Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
E
Rule of law developed by representative leaders
Açıklama:
Elements of Indirect Democracy
• Citizens determine government through indirect voting
• Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf
• Representation in government through political party influence
• Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
• Rule of law developed by representative leaders
• Citizens determine government through indirect voting
• Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf
• Representation in government through political party influence
• Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
• Rule of law developed by representative leaders
Soru 77
Where was the parliamentary system of government created?
Seçenekler
A
The United States
B
France
C
Germany
D
The United Kingdom
E
Switzerland
Açıklama:
The parliamentary system of government was created in the United Kingdom. It is known as a parliamentary monarchy because the Queen remains at the head of government.
Soru 78
Which one of the following refers to the form of government with a mixture of democratic principles found in non-democratic governments?
Seçenekler
A
Hybrid democracy
B
Authoritarian democracy
C
Flawed democracy
D
Full democracy
E
Authoritative democracy
Açıklama:
Hybrid democracy is a form of government with a mixture of democratic principles found in non-democratic governments.
Soru 79
Which one of the following was not among the totalitarian regimes in history?
Seçenekler
A
Spain under Francisco Franco
B
Italy under Benito Mussolini
C
The United Kingdom under Winston Churchill
D
The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
E
Germany under Adolph Hitler
Açıklama:
Spain under Francisco Franco, Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolph Hitler, and The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were totalitarian regimes.
Soru 80
Which one of the following terms refers to the form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption?
Seçenekler
A
Theocracy
B
Oligarchy
C
Fascism
D
Stratocracy
E
Plutocracy
Açıklama:
An oligarchy is a form of government by a few with a continuous base of power through privilege or through corruption. Power may be limited to political parties, individuals, or wealthy groups. The results of action from this government focus on self-preservation and retention of a base for total power.
Soru 81
Which one of the following is not one of the problems a democracy must overcome to support its citizens?
Seçenekler
A
Manipulation of truth
B
Breadth
C
Need for expansion
D
Uninformed public
E
Lack of majority
Açıklama:
Manipulation of truth is not among the problems democracy must overcome to support its citizens.
Soru 82
Which of the following Greek philosophers suggested that an aristocracy led by philosopher-kings would be a more just form of government?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Aristotle
C
Socrates
D
Thales
E
Pythagoras
Açıklama:
Plato suggested that an aristocracy led by philosopher-kings (the wisest men) would be a more just form of government. Plato claimed that government which serves individual citizen’s changing needs, instead of works to help the population as a group, would lead to mob rule.
Soru 83
Which of the following countries is identified as an authoritarian democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Norway
B
Canada
C
France
D
United States
E
China
Açıklama:
There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China).
Soru 84
Which of the following countries is the world’s largest democracy based on population?
Seçenekler
A
India
B
Russia
C
China
D
France
E
Britain
Açıklama:
A socialist parliamentary government represents democracy in India, the world’s largest democracy based on population. India’s democracy tries to provide equal opportunity for all Indian citizens by removing economic inequality to reduce concentration of wealth.
Soru 85
Which of the following political views claims that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian
B
libertarian
C
Conservative
D
Progressive
E
Socialist
Açıklama:
Conservatives believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules, while progressives have a more progressive attitude, accepting responsibility for their own behavior and that government rules would adapt to accommodate social change over time.
Soru 86
Which of the following civilisations did the concept of democracy originate with?
Seçenekler
A
Chinese
B
Egyptian
C
Mesoamerican
D
Greek
E
Roman
Açıklama:
The concept of democracy is credited to have originated some time ago with the ancient Greeks. The Greek word for democracy, dēmokratía, literally meant, “rule of the people.”
Soru 87
Which of the following countries is identified as a direct democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Switzerland
B
United States
C
United Kingdom
D
Russia
E
Venezuela
Açıklama:
Switzerland is a good example of direct democracy. Referendum voting in Switzerland follows three different methods: mandatory, popular initiative, and optional.
Soru 88
Which of the following countries is considered as a hybrid democracy?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
United Kingdom
C
France
D
Switzerland
E
Tanzania
Açıklama:
Many African nations are considered hybrid democracies because there are elections for leadership but there is little government support for citizens. Tanzania is one example, modelled on a unitary form of government. Its president is both head of state and head of government.
Soru 89
Which of the following is identified as an oligarchy?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
United Kingdom
C
Saudi Arabia
D
Russia
E
France
Açıklama:
Saudi Arabia is considered an oligarchy since the Saudi family controls the government. The Saudi oligarchy has hereditary origin. No one leader controls all elements of government because power is distributed through family members, even if the head of the Saudi family is considered head of the state.
Soru 90
Which of the following is a form of leadership resulting from the very wealthy taking control of government?
Seçenekler
A
Stratocracy
B
Plutocracy
C
Theocracy
D
Oligarchy
E
Democracy
Açıklama:
Plutocracy is a form of leadership resulting from the very wealthy taking control of government. Its only purpose for its members is to make them richer by controlling the government that supported their wealth in the first place.
Soru 91
Which of the following is a form of government headed by military chiefs?
Seçenekler
A
Plutocracy
B
Theocracy
C
Oligarchy
D
Fascism
E
Stratocracy
Açıklama:
A stratocracy is a form of government headed by military chiefs. It is not the same as a military dictatorship or junta in which military power is not supported by law. A stratocracy actually provides citizen support as a constitutional enablement.
Ünite 6
Soru 1
Which of the following was more supportive of participation?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Plato
C
Pericles
D
Spartans
E
Socrates
Açıklama:
Aristotle was more supportive of participation. He believed any citizen could be properly informed to participate effectively.
Soru 2
Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during which of the following events?
Seçenekler
A
Renaissance
B
Protestant Reformation
C
The French Revolution
D
The Great Depression
E
The Cold War
Açıklama:
Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during the Protestant Reformation, which was inspired by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th century.
Soru 3
Who was the one that provided explanations for how individualism could be known?
Seçenekler
A
Herbert Spencer
B
Immanuel Kant
C
Emile Durkheim
D
Gabriel Almond
E
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Açıklama:
Somewhat later, during the nineteenth century when liberal individualism became more common in political discussions, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) provided explanations for how individualism (the concept of self) could be known.
Soru 4
Which of the following is the main function of political culture?
Seçenekler
A
to make people more interested in politics
B
to make politics more interesting
C
to eliminate social classes
D
to decide how power is used
E
to gain power
Açıklama:
The main function of politics is to decide how power is used and how benefits are distributed.
Soru 5
I- Political culture can exist for a country.
II- Political culture can exist for a group.
III- Political culture can exist for an individual.
Which of the statements above is true about political culture?
II- Political culture can exist for a group.
III- Political culture can exist for an individual.
Which of the statements above is true about political culture?
Seçenekler
A
Only I.
B
Only II.
C
I and II.
D
II and III.
E
I, II and III.
Açıklama:
Political culture can exist for a country, for a group, or even for an individual. We can examine each of these individually, and we can also expect that the three can get mixed up. I
Soru 6
Which of the following is not correct about participation.
Seçenekler
A
Citizens are alwalys required to participate in the political process
B
Politics is present in every culture.
C
Participation lacks purpose unless there is an expected outcome.
D
Without citizen action, democracy is weakened.
E
Unless citizens participate there is no influence toward a democracy “for the people.”
Açıklama:
Citizens cannot be required to participate in the political process. They do so voluntarily.
Soru 7
Which of the following is an example to individual participation?
Seçenekler
A
Political parties
B
Voting
C
NGOs
D
Grassroot groups
E
Social networks
Açıklama:
From a base of informed judgment, the individual participates by voting in elections at both local and state levels.
Soru 8
Which of the following is a specific concern for international peace?
Seçenekler
A
Global security
B
Education needs
C
Rise in new powers
D
Aging population
E
Impact of global warming
Açıklama:
International Peace has specific concerns about shift in international relations, rise in new powers and reshaping global economy.
Soru 9
Which of the following is a specific concern for global impacts?
Seçenekler
A
Climate change
B
Education problems
C
Rise in new powers
D
Cyberterrorism policy
E
Citizen involvement in politics
Açıklama:
Global Impacts has specific concerns about cyberterrorism policy and aggressive policies of largest states
Soru 10
I- Social elements
II- Psychological elements
III- Economic elements
IV- Professional elements
Which elements above can determine the wellbeing of citizens?
II- Psychological elements
III- Economic elements
IV- Professional elements
Which elements above can determine the wellbeing of citizens?
Seçenekler
A
I and II.
B
II and III.
C
III and IV.
D
II, III and IV.
E
I, II, III and IV.
Açıklama:
Wellbeing of citizens can be determined by several elements; social, economic, psychological, professional, even personal issues may be a cause for concern.
Soru 11
Which of the below is Plato's opinion about participation?
Seçenekler
A
Only the trained citizens should participate
B
Every citizen should participate
C
Only the low class should participate
D
Only the politicians should participate
E
Only people over 18 should participate
Açıklama:
Plato’s resistance to the democracy practiced in Athens at the time suggests that participation by large groups of citizens could lead to the mob-rule. He supported a more oligarchic form of government, because elections were limited to higher-class society. Plato’s government would not accept that all citizens should participate in politics unless they were properly trained.
Soru 12
When was individualism became popular?
Seçenekler
A
At the end of 19th century
B
At the end of 18th century
C
At the end of 17th century
D
at the end of 20th century
E
At the end of 16th century
Açıklama:
The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. Individualism was often said to be the foundation for the kind of democracy practiced in the United States.
Soru 13
Who divided individualism into two as egoism and rationalism?
Seçenekler
A
Herbert Spencer
B
Immanuel Kant
C
Emile Durkheim
D
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
E
John Locke
Açıklama:
Somewhat later, during the nineteenth century when liberal individualism became more common in political discussions, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) provided explanations for how individualism (the concept of self ) could be known. His subdivisions of individualism, that is, egoism (belief about self) and rationalism (rule-based behavior) became the basis for renewed thinking about politics.
Soru 14
Who is the term political culture credited to?
Seçenekler
A
Emile Durkheim
B
Immanuel Kant
C
John Locke
D
Gabriel Almond
E
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Açıklama:
Political culture as a concept is recent. It is credited to Gabriel Almond (1956) as a unifying idea to help understand how people who work together and share common beliefs and common expectations, deal with political issues.
Soru 15
Which of the below is likely to speak out against the government?
Seçenekler
A
A person who owns a big company with high income
B
A person whose child is given decent education
C
A person whose religious places are respected
D
An unqualified person with a decent job.
E
A qualified person who cannot find a job.
Açıklama:
Any individual lacking enough employment to earn the money needed for a minimal level of satisfaction will be motivated to speak out against the government. Those individuals with enough money are less likely to participate in groups that are concerned about job availability, employment levels or pay levels.
Soru 16
What is the highest purpose of an individual according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Seçenekler
A
Self-Actualization
B
Esteem Needs
C
Social Needs
D
Safety Needs
E
Physiological Needs
Açıklama:
The value of education has two dimensions. One is to increase employment potential, and as a result of more employment also to increase the tax base; the other is to support the development of self interests aligned with Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs. Citizens pursue issues of self-fulfillment based on liberal values found in 18th century claims for support of citizens.
Soru 17
I- they have less interest in government
II- they have less property
III- they are aware of the benefits
Which of the above are the reasons for younger people not to participate in politics?
II- they have less property
III- they are aware of the benefits
Which of the above are the reasons for younger people not to participate in politics?
Seçenekler
A
I and III
B
I and II
C
Only III
D
Only I
E
All of the above
Açıklama:
Often claims are made against youth for its lack of participation in politics, especially compared to levels of activity from senior citizens. As a relatively large segment of the voting population in any country, lack of participation by the youth could have a major changing effect on the messages sent to government. But, we should be cautious about any criticism about apathy or indifference. Younger people have less interest in government, own less property, do not have substantial loans, and are generally unaware of benefits from participation.
Soru 18
Which of the below could be considered as a disruptive protest?
Seçenekler
A
campaining for a candidate
B
lobbying for laws
C
Boycotting the government
D
holding public office
E
voting
Açıklama:
More active involvement could include demonstrating through marches, boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of disruptive protest.
Soru 19
Which country has the lowest union participation rate when compared to the population?
Seçenekler
A
Spain
B
Italy
C
Germany
D
France
E
The USA
Açıklama:
In reality, while only 8% of employees in France belong to a trade union, a figure that has collapsed from a high of about 30% in the 1950s, union members are extremely reactive to government policies that threaten both wages and retirement benefits. The figure today is well below that of Britain (26%), Germany (25%) and even the United States (13%), according to OECD. In the French private sector, the rate is lower still at only 5%, compared to 14% among civil servants. France’s long tradition of street protest sometimes allows unions to secure policy concessions.
Soru 20
What is the major issue that immigration is listed under?
Seçenekler
A
Energy and environment
B
International peace
C
Global impacts
D
Domestic tranquility
E
Conflict and poverty
Açıklama:
immigration control
Effects from military engagement
Global security
These concerns go under the major issue of Conflict and Poverty.
Check figure 6.14 on page 146 for a more detailed answer.
Effects from military engagement
Global security
These concerns go under the major issue of Conflict and Poverty.
Check figure 6.14 on page 146 for a more detailed answer.
Soru 21
Which of the following thinkers taught competing ideas about how citizens were justified in their attempts to influence leadership through participation in government in Ancient Greece?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Plato
C
Thales
D
Protagoras
E
Kallikles
Açıklama:
In Ancient Greece, Plato and his student Aristotle
taught competing ideas about how citizens were
justified in their attempts to influence leadership
through participation in government. Hence, the correct answer is given in option B.
taught competing ideas about how citizens were
justified in their attempts to influence leadership
through participation in government. Hence, the correct answer is given in option B.
Soru 22
Which of the following is the basis of any participation?
Seçenekler
A
family
B
community
C
state
D
labor
E
individual
Açıklama:
At the base of any participation we find the
individual. The motivation for the individual, or
motivation of a group of like-minded individuals,
is to influence government policy or action through
participating in the political process. For that reason, the correct answer is E.
individual. The motivation for the individual, or
motivation of a group of like-minded individuals,
is to influence government policy or action through
participating in the political process. For that reason, the correct answer is E.
Soru 23
"The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the ____ century." Fill in the gap with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
18th
B
17th
C
19th
D
16th
E
20th
Açıklama:
The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. That is, the correct answer is in option A.
Soru 24
In which of the following movements was claimed that rather than through discipline administered by organized religion, individuals were naturally able to speak directly with God?
Seçenekler
A
Scottish Doctrine
B
Calvinism
C
Renaissance
D
Catholic Reformation
E
Protestant Reformation
Açıklama:
Seeds for the concept of the individual as
king were expressed during the Protestant
Reformation, which was inspired by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th
century. This movement tried to place individual
behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic
Church. Together it was claimed that rather than
through discipline administered by organized
religion, individuals were naturally able to speak
directly with God. More importantly, perhaps,
individuals were right to resist the corrupt behavior
of the Church. Therefore, the correct answer is stationed in option E.
king were expressed during the Protestant
Reformation, which was inspired by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th
century. This movement tried to place individual
behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic
Church. Together it was claimed that rather than
through discipline administered by organized
religion, individuals were naturally able to speak
directly with God. More importantly, perhaps,
individuals were right to resist the corrupt behavior
of the Church. Therefore, the correct answer is stationed in option E.
Soru 25
Which of the following concepts was a perspective of the individual used by the English sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)?
Seçenekler
A
Selfishness
B
Liberalism
C
Egoism
D
Privity
E
Egocentrism
Açıklama:
Egoism was a perspective of the individual used by the English sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). He saw society as an environment in which the individual as the central player produced goods and services by using their own talents (Spencer). Therefore, it was the individual who should influence the means to distribute them. In this context, the correct answer is C.
Soru 26
In which of the following countries types of cultural morality are more important when addressing political issues?
Seçenekler
A
Italy
B
China
C
France
D
Russia
E
Sweden
Açıklama:
A summary we can take from the China example
is that types of cultural morality are important
when addressing political issues. In China, ethical
and social life, along with political life, is closely
intertwined. When moral types are made a part
of the political culture, ethics are expanded into
political life. According to this, the correct answer is stated in option B.
is that types of cultural morality are important
when addressing political issues. In China, ethical
and social life, along with political life, is closely
intertwined. When moral types are made a part
of the political culture, ethics are expanded into
political life. According to this, the correct answer is stated in option B.
Soru 27
What concern is the basis for participation?
Seçenekler
A
military interventions
B
economic issues
C
cultural change
D
legitimacy of government
E
globalization
Açıklama:
At the base of interest in participating is concern
for the legitimacy of government. Namely, the correct answer is D.
for the legitimacy of government. Namely, the correct answer is D.
Soru 28
The socialization process characterizes how this begins at an early age under the influence of parents, and progresses through different steps of development, as the individual grows older. Which of the following options can not be demonstrate one of the socialization processes affected by political participation?
Seçenekler
A
religious organizations
B
special interest groups
C
schools
D
peer groups
E
prisons
Açıklama:
The socialization process characterizes how this
begins at an early age under the influence of
parents, and progresses through different steps
of development, as the individual grows older.
Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special
interest groups, and even political parties contribute
to how the individual is influenced. Today, the
access to internet is inexpensive and easy, and
the connectivity to social groups demonstrates
what is claimed as the most effective way to
share information or distribute information to
other persons. Social networks influence what
social groups believe and even reflect the level of
concern for social or political issues. Hence, prisons are not one of these places where participation occurs.
begins at an early age under the influence of
parents, and progresses through different steps
of development, as the individual grows older.
Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special
interest groups, and even political parties contribute
to how the individual is influenced. Today, the
access to internet is inexpensive and easy, and
the connectivity to social groups demonstrates
what is claimed as the most effective way to
share information or distribute information to
other persons. Social networks influence what
social groups believe and even reflect the level of
concern for social or political issues. Hence, prisons are not one of these places where participation occurs.
Soru 29
"An individual reacting to what is considered bad government behavior can result in ____________." Fill in the gap with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
interpellation
B
civil disobedience
C
renewal of elections
D
civil uprising
E
passive resistance
Açıklama:
An individual reacting to what
is considered bad government behavior can result
in civil disobedience. Faced with punishment,
an individual deciding to disobey a law should
consider if illegal behavior to show anger is worth
punishment from the legal system, which is
designed to protect the state. According to these explanations, the correct answer should be option B.
is considered bad government behavior can result
in civil disobedience. Faced with punishment,
an individual deciding to disobey a law should
consider if illegal behavior to show anger is worth
punishment from the legal system, which is
designed to protect the state. According to these explanations, the correct answer should be option B.
Soru 30
Which of the following options can not be said about political parties?
Seçenekler
A
In Brazil, there are ten major parties but the political influence of each depends on changes in political-economic issues
B
France has many political parties, running to as many as eleven in first round national elections
C
Germany also has a multi-party political system
D
The Swiss political landscape is notable for its stability. Four parties predominate and have been represented in government for decades.
E
The United States is dominated by two major parties
Açıklama:
Political parties in any state cover a wide
spectrum of political ideologies. They stretch
from government dominated communist party to
radical party in one measure and liberal ideology
to conservative ideology in the other. As shown in
Figure 6.12, the number of major parties is small.
This results from how political entities coalesce to
gain influence for their platforms, even as their
platforms broaden to include a wide range of
political issues.
In Brazil, there are four major parties, but the
political influence of each depends on changes in
political-economic issues that tend to be volatile.
Nevertheless, their political span includes a worker’s
party, a democratic movement party, a social democrat
party, and a lesser democrat party. France has many
political parties, running to as many as eleven in
first round national elections, but run-off elections
tend to support conservative, social democrat,
communist, and nationalist candidates. In the 2017
French national election for president, a new party
(La République En Marche) appeared to benefit
from political issues underserved by the previous two
presidents. Germany also has a multi-party political
system. The current plural multi-party system has
two major parties: the Social Democratic Party of
Germany and the Christian Democratic Union. The
Swiss political landscape is notable for its stability.
Four parties predominate and have been represented
in government for decades. They include a radical
party, Christian democrats, social democrats, and a
people’s party with no ideological distinction.
The United States is dominated by two major
parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic
Party, although lesser parties appear at elections to
represent interests and issues that are not on the
agenda of the major parties.
In this context, the information given in option B is not correct.
spectrum of political ideologies. They stretch
from government dominated communist party to
radical party in one measure and liberal ideology
to conservative ideology in the other. As shown in
Figure 6.12, the number of major parties is small.
This results from how political entities coalesce to
gain influence for their platforms, even as their
platforms broaden to include a wide range of
political issues.
In Brazil, there are four major parties, but the
political influence of each depends on changes in
political-economic issues that tend to be volatile.
Nevertheless, their political span includes a worker’s
party, a democratic movement party, a social democrat
party, and a lesser democrat party. France has many
political parties, running to as many as eleven in
first round national elections, but run-off elections
tend to support conservative, social democrat,
communist, and nationalist candidates. In the 2017
French national election for president, a new party
(La République En Marche) appeared to benefit
from political issues underserved by the previous two
presidents. Germany also has a multi-party political
system. The current plural multi-party system has
two major parties: the Social Democratic Party of
Germany and the Christian Democratic Union. The
Swiss political landscape is notable for its stability.
Four parties predominate and have been represented
in government for decades. They include a radical
party, Christian democrats, social democrats, and a
people’s party with no ideological distinction.
The United States is dominated by two major
parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic
Party, although lesser parties appear at elections to
represent interests and issues that are not on the
agenda of the major parties.
In this context, the information given in option B is not correct.
Soru 31
Which of the following ideas belongs to Aristotle?
Seçenekler
A
Participation in government should be limited to those trained as political leaders.
B
He supported an oligarchic from of government.
C
The voice of the people is formed by beliefs and opinions.
D
Citizens had an obligation to participate in politics.
E
Through participation, government lost power.
Açıklama:
Aristotle believed that citizens had an obligation to participate in politics.
Soru 32
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs, what are the basic human needs?
Seçenekler
A
Physiological needs
B
Self-actualization
C
Esteem needs
D
Social needs
E
Safety needs
Açıklama:
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs Physiological needs are basic human needs.
Soru 33
Where do tribal cultures influence the common ideas for how a government should operate?
Seçenekler
A
Germany
B
Italy
C
Africa
D
China
E
Russian Federation
Açıklama:
In Africa tribal cultures influence the common ideas for how a government should operate and what relationship citizens should have in the government.
Soru 34
Why do young people participate less in politics?
I. They have less property.
II. They are aware of benefits of participation.
III. They are unfamiliar with methods of participation.
IV. They lack parental concerns.
I. They have less property.
II. They are aware of benefits of participation.
III. They are unfamiliar with methods of participation.
IV. They lack parental concerns.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II. & III.
C
III. & IV
D
I, II & III
E
I, III & IV
Açıklama:
Young people participate less in politics because they have less property, are not aware of benefits of participation, are unfamiliar with methods of participation or lack parental concerns.
Soru 35
Which of the following has the lowest voter turnout?
Seçenekler
A
the US
B
Belgium
C
Turkey
D
Brazil
E
Germany
Açıklama:
The US has the lowest voter turnout, about 46%.
Soru 36
Which of the following countries have 2 main political parties?
Seçenekler
A
Germany & Switzerland
B
The US & Germany
C
France & Brazil
D
Brazil & Switzerland
E
The US & Switzerland
Açıklama:
The US & Germany have 2 main political parties.
Soru 37
Which one of the following is currently among the most popular social networks?
Seçenekler
A
Snapchat
B
Vine
C
Skype
D
Twitter
E
Dropbox
Açıklama:
Twitter is currently among the most popular social networks
Soru 38
What is among the specific concerns of the major issue of global impacts?
Seçenekler
A
Societal damage
B
Cyberterrorism policy
C
Immigration control
D
Global security
E
Education needs
Açıklama:
Cyberterrorism policy is among the specific concerns of the major issue of global impacts.
Soru 39
What is among the specific concerns of the major issue of international peace?
Seçenekler
A
Immigration control
B
Global Security
C
Health crises
D
Rise in new powers
E
Education needs
Açıklama:
Rise in new powers is among the specific concerns of the major issue of international peace.
Soru 40
The Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was organized in order to support ---
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
the process of Protestant Reformation
B
the process of Renaissance
C
the process of Counter-Reformation
D
the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
E
the U.S. Constitution with its Bill of Rights
Açıklama:
“The Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was organized immediately to declare a counter-reformation, reaffirming the authority of the Church".
Soru 41
Which of the following concepts refers to the widely-shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government?
Seçenekler
A
Political actor
B
Individualism
C
Political socialization
D
Political culture
E
Political issue groups
Açıklama:
The concept of political culture refers to the widely-shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government.
Soru 42
With regard to political participation in China, one may observe that many cultural desires of citizens are ignored in favor of government demands today. One main reason for this is ---
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Social mobility
B
Confucian values
C
Multiculturalism
D
Physiological needs
E
Esteem needs
Açıklama:
"Philosophical influences from early thinkers such as Confucius as well as religious thought found in various forms of contemporary religion, gradually evolved throughout the history of China. Today many cultural desires of citizens must be ignored in favor of government demands."
Soru 43
Which of the following groups is often criticized for its lack of participation in politics?
Seçenekler
A
The youth
B
Senior citizens
C
The middle-aged
D
Adults
E
The elderly
Açıklama:
"Often claims are made against youth for its lack of participation in politics, especially compared to levels of activity from senior citizens. As a relatively large segment of the voting population in any country, lack of participation by the youth could have a major changing effect on the messages sent to government."
Soru 44
Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special interest groups, and even political parties are all institutons of political --- ?
Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Rule
B
Democracy
C
Authority
D
Socialization
E
Representation
Açıklama:
"The socialization process characterizes how this begins at an early age under the influence of parents, and progresses through different steps of development, as the individual grows older. Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special interest groups, and even political parties contribute to how the individual is influenced."
Soru 45
In which of the following countries was voter turnout not as high as would be expected in a democracy between 2014 and 2017?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Germany
C
Brazil
D
Turkey
E
The United States
Açıklama:
Bu soru öğrenciden ünitenin ilgili bölümünde verilen bilgileri iyi analiz etmiş olmasını beklemektedir. Özellikle sayfa 141'deki Figure 6.7'de verilen istatistiki bilgiler ile aynı sayfada değişik ülkelerdeki seçime katılım oranlarının iyi anlaşılmış olması beklenmektedir. Bu nedenle de, bu soru bir Analiz sorusudur.
"Comparing the two largest states, Brazil and the United States in this example, reveals widely different levels of voting".
"Comparing the two largest states, Brazil and the United States in this example, reveals widely different levels of voting".
Soru 46
Despite the possibility of punishment, sometimes individuals may decide to disobey a law and react to what is considered bad government behavior. Which of the following concepts best explains this model of political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Lobbying
B
Civil disobedience
C
Non-participation
D
Poll tax
E
Public opinion
Açıklama:
"An individual reacting to what is considered bad government behavior can result in civil disobedience. Faced with punishment, an individual deciding to disobey a law should consider if illegal behavior to show anger is worth punishment from the legal system".
Soru 47
In which of the following specific political groups do individuals organize themselves to lobby for collective bargaining, workplace safety, higher wages, and better benefits?
Seçenekler
A
Trade unions
B
Political parties
C
Local jurisdictions
D
Business unions
E
Privatized corporations
Açıklama:
"Just as citizens join together in political groups that are mostly based on special issues, they also organize themselves in work units or trade unions. Their objective in this type of participation is to gain strength in numbers to lobby for collective bargaining, workplace safety, higher wages, and better benefits."
Soru 48
In U.S. politics, the elephant represents the ---
Seçenekler
A
Progressive Party
B
Green Party
C
Independence Party
D
Republican Party
E
Democratic Party
Açıklama:
"The United States is dominated by two major parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party... Figure 6.13 United States Republican Elephant and Democrat Donkey."
Soru 49
According to the Hartian theory, which of the following is the primary characteristic of "obligation"?
Seçenekler
A
Punishment
B
Legitimacy
C
Political authority
D
Social pressure
E
Status quo
Açıklama:
"Even though such rules may not be legally binding, conformance with them is expected for the sake of civic balance."
Soru 50
How do you think voting might be part of political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Voting is a mandatory action.
B
People usually vote against systems
C
Voting is a way of influencing the goverment.
D
Everybody has got the right to vote.
E
People generally vote in favor of change.
Açıklama:
Political participation is any activity in which citizens, or groups of citizens, take steps to influence the government. Politically-active citizens help shape political elements in government. Their individual participation may include voting, attending public forums, and being members in active groups. The correct answer is C.
Soru 51
Which one is TRUE about individualism ?
Seçenekler
A
It was one of the result of Catholic Reformation
B
It was firts supported by the authority of the Church.
C
The British monarchy firts set the principles of individualism
D
It became popular in 18th century.
E
Egoism is a one of the result of individualism.
Açıklama:
The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. The correct answer is D.
Soru 52
Which one might be part of political culture?
Seçenekler
A
Looking for discount while shopping.
B
Applying for a job.
C
Participating a meeting of political party
D
Examinig the results of the elections
E
Criticizing the rise in food prices.
Açıklama:
Political culture is a distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carry out.The correct answer is E.
Soru 53
What is one of the reason why China represents a complex environment of cultural issues when political participation is considered?
Seçenekler
A
China's being vast makes it difficult to direct.
B
Rapid population growth intensifies the conflict.
C
Health care has become a major political issue
D
Complex economic factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime.
E
Values of the society does not match with the system.
Açıklama:
China represents a complex environment of cultural issues resulting from political differences. Chinese society represents a value system often in conflict with strict Marxist values found in communism. Influence on China’s culture results from a complicated interplay of social behaviors.The correct answer is E.
Soru 54
Which political philosopy suports the idea that individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures?
Seçenekler
A
Communism
B
Machiavellianism
C
Capitalism
D
Liberalism
E
Existentialism
Açıklama:
From roots in liberalism, individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures. The correct answer is D.
Soru 55
What might be the reason why African nations have limited political participation by citizen for a long time?
Seçenekler
A
Their main concern was to establish independence
B
They didn't have political leaders
C
They were suffering from famine and hunger
D
Their countries were ruled by kings
E
They lacked confidence and needed encouragement
Açıklama:
Western-Hemisphere countries, African nations pose major problems that limit political participation by citizens. With a few exceptions such as the Republic of South Africa, states are more interested in establishing independence or freedom from oppression than in promising stability for citizen-government collaboration.The correct answer is A.
Soru 56
What is the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election called?
Seçenekler
A
Registered voters
B
Protest
C
Boycott
D
Voter turnout
E
Voting
Açıklama:
Voter turnout (not to be confused with number of registered voters) is the
percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.The correct answer is D.
percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.The correct answer is D.
Soru 57
What might spontaneous protest marches be a good example for?
Seçenekler
A
Voter turnout
B
Disobedience
C
Non-participation
D
Social mobility
E
Political Culture
Açıklama:
Popular form of disobedience is demonstrated by spontaneous protest marches where government permission to assembly is not granted. The correct answer is B
Soru 58
What are the work units that political groups organize themselves in called?
Seçenekler
A
Political Parties
B
Interest Groups
C
Trade Unions
D
Political Cultures
E
Grassroots groups
Açıklama:
Just as citizens join together in political groups that are mostly based on special issues, they also organize themselves in work units or trade unions. Their objective in this type of participation is to gain strength in numbers to lobby for collective bargaining, workplace safety, higher wages, and better benefits. The correct answer is C.
Soru 59
Which one of the following might be an example of Non-governmental ?organizations ?
Seçenekler
A
TheInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)
B
World Bank
C
North Arlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
D
The Red Cross
E
United Nations
Açıklama:
Non-governmental organizations result from international issues that transcend political ideologies. Examples include the Red Cross to support disaster victims and Doctors Without Borders to support communities suffering health crises. The correct answer is D.
Soru 60
When did the concept of individualism become popular?
Seçenekler
A
16th century
B
17th century
C
18th century
D
19th century
E
20th century
Açıklama:
The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century.
Soru 61
In which of the following eras did the Protestant Reformation take place?
Seçenekler
A
12th century
B
13th century
C
14th century
D
15th century
E
16th century
Açıklama:
Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during the Protestant Reformation, which was inspired by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th century. This movement tried to place individual behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic Church.
Soru 62
What was The Council of Trent's main incentive?
Seçenekler
A
To declare a counter-reformation
B
To question the authority of the Church
C
To modernise the Church
D
To support the Protestant Reformation
E
To implement John Calvin's ideas
Açıklama:
The Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was organized immediately to declare a counter-reformation, reaffirming the authority of the Church.
Soru 63
In which of the following years was the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen delivered?
Seçenekler
A
1690
B
1733
C
1766
D
1789
E
1830
Açıklama:
Perhaps the most important focus on the individual and their responsibilities for action and involvement in matters of government can be seen in the French Revolution, especially in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, delivered in 1789.
Soru 64
Who was the concept of political culture created by?
Seçenekler
A
Gabriel Almond
B
Immanuel Kant
C
Friedrich Hegel
D
Emile Durkheim
E
John Calvin
Açıklama:
Political culture as a concept is recent. It is credited to Gabriel Almond (1956) as a unifying idea to help understand how people who work together and share common beliefs and common expectations, deal with political issues.
Soru 65
Which of the following is at the top of Maslow's pyramid of needs?
Seçenekler
A
Self-actualisation
B
Esteem needs
C
Social needs
D
Safety needs
E
Physiological needs
Açıklama:
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs. Citizens pursue issues of self-fulfillment based on liberal values found in 18th century claims for support of citizens. Self-actualisation takes the top place in Maslow's list.
Soru 66
In which of the following countries is ethical and social life, along with political life, closely intertwined?
Seçenekler
A
Germany
B
France
C
Netherlands
D
Norway
E
China
Açıklama:
In China, ethical and social life, along with political life, is closely intertwined. On the opposing side of the political spectrum, Europe has an environment with more potential for active participation for individuals due to the influences of democracy. From roots in liberalism, individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures.
Soru 67
Which of the following countries has the lowest voter turnout?
Seçenekler
A
Brazil
B
France
C
Germany
D
Switzerland
E
United States
Açıklama:
United States has the lowest voter turnout with 46%. (Figure 6.7)
Soru 68
Which of the following is not a form of civil disobedience?
Seçenekler
A
Refusing to pay taxes
B
Boycotts
C
Sit-ins
D
Protest marches
E
Vandalism
Açıklama:
One of the most critical forms of civil disobedience is refusing to pay taxes. Another popular form of disobedience is demonstrated by spontaneous protest marches where government permission to assembly is not granted. More active involvement could include demonstrating through boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of civil resistance through disruption.
Soru 69
In which of the following countries did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?
Seçenekler
A
England
B
United States
C
France
D
India
E
Canada
Açıklama:
In the United States during the years when poor treatment of minority groups caused citizen unrest, a civil disobedience referred to as the Montgomery Bus Boycott took place in which an African American refused to yield her seat on a public bus to a white man. The demonstrator was arrested and fined, but her behavior led to other demonstrations to emphasize an unjust government behavior.
Soru 70
Which of the following is at the top of Maslow's hierachy of individual needs?
Seçenekler
A
Self-actualization
B
Esteem needs
C
Social needs
D
Safety needs
E
Physioogical needs
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 71
- Elements of islam exists in the society.
- Business culture must welcome a religious point of view.
- Cultural morality is important in politicla issues.
- Indiviual is more important than the government.
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
II-III-IV
C
I-III-IV
D
I-IV
E
III-IV
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 72
- It has a single political idenitity.
- Individual actively participate in political issues.
- It is concerned with establishing freedom.
- It is in conflict with Marxist values.
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
II-III
C
III-IV
D
I-III
E
II-IV
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 73
- Schools
- Religious organizations
- Peer groups
- Charities
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
II-III-IV
C
I-III-IV
D
I-IV
E
III-IV
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 74
"______ is the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election."
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?
Seçenekler
A
Voter turnout
B
Voting
C
Protesting
D
Work units
E
Political parties
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 75
"An individual reacting to what is considered bad government behavior can result in ________"
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?
Which of the following completes the sentence the best?
Seçenekler
A
civil disobedience
B
voting
C
protests
D
voter turnout
E
boykott
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 76
- Voting
- Attending public forums
- Being members in active groups
- Following news
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
II-III-IV
C
I-III-IV
D
I-IV
E
II-IV
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 77
Which of the following is incorrect about participation in Ancient Greek?
Seçenekler
A
Plato thought political participation should be limited to politically trained leaders.
B
According to Plato, everybody should participate in elections.
C
Plato believed in oligarchic form of government.
D
Aristotle supported ordinary citizens' participation in politics.
E
Plato and Aristotle were opposite in their beliefs in participation
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Soru 78
According to the United States Declaration of Independence, which of the following is incorrect?
Seçenekler
A
Individualism became popular at the end of 18th century with socia movements.
B
The US Declaration of Independence supports the individual.
C
Individual value is more important than politicla groups.
D
Social system is supposed to support the political groups.
E
Individuals self-fulfillment was the emphasis.
Açıklama:
The answer id D.
Soru 79
Which of the following puts the individual over the church?
Seçenekler
A
The US Declaration of Independence
B
Protestant Reformation
C
The Council of Trent
D
Plato' beliefs
E
Aristotle's beliefs
Açıklama:
The answer is B
Ünite 7
Soru 1
How is a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas defined?
Seçenekler
A
Political Party
B
Non-governmental organisation
C
Pressure group
D
Interest group
E
Corporation
Açıklama:
The term “political party” means a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas.
Soru 2
Which political community is described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a co-opted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links?
Seçenekler
A
Mass parties
B
Cadre parties
C
Pressure group
D
NGO
E
Interest group
Açıklama:
Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a co-opted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links.
Soru 3
When did the mass Parties start?
Seçenekler
A
21st Century
B
17th Century
C
18th Century
D
19th Century
E
20th Century
Açıklama:
Mass parties started in the 20th century.
Soru 4
How are Cadre parties generally funded?
Seçenekler
A
By the wealthy
B
By the members
C
By NGOs
D
By international communities
E
By the interest group
Açıklama:
Tese types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy.
Soru 5
In PR system which country has the lowest percentage with 0.67%?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey
B
Germany
C
Netherlands
D
Belgium
E
USA
Açıklama:
The Netherlands has the lowest threshold of 0.67% of the national vote and Turkey has the highest threshold of 10%.
Soru 6
What is the most common poll?
Seçenekler
A
Citizen survey
B
Opinion polls
C
Open access poll
D
Social polling
E
Questionnnaire
Açıklama:
The most common poll is the opinion poll.
Soru 7
What is considered as the main influencer of Public Opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Elites
B
Media
C
Political Parties
D
Interest groups
E
Religious institutions
Açıklama:
Media is considered to be the main influencer of Public Opinion.
Soru 8
Which type of pressure groups is only open to members of one profession, organization or trade?
Seçenekler
A
Promotional grouıps
B
Insider groups
C
Outsider groups
D
Sectional groups
E
Interest groups
Açıklama:
Unlike promotional groups, sectional groups refer to pressure groups that represent specific types of individuals. ese are only open to members of one profession, organization or trade.
Soru 9
Which interest group has corporations as members?
Seçenekler
A
Institutional interest group
B
Membership interest group
C
Promotional interest group
D
Sectional interest group
E
Insider interest group
Açıklama:
Institutional interest groups are organizations that have corporations as members and represent major businesses or industries.
Soru 10
In most democratic governments which branch ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government?
Seçenekler
A
Parliement
B
Judiciary branch
C
Legislative branch
D
Executive branch
E
Congress
Açıklama:
The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government.
Soru 11
Which ones are TRUE about political parties?
I There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass.
II Mass parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th century.
III Cadre parties are small organizations that are typically dominated
by politically elite groups of activists.
IV Mass parties are mostly funded by the wealthy.
V Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced
technology.
I There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass.
II Mass parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th century.
III Cadre parties are small organizations that are typically dominated
by politically elite groups of activists.
IV Mass parties are mostly funded by the wealthy.
V Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced
technology.
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
III and IV
D
I, III, V
E
II, II and IV
Açıklama:
There are two main types of parties: cadre
and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern
political parties formed in the late 18th and early
19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as
small organizations that are typically dominated
by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control
over the membership and comparatively week
communication links. These types of parties are
mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre
parties only function for a limited time during
election periods (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Mass parties, which started in the 20th
century, are groups with thousands and sometimes
millions of members. A difference between mass
parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to
appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties
have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced
technology. Members usually fund mass parties
and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern
political parties formed in the late 18th and early
19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as
small organizations that are typically dominated
by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control
over the membership and comparatively week
communication links. These types of parties are
mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre
parties only function for a limited time during
election periods (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Mass parties, which started in the 20th
century, are groups with thousands and sometimes
millions of members. A difference between mass
parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to
appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties
have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced
technology. Members usually fund mass parties
Soru 12
According to The World Factbook of 2013 and 2014 which country has the highest number of political parties?
Seçenekler
A
Kosovo
B
China
C
India
D
Brazil
E
Haiti
Açıklama:
Political parties in other types of democracies
differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far
more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries
and their major political parties. In this list there
are countries that have a high number of political
parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties,
Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with
32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most
countries have a modest amount of parties (between
10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and
Greece (12). There are also countries with just one
political party such as China.
differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far
more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries
and their major political parties. In this list there
are countries that have a high number of political
parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties,
Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with
32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most
countries have a modest amount of parties (between
10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and
Greece (12). There are also countries with just one
political party such as China.
Soru 13
Which one below is the most common type of electoral system in democracies?
Seçenekler
A
Paralell system
B
Proportional Representation
C
Single-member plurality
D
Threshold of votes
E
referendum
Açıklama:
Proportional Representation (PR) is the most
common type of electoral system in democracies.
PR is similar to SMP. Under PR, the person or party
gets a share of the available offices based on the
percentage of votes. In a situation where there are a
number of seats (jobs) available, like in a legislature,
a party that wins 30% of the votes, for example, will
be able to fill 30% of the available seats. However,
there are various nuances to this simple explanation.
For instance, with some democracies such as Bolivia,
Germany, Hungary, and New Zealand, the PR
system is used for only a portion of its legislature.
Approximately 36% of democracies use this type
of system for their lower chamber (The Electoral
Knowledge Network, 2017).
common type of electoral system in democracies.
PR is similar to SMP. Under PR, the person or party
gets a share of the available offices based on the
percentage of votes. In a situation where there are a
number of seats (jobs) available, like in a legislature,
a party that wins 30% of the votes, for example, will
be able to fill 30% of the available seats. However,
there are various nuances to this simple explanation.
For instance, with some democracies such as Bolivia,
Germany, Hungary, and New Zealand, the PR
system is used for only a portion of its legislature.
Approximately 36% of democracies use this type
of system for their lower chamber (The Electoral
Knowledge Network, 2017).
Soru 14
Which of the countries below uses paralell system for elections?
Seçenekler
A
Great Britain
B
Yemen
C
Canada
D
Japan
E
Egypt
Açıklama:
The second most common type of electoral
system used in democracies is single-member
plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who
gets the most votes wins the election. Countries
such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United
States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system.
Approximately 26% of the democracies use this
type of system for their lower chamber (The
Electoral Knowledge Network, 2017).
While PR and SMP systems are the two most
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine
system used in democracies is single-member
plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who
gets the most votes wins the election. Countries
such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United
States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system.
Approximately 26% of the democracies use this
type of system for their lower chamber (The
Electoral Knowledge Network, 2017).
While PR and SMP systems are the two most
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine
Soru 15
In which electoral system below voters elect the candidate and the party separately and this is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots?
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots?
Seçenekler
A
Proportional Representation
B
Ballot
C
Paralell system
D
Threshold of votes
E
Single-member plurality
Açıklama:
While PR and SMP systems are the two most
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine.
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine.
Soru 16
which one is the princliple that suggests that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group?
Seçenekler
A
Public opinion polling
B
The laws of probablity
C
Random rule
D
Framing
E
Sampling
Açıklama:
The scientific use of public opinion polling is based on the laws of probability. The laws of
probability suggest that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group.
probability suggest that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group.
Soru 17
Which tyep of group below is NOT a type of pressure groups that impact public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
promotional
B
sectional
C
insider
D
outsider
E
random
Açıklama:
Typically, pressure groups are broken into
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause.
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause.
Soru 18
which group below is the one that represents specific typesof individuals, and is only open to members of one profession, organization or trade ?
Seçenekler
A
causal
B
promotional
C
sectional
D
insider
E
outsider
Açıklama:
Unlike promotional groups, sectional groups
refer to pressure groups that represent specific types
of individuals. These are only open to members of
one profession, organization or trade. Examples of
sectional pressure groups include the Confederation
of Ethiopian Labor Unions. Sectional groups can
promote specific causes or issues important to their
members.
refer to pressure groups that represent specific types
of individuals. These are only open to members of
one profession, organization or trade. Examples of
sectional pressure groups include the Confederation
of Ethiopian Labor Unions. Sectional groups can
promote specific causes or issues important to their
members.
Soru 19
Which groups below are the groups whose shared interest is related to governance and, so,
who have a common goal of influencing public policy?
who have a common goal of influencing public policy?
Seçenekler
A
outsider
B
promotional
C
sectional
D
pressure
E
interest
Açıklama:
This section focuses on interest groups whose
shared interest is related to governance and, so,
who have a common goal of influencing public
policy. These interest groups generally fall into two
broad categories: institutional and membership.
Institutional interest groups are organizations
that have corporations as members and represent
major businesses or industries. Interest groups
that are categorized as membership interest groups
typically have individuals rather than corporations
as members.
shared interest is related to governance and, so,
who have a common goal of influencing public
policy. These interest groups generally fall into two
broad categories: institutional and membership.
Institutional interest groups are organizations
that have corporations as members and represent
major businesses or industries. Interest groups
that are categorized as membership interest groups
typically have individuals rather than corporations
as members.
Soru 20
The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled on five elements. Which one below is NOT one of these elements?
Seçenekler
A
religious law
B
customary law
C
common law
D
hierarchical law
E
civil law
Açıklama:
The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled on five elements: civil law; common law; customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law. It is estimated that approximately 40% of the world legal systems exclusively follow civil law, 39% follow a mix of systems, 20% exclusively follow common law, 1% exclusively follow religious law, and 1% exclusively follow customary law.
Soru 21
- Developing a party message
- Getting members in government leadership
- III. Running the government
- Increasing the party income
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
III-IV
C
I-II-III
D
I-III-IV
E
II-III-IV
Açıklama:
For most parties, there are three main goals: developing a party message (platform), getting members in government leadership, and running the government. The correct answer is C.
Soru 22
- They were the first modern political parties.
- They are groups with thousands, even millions, of members.
- III. Members usually fund these parties.
- These parties are usually funded by the wealthy.
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
I-IV
C
II-III
D
II-IV
E
III-IV
Açıklama:
Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a co- opted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally, cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods. The correct answer is B.
Soru 23
In which of the following systems does the person or party get a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes?
Seçenekler
A
Electoral system
B
Voter participation
C
Parallel electoral system
D
Proportional representation
E
Single member plurality
Açıklama:
There are generally two major types of democratic electoral systems for a section of a legislature (law making group), Proportional Representation (PR) and Single-member Plurality (SMP). Under PR, the person or party gets a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes. The correct answer is D.
Soru 24
- Number of candidates
- Demographics
- III. Economic development
- Weather
- Population size
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
III-IV-V
C
I-II-III-IV
D
I-II-IV-V
E
II-III-IV-V
Açıklama:
Things that affect voter participation (voter turnout) include population size, population changes, demographics (like, age, income, race and ethnicity), political socialization, economic development, and even weather. Other issues that can affect voter turnout are the closeness of the political race, the political importance of the issues, money spent on the campaign by political parties, the candidate (personality, fame), and the number of parties running. The voter turnout can also be affected by other factors such as: if it is a proportional electoral system in which there are several types of offices at stake, if there are registration requirements, and if voting is compulsory. The correct answer is E.
Soru 25
Which of the following refers to the collection of individual opinions of social issues, government policies and politics?
Seçenekler
A
Public opinion
B
Opinion poll
C
Think-tank
D
Voter turnout
E
Survey
Açıklama:
Public opinion is the collection of individual opinions of social issues, government policies and politics. Public opinion is usually measured through questions. The correct answer is A.
Soru 26
Which of the following suggests if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group?
Seçenekler
A
Expected voter opinion
B
Opinion poll
C
Voter participation
D
Variability of participation
E
Laws of probability
Açıklama:
The scientific use of public opinion polling is based on the laws of probability. The laws of probability suggest that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group. The correct answer is E.
Soru 27
Which of the following refers to the fact that how an issue is covered gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue?
Seçenekler
A
Framing
B
Misdirection
C
Guidance
D
Conditioning
E
Pressure
Açıklama:
How an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on the problems of an issue, the public is more likely to have a negative feeling about the issue. The correct answer is A.
Soru 28
- Promotional
- Institutional
- III. Insider
- Membership
- Sectional
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-III-V
C
II-III-IV
D
II-III-V
E
III-IV-V
Açıklama:
Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider. The correct answer is B.
Soru 29
Which of the following ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government?
Seçenekler
A
Legislative branch
B
The parliament
C
Executive branch
D
Attorney general
E
Judiciary branch
Açıklama:
The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The correct answer is C.
Soru 30
Which of the following is not one of the structural characteristics of bureaucracy?
Seçenekler
A
A well-defined hierarchy of authority
B
A structure of rules regarding the rights and responsibilities of the employee
C
Employment and promotion based on knowledge, skills and abilities
D
A partitioning of work based on interpersonal relationships
E
A focus on events or facts rather than personal attributes for interpersonal relationships
Açıklama:
When defining bureaucracy in terms of its structural characteristics, political scientists most often use a variation of six fundamental characteristics:
- A well-defined hierarchy of authority,
- A partitioning of work based on specialization,
- A structure of rules regarding the rights and responsibilities of the employee,
- A structure of rules and procedures for providing services to citizens equally and fairly,
- A focus on events or facts rather than personal attributes for interpersonal relationships,
- Employment and promotion based on knowledge, skills and abilities.
Soru 31
I- Government
II- Citizens
III- Non-Governmental Organizations
Which of the above are the main components of most political systems?
II- Citizens
III- Non-Governmental Organizations
Which of the above are the main components of most political systems?
Seçenekler
A
All of the above
B
Only I
C
Only II
D
Only III
E
I and III
Açıklama:
There are as many different political landscapes as there are countries around the world. Generally speaking though, most political systems include three main components: citizens, government, and non-governmental organizations.
Soru 32
Which country had the most political parties in 2013-2014 period?
Seçenekler
A
The USA
B
Haiti
C
Jordan
D
Turkey
E
Nepal
Açıklama:
Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.
Soru 33
Which country has only one political party?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Yemen
C
China
D
Russia
E
The USA
Açıklama:
Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.
Soru 34
What does PR in electoral systems stand for?
Seçenekler
A
Peoples' Republic
B
Public Relations
C
Plural Representation
D
Proportional Representation
E
Public Representation
Açıklama:
Proportional Representation (PR) is the most common type of electoral system in democracies.
Soru 35
Which of the below is a type of interest group?
Seçenekler
A
promotional
B
sectional
C
insider
D
outsider
E
Institutional
Açıklama:
This section focuses on interest groups whose shared interest is related to governance and, so, who have a common goal of influencing public policy. These interest groups generally fall into two broad categories: institutional and membership. Institutional interest groups are organizations
Soru 36
Which Latin American country has the most developed Interest Groups?
Seçenekler
A
Uruguay
B
Paraguay
C
Bolivia
D
Peru
E
Colombia
Açıklama:
Latin America is a good case for developing interest group systems because it has countries at various stages of development. Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Interest groups in Latin America still have nuisances that make their interest group systems unique.
Soru 37
I- Legislative branch
II- Executive branch
III- Judiciary branch
Which of the above branches is considered to be the "face" of the nation?
II- Executive branch
III- Judiciary branch
Which of the above branches is considered to be the "face" of the nation?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
Only III
D
I and II
E
II and III
Açıklama:
In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Soru 38
Which of the below countries' name of the legislation is Federal Assembly?
Seçenekler
A
Colombia
B
China
C
Russia
D
Turkey
E
Uganda
Açıklama:
The name of the legislation in Russia is Federal Assembly. for more information check Table 7.2 Sample of Legislations and their Houses in Various Countries on page 170.
Soru 39
What is a system of rules, regulations and procedures that dictate how employees act and provide governmental services and support to people those services in an impartial, fair, and equitable manner?
Seçenekler
A
Legislation
B
Execution
C
Congress
D
Bureaucracy
E
Public Administration
Açıklama:
A well-established bureaucracy tends to be a highly structured organization with technically skilled employees. It is a system of rules, regulations and procedures that dictate how employees act and provide governmental services and support to people those services in an impartial, fair, and equitable manner
Soru 40
In which country the women represent the highest level positions?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
The Usa
C
Turkey
D
Russia
E
Moldova
Açıklama:
An interesting study of Romania shows a promise of gender representation. Between 2003 and 2010 men occupied the vast majority of decision-making positions in Romania. However, females now represent more than 50% of the second highest level positions
Soru 41
Most political systems include three main components. In which of the following options are these three components given correctly?
Seçenekler
A
citizens, government, and market.
B
international institutions, government, and nongovernmental organizations.
C
citizens, government, and nongovernmental organizations.
D
citizens, government, and international organizations.
E
citizens, market, and governmental organizations.
Açıklama:
There are as many different political landscapes as there are countries around the world. Generally speaking though, most political systems include three main components: citizens, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Namely, the correct answer is option C.
Soru 42
The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the which century?
Seçenekler
A
20th
B
19th
C
18th
D
17th
E
16th
Açıklama:
The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century. The term “political party” means a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas. So, the correct answer is C.
Soru 43
Which of the following parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively weak communication links?
Seçenekler
A
Mass parties
B
Democratic parties
C
Totalitarian parties
D
Opposition parties
E
Cadre parties
Açıklama:
There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively weak communication links. Thus, the correct answer is stated in option E.
Soru 44
Which of the following options can not be said about types of political parties?
Seçenekler
A
Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
B
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members.
C
A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people.
D
Cadre parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology.
E
There are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties.
Açıklama:
There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Political parties differ greatly. In the United States, political parties tend to be open and
inclusive. Anyone can join any party. The two main political parties in the United States are the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Members in either party can agree or disagree with the party opinion of any issues. This freedom to disagree with the party message in the United States is clear when we analyze the candidates nominated by each party. Though Republicans are considered conservative and Democrats are considered liberal, candidates’ views on any particular issue can range from conservative to liberal and anywhere in between (Grigsby, 2009; Katz and Mair, 1995).
Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.
According to these information, the correct answer is given in option D.
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Political parties differ greatly. In the United States, political parties tend to be open and
inclusive. Anyone can join any party. The two main political parties in the United States are the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Members in either party can agree or disagree with the party opinion of any issues. This freedom to disagree with the party message in the United States is clear when we analyze the candidates nominated by each party. Though Republicans are considered conservative and Democrats are considered liberal, candidates’ views on any particular issue can range from conservative to liberal and anywhere in between (Grigsby, 2009; Katz and Mair, 1995).
Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.
According to these information, the correct answer is given in option D.
Soru 45
Which of the following options is the most common type of electoral system in democracies?
Seçenekler
A
Single-member plurality
B
Proportional representation
C
Parallel electoral system
D
Plebiscite
E
Vote of confidence
Açıklama:
Proportional Representation (PR) is the most common type of electoral system in democracies. PR is similar to SMP. Under PR, the person or party gets a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes. So, the correct answer is option B.
Soru 46
Which of the following options can not be one of the things that affect voter participation?
Seçenekler
A
population size
B
population changes
C
demographics
D
political socialization
E
language
Açıklama:
Election participation around the world differs
a lot.Things that affect voter participation (voter
turnout) include population size, population
changes, demographics (like, age, income, race
and ethnicity), political socialization, economic
development, and even weather. Other issues
that can affect voter turnout are the closeness of
the political race, the political importance of the
issues, money spent on the campaign by political
parties, the candidate (personality, fame), and the
number of parties running. Hence, language can not be one of the concepts that affect the voting performance.
a lot.Things that affect voter participation (voter
turnout) include population size, population
changes, demographics (like, age, income, race
and ethnicity), political socialization, economic
development, and even weather. Other issues
that can affect voter turnout are the closeness of
the political race, the political importance of the
issues, money spent on the campaign by political
parties, the candidate (personality, fame), and the
number of parties running. Hence, language can not be one of the concepts that affect the voting performance.
Soru 47
The scientific use of public opinion polling is based on which of the following concepts?
Seçenekler
A
linear math
B
thermodynamics
C
laws of probability
D
law of gravity
E
relativity theory
Açıklama:
The scientific use of public opinion polling
is based on the laws of probability. The laws of
probability suggest that if everything is treated
equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other
object in the group. In this context, the correct answer is stated in option C.
is based on the laws of probability. The laws of
probability suggest that if everything is treated
equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other
object in the group. In this context, the correct answer is stated in option C.
Soru 48
Which of the following options means giving people ideas for how they should feel about the issue?
Seçenekler
A
framing
B
enclosure
C
surrounding
D
restriction
E
inducement
Açıklama:
Studies have shown the more the media covers an issue
the more important it seems to the individual.
Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives
people ideas for how they should feel about the
issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a
story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on
the problems of an issue, the public is more likely
to have a negative feeling about the issue. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option A.
the more important it seems to the individual.
Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives
people ideas for how they should feel about the
issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a
story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on
the problems of an issue, the public is more likely
to have a negative feeling about the issue. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option A.
Soru 49
Which of the following options can not be one of the other influences of public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
elites
B
political parties
C
interest groups
D
religious institutions
E
media
Açıklama:
Researchers have found that the main way that
people get information about political and social
issues is the media. Other influences of public opinion include
elites, political parties, interest groups, political
figures, social and spiritual or religious institutions. According to this, the correct answer is option E.
people get information about political and social
issues is the media. Other influences of public opinion include
elites, political parties, interest groups, political
figures, social and spiritual or religious institutions. According to this, the correct answer is option E.
Soru 50
Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories. Which of the following options is not one of these four categories?
Seçenekler
A
promotional
B
regional
C
sectional
D
insider
E
outsider
Açıklama:
Typically, pressure groups are broken into
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause. Namely, the correct answer is B.
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause. Namely, the correct answer is B.
Soru 51
Which of the following is correct about Cadre parties?
Seçenekler
A
They were the first modern political parties.
B
They started in the 20th century.
C
They appeal to large number of people.
D
They use advanced technology.
E
They are funded by their members.
Açıklama:
Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy.
Soru 52
Which of the following countries has only one political party?
Seçenekler
A
Brazil
B
China
C
Russia
D
Canada
E
Estonia
Açıklama:
China has 1 political party.
Soru 53
What is the percentage threshold of vote in Turkey?
Seçenekler
A
0.7%
B
4%
C
5%
D
8%
E
10%
Açıklama:
Turkey has the highest threshold of 10% among 30 countries.
Soru 54
Which of the following countries uses a SMP (single-member plurality) system in the elections?
Seçenekler
A
Bolivia
B
Germany
C
Canada
D
New Zealand
E
Hungary
Açıklama:
Canada uses a type of SMP (single-member plurality) electoral system in the elections while Bolivia, Germany, New Zealand, and Hungary use a PR (proportional representation system) electoral system.
Soru 55
In parallel electoral systems ……. .
Seçenekler
A
The candidate who gets the most votes wins the election.
B
The person or party gets a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes.
C
Elections are also a way to strengthen the image of the leader.
D
Voters elect the candidate and the party separately.
E
The result of the vote is not going to change the decision of the leader.
Açıklama:
In parallel systems, voters elect the candidate and the party separately.
Soru 56
An individual’s political opinion can be influenced by the following except …… .
Seçenekler
A
family preferences
B
education
C
opinions of friends
D
media exposure
E
the weather
Açıklama:
The weather may influence voter participation but not an individual’s political opinion.
An individual’s political opinion can be influenced by family preferences, education, opinions of friends, and media exposure.
An individual’s political opinion can be influenced by family preferences, education, opinions of friends, and media exposure.
Soru 57
Promotional groups …… .
Seçenekler
A
represent specific types of individuals.
B
promote one specific cause.
C
have close links with the government.
D
provide pressure on governments.
E
have generally non-conformist tactics.
Açıklama:
Promotional groups are also referred to as causal groups because they usually promote one specific cause.
Soru 58
Insider pressure groups…. .
Seçenekler
A
are also referred to as causal groups.
B
are consulted during the policy-making process.
C
mount demonstrations.
D
have generally non-conformist tactics.
E
represent specific types of individuals.
Açıklama:
Insider pressure groups are those groups that have close links with the government and are heavily consulted during the policy-making process.
Soru 59
What is the name of the legislation in Turkey?
Seçenekler
A
Grand National Assembly
B
Parliament
C
Congress of the Republic
D
National People’s Congress
E
Federal Assmbly
Açıklama:
The name of the legislation in Turkey is Grand National Assembly.
Soru 60
What percentage of government positions do women hold according to a review of G20?
Seçenekler
A
55%
B
45%
C
35%
D
25%
E
15%
Açıklama:
Review of the G20 (the 19 wealthiest nations plus the European Union) revealed that while women held about 45% of the government positions, women represented less than 20% of the
higher, leadership positions in the bureaucracies.
higher, leadership positions in the bureaucracies.
Soru 61
In democracies which of the following is not one of the aims of political parties?
Seçenekler
A
To fill political jobs
B
To support particular ideas
C
To support a candidate to be elected to a job
D
To put their leaders in a political job by force
E
To gain influence for their ideas
Açıklama:
Diğer seçeneklerdeki amaçlar politik partilerin "demokrasilerdeki" amaçlarındandır; ancak D seçeneğindeki amaç partilerin "demokratik olmayan" ülkelerde görülen amaçları arasındadır. Bu nedenle doğru seçenek "d" şıkkıdır.
"In non-democracies, without elections, a political party may take actions to put their leader in a political job by force."
"In non-democracies, without elections, a political party may take actions to put their leader in a political job by force."
Soru 62
In which of the following countries there is only one political party?
Seçenekler
A
Albania
B
Bahrain
C
Russia
D
Zimbabwe
E
China
Açıklama:
Bu soru öğrenciden sayfa 160'da yer alan Tablo 7.1.'i incelemiş olmasını ve ülkeler arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz de yapmasını beklemektedir. Bu nedenle de soru bir "anlama" sorusudur.
"There are also countries with just one political party such as China".
"There are also countries with just one political party such as China".
Soru 63
Which of the following concepts refers to small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively weak communication links?
Seçenekler
A
Cadre parties
B
Mass parties
C
Proportional representation systems
D
Single-member plurality systems
E
Multi-party systems
Açıklama:
"Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links."
Soru 64
The media has an important role in shaping public opinion. How an issue is covered gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as---.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Bias trap
B
Voter participation
C
Framing
D
Voter turnout
E
Hot topic political issues
Açıklama:
"Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing".
Soru 65
Which of the following institutions controls the government by their party representatives?
Seçenekler
A
Political party
B
Pressure group
C
Interest group
D
Labor union
E
Advocacy group
Açıklama:
Bu temelde bir analiz sorusudur. Çünkü öğrenciden beklenen, ünitedeki çeşitli kurumları ve bu kurumların amaçlarını iyi analiz etmiş olmasıdır. Bir politik sistemde, hükumet eymeye ve böylece devlet yönetimine aday kurumlar politik partilerdir. Sorudaki diğer seçeneklerde verilen (ve demokratik ülkelerde oluşturulduğu gözlemlenen) baskı grupları (pressure groups) ve çıkar grupları (interest groups) veya belirli bir konuyu gündeme taşımaya çalışan ve savunan gruplar (advocacy groups) ülkeyi yönetmeye değil, kendi amaçları doğrultusunda hükümetleri etkilemeye taliptirler.
"Political parties’ main goal is to ensure the election of their candidate and to control the government by their party representatives."
"Political parties’ main goal is to ensure the election of their candidate and to control the government by their party representatives."
Soru 66
Which type of pressure groups has close links with the government and is heavily consulted during the policy-making process?
Seçenekler
A
Promotional
B
Sectional
C
Causal
D
Insider
E
Outsider
Açıklama:
"Insider pressure groups are those groups that have close links with the government and are heavily consulted during the policy-making process. "
Soru 67
Which of the following refers to specific organizations that have corporations as members and represent major businesses or industries?
Seçenekler
A
Institutional interest groups
B
Membership interest groups
C
Advocacy groups
D
Citizen action groups
E
Domestic pressure groups
Açıklama:
"Institutional interest groups are organizations that have corporations as members and represent major businesses or industries".
Soru 68
In a democracy which of the following typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government?
Seçenekler
A
Executive branch
B
Legislative branch
C
Judiciary branch
D
Public opinion
E
Pressure groups
Açıklama:
"The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government."
Soru 69
In which of the following countries the president is the highest-ranking official and the head of state and also appoints a prime minister, who is the head of government?
Seçenekler
A
The United Kingdom
B
The United States
C
Republic of Turkey
D
The Bahamas
E
France
Açıklama:
Soru öğrenciden tüm yönetim sistemlerini iyi analiz etmiş olmasını ve Yarı-Başkanlık sistemini diğer yönetim sistemlerinden ayırt edebilmesini beklemektedir. Bu nedenle soru, bir analiz sorusudur.
"France has a semi-presidential system where the president is the highest-ranking official, and is the head of state, acts mostly as a figure head and appoints a prime minister who is the head of government."
"France has a semi-presidential system where the president is the highest-ranking official, and is the head of state, acts mostly as a figure head and appoints a prime minister who is the head of government."
Soru 70
Which of the following groups of people refers to a stabilizing presence in government that is not changing in response to the political climate?
Seçenekler
A
Ministers
B
Members of Parliament
C
Bureaucracts
D
Civil rights leaders
E
Elites
Açıklama:
"since bureaucrats are hired for their knowledge and expertise, they are a stabilizing presence in government, not changing in response to the political climate".
Soru 71
I Running the government
II Finding jobs for their members
III Developing a party message
IV Getting members in government leadership
V Manipulating the media
What are the main goals that most parties have?
II Finding jobs for their members
III Developing a party message
IV Getting members in government leadership
V Manipulating the media
What are the main goals that most parties have?
Seçenekler
A
II and III
B
III,IV and V
C
I,III and IV
D
I,II and III
E
II,IV and V
Açıklama:
For most parties, there are three main goals: developing a party message (platform), getting members in government leadership, and running
the government. The correct answer is C.
the government. The correct answer is C.
Soru 72
I They are mostly funded by the wealthy
II They are dominated by politically elite groups of activists
III Members usually fund for those parties
IV They function for a limited time during election periods
V They have a bureaucratic leadership
Which ones are the characteristics of Mass Parties?
II They are dominated by politically elite groups of activists
III Members usually fund for those parties
IV They function for a limited time during election periods
V They have a bureaucratic leadership
Which ones are the characteristics of Mass Parties?
Seçenekler
A
II and III
B
I,II and III
C
IV and V
D
III and V
E
III,IV and V
Açıklama:
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties millions of members.The correct answer is D.
Soru 73
Some countries uses a Proportional Representation system that includes minimum percentages (threshold) of votes in order for the party to have a seat or seats in the legislature. Which countr has the highest threshold?
Seçenekler
A
Germany
B
Hungary
C
The Netherlands
D
New Zealand
E
Turkey
Açıklama:
The average for the 30 countries requiring thresholds is between 4% and 5%. The Netherlands has the lowest threshold of 0.67% of the national vote and Turkey has the highest threshold of 10%. The correct answer is C:
Soru 74
I Egypt
II Canada,
III Germany
IV Great Britain
V Yemen
Which countries uses single-member plurality (SMP) , in which the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election?
II Canada,
III Germany
IV Great Britain
V Yemen
Which countries uses single-member plurality (SMP) , in which the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election?
Seçenekler
A
II,III and IV
B
I,III,IV and V
C
III and IV
D
I,II,IV and V
E
I,II,III and IV
Açıklama:
Countries such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system. Approximately 26% of the democracies use this type of system for their lower chamber. The correct answer is D.
Soru 75
In which electoral system voters elect the candidate and the party separately by one ballot or two separate ballots?
Seçenekler
A
Parallel Electoral System.
B
Proportional Representation
C
Single-member Plurality
D
Voter participation
E
Constitutional Ballot Referendum
Açıklama:
In parallel systems, voters elect the candidate and the party separately. This is
one either with one ballot or two separate ballots. Countries using parallel systems include Armenia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine. The correct answer is A.
one either with one ballot or two separate ballots. Countries using parallel systems include Armenia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine. The correct answer is A.
Soru 76
What might be one of the reason why 35% of the U.S. individual initiatives failed in 2016?
Seçenekler
A
They were technical changes.
B
They covered wide range of ideas.
C
They were non-democratic.
D
They were part of parallel electoral system.
E
They were unaccustomed to American people.
Açıklama:
Initiatives can cover a wider range of ideas such as establishing term limits and salary caps for elected officials, changes in taxation laws, and bond initiatives to raise money for road work or schools. Since initiatives are more wide-ranging,
they are less likely to pass. The correct answer is B.
they are less likely to pass. The correct answer is B.
Soru 77
Which group of people use public opinion polls to promote their causes?
Seçenekler
A
Think-tanks,
B
Candidates
C
Research organizations
D
Non-profit organizations
E
Political Parties
Açıklama:
Interest groups and political parties use public opinion polls to promote their causes. The correct answer is E.
Soru 78
If a story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on the problems of an issue, the public is more likely to have a negative feeling about the issue.What is this called?
Seçenekler
A
Pressure Groups
B
Framing
C
Public Opinion
D
Opinion poll
E
Accuracy
Açıklama:
How an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing.The correct answer is B.
Soru 79
- Promotional
- Sectional
- Institutional
- Outsider
- Membership
Which of the above are the types of pressure groups?
Seçenekler
A
I,II and III
B
I,II and IV
C
II.IV and V
D
III,IV and V
E
I,III and V
Açıklama:
Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider. These interest groups generally fall into two broad categories: institutional and membership.The correct answer is B.
Soru 80
Which one is NOT an element of the legal systems that countries are generally modeled ?
Seçenekler
A
Civil Law
B
Customary Law
C
Religious Law
D
Criminal Law
E
Pluralistic Law
Açıklama:
The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled on five elements: civil law; common law; customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law
Soru 81
Which of the following is not one of the groups that try to change government policies and actions?
Seçenekler
A
Pressure groups
B
Interest groups
C
Individual businesses
D
Corporations
E
Municipalities
Açıklama:
Politics as part of society also includes many other groups that try to change government policies and actions. These might be pressure groups, interest groups, individual businesses, and corporations.
Soru 82
When were the first modern political parties formed?
Seçenekler
A
15th century
B
16th century
C
17th century
D
18th century
E
19th century
Açıklama:
The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century.
Soru 83
Which of the following countries has only one political party?
Seçenekler
A
Haiti
B
Greece
C
Ireland
D
China
E
Belgium
Açıklama:
Most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.
Soru 84
Which of the following countries uses a parallel electoral system?
Seçenekler
A
Great Britain
B
Canada
C
Japan
D
The United States
E
Yemen
Açıklama:
Another system is what is called a parallel electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect the candidate and the party separately. This is done either with one ballot or two separate ballots. Countries using parallel systems include Armenia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine.
Soru 85
In which of the following decades was modern-day opinion polling developed?
Seçenekler
A
1910s
B
1920s
C
1930s
D
1940s
E
1950s
Açıklama:
George Gallup, Archibald Crossley and Elmo Roper developed modern-day opinion polling in the early 1930s.
Soru 86
Which of the following Latin American countries is among older democracies?
Seçenekler
A
Columbia
B
Paraguay
C
Bolivia
D
Peru
E
Uruguay
Açıklama:
Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay.
Soru 87
Which of the following is not among cultural and historical factors that have shaped interest group systems in Latin America?
Seçenekler
A
Socioeconomic inequalities
B
Elitist politics
C
A tradition of authoritarianism
D
A tradition of democracy
E
External influences
Açıklama:
Cultural and historical factors that have shaped interest groups systems in Latin America include socioeconomic inequalities, elitist politics, a tradition of authoritarianism, a political culture of family and personal loyalties, and external influences.
Soru 88
Which of the following countries uses a civil legal system based on French civil law?
Seçenekler
A
India
B
Japan
C
Italy
D
Austria
E
Mali
Açıklama:
Mali uses a civil legal system based on French civil law.
Soru 89
Which of the following countries uses a civil legal system based on German model?
Seçenekler
A
Japan
B
Italy
C
Russia
D
Tunisia
E
India
Açıklama:
Japan uses a civil legal system based on German model.
Soru 90
Which of the following countries is among the least-developed Latin American democracies?
Seçenekler
A
Peru
B
Bolivia
C
Brazil
D
Chile
E
Uruguay
Açıklama:
Countries such as Paraguay and Bolivia are the least-developed countries. Such countries in Latin America as Peru, Ecuador and Columbia are in the middle of the spectrum with advances in their interest group systems, yet some aspects are still unsuccessful. Newer democracies in Latin America are more likely to have weaker or less effectual interest group systems.
Soru 91
Which term refers to a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas?
Seçenekler
A
Political party
B
Cadre parties
C
Mass parties
D
Proportional representation
E
Elections
Açıklama:
The term “political party” means a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas.
Soru 92
- They were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
- They are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links.
- They are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally they only function for a limited time during election periods.
What is term defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Cadre parties
B
Mass parties
C
Ballot
D
Public opinion
E
Proportional representation
Açıklama:
Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods
Soru 93
- They started in the 20th century.
- They are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members.
- They try to appeal to a large number of people.
- They have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology.
- Members usually fund them.
What is the term defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Cadre parties
B
Mass parties
C
Proportional representation
D
Electoral system
E
Voter participation
Açıklama:
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties.
Soru 94
- Promotional
- Sectional
- Insider
- Outsider
Which are considered as the categories of pressure groups?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
I and III
C
II and IV
D
II and III
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider.
Soru 95
In terms of media and how it can guide the public opinion, what is the term that refers to how an issue is covered might give people ideas for how they should feel about the issue?
Seçenekler
A
Framing
B
Pressure groups
C
Interest groups
D
Representative bureaucracy
E
Proportional representation
Açıklama:
Researchers have found that the main way that people get information about political and social issues is the media. Therefore, the media has an important role in shaping public opinion. Studies have shown the more the media covers an issue the more important it seems to the individual. Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on the problems of an issue, the public is more likely to have a negative feeling about the issue
Soru 96
- It usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land.
- It typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. It is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations.
- It ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Which are the distinct branches of democratic governments defined above?
Seçenekler
A
- Legislative Branch
- Executive Branch
- Judiciary Branch
B
- Executive Branch
- Judiciary Branch
- Legislative Branch
C
- Judiciary Branch
- Legislative Branch
- Executive Branch
D
- Executive Branch
- Legislative Branch
- Judiciary Branch
E
- Judiciary Branch
- Executive Branch
- Legislative Branch
Açıklama:
In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Soru 97
What part of democratic governments usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land?
Seçenekler
A
Legislative branch
B
Executive branch
C
Judiciary branch
D
Judicial review
E
Representative bureaucracy
Açıklama:
In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Soru 98
What part of democratic governments typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government and is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations?
Seçenekler
A
Judiciary branch
B
Legislative branch
C
Executive branch
D
Proportional Representation
E
Single-member plurality
Açıklama:
In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Soru 99
Which part of democratic governments ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional?
Seçenekler
A
Representative bureaucracy
B
Judicial review
C
Legislative branch
D
Executive branch
E
Judiciary branch
Açıklama:
In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.
Soru 100
In which electoral system does the candidate who gets the most votes win the election?
Seçenekler
A
Proportional representation
B
Single-member plurality
C
Representative Bureaucracy
D
Block vote
E
Multiple Candidate
Açıklama:
The second most common type of electoral system used in democracies is single-member plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election. Countries such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system. Approximately 26% of the democracies use this type of system for their lower chamber.