Internatıonal Polıtıcs (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

When did the Multicentric phase of globalization start?

1100

1500

1800

1950

2000

Açıklama:

The phases of globalization and their starting dates are as follows:
Oriental globalization II 1100
Multicentric 1500
Euro-Atlantic 1800
20th Century globalization 1950
21st Century globalization 2000
The Multicentris phase of globalization started in 1500.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Which of the following is not true about bourgeoisie?

Bourgeoisie occurred before aristocracy.

It has challenged monarchies and dynasties.

It increased its political and economic influence gradually.

It moved as closely as possible with monarchies.

It contributed to eliminate the power of the Catholic Church.

Açıklama:

The bourgeoisie occurred after aristocracy and challenged monarchies and dynasties.
Bourgeoisie occurred before aristocracy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) started as a conflict between ____________ .

Lutherans and Catholics

Bourgeoisie and Aristocracy

Protestants and Catholics

Romans and France

Romans and Habsburg

Açıklama:

The Thirty Years’ War started as a conflict between Protestant and Catholic principalities

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

When was The Treaty of Utrecht signed?

1791

1789

1776

1713

1648

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster were signed in 1648. Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776.The Freanch Revolution started in 1789 and the Bill of Rights was passed in 1791.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following can be said about the proletariat?

It is a type of regime.

It was welcome by European powers.

They lived in good conditions.

It emerged with the French Revolution.

They worked with low wages.

Açıklama:

The proletariat is a kind of social class that emerged with the Industrial Revolution. This social class lived in poor conditions and worked for low wages. This class was not very welcome by European powers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

The Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was founded in ______.

1914

1917

1919

1922

1932

Açıklama:

The Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was founded in 1922. WWI started in 1914. The Boshviks ook down the Czar in 1917. The National Fascist Party was founded in 1919. Adolf Hitler took the government in 1932.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

The United Nations (UN) was founded in ______ .

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Açıklama:

The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in _____ .

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Açıklama:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1949.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Which of the following was hit by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001?

the World Trade Center

the Statue of Liberty

the Empire State Building

the White House

the Crysler Building

Açıklama:

The World Trade Center was hit by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

Which of the following countries was listed as “the axis of evil states”?

China

The UK

Venezuela

Germany

Japan

Açıklama:

Venezuela was listed as one of the “the axis of evil states”. Chine and the UK were among “the allied powers”. Germany and Japan were among the “axis powers”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

In which phase of globalization and when did Industrialization begin?

Euro-Atlantic/1800

Afro-Eorusian/1000 BCE

20th century/1950

Multicentric/1500

Oriental globalization/500 CE

Açıklama:

It started in the 19th century in the Euro-Atlentic Phase

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

What might have led to emergence of states in the history the most?

Trade routes

Agricultural revolution

Industrial revolution

Military bureaucracy

Communication technologies

Açıklama:

It's agricultural revolution which created need for and shaped states

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

What was the basic commercial commodity exported from Africa to America during the Age of Discovery?

Textiles

Rum

Slaves

tobacco

cotton

Açıklama:

It was slaves

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

Which ended the secular power of the Catholic Church on the politics, economy, and society?

The Age of Discovery

The Emergence of States

The Treaty of Utrecht

The Peace of Westphalia

The Founding of the US

Açıklama:

It's The Treaty of Westphalia. No official from Papacy was invited to negociations of this agreement, which was an indication of that elimination

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

What did the Age of Enlightment result from, and where did it first arise?

The French Revolution/France

The Declaration of Independence/The Us

The Seven Years' War/Europe

The Thirty Years' War/Roman Territories

The Renaissance/Italy

Açıklama:

The Renaissance led to the Age of Enlightment, and it arose first in Italy

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which historical event may be associated closely with the end of the Ancient regimes and the rise of nation-states

The French Revolution

The Renaissance

The Discovery of America

The Thirty Years' War

The Westpalian Treaty

Açıklama:

The French Revolution triggered the formation of nation states

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which is not a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Emergence of proletariat

World domination of communism

Enrichment of European powers

Creation of citizen

Intensive armament race

Açıklama:

Communism never dominated the whole world

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which event led to the rise of the US as a hegemonic power in the World?

Treaty of Versailles

World War I

World War II

Foundation of the US

Bolshevic Revolution

Açıklama:

The US arose as a hegenomic power as a result of the Second World War

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which UN organ is that that the Turkish President has been complaining about the most?

General Assemly

Food and Agricultural Organization

UN Environment Proggramme

Security Council

International Labor Organization

Açıklama:

Turkish President has been complaining about the structure of the Security Council

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which poses an immediate threat for Turkey's stability?

Lebanese Civil War

Iranian Revolution

Afghanistan's invasion

Dissolution of USSR

Syrian Civil War

Açıklama:

Syrian Civil War is an immediate threat

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following is related to the concept of globalization?
I: connectedness among the nations
II: similarity among the countries
III: lessening differences among people

I, II, III

I, II

Only I

Only III

II, III

Açıklama:

The unit explains globalizationreferring to shrinking distances among the continents, and to a worldwide interconnectedness of important aspects of human life, and to the weakening of differences among countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following is the consequence of the economic and geo-political transformation of Europe?

Common currency

Common laws

Philosophical transformation

Religious change

The Renaissance

Açıklama:

The economic and geo-political transformation of the world, specifically Europe, was also been accompanied by a mental/philosophical transformation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the below is/are the factor/factors that hold societies together?
I: religion
II: ethnic bonds
III: political decisions
IV: high population

I, II, III

I, II

II, III, IV

III, IV

Only IV

Açıklama:

The book shows "Ancestor cult, religion, imperial/royal commitment, ethnic bonds, nation, and ideologies" as examples.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which of the following is NOT the United Nation’s (UN) responsibilities?

Political concerns

Cultural concerns

Social concerns

Military concerns

Economic concerns

Açıklama:

UN is still the most inclusive organization. It does not only regulate political sphere of the world, but also economic, social, and cultural fields with its funds, programmes and specialized agents

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which of the following implies the consequence of fall of the USSR?

The syncronization of democratic reforms

Liberalization of Eastern bloc

Market privatization

Standardization of Western ideologies

Nationalist opposition movements

Açıklama:

Fall of USSR signified the standardization of ideologies and value sets all over the world, which was Western type of democracy, human rights, and liberalism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which of the following defines the main reason of the emergence of governance and global governance concepts.

The existence of sovereign states

The existence of multinational concepts

The development of non-governmental organizations

Terrorism notion

The need for a supreme regulator

Açıklama:

Weakening belief of national developmental state drove alternative mechanism forward, just like MNCs, international non-governmental organizations (NGO), civil society, etc. These developments led to a new concept: governance and global governance

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Global problems need ......

global solutions.

development of Westphalian system.

emergence of global governance concepts.

nongovernmental organizations.

neoliberal transformation.

Açıklama:

Global problems need global solutions and that situation causes states to evolve into post-Westphalian style of politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Globalization .....................

starts with the evolution of mankind.

is a dynamic situation.

is a static situation.

starts with the agricultural production.

starts with the global governance.

Açıklama:

Globalization is a dynamic situation, which changes from time to time and from place to place.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which of following are the main consequence of The Age of Discovery?
I: The emergence of globalization
II:The emergence of foreign trade and colonialism.
III: highly populated cities
IV: A bourgeoisie class has arisen.

I, II, III, IV

II, III, IV

I, III, IV

I, III

III, IV

Açıklama:

The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became main dynamics. ...The European cities happened to be increasingly populated. ... A new social class, bourgeoisie, has arisen; as a powerful opponent and challenger of the aristocracy of the dynasties itself

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

What is the main impact of French revolution on world politics?

Political change was considered exceptional.

Political, economical, cultural values were shaped.

Political values were ignored.

Monarchy became stronger than before.

The Ancient Regime was emphasized.

Açıklama:

French Revolution has made a great impact over world politics. Not only demolishing the Ancien Régime, but also the French Revolution has shaped the forthcoming centuries even decades by replacing value sets of politics, economics and culture.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which one of the followings cannot be pointed out as a phase of the globalisation?

Post-Industrial Globalisation Phase

Oriental Globalisation Phase

Euro-Atlantic Phase

Afro-Euroasian Globalisation Phase

20th Century Globalization Phase

Açıklama:

Globalization is used to describe transformations proliferating all kinds of communication among people living in many different regions of the world. In terms of its phases, globalization, with its central nodes and dynamics, can be pointed out in 8 Phases as follows: Eurasian Globalization phase, Afro-Euroasian Globalization phase, Oriental globalization phase 1, Oriental Globalisation phase 2, Multicentric globalisation phase, Euro-Atlantic Globalisation phase, 20th Century globalization phase, 21st Century globalisation phase.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which one of the followings emerged with the expedition of the Christopher Columbus to India in 1492?

Industrial Age

Age of Inventions

Post-Industrial Age

Agricultural Revolution

Age of Discovery

Açıklama:

Another important aspect of aforementioned transformation was the oceanic breakthrough of the newly emerging empires. In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus to India through western route practiced for the first time, sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” emerged.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a main dynamic of the world that was led by the Age of Discovery?

Wars

Foreign Trade

Epidemic Diseases

Service Sector Production

Agricultural Production

Açıklama:

The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became main dynamics. Transferring easy gold in great volumes from America to Europe caused a continental inflation paving the path for the mercantilist era. The European cities happened to be increasingly populated. Although states were conservative when it comes to the customs and trade, the feudal order of Europe has slowly been transformed into more centralized type of government. Besides, a new social class, bourgeoisie, has arisen; as a powerful opponent and challenger of the aristocracy of the dynasties itself.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Which one of the followings can be stressed as a characteristic of the period of the Renaissance?

A period of humanism

A period of fall of the European integration

A period of social upheavals

A period of rising independent states

A period of increasing over-production

Açıklama:

The Renaissance, roughly between 14th-17th centuries, was a period of humanism; art, music and self- awareness arose firstly in Florence/Italy, and then spread throughout the whole continent. The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which one of the followings led to negotiations to decide the future of Europe after the defeat of the Napoleonic France?

Bill of Rights

The French Revolution

The Congress of Vienna

The Period of Renaissance

Declaration of Independence

Açıklama:

The General Napoléon Bonaparte became “First Consul” in 1799; first decade of post-revolutionary France was not politically stable in essence. Napoléon then changed his title and became the emperor of France in 1804. It took a decade to be overthrown. That decade was famous with the Napoléonic Wars. France waged wars against great powers of Europe, such as Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain. At the Congress of Vienna (November 1814 - June 1815), after the defeat of France, the future of Europe and the order of post-war period were negotiated.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

When was the United Nations (UN) established?

In 1935

In 1923

In 1918

In 1945

In 1929

Açıklama:

The United Nations (UN) was founded during 1945.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which one of the following countries cannot be pointed out as the one of Big Four Allied Powers?

USSR

Italy

USA

China

Açıklama:

The Allied Powers: USA, USSR, UK, China (Big Four) and almost all of the countries including colonies of the Big Four and non- occupied countries by the Axis Powers that were Italy, Japan and Germany.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which one of the following institutions cannot be pointed out as a programme or specialized agent through which the UN regulates economic, politic, social and cultural fields in the world?

International Monetary Funds

The Warsaw Pact

Food and Agricultural Organization

International Labour Organization

International Maritime Organisation

Açıklama:

Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization. It does not only regulate political sphere of the world, but also economic, social, and cultural fields with its funds, programmes and specialized agents: From United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to International Monetary Fund (IMF), from United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), from International Labour Organization (ILO) to International Maritime Organization (IMO), UN system, called UN Family, is like a spider web, producing standards coherent with its value sets and functions as a supreme organization on global issues which are not possible to be dealt with by particular nations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which one of the followings announced the end of ideologies and the triumph of liberalism over communism?

Francis Fukuyama

Mikhail Gorbachev

Boris Yeltsin

Samuel Huntington

Immanuel Wallerstein

Açıklama:

Mikhail Gorbachev, who took the USSR presidency in 1985, had a policy agenda to reform the country in a liberal way to overcome economic crises in the country. The reform was symbolized with four concepts: glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring), demokratizatsiya (democratization), and uskoreniye (acceleration of economic development). Then, synchronized with democratic reforms, ethnic and nationalist opposition movements and economic crises led the country into a dissolution. In December 1991, Gorbachev declared the end of USSR, and the Russian Federation was founded with the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. Russian Federation pursued market privatization and trade liberalization policies as well to get structurally ready to be a member of globalized world. Globalization and liberalization became the most popular concept during the fall of Eastern bloc. However, Fukuyama (1992) announced the end of ideologies and the triumph of liberalism over communism. Fall of USSR signified the standardization of ideologies and value sets all over the world, which was Western type of democracy, human rights, and liberalism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which one of the following countries is pointed out as a state among those that are considered as the "axis of evil"?

Brazil

Libya

Germany

France

Russia

Açıklama:

When Fukuyama (1992) mentioned about the end of history, Huntington (1993) defended the opinion of new conflicts will built upon not ideologies but civilizations. That was true that USA had promoted democratic and liberal values over the world in 1990s. But, also 11 September 2001 was a date of chaos in USA. Terrorist attacks hit Pentagon and World Trade Centre. Al Qaeda undertook the attacks, and Afghanistan intervention of USA started a couple of days later. War against terrorism was the motto of the new era, and USA regarded itself responsible to fight against terrorist groups all over the world. Also, President G. W. Bush entitled states that support terrorism as “axis of evil”, and perceived them as enemies of the world order. Iraq intervention in 2003, alleged possession of mass destruction weapons, was another part of the war against terrorism. States like Libya, North Korea, Iran and Venezuela were listed among the axis of evil states by their anti-democratic behaviours.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

What was the name of the sailor who reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of Good Hope in 1488?

Louis Philippe

Napoléon Bonaparte

Descartes

Bartolomeu Dias

Christopher Columbus

Açıklama:

In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias
reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of
Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 42

What is the name of the Intercontinental trade route which gave boost to
cultural exchange at the pre-modern world?

Silk Road

Transatlantic Triangular Trade

Cape of Good Hope

Tratturo Pescasseroli-Candela

Via Maris

Açıklama:

Intercontinental trade routes, among which
Silk Road and Spice Route are the most renowned
ones of the pre-modern world, gave boost to
cultural exchange.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

When was the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster signed?

in 1774

in 1648

in 1618

in 1774

in 1789

Açıklama:

the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed in
1648 after Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), widely
known as the Peace of Westphalia.
in 1648

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 44

Between which dates was the Thirty Years' War held?

1815-1840

1789 - 1815

1683-1770

1771-1774

1618-1648

Açıklama:

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) started
as a conflict between Protestant and Catholic
principalities in the former Holy Roman
Empire territories.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

When the Treaty of Utrecht was signed?

1702

1713

1714

1838

1664

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

Which of the following date - event matches is incorrect?

The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster - 1648

The founding of the United States of America - 1776

French Revolution - 1789.

The General Napoléon Bonaparte becamı the Emperor of France - 1804

The outbreak of Seven Years’ War - 1763

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

When Germany finalized its own national unity?

in 1871

in 1865

in 1861

in 1840

in 1778

Açıklama:

The long-serving monarchies were negatively affected, and at the second half of the 19th century, Italy in 1870 and Germany in 1871 finalized their national unity following the United States of America in 1865.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Which of the following dates points to the "the inter-war period" ?

1884-1885

1914 - 1918

1919-1939

1830-1848

1919-1922

Açıklama:

The period between 1919-1939 was named as “the inter-war period”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

What was the main characteristic development of the "inter-war period"?

Social democratic parties coming to power

Rising of the welfare economy

Rising of democratic systems

Rising nationalism

increase in social uprisings

Açıklama:

The eminently rising nationalism was the main characteristic of the period especially for Germany, the most suffered nation of post-WWI regulations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

When the League of Nations was founded?

1920

1919

1945

1932

1890

Açıklama:

League of Nations was another organization, founded in 1920, after WW1.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

Which of the following is not included among the specialized agents of the United Nations?

International Labour Organization

International Maritime Organization

International Civil Aviation Organization

World Health Organization

International Monetary Fund

Açıklama:

International Monetary Fund one of the programme of tne UN.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 52

Which of the following is the definition of globalization made by Payne?

Globalization refers to shrinking distances among the continents

Globalization has been variously conceived as action at a distance

Globalization concerns a field of inquiry defined more by the questions it asks

Globalization is essentially the historical transformation of the world especially visible in social, political, economic and cultural terms

Globalization represents a significant shift in the spatial reach of social relations and organization towards the interregional or intercontinental scale

Açıklama:

Globalization refers to shrinking distances among the continents, a wider geographic sense of vulnerability, and a worldwide interconnectedness of important aspects of human life, including religion, migration, war, finance, trade, diseases, drugs, and music. Globalization implies a significant and obvious blurring of distinctions between the internal and external affairs of countries and the weakening of differences among countries. (Payne, 2016).
B definition made by Held&McGrew
C and E definitions made by Mooney&Evans
D definition made by Pieterse

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Considering the phases of globalization by Pieterse, which of the following is the central node of the phase oriental globalization 1?

West Asia

Middle East

East Africa

East and South Asia

East Africa

Açıklama:

see table 1.1 on page 3
A Afro-Eurasian
C Afro-Eurasian
D oriental globalization 2
E Afro-Eurasian

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

Which of the following has always been an important element of legitimization among people?

Social aspects

Cultural aspects

Religion

Silk Route

Spice Route

Açıklama:

Furthermore, historically religion has always been an important element of legitimization among people. So, hegemonic cultural motives were tailored as common value sets of the pre-modern empires in the name of legitimacy before their peoples as well.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

Which of the following is a trade from Europe to Africa in Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme?

Slave trade

Sugar

Tobacco

Textiles

Cotton

Açıklama:

This inclusion of the American continent into the European network has brought enrichment to empires inspiring further expeditions. However, the arrival of European sailors on the African coast was also almost during the same period. In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa. Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992)
A from Africa to America
B from America to Europe
C from America to Europe
E from America to Europe

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 56

Which of the following is not a characteristics of the bourgeoisie, a new social class?

They increased their economic and political influence gradually

They were the main figure of European politics throughout the Middle Age

They slowly became the carrier new form of wealth accumulation

They preferred to move as closely as possible with the monarchies

This class became a great supporter of monarchies

Açıklama:

Besides, a new social class, bourgeoisie, has arisen; as a powerful opponent and challenger of the aristocracy of the dynasties itself. The “bourgeoisie” derived from the word “bourg” (means citizen, or people of the city).
The bourgeoisie, as a new class, has slowly become the carrier of new form of wealth accumulation. This class has become the most important threat to challenge monarchies while increasing its economic and political influence gradually. However the bourgeoisie preferred to move as closely as possible with the monarchies till they reached a certain degree of influence. Thus, they jointly succeeded to eliminate the secular power of the Catholic Church on politics, economy, and society though it was the main figure of European politics throughout the Middle Age.
Except for the option E, the rest are characteristics of the bourgeoisie

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 57

What is the most influential effect of the Age of Enlightenment?

Discovery of America

Treaty of Münster

Treaty of Utrecht

The Renaissance

French Revolution

Açıklama:

The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18^th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America. The values like liberty, separation of church and state, tolerance and scientific research became the characteristics of this new age. The philosophers of the Enlightenment set the agendas for humanity through the aforementioned values. The rise of “ration” and secularism strengthened human to build orders and systems compatible with his/her secular needs. The founding of the United States of America (1776, 4th July) could be referred as a milestone in this context with such developments of the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1791). The most influential effect of this overall transformation was the French Revolution in 1789. The rise of new intellectual values of the Enlightenment Age, the economic crisis and the concomitant heavy tax burden on the ordinary people after the Seven Year

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

Which of the following is the congress at which the future of Europe and the order of post war were negotiated?

The Congress of Vienne

Treaty of Münster

Treaty of Utrecht

Berlin Conference

Treaty of Osnabrück

Açıklama:

The General Napoléon Bonaparte became “First Consul” in 1799; first decade of post-revolutionary France was not politically stable in essence. Napoléon then changed his title and became the emperor of France in 1804. It took a decade to be overthrown. That decade was famous with the Napoléonic Wars. France waged wars against great powers of Europe, such as Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain. At the Congress of Vienna (November 1814 - June 1815), after the defeat of France, the future of Europe and the order of post-war period were negotiated. S 7

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which of the following had a direct impact on the end of Old Regime (Ancien Régime) throughout the European continent in the first half of 19^th century?

Communism

Bill of Rights

Nationalism

Declaration of Independence

The Constitution

Açıklama:

The nation-state was the last link in the chain of new mindset of the modern Western political order -still in charge although it has been questioned more and more in time. The earlier steps of industrialization caused the need for wider cooperation between cities in need of standardization in language and dialects as well as commercial elements. Thus, with the economic partnership of the nearby cities, the evolution of the peoples into a national identity developed simultaneously. However, nationalization became a source of legitimacy for political decision makers and rulers of the nation-states. In this regard, 1830 and 1848 can be accepted as symbolic dates of the end of Ancien Régime throughout the European continent. Rising liberalism and nationalism hand in hand have influenced Europe over time. S 8
Correct option is C. B,D and A are related to the foundation of USA.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Which of the following cannot be true about UN?

UN Security Council is composed of 15 permanent members

It is a unifying platform to deal with international contemporary issues

It is an easy connecting platform to deal with international contemporary issues

It is a negotiating platform to deal with international contemporary issues

It adapts new nations to the international order

Açıklama:

UN is a unifying, easy connecting, and negotiating platform among governments with their permanent representatives that help nations to deal with international contemporary issues. Another aspect of UN system was adaptation of new nations to the international order. Some victor nations of the WW2 were given responsibility on colonial territories to fulfil their criteria to become independent under UN Trusteeship Council. S 13
Except for the option A, options B,C,D and E are all related to UN

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Which of the following supported the opinion that new conflicts will be built upon not ideologies but civilization?

Fukuyama

Huntington

Wallerstein

Waltz

Hobsbawm

Açıklama:

Huntington (1993) defended the opinion of new conflicts will built upon not ideologies but civilizations. S 13
Fukuyama mentioned about the end of history
Wallerstein states that the value set of liberal school of thought predicted a national and modern developmental state model to lead welfare economies also for the newly independent states
Hobsbawm mentions ‘age of extremes’ regarding fascism, Nazism, Marxism and communism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 62

The beginning of which age was marked by the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492?

The Age of Discovery

The Age of Exploration

The Age of Information

The Age of Innovation

The Age of Trade

Açıklama:

In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus aiming to find a western route to India, which was sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” began.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

Which oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa?

Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus reached India through western route

European sailors reached the African coast

Amerigo Vespucci landed on th shores of the New World

Marco Polo arrived in China

Açıklama:

cc
In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of
Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

What was sold from Africa to America as part of the Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme?

Cotton

Slaves

Sugar

Tobacco

Textiles

Açıklama:

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 65

What were the goods sold from America to Europe as part of the Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme?

Sugar, tobacco and cotton

Textiles, linens and fabrics

Manufactured goods

Slaves and mercenaries

Swords, cannons and other weapons

Açıklama:

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

What were the goods sold from Europe to Africa as part of the Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme?

Spices and exotic delicacies

Ammunition, guns, and other firearms

Sugar, tobacco and cotton

Slaves and mercenaries

Textiles, rum and manufactured goods

Açıklama:

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

What were the two main dynamics of the Age of Discovery?

Foreign trade and colonialism

Global exploration and discovery

Inventions and technological advances

Marketing and internationalisation

Independence and emancipation

Açıklama:

The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became the main dynamics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Which principle created a European order?

Territorial integrity

Confederate unity

Geographical conformity

Geographical uniformity

National solidarity

Açıklama:

Territorial integrity principle created a European order, a balance of power within the continent not allowing any kingdom to be more powerful through complex alliance systems.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which treaty prevented the rising influence of the French Empire on Europe,with alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia?

Treaty of Osnabrück

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Münster

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty of Versailles

Açıklama:

With alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia, the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) prevented the rising influence of the French Empire on Europe.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

Which value is not a characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment?

Liberty

Separation of church and state

Tolerance

Scientific research

Fidelity

Açıklama:

The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America. The values like liberty, separation of church and state, tolerance and scientific research became the characteristics of this new age.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

Which one is not among the aspects of the "Ancien Régime" questioned by the newly emerged socio-economic classes of France during the Age of Enlightenment?

Feudality

Nobility

Secularism

Patrimonialism

Monarchy

Açıklama:

The rise of new intellectual values of the Enlightenment Age, the economic crisis and the concomitant heavy tax burden on the ordinary people after the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), and the demand of participation in political decision making processes by newly emerged socio-economic classes all led France into turmoil by objecting Old Regime (Ancien Régime). The earlier aspects of the Old Regime such as feudality, nobility, patrimonialism and monarchy started to be questioned (Furet, 1996, pp. 3-40).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

Which of the following is a true statement about globalization?

It was first discussed in the early 1950s

It was first discussed in the early 1960s

It was first discussed in the early 1970s

It was first discussed in the early 1980s

It was first discussed in the early 1990s

Açıklama:

Since having found a seat in dictionaries of the early 1960s, globalization is a relatively new concept.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 73

In terms of approaches regarding the concept of globalization, which of the following is an explanation of the concept of shrinking world by Held and McGrew?

the erosion of borders and geographical barriers to socio-economic activity

social agents in one locale can come to have significant consequences for ‘distant others’

electronic communication erodes the constraints of distance and time on social organization

the intensification of enmeshment among national economies and societies

the intensification of interregional interconnectedness

Açıklama:

Held & McGrew (2003), in their comprehensive book, mention about different approaches regarding the concept:
Globalization has been variously conceived as action at a distance (whereby the actions of social agents in one locale can come to have significant consequences for ‘distant others’); time-space compression (referring to the way in which instantaneous electronic communication erodes the constraints of distance and time on social organization and interaction); accelerating interdependence (understood as the intensification of enmeshment among national economies and societies such that events in one country impact directly on others); a shrinking world (the erosion of borders and geographical barriers to socio-economic activity) ; and, among other concepts, global integration, the reordering of interregional power relations, consciousness of the global condition and the intensification of interregional interconnectedness.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

Mooney & Evans (2007) promote the ambiguous character of the concept and emphasize that “globalization concerns ____________”.

a field of study

a field of discussion

a field of inquiry

a field of thinking

a field of rethinking

Açıklama:

Thus, Mooney & Evans (2007) promote the ambiguous character of the concept and emphasize that “ (…) globalization concerns a field of inquiry defined more by the questions it asks and its object of study: the world as a whole and parts of it in relation to this whole.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

Which of the following is the central node for the phase of Eurasian Globalization?

East and South Asia

West Asia

Japan

Eurasia

East Asia

Açıklama:

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES	START TIME	CENTRAL NODES	DYNAMICS
Eurasian Globalization	3000 BCE	Eurasia	Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires
Afro-Eurasian	1000 BCE	Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa	Commercial revolution
Oriental globalization 1	500 CE	Middle East	Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade
Oriental glo

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES	START TIME	CENTRAL NODES	DYNAMICS
Eurasian Globalization	3000 BCE	Eurasia	Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires
Afro-Eurasian	1000 BCE	Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa	Commercial revolution
Oriental globalization 1	500 CE	Middle East	Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade
Oriental globalization 2	1100	East and South Asia and multicentric	Productivity, technology urbanization; Silk Routes
Multicentric	1500	Atlantic expansion	Triangular trade, Americas
Euro-Atlantic	1800	Euro-Atlantic economy	Industrialization, colonial division of labour
20th Century globalization	1950	US, Europe, Japan: Trilateral globalization	Multinational corporations, (end of ) Cold War, global value chains
21st Century globalization	2000	East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies	New geography of trade, global rebalancing

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 76

Which of the following is the central node for the phase of 21^st Century Globalization?

Euro-Atlantic economy

Europe

Eurasia

East Asia

Açıklama:

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES	START TIME	CENTRAL NODES	DYNAMICS
Eurasian Globalization	3000 BCE	Eurasia	Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires
Afro-Eurasian	1000 BCE	Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa	Commercial revolution
Oriental globalization 1	500 CE	Middle East	Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade
Oriental glo

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES	START TIME	CENTRAL NODES	DYNAMICS
Eurasian Globalization	3000 BCE	Eurasia	Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires
Afro-Eurasian	1000 BCE	Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa	Commercial revolution
Oriental globalization 1	500 CE	Middle East	Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade
Oriental globalization 2	1100	East and South Asia and multicentric	Productivity, technology urbanization; Silk Routes
Multicentric	1500	Atlantic expansion	Triangular trade, Americas
Euro-Atlantic	1800	Euro-Atlantic economy	Industrialization, colonial division of labour
20th Century globalization	1950	US, Europe, Japan: Trilateral globalization	Multinational corporations, (end of ) Cold War, global value chains
21st Century globalization	2000	East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies	New geography of trade, global rebalancing

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Which of the following is true for the Transatlantic Triangular scheme?

Cotton trade from America to Europe

Slave trade from Africa to Europe

Tobacco trade from America to Africa

Textile trade from Africa to Europe

Cotton trade from America to Africa

Açıklama:

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 78

Which of the following is the symbol of elimination of the secular power of the Catholic Church on politics, economy, and society?

The Age of Discovery

Peace of Westphalia

The bourgeoisie

The Treaty of Utrecht

The Renaissance

Açıklama:

Thus, they jointly succeeded to eliminate the secular power of the Catholic Church on politics, economy, and society though it was the main figure of European politics throughout the Middle Age. The symbol of that elimination was the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed in 1648 after Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), widely known as the Peace of Westphalia. No official from the Papacy was invited to negotiations or signatures of the cited agreement. This event has been considered as an indication of the neglect of the Papacy in political decision-making of the new era.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 79

Which of the following prevented rising influence of the French Empire on Europe?

The Age of Discovery

Peace of Westphalia

The Treaty of Utrecht

The Age of Enlightenment

The French Revolution

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), was a cornerstone of this determination of making the order permanent. The treaty prevented rising influence of the French Empire on Europe, with alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 80

Security Council is composed of _______ members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council.

Twelve

Thirteen

Fourteen

Fifteen

Sixteen

Açıklama:

The UN based on criteria of international assembly. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization. It does not only regulate political sphere of the world, but also economic, social, and cultural fields with its funds, programmes and specialized agents.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 81

North Atlantic Treaty Organization was found in _________.

1920

1945

1948

1949

1955

Açıklama:

Blocs have founded their own security and economic cooperation organizations, such North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949), and Warsaw Pact (1955), The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) (1949), Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) (1948).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 82

Which of the following terms is defined as the transformations proliferating all kinds of communication among people living in many different regions of the world?

Border

State

Globalization

Liberalism

Sovereignty

Açıklama:

One can clearly underline that globalization is essentially the historical transformation of the world especially visible in social, political, economic and cultural terms. Globalization is thus used to describe transformations proliferating all kinds of communication among people living in many different regions of the world.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 83

What is the start time of new geography trade and global rebalancing?

1500

1800

1950

2000

2010

Açıklama:

21st Century globalization starts as 2000 in the central node of East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies. The dynamics are New geography of trade and global rebalancing.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 84

Which one of the following improvements is not one of the primary phases of globalization?

Social and cultural aspects of the earlier hegemonic powers of their age commonly held by local authorities and people through some variations.

Religions such as Christianity and Islam spread fast and were adopted by masses.

Historically religion has always been an important element of legitimization among people.

Hegemonic cultural motives were tailored as common value sets of the pre-modern empires in the name of legitimacy before their peoples as well.

The majority of communities started their livestock in a nomadic manner since their geographical conditions were favourable.

Açıklama:

Although some communities had started agriculture, the majority kept their livestock in a nomadic manner since their geographical conditions were not favourable. The antique empires such as Macedonian, Persian, Rome, Mongols and the Seljukians, through healthy designed and functioning civilian and military bureaucracy of their era, reached enormous capacity to spread across many different continents with their cultural influence as well. Social and cultural aspects of the earlier hegemonic powers of their age commonly held by local authorities and people through some variations. Especially, religions such as Christianity and Islam spread fast and were adopted by masses.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Which one of the following countries is not among the allied powers in World War I?

Japan

United Kingdom

France

German Empire

Russia

Açıklama:

In World War I, the Allied Powers are France, United Kingdom, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Romania, China, United States, Greece, etc.; Central Powers: German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 86

What is the main reason behind the Industrial Revolution?

Enrichment of Europe and technological improvements

Controversial issues among countries

Colonial activities

Expansion of military service

Cooperation among countries

Açıklama:

Enrichment of Europe and technological improvements led to the Industrial Revolution. This new type of production accelerated labour markets, augmented industrial city life, and also increased military expenditures with the newly emerging heavy military technology.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 87

I. The UN based on criteria of international assembly.
II. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly.
III. UN is still the most inclusive organization.
IV. United Nations was founded during 1920.
Which of the above-mentioned statements is true about United Nations?

I and II

I, II, III

I, IV

III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

United Nations (UN) was founded during 1945. But during WW2, Allied Big Four (China, USA, USSR, UK) accepted the document of Declaration by United Nations in 1942.The UN based on criteria of international assembly. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

I. Cold War was a period with armed conflict happened between major power USA and USSR.
II. Various peripheral territories faced with proxy wars several times.
III. States that had lethal nuclear weapons, provoked military actions.
IV. Negative outputs of two world wars taught the importance
of interconnection and diplomacy among nations.
Which of the above-mentioned statements are true about globalization in the Cold War period?

II, IV

I, II, III

I, III, IV

II, III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

Cold War was a period interestingly with no armed conflict happened between major powers USA and USSR. Instead, various peripheral territories faced with proxy wars several times. Thus, states that had lethal nuclear weapons, managed to avoid such military actions. Negative outputs of two world wars taught the importance of interconnection and diplomacy among nations. UN is a unifying, easy connecting, and negotiating platform among governments with their permanent representatives that help nations to deal with international contemporary issues.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 89

When was the Iranian Revolution, downfall of Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and Afghanistan invasion of USSR?

1945

1960

1969

1979

1989

Açıklama:

1979 was a year of many critical developments in the world with Iranian Revolution, downfall of Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and Afghanistan invasion of USSR. Bloc politics and conflicts intensified. All these developments started the so called Second Cold War period since USA and USSR started another armament period, after the Détente lasted almost 15 years following the talks of limiting nuclear and conventional weapons of both nations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 2

Soru 1

Many characteristics have been suggested for international organizations. Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?

An international organization should be established to pursue common interests of the members.

Operations should be covered in at least 5 countries.

Officers should be from different nationalities.

There should be a substantial contribution to the budget from at least three states.

Evidence of current activities must be available.

Açıklama:

International organizations are suggested cover their operations in at least 2 or 3 countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

What roles do international organizations play in international politics?
I. Instrument II. Arena III. Actor IV. Supplier

I & II

I & IV

II & III

I, III & IV

I, II & III

Açıklama:

The three major roles played my interational organizaitons are: instrument, arena and actor.
International organizations generally play three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

Concerning roles of international organizations, which of the following role is related with organizations coming together for realizing their common interests and voce their demands at an international level?

Interest articulation & aggregation

Rule making

Recruitment

Socialization

Operation

Açıklama:

The role of Interest articulation & aggregation is related with organizations coming together for realizing their common interests and voice their demands at an international level.
Most of international organizations’ rule making is based on traditional confederal principles.
International organizations can have an important function in the recruitment of participants in the international political system.
International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system.
International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Concerning the functions of international organizations, which of the following role is related with resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc.?

Operation

Recruitment

Socialization

Rule application

Information

Açıklama:

International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc.
International organizations can have an important function in the recruitment of participants in the international political system.
International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system.
International organizations monitor the application of rules and in case of a rule violation, they take necessary measures to enforce compliance.
International organizations carry out a significant function in the field of collecting, processing, analyzing and disseminating information.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following is one of traditional confederal principles of rule-making in international organizations?

The ‘executive-bureaucratic’ structure of the organization has great power to formulate rules.

Delegates to the organizations’ rule-making bodies act as independent representatives.

The international organization has a direct relationship with private citizens of member states.

The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members.

Members don’t have the right to leave an organization.

Açıklama:

The ‘executive-bureaucratic’ structure of the organization has little or no power to formulate (and implement) rules.
Delegates to the organizations’ rule-making bodies are instructed by their governments and do not act as independent representatives.
Members have the practical option of leaving an organization and ending their assent to the existing rules.
The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which of the following organizations is an example of a genuine non-governmental organization?

United Nations

World Trade Organization

International Olympic Committee

Green Peace

Amnesty International

Açıklama:

While International Olympic Committee is a genuine non-governmental organization, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization are interstate or intergovernmental organizations.
Green Peace and Amnesty International are international non-governmental organizations.
The International Olympic Committee is a genuine non-governmental organization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which of the following statements is correct about the Concert of Europe?

It was established before the Vienna Congress era.

It was designed to maintain peace and security around the World.

It took place regularly.

It is an international organization.

It ended with the Crimean War.

Açıklama:

The Concert of Europe was established in the post-Vienna congress era to maintain peace and security in Europe. It did not take place regularly and was not an international organization. It ended with the Crimean War.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

The Hague Peace Conferences took place in ____ and ____ .

1888 and 1907

1899 and 1907

1887 and 1906

1989 and 1907

Açıklama:

The Hague Peace Conferences took place in 1888 and 1907.
The Hague Peace Conferences took place in 1899 and 1907.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Which of the following was the first public international union?

General Postal Union (GPU)

Universal Postal Union (UPU)

International Bureau of Weights and Measures

International Telegraph Union (ITU)

International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property

Açıklama:

The first public international union is the International Telegraph Union (ITU).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

________ argue(s) that in order to establish peace and secure prosperity, there is a need to establish international functional organizations. International cooperation in non-political areas like economic, technical, scientific, social and cultural sectors, decreases likelihood of conflict among states and even makes inter-state wars almost impossible.

Liberals

Realists

Functionalist Theory

Neofunctionalists

Transactionalists

Açıklama:

Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states.
Liberals claim that international organizations play a significant role in international politics. They c argue that state’s main concern is to maximize its absolute gains through cooperation.
According to Functionalist theory, in order to establish peace and secure prosperity, there is a need to establish international functional organizations. International cooperation in non-political areas like economic, technical, scientific, social and cultural sectors, decreases likelihood of conflict among states and even makes inter-state wars almost impossible.
For Neofunctionalists, the main motivation that would lead ultimately to post-national political communities is actions

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Which is considered one of the main characteristics of an entity to be identified as an international organization?

Structure

Name

Location

Size

Ideology

Açıklama:

Aim, structure, and membership are main characteristics of international organizations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

What role of international organizations does the following statement indicate to?
"International organizations can be used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives."

Arena

Instrument

Actor

Structure

Membership

Açıklama:

They are used as instruments toachieve their objectives

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

What function of international organizations does setting worldwide standard rules and values refer to?

Interest articulation

Rule application

Normative

Socialization

Recruitment

Açıklama:

It refers to the function of creating norms, values etc.)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

Which one can be regarded as a supranational organization?

NATO

WTO

OIC

Açıklama:

EU is claassified as a partially supranational organization

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

What kind of international organization is the International Labor Organization?

Regional organization

International non-governmental organization

Genuine international non-governmental organization

Interstate organization

Hybrid international non-governmental organization

Açıklama:

ILO is an example of hybrid international non-governmental organization

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which cannot be considered as a precondition for the emergence of international organization?

Need for a power to unify sovereign states throughout the world

Existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units

Existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states

An awareness of problems that arise from states co-existence

Need for institutional devices and systematic methods to regulate interstate relations

Açıklama:

Option A is not a precondition

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which historical event is mainly associated with the emergence of sovereign states?

Crimean War

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty of İstanbul

Congress of Vienna

Concert of Europe

Açıklama:

Sovereign states started to emerge with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which event contributed to the emergence of arbitration and mediation as means of peaceful settlement of inernational disputes?

League of Nations

Treaty of Paris

Hague Conference

Peace of Westphalia

Congress of Vienna

Açıklama:

Arbitration and mediation were two important devices contributed by Hague Conference

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which public international union was established first?

Union for the Protection of International Property

International Bureau of Weights and Measures

General Postal Union

Central Commission for the Navigation of Rhine

International Telegraph Union

Açıklama:

The first public international union was international river commission, so the correct option is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which approach of international organizations holds the idea that international system is anarchic in nature; therefore, states cannot trust each other.

Ttransactionalism

Functionalism

Liberalism

Revisionism

Realism

Açıklama:

Realists think that states are principal international actors, and international system is anarchic.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following defines the characteristics of an international organization correctly?
I: being a governmental organization
II: drawing membership from at least two sovereign states
III: aiming the interests of all members
IV: having governing body and officers
V: having permanent headquarters

I, II, III

II, III, IV

II, III, IV, V

I, II, III, IV, V

Açıklama:

International organization is defined as a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership
an entity can be identified as an international organization if it carries three main characteristics classified under three headings: membership, aim and structure. Therefore, all 5 define international organizations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which of the following are among the major roles of international organizations in international politics?

Budget, credit, instrument

instrument, arena, budget

agenda, headquarters, aim

instrument, arena, actor

arena, actor, members

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

How do international organizations fulfill the role of arena?

They organize sports events.

They provide forums where member come together for a specific purpose.

They provide a place for sports events.

They constraint other institutions from acting independently.

They act as a medium across states.

Açıklama:

International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

What does being an actor mean for international organizations?

To be an independent organization

To act independently from its member states

To act dependently from its member states

To articulate economic demands among the member states

To establish cooperation among the member states.

Açıklama:

Actorness refers to the capacity of an organization to act independently from its constituent member states and ability to affect the course of world events. The actorness of an organization necessitates having an existence separate from the states that make it up.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which of the following are among the functions of international organizations?
I: socialization
II: rule making
III: inspecting whether the rules are obeyed
IV: rule application
V: interest articulation

I, II, IV, V

I, II, III, IV

I, III, V

I, II

IV, V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which of the following defines normative function of international organizations?

Creating norms and values

Evaluation already created norms and values

Recruiting participants in the international political system

Establishing rules

Presenting interests in a range of intergovernmental organizations

Açıklama:

International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

When international organizations act as agencies of socialization in international system, which function do they fulfill?

Recruitment

Rule adjudication

Socialization

Information

Operation

Açıklama:

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system. F

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which of the following theoretical approaches are Revisionist Approaches?
I: Realism
II: Liberalism
III: Functionalism
IV: Neo-functionalism
V: Transactionalism

I, II

I, III, V

III, IV, V

IV,V

II,IV,V

Açıklama:

Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

When international organizations deal with resource allocation, technical aid and force deployment, which function do they fulfill?

Rule adjudication

Operation

Socialization

Rule application

Information

Açıklama:

International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment,

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

How many international organizations are active according to The Yearbook of International Organizations' database?

Between 60.000 - 70.000

Between 50.000 - 60.000

Between 40.000 - 50.000

Between 30.000 - 40.000

Between 20.000 - 30.000

Açıklama:

Although states maintain their position as the primary actors in international politics, starting from 19th century, the number, types and significance of international organizations as actors in international politics have gradually increased. The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

Which one of the followings is a true statement about "international organizations" in Clive Archer's definition of those institutions?

They have informal structures

They have non-continuous structures

Members of international organizations can be both governmental and non-governmental

They are established through the emergence of various disagreement

They do not aim to pursue common interests of the members

Açıklama:

Clive Archer defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”. According to Clive Archer, an entity can be identified as an international organization if it carries three main characteristics classified under three headings: membership, aim and structure.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which one of the followings is not involved among common constitutive characteristics of International Organizations?

A temporary organization based on certain sets of functions

Voluntary membership of eligible parties

A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation

A broadly representative consultative conference organ

A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions

Açıklama:

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as follows:
• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a major role played by international organizations in international politics?

Arranging Power

Interest Beneficiary

Game Maker

Instrument

Informant

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics. These are instrument, arena and actor.
Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends
Arena: International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree
Actor: The third role attributed to international organizations in international politics is that of independent actor

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 34

Which one of the followings was a dominant role played by the United Nations in late 1940s after the Second World War?

Instrument

Arena

Forum

Peace Builder

Refree

Açıklama:

International organizations hold three major roles as instrument, arena, and actor. An international organization in different times and settings can play all three roles. For instance, the UN has played, and continues to play, each role in different times. However, the instrument role was dominant in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which one of the followings is not involved among major functions that all international organizations carry out?

Recruitment

Socialisation

Rule Making

Pressure Making

Interest articulation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a main category under which international organizations can be classified?

Instrument

Actor

Sovereignty

Arena

Forum

Açıklama:

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.
Sovereignty: According to sovereignty criteria, international organizations are classified according to whether member states delegate all or some of their sovereign rights to an international organization or not
Membership: One of the most important distinctions between the types of international organization based on membership is those which are interstate or intergovernmental and those whose membership is non-governmental.
Aims and Activities: In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which one of the followings illustrated a security regime that was established to increase international cooperation on peace and security in the post-Vienna Congress?

The General Postal Union

The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

The Permanent Court of International Justice

The Permanent Court of Arbitration

The Concert of Europe

Açıklama:

In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe, which was established by the victorious powers at the Congress of Vienna, was designed to maintain peace and security in Europe. The Concert of Europe was a security regime, which was based on several norms, rules of behaviour and procedures.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a traditional theoretical approach to the international organizations?

Functionalism

Realism

Neo-Functionalism

Revisionism

Transactionalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which one of the following theoretical approaches to international organizations advocates that a sense of community among states is dependent on the level of communication between states?

Transactionalism

Realism

Liberalism

Functionalism

Neo-Functionalism

Açıklama:

For transactionalist thinking, a sense of community among states is dependent on the level communication between states. The route to international community was the establishment of a network of mutual transactions. The increasing interactions between states result in an increase in reciprocal importance or mutual responsiveness. If the parties perceive mutual interaction as beneficial, this will increase feeling of mutual trust. Mutual trust brings about further interaction.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

How did Clive Archer define the concept of " International Organization "?

It is " a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership ”.

It is " a permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions ".

It is " a broadly representative consultative conference organ ".

It is " Voluntary membership of eligible parties ".

It is " a permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions ".

Açıklama:

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “ a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members(governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership ”. Doğru cevap " A " dır.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

Which one of the followings is not one of the major roles of international organizations in international politics?

Independent Actor,

Permanent Secretariat,

Actor,

Instrument,

Arena,

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.
Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends.
Arena: International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree (Archer, 2001: 73).
Actor: The third role attributed to international organizations in international politics is that of independent actor. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which one of the followings is not one of the major functions that all international organizations carry out?

interest articulation and aggregation,

recruitment,

interpretation,

socialization,

rule adjudication,

Açıklama:

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 43

" International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc. "
Which one of the followings is related to the sentence above?

Rule Application,

Recruitment,

Normative,

Operation,

Rule Making:

Açıklama:

Operation: International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc. For instance, the World Bank provides financial support to development projects, International Monetary Fund (IMF) offers technical assistance and loans to avoid crises in balance of payments, and the UN undertakes conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations to maintain international peace and security throughout the world (Archer, 2001: 107-108). Doğru cevap " D " dir.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

How many main categories can International Organizations be classified under?

Açıklama:

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.
Sovereignty: According to sovereignty criteria, international organizations are classified according to whether member states delegate all or some of their
sovereign rights to an international organization or not.
Membership: The first distinction between the types of international organization based on membership is those which are interstate or intergover- mental and those whose membership is non-governmental.
Aims and Activities: In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which one of the followings is not one of the historical roots of international organizations?

The second distinction between the types of international organization based on membership is related with geographical origins of the member states;

The existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;

The existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;

An awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;

State’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’;

Açıklama:

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:
• the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;
• the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;
• an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;
• state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’ (Archer, 2001: 4). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

" In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called ........... . "
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

The Peace of Westphalia,

The Concert of Europe,

The Treaty of Utrecht,

The Congress of Vienna,

The Holy Roman Empire,

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

What is another international cooperation initiative on the issues of security and peace called?

The League of Nations and the UN,

The members of the Concert,

The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907,

The Repose of Europe in 1814- 1815,

The League Council and UN Security Council,

Açıklama:

Another international cooperation initiative on the issues of security and peace was Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. They were originated from the proposal of Russian Tsar Nicolas II for a disarmament conference, which marked the high point of international arbitration (Armstrong et.al., 2004: 5). Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 48

Which of the following is the correct definition of the concept " The General Postal Union "?

It was another Central Commission for the Navigation of Rhine.

It was another important effort by sovereign states to cooperate administratively in a specific economic field.

It was the International Telegraph Union, which was established by an international agreement signed by twenty states.

It was another public international union, which was established to deal with the problems.

It was the creation of private international law which serves to free business intercourse.

Açıklama:

The General Postal Union (GPU) was another public international union, which was established to deal with the problems to which international postal traffic faced owing to the existence of different tariffs, national and local postal systems which were not geared to each other, and the lack of frequency of delivery. The GPU was established with the Convention establishing the General Postal Union, which was adopted by twenty-two states gathering at a conference in Bern. The Union was renamed as the Universal Postal Union in 1878. Doğru cevap " D " dir.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

Which one of the followings is not one of Theoretical Approaches to International Organizations?

Realism and Liberalism,

Functionalism,

Neo-functionalism,

Transactionalism,

Socialism,

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

Which one of the below is Not one of the characteristics of International Organizations?

It should have voluntary membership of eligible parties.

There should be some attempt to make profits for distribution to members.

Membership must be based on individual or collective participation.

Officers should not all be of the same nationality for more than a given period.

There should be a substantial contribution to the budget from at least three states.

Açıklama:

There should be no attempt to make profits for distribution to members.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

International organization generally plays some major roles in international politics. Which one/s of the below belong/s to these?
I. Instrument
II. Arena
III. Actor

I, II

I, II, III

II, III

III

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

Which of the below is related to the instrumental role of International Organizations?

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states.

It necessitates having an existence separate from the states that make it up.

It acts independently from its constituent member states.

International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree.

International organizations provide their members with the opportunity of advancing their own viewpoints and suggestions.

Açıklama:

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which of the below is NOT one of the major functions that all international organizations carry out?

rule making

rule application

operations

interest articulation and aggregation

arena

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 54

Which of the below is related to normative function of International Organizations?

International organizations carry out a significant function in the field of collecting, processing, analyzing and disseminating information.

International organizations monitor the application of rules and in case of a rule violation, they take necessary measures to enforce compliance.

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system.

It creates norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide.

It gives a further incentive for non-self- governing territories to achieve their independence.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

Most of international organizations’ rule making is based on traditional confederal principles. Which of the below is NOT true accordant this?

The international organization ‘has no direct relationship with private citizens of the member states.

The ‘executive-bureaucratic’ structure of the organization has little or no power to formulate (and implement) rules.

Delegates to the organizations’ rule-making bodies act as independent representatives.

Members have the practical option of leaving an organization and ending their assent to the existing rules.

The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members.

Açıklama:

Most of international organizations’ rule making is based on traditional confederal principles. They are listed as:
• The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members
• Members have the practical option of leaving an organization and ending their assent to the existing rules
• Even within the bounds of membership, a state can assert the right to interpret unilaterally the rules to which it has consented.
• The ‘executive-bureaucratic’ structure of the organization has little or no power to formulate (and implement) rules.
• Delegates to the organizations’ rule- making bodies are instructed by their governments and do not act as independent representatives.
• The international organization ‘has no direct relationship with private citizens of the member states’ (Archer, 2001: 103).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

Which of the below is an example of an International Organization which has general aims and activities?

NATO

IMF

OECD

WTO

Açıklama:

In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do. If an organization has general aims and carries out a wide range of activities, they are considered as international organization with general aims and activities, such as the UN. If an organization is established with a specific aim and to carry out activities in a specific field such as politics, economics, trade, culture, security, etc., it is considered as an international organization having specific aims and activities, such as Council of Europe (political), WTO (trade), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (economic), IMF (financial), NATO (security).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 57

Which of the below is NOT one of the pre-conditions of international organizations to emerge?

The existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units

An awareness of environmental problems all over the world

The existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states

An awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence

State’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Which of the below is one of the features of Revisionist approaches?

They examine international organizations as significant actors beside states.

They include Realism and Liberalism.

They have a state-centric approach to the analysis of international organizations.

States are principal actors of international system.

States are rational actors making cost-benefit analysis of every alternative.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which of the below is true about functionalism?

It is a part of liberal tradition of International Relations.

It claims that international organizations play a significant role in international politics.

It emerged in order to explain newly emerging European integration process in the 1950s.

States are principal international actors.

International politics have an anarchic structure.

Açıklama:

Functionalism is a part of liberal tradition of International Relations, but it goes beyond the state-centric view of international politics and examines international organizations as a significant actor beside states.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

Which of the following is not one of the functions of international
organizations?

Rule Making

Rule Application

Rule adjudication

Information

Sovereignty

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

International organizations can act as agencies ............... of in international system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries.
Which is the option that complete the above blank place correctly?

socialization

operation

sovereignty

classification

recruitment

Açıklama:

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foste a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

In terms of .........., international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do.
Which is the option that complete the above blank place correctly?

aims and activities

membership

operation

normative

rule making

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called the ..................... .
Which is the option that complete the above blank place correctly?

Eastern Question

Hague Peace Conferences

Concert of Europe

Thirty Years War

Quadruple Alliance

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

...................... were huge steps towards the codification of international norms on peace and security and some of its features were adopted by other international organizations that were found later.
Which is the option that complete the above blank place correctly?

Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

The Convention Relative to the Opening of Hostilities

Convention of Octroi

The Hague Peace Conferences

European Danube Co mission

Açıklama:

The Hague Peace Conferences were huge steps towards the codification of international norms on peace and security and some of its features were adopted by other international organizations that were found later. For instance, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which was established as an instrument for the pacific settlement of international disputes, has been an inspiration for the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice as a part of League of Nations system and then the International Court of Justice as a part of UN system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Which of the following defined international organization as a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership?

Clive Archer

LeRoy Bennett

James Oliver

Michael Wallace

David Singer

Açıklama:

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”. S 23

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

Which of the following is a common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations identified by LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver?

Membership must be based on individual or collective participation

Evidence of current activities must be available

A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions

There should be a substantial contribution to the budget from at least 3 states

Officers should not all be of the same nationality for more than a given period

Açıklama:

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics
of International Organizations as:

A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;

Voluntary membership of eligible parties;

A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;

A broadly representative consultative conference organ;

A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions s 23

Except for the option C, the rest are criteria listed by Judge

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 67

In terms of major roles of international politics played by International organizations, which of the following is a characteristics of instrument as a role?

They provide forums where members come together to discuss

They provide forums where members come together to argue

They provide forums where members come together to cooperate

They provide forums where members come together to disagree

They are used by its members for particular ends

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.
Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends. This is particularly the case with intergovernmental organizations where sovereign states are members, because they have the power to constrain international organizations from acting
independently (Archer, 2001: 68).
Except for option E, the rest are related to the role of arena

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 68

Which of the following is not a characteristics of International organizations?

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states

International organizations are superior authorities over its member states

They are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives

They provide arenas where members come together to co-operate

They generally play roles of instrument, arena and actor in international politics

Açıklama:

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives. As an example for this, the United Nations (UN) in its first eight years of existence was often used by the US for pursuing its foreign policy objectives thanks to favourable majority consisting of the West European, Old Commonwealth and Latin American states in the General Assembly (thirty four out of the original fifty-one members), on a majority in the Security Council only attenuated by the Soviet veto, and a Secretary-General with clear pro-Western sympathies (Archer, 2001: 69).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 69

How many major functions do all international organizations carry out?

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

Which of the following is not a major function of international organizations?

Socialization

Recruitment

Normative

Rule making

Actor

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

International Organizations can be classified under how many main categories?

Açıklama:

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty,
membership and aims. S 28-29

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 72

Which of the following laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe?

The Congress of Vienne

Treaty of Münster

Treaty of Utrecht

Berlin Conference

Treaty of Osnabrück

Açıklama:

The weakening temporal power of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire demonstrated the difficulties of unifying such a diverse geographical area as the continent of Europe, even when the continent was under the threat of the Ottoman Empire. Thirty Years War ended the idea of a unified Christian Europe. The Peace of Westphalia and then the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14), laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 73

Which of the following is included in Traditional Approaches to International Organizations?

Functionalism

Liberalism

Neo-functionalism

Transactionalism

Nationalism

Açıklama:

Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. They have a state-centric approach to the analysis of international organizations. For them, states are both principal actors of international system and also rational actors making cost-benefit analysis of every alternative and select the ones that maximize their benefits. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories.
Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

Which of the following is related to the realism that is included in Traditional Approaches to International Organizations which is one of the main categories of Theoretical approaches to international organizations?

They claim that international organizations play a significant role in international politics

They examine international organizations as a significant actor beside states

They emphasize the role of political agency in integration process

They grant a marginal role to the international organizations

They study the ways in which men might someday abolish war

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 75

According to the Yearbook of International Organizations database, how many new organizations are added to the Yearbook’s database every year?

1,200

1,300

1,400

1,500

1,600

Açıklama:

The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database (The Yearbook of International Organizations, n.d.).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 76

What is the term defined by “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”?

International organization

Corporation

Institution

Regulatory body

Directorate

Açıklama:

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

According to LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2), which of the following is not one of the common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations?

Voluntary membership of eligible parties

A basic instrument stating goals, structure and methods of operation

A broadly representative consultative conference organ

A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions

A temporary organization to perform a set of functions

Açıklama:

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:
• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 78

I. Instrument
II. Arena
III. Actor
IV. Network
Which of the roles stated above are the major roles generally played by an international organization in international politics?

I and IV

II and IV

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

I, II and III

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

Which arena did the Third World countries use as a forum to articulate their trade and economic demands during the 1960s and 70s?

The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

The UN Conference on Trade (UNCTA)

The Third World Trade and Development (TTTAD)

The Developing Nations Conference on Trade and Development (DNCTAD)

The Developing Nations Conference on Trade and Advancement (DNCTAA)

Açıklama:

During 1960s and 70s, Third World countries utilized the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as a forum at which they could articulate their trade and economic demands.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 80

What year and by which treaty was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) established?

1952-the Treaty of Rome

1950-the Treaty of Venice

1951-the Treaty of Brussels

1952-the Treaty of London

1951-the Treaty of Paris

Açıklama:

The ECSC, which was established by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, established a High Authority having a supranational authority whose members, although appointed by the six ECSC states, were to act independently of national governments and in the interest of the Community as a whole could act independently of the member governments.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 81

What is the dominant role played by the UN in the late 1940s and early 1950s?

Instrument role

Actor capacity role

Forum role

Arena role

Regulatory role

Açıklama:

An international organization in different times and settings can play all three roles. For instance, the UN has played, and continues to play, each role in different times. While the instrument role was dominant in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the actor capacity was prominent during Dag Hammarskjold’s term as Secretary-General, and the role as a forum coming to the front since the 1960s with the increase in membership and the new demands of the Third World (Archer, 2001:91).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 82

Which of the following can be given as an example for the organizations whose members are of about the same weight?

EFTA between 1973 and 1995

EFTA between 1979 and 1999

EFTA between 1983 and 1995

Warsaw Pact before Mikhail Gorbachev

Warsaw Pact before Boris Yeltsin

Açıklama:

If an international organization has a membership dominated by one powerful member, that organization is susceptible to being used as a hegemonic instrument, like the utilization of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) by the USSR before Mikhail Gorbachev. Organizations whose members are of about the same weight, like the EFTA between 1973 and 1995, will be more egalitarian by nature and thereby act as a meeting place for equals (Archer, 2001: 92).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 83

Which one is not one of the major functions that all international organizations carry out?

Rule making

Rule application

Rule adjudication

Information

Regulation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 84

What are the two main organs of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague?

Administrative Bureau and International Council

Federal Bureau and Administrative Council

Justice Bureau and Administrative Council

Inquiry Commission and Administrative Council

International Bureau and Administrative Council

Açıklama:

The two main organs of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague are International Bureau and Administrative Council.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Which of the following is a common and constitutive characteristics International Organizations identified by LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver?

Voluntary membership of eligible parties

A temporary organization to carry on a continuing set of functions

A complex instrument stating goals and methods of operation

A narrowly representative consultative conference organ

A temporary secretariat to carry on continuous research and information functions

Açıklama:

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:

A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;

Voluntary membership of eligible parties;

A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;

A broadly representative consultative conference organ;

A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:

A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 86

Which of the following is not one of the eight criteria listed by Anthony Judge?

Membership

Capital

Officers

Structure

Relations with other organizations

Açıklama:

Anthony Judge lists eight criteria in terms of aims, membership, structure, officers, finance, relations with other organizations, activities and other criteria, for an entity to be qualified as an international organization.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 87

For an entity to be qualified as an international organization, Michael Wallace and David Singer list how many main criteria?

three main criteria

four main criteria

five main criteria

six main criteria

seven main criteria

Açıklama:

In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace and David Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:

The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.

The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.

The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace and David Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:

The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.
The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.
The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 88

Which of the following is a characteristics of International Organizations in terms of role they play as an instrument?

They are superior authorities over its member states

They provide arenas or forums to discuss, argue or co-operate

They provide their members with the opportunity to advance their viewpoints

They are just instruments for gaining foreign policy objectives

They act independently from its constituent member states

Açıklama:

Roles of International Organizations in International Politics
International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.
Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends. This is particularly the case with intergovernmental organizations where sovereign states are members, because they have the power to constrain international organizations from acting independently (Archer, 2001: 68). The depiction of international organizations as instruments of its members is close to Realist and Neo-realist conception of international organizations, which puts forward that international organizations are not more than sum of its constituent parts, which are states. International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives. As an example for this, the United Nations (UN) in its first eight years of existence was often used by the US for pursuing its foreign policy objectives thanks to favourable majority consisting of the West European, Old Commonwealth and Latin American states in the General Assembly (thirty-four out of the original fifty-one members), on a majority in the Security Council only attenuated by the Soviet veto, and a Secretary-General with clear pro-Western sympathies (Archer, 2001: 69). As the number of UN members expanded and varied, the US lost such a control over the UN. In the same way, NATO has been used by the US as an instrument of pursuing its foreign policy thanks to its overwhelming military and political clout in the organization. Member states’ delegation of limited powers to international organizations makes them ‘nothing else and nothing more than a set of mutual promises of coordinated and synchronized national policy action’.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 89

Which of the following is an intergovernmental organization which is given a separate capacity to act on the international scene by the sovereign will of their founders?

United Nations

NATO

INGOs

European Union

The International Court of Justice

Açıklama:

Although some intergovernmental organizations are established by an intergovernmental agreement, they are given a separate capacity to act on the international scene by the sovereign will of their founders. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) are two examples.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 90

Which of the following is not a major function that all international organizations carry out?

Rule making

Rule application

Dismissal

Socialization

Recruitment

Açıklama:

Functions of International Organizations
There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 91

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and _________.

Arena

Aims

Actor

Instrument

Information

Açıklama:

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 92

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge _____________.

Until the 17^th century

Until the 18^th century

Until the 19^th century

Until the 20^th century

Until the 21^st century

Açıklama:

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:

the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;

the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;

an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;

state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’.

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:

the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;
the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;
an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;
state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 93

Traditional Approaches to international organizations include Realism and ___________.

Functionalism

Neo-functionalism

Transactionalism

Liberalism

Nationalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 94

Which of the following is a characteristics of realism, a subcategory of Traditional Approach to international organizations?

For Realist thinkers, international politics have an orderly structure

For them, international organizations play a significant role in international politics

Realist thinkers do not deny the concerns about relative gains

They emphasize the possibility of interstate cooperation with the help of international organizations

For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors

Açıklama:

Realism: Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states. According Realist thinkers, international politics have an anarchic structure in which there is no common authority over and above the sovereign state, or a lack of government at the international level. Realists claim that in anarchic international system, states cannot trust each other and they always fear of cheating and thus this makes interstate cooperation difficult to achieve. For Realists, main motivation of states in anarchic international system is survival, i.e. preserving the existence of the state, because of this, states cannot rely on other states or international organizations for their defence and must rely on its own resources for survival, which is called as self-help. Realists claim that international organizations are just instruments used by states in their quest for power and interest. Realists also believe that another factor which makes interstate cooperation difficult to achieve is that states are preoccupied with making relative gains (improvements in a state’s position relative to other states).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 95

Which one of the following cannot be considered as a feature of an international organization based on the definition of Clive Archer (2001)?

It is formal

It has a continuous structure

It is only established between governmental members

The members are from two or more sovereign states

It has the aim of pursuing the common interest

Açıklama:

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 96

I. The organization must consist of at least three qualified members of the international system. II. The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade III. The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter Which one/ones of the statements above is/are among the criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization according to Michael Wallace and David Singer (1970)?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-III

II-III

Açıklama:

In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace andDavid Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:
• The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.
• The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.
• The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 97

I. Instrument
II. Leader
III. Actor
Which one/ones of the items above is/are among the roles of international organizations in international politics?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-III

II-III

Açıklama:

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 98

"International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide."
Which function of international organizations does the statement above refer to?

Rule-making

Socialization

Normative

Operation

Information

Açıklama:

Normative: International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 99

"The European Union through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries."
Which function of international organizations stands for the example above?

Interest articulation and aggregation

Socialization

Information

Rule adjudication

Operation

Açıklama:

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international
system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 100

I. Dominancy
II. Membership
III. Aims and activities
Which one/ones of the items above is/are among the main classification categories of international organizations?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 101

Which one of the following is not among the historical pre-conditions met before the emergence of international organizations?

The political conflicts arising among certain leading states

The existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units

The existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states

An awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence

State’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 102

When was the International Bureau of Weights and Measures established for achieving standardization in weights and measures?

1974

1876

1875

1975

1874

Açıklama:

For achieving standardization in weights and measures, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures were established in Paris with the adoption of the Metre Convention at a conference convened in Paris in 1875

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 103

Which theoretical approach to international organization supports that states are principal international actors, and international organizations and only matters if they serve interests of states?

Realism

Liberalism

Functionalism

Neo-functionalism

Transactionalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 104

Which one of the following theoretical approaches emerged in order to explain newly emerging European integration process in the 1950s

Realism

Liberalism

Functionalism

Neofunctionalism

Transactionalism

Açıklama:

Neofunctionalism: Neofunctionalism emerged in order to explain newly emerging European integration process in the 1950s

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Which of the following statements is true for regionalization?
I. It can be defined as the formation of transactions and attitudes along regional lines.
II. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”.
III. It is a political demand to form a formal arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis.
IV. It is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own.

I, II, III, IV

I, II, IV

I, II, III

II, III, IV

III, IV

Açıklama:

Regionalism is a political demand to form a formal arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis.
Regionlization can be defined as the formation of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. It is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

________ requires legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation.

Economic Integration

Coordination

Collaboration

Harmonisation

Cooperation

Açıklama:

Economic integration requires legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation.
Coordination requires voluntary consultations and agreements.
Collaboration requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration.
Harmonisation requires legally binding arrangements.
Cooperation requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Which of the following organizations has security as its only function?

African Union

Caribbean Community

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Organization of American States

European Union

Açıklama:

The single function of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is security.
The other organizations have more than 1 function.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which of the following organizations is a regional political organization?

European Union

East African Community

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Southern Common Market

North American Free Trade Agreement

Açıklama:

The European Union is not only a regional political but also an economic and security organization.
The European Union is a regional political organization.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which country is among the six founding countries of the European Union?

Portugal

Belgium

Spain

Poland

Slovakia

Açıklama:

Belgium, along with France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, is among the six founding countries of the European Union.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation was established in _____ .

1958

1965

1969

1972

1978

Açıklama:

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation was established in 1969.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which of the following is true for the Council of Europe?

It was established to end the wars between neighbors in Europe.

It aims to protect the interests of the Muslim world.

It aims to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region.

It was founded to defend human rights.

It was established to help build a new, post-Cold War era in Central and Eastern Europe.

Açıklama:

The Council of Europe was founded to defend human rights, parliamentary democracy, and the rule of law, develop continent-wide agreements to standardise the social and legal practices of member countries, and promote awareness of a European identity that is based on shared values and cutting across different cultures.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

The North American Free Trade Agreement is a formal agreement which establishes some clear rules for commercial activity between _____________ .

The US and Canada

Canada and Mexico

The US, Canada and Cuba

Mexico, Cuba and Canada

The US, Canada and Mexico

Açıklama:

The North American Free Trade Agreement is a formal agreement which establishes some clear rules for commercial activity between the US, Canada and Mexico.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Among the main objectives of the Organisation of African Unity was to get rid of _____.

Capitalism

Apartheid

Racism

Famine

Draught

Açıklama:

Among the main objectives of the Organisation of African Unity was to get rid of apartheid and colonialism.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

_______ was among the founding countries of the Arab League.

Iraq

Algeria

Kuweit

Somalia

United Arab Emirates

Açıklama:

Iraq was among the founding countries of the Arab League, along with Egypt, Jordan and Yemen.
Iraq was among the founding countries of the Arab League.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Which "suggests a conscious set od related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or intellectual trend?"

Regionalism

Region

Regionalization

Integration

Corporation

Açıklama:

It's regionalism which is based upon some vision or set of ideas

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which can be regarded as a macro-region?

Asia Minor

South America

Norway

Argentina

Brazil

Açıklama:

Macro-regions contain many national states, so the correct option is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

With which does regionalism show similarities?

Capitalism

Communism

Federalism

Feodalism

Liberalism

Açıklama:

It's federalism which is intertwined with regionalism in both theory and practice

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

What is the first and last phases and priorities offered in the framework for Pacific Regionalism?

Coordination/cooperation

Cooperation/harmonisation

Cooperation/economic integration

Coordination/administrative integration

Economic integration/administrative integration

Açıklama:

First phase is coordination and the last one is administrative integration

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

According to Crocombe, which element should be given more attention for regional integration to succeed in the long-termed process?

Regional dialogue

Security

Environment

Transformation of states

Human mobility

Açıklama:

Crocmbe suggests amphasizing human mobility for regional integration

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which cannot be counted as a reason for "a more multidimensional process of regionalism in most policy areas and sectors?"

Increase in dual citizinship

End of Cold War

Intensification of economic globalization

Economic liberalism

Transformation of nation states

Açıklama:

Except the first option, all the others have given rise to that

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which dimension of regionalism is "the divergent electoral behaviour of different regions" often associated with?

Political

Social

Security

Economic

Environmental

Açıklama:

It refers to social regionalism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which is functionally a political organization, not carrying out any economic or security functions?

European Union

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Council of Europe

African Union

Arab league

Açıklama:

Council of Europe is a political organization

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which organization was founded to defend especially human rights, democracy, and rule of law?

Arab League

Organization of American States

Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Council of Europe

Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation

Açıklama:

Council of Europe was founded to defend those values

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which organization is Turkey a member of, and what's the basic function of that organization?

Arab League/Identity

Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation/Security

European Union/Politic

African Union/Economic

North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Security

Açıklama:

Turkey is a member of NATO, and its basic function is security

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following terms define/defines the difference between regionalization and regionalism?
I: nation-building
II: nationalism
III: identity construction
IV: idealism

I, II, III, IV

I, III

Only I

Only III

III, IV

Açıklama:

regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”. …“regionalism” as like many other “isms” (socialism, communism, fascism, etc.) is essentially ideational implying degrees of identity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which concept can lead to an increase in the flow of goods, capital and people?

Nationalism

Internationalism

Regionalization

Regionalism

Region

Açıklama:

Hoshiro defines regionalization “as an increase in the cross-border flow of capital, goods, and people within a specific geographical area.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

What kind of analogy is established between regionalization and integration?

source and target

process and fruit

hand and palm

chicken and egg

lock and key

Açıklama:

regionalization is a process, and integration is its fruit.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

What is a region which is defined a space between the national and the local within particular states called?

Meso-regions

Macro-regions

Micro-regions

Surface-regions

Geographical regions

Açıklama:

It has been defined first and foremost historically as a space between the national and the local, primarily within particular states. These types of ‘regions’ are referred to as micro-regions and they can exist within a special state or be cross-border naturally.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

…………. is defined as being regional rather than being central in the level of systematic, administrative, cultural and political affiliation.

Regionalism

Region

Regionalization

macro-regions

Micro-regions

Açıklama:

Regionalism which can be defined as a theory or practice of being regional rather than being central in the level of system, administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation is a prominent trend in the field of regional or systemic studies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which of the following are the distinct forms of regionalism?
I: financial
II: social
III: economic
IV: cultural
V: educational
VI: public

I, II, III

I, II, IV, VI

I, II, III, IV, V

III, IV, VI

II, III, IV

Açıklama:

From another point of view, there are three distinct forms of ‘regionalism’ as social, economic, and cultural.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which of the following is/are form/forms of regionalism?
I: Coordination
II: Cooperation
III. Economic Integration
IV: Socialism
V: Nationalism

I, II, III, IV, V

I, V

I, II, III

Only V

II, IV

Açıklama:

Table 3.1 shows the collective regional actions among which socialism and nationalism are not included.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

What is the aim of coordination as a form of regional action?

to enable access to information

to enable protection of the region

to enable equitable benefits

to enable greater economic prosperity

to enable a secure, well-governed region

Açıklama:

Coordination enables access to information and coordinated application of best practice norms and standards.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

How is cooperation as a form of regional action achieved?

By agreeing to common rules and standards

By delivering regional public goods and pooled services.

By lowering physical market barriers

By developing coordinated regional policies and strategies.

By agreeing to common policies and regulations.

Açıklama:

Cooperation is achieved by “developing and committing

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

Which concept can lead to an increase in the flow of goods, capital and people?

Nationalism

Internationalism

Regionalization

Regionalism

Region

Açıklama:

Hoshiro defines regionalization “as an increase in the cross-border flow of capital, goods, and people within a specific geographical area.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

Which one of the followings refers to a political movement based on awareness of and loyalty to a region?

Regionalism

Nationalism

Regionalisation

Nationalisation

Integration

Açıklama:

Some concepts which explain a locally union or unity such as region, regionalism, regionalization, and integration are confused with each other. It can be showed some differences between these concepts despite small nuances. While region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundries are lined, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas. Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way a manifestation of globalization.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which of the following definitions of "region" means "they can exist within a special state or naturally transcend borders".

Macro-region

Micro-region

Meso-region

Mid-range region

Non-state region

Açıklama:

The concept of region has generically occupied an important position in social sciences. It has been defined first and foremost historically as a space between the national and the local, primarily within particular states. These types of regions are referred to as micro-regions and they can exist within a special state or be cross-border naturally. The concept of region also shows macro-regions, which are larger territorial units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system. There are meso-regions: mid-range state or non-state arrangements and processes between the two levels.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which one of the following types of region is described as region established by some legal acts for the implementation of certain functions with consideration of required resources and administration in Muravska's thought?

Social Regions

Geographical Regions

Economic Regions

Analytical Regions

Normative Regions

Açıklama:

Muravska states that geography is characterized by internal homogeneity in terms of conditions of nature and mainly cultural, economic, and political processes. For him, normative regions are established by some legal acts for the implementation of certain functions with consideration of required resources and administration. The analytical regions are described as based on analytical requirements. They are classified according to geographical or socio- economic characteristics. Firstly, regional policy in this point is “a set of agreed and organized measures for ensuring development across certain territory”; traditionally, nation state. Regional economic policy or regional planning includes all forms of public interventions for geographical placement of economic activity. Secondly, regional policy attempts to make corrections in free market economy for attainment of two interrelated objectives: improved social distribution and economic growth.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which one of the followings is not supported by European Union's regional policy?

Job Competiteveness

Economic Growth

Improved quality of life

Ultimate National Sovereignty

Sustainable Development

Açıklama:

EU regional policy is an investment policy. It supports job competitiveness, creation, economic growth, improved quality of life, and sustainable development. These investments support the delivery of “the Europe 2020 Strategy”. Regional policy is also the expression of the European Union’s solidarity with the less developed countries and regions in concentrating funds on the areas and sectors where they can make the most difference. Regional policy, in the example of EU, aims to reduce the significant economic, social and territorial disparities that still exist between Europe’s regions.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

Which one of the followings is defined as something akin to "nation-building" in Camroux's thought?

Nationalism

Regionalism

Regionalisation

Identity Construction

Nationalisation

Açıklama:

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”. For Camroux, to define “regionalism” as like many other “isms” is essentially ideational implying degrees of identity. It can be said that the confusion in the expression of regionalization and regionalism springs from the particular disciplinary parameters of the researchers involved.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

Which one of the following regional collective actions requires voluntary consultations and agreements?

Harmonisation

Collaboration

Economic Integration

Coordination

Cooperation

Açıklama:

The regional collective action of coordination is a form of regionalization that requires voluntary consultations and agreements in addition to possible resource sharing. It aims to achieve open consultation and access to information, and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which one of the following forms of regionalism can be defined in relation to the divergent electoral behaviours of different regions?

Economic Regionalism

Social Regionalism

Political Regionalism

Cultural Regionalism

Transnational regionalism

Açıklama:

There are three distinct forms of regionalism as social, economic, and cultural. When social regionalism refers to the fact that the divergent electoral behaviour of different regions is often simply a reflection of their different social composition, economic regionalism describes the fact that the geographical concentration of a particular industry may lead voters in a region to develop a distinct sense of shared economic interest. Finally, the third form of (political) regionalism, is cultural regionalism that could emerge if significant groups of voters come to question the legitimacy of the state as a provider of public goods. Additionally, it is possible to make clear that economic and cultural regionalism emerge from a process of social interaction and various processes.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which one of the following regional organizations can be pointed out as the regional organization older than the other in terms of its establishment date?

Euroasion Economic Union

Central American Integration System

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

African Union

Arab League

Açıklama:

When looked at the establishment dates of the regional organizations, their establishment dates is as follows:
Euroasian Economic Union: 2001
Central American Integration System: 1993
Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation: 1989
African Union: 2002
Arab League: 1945

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a regional political organization?

Inter-American Development Bank

Collective Security Treaty Organization

European Union-Turkey Customs Union

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation

East African Community

Açıklama:

When looked at the different types of regional organisations, East African Community, European Union - Turkey Customs Union and Inter-American Development Bank appears as Regional Economic (Development) Organization, whilst Collective Security Treaty Organization appears among Regional Security Organizations. On the other hand, The Organization of Islamic Cooperations is pointed out as a regional political organization.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

When did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), one of the world's largest free trade zones, come into effect?

1994

1969

1949

1999

2010

Açıklama:

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect in 1994, creating one of the world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to workers, families, farmers, manufacturers, and consumers.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

________ aims to achieve greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Economic Integration

Coordination

Collaboration

Harmonisation

Cooperation

Açıklama:

Economic integration aims to achieve greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Which one of the following terms is defined as a part of the land surface of the earth and classified as uniform, functional and administrative areas?

Region

Identity

Culture

Economy

Globalization

Açıklama:

A region is often defined as a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. A region is basically “a part of the land surface of the earth”. In the geographical literature, regions can be defined in three ways as uniform, functional, and administrative areas, respectively.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

Which one of the following factors had led the specialists and scientist to redefine and resurrect the term regionalism?

Its previous narrow definitions

Its disciplinary variations

Its process of reconstruction

Its predominant role in the society

Its integration into the global economy

Açıklama:

While the term of region has been typically defined “as geographically proximate and interdependent states” and the term of regionalism “as attempts at formal cooperation between such states”, it is evident that for many scholars who study on the subject of region and regionalism “these definitions are today too narrow”. The resurrection and re-definition of ‘regionalism’ are among the prominent trends in the international studies of the present times. Regionalism has been brought back into the academic studies as well as the policy debates after some decades of neglect.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

Which one of the following types of regionalism is formed by developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies?

Regional cooperation

Regional integration

Regional harmonisation

Regional coordination

Regional administration

Açıklama:

Regional cooperation is formed to achieve an effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. It is formed by developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. It requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

Which one of the following terms is defined as a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology?

Globalization

Region

Regionalism

Governance

Citizenship

Açıklama:

Regionalism is closely linked with the shifting nature of international politics and intensification of globalisation. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which one of the following organizations is not among the regional security organizations?

Council of Europe

European Union

African Union

League of Arab States

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Açıklama:

Regional Security Organizations are North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), European Union (EU), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), African Union (AU), League of Arab States (AL), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Council of Europe is among the regional political organizations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

Which one of the following organizations aims at guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members through political and military means?

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

North African Free Trade Agreement

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Açıklama:

NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means, and in security. NATO politically promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to build trust, solve problems, and prevent conflict in the long run. NATO militarily is committed to a peaceful resolution of disputes in international relations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Which one of the following purposes did European Union have in its foundation?

The aim of ending frequent bloody wars

The aim of defending human rights

The aim of defending democracy and rule of law

The aim of protecting shared values

The aim of promoting awareness of identity

Açıklama:

European Union, as a political regional organization, is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours in Europe, which culminated in the Second World War. The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EU is not only faced with the dilemma of how to take care of them, but also finds itself the target of several terrorist attacks work for the settlement of conflicts and disputes involving Member States.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

Which one of the following regional organizations is the collective voice of the Muslim world?

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Council of Europe

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

League of Arab States

Açıklama:

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents. The OIC is the collective voice of the Muslim world. It endeavours to protect the interests of the Muslim world within the spirit of promoting international peace, welfare, and harmony among the peoples of the world.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

What is the most distinguishing feature of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?

It created one of the worlds’ largest free trade zones.

It promoted services to trading partner markets.

It accelerated regional economic integration.

It is one of the most important regional forums.

It is one of the most encouraging technical cooperation.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

For Camroux, the concept of "regionalisation" can be defined as akin to which concept?

Nation-building

Regionalism

Identity

Nationalism

Socialism

Açıklama:

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

For Camroux, the concept of "regionalism" can be defined as akin to which concept?

Nationalisation

State-building

Nation-building

Regionalisation

Nationalism

Açıklama:

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

What was the focus of the early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s?

The European integration process

The African integration process

Globalisation process

Internationalisation process

The Organization of African Unity

Açıklama:

The early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s was always focused on the European integration process.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

Which scholar argues that "neofunctionalism came under critique by intergovermentalism."?

Camroux

Lombaerde

Wendt

Taylor

Nye

Açıklama:

For Lombaerde, neofunctionalism came under critique by intergovermentalism.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Which school of thought puts a particular focus on the processes of identity formation and learning?

The institutionalist school

The realist school

The post-structuralist school

The structuralist school

The constructivist school

Açıklama:

According to the regionalism perspective, some of the most fruitful writing in the discipline of International Relations comes from the constructivist school that puts a particular focus on the processes of identity formation and learning (Wendt, 1994: 384-396).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

What does the definition "a system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided between central and regional governments" describe?

Federalism

Confederate union

Sovereignity

Regionalism

Institutionalism

Açıklama:

According to this definition by Brown (2007), “federalism is a system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided between central and regional governments. Many experts who study federalism see regionalism expressed in direct, political, geographically-specific ways before it can potentially take on constitutional significance. This is true at subnational, supranational and trans-national levels alike (Brown, 2007: 13, 14).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

According to Söderbaum and Granit, which of the following is not an important dimension of regionalism?

Security

Economic

Social

Environmental

Psychological

Açıklama:

Some of the most important dimensions of regionalism can be stated as security, economic, social, and environmental (Söderbaum and Granit, 2014: 18-19).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

According to Obydenkova, what is "new regionalism" an outcome of?

Regional integration

National integration

Geographical integration

Global integration

Transnational integration

Açıklama:

Regional integration provides the environment for the development of new regionalism. In other words, new regionalism is an outcome of regional integration (Obydenkova, 2006: 2, 13).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

According to Nishikimi, economic integration constitutes which two different forces on industrial
location?

Distribution and conglomeration forces

Diffusion and agglomeration forces

Aversion and agglomeration forces

Dispersion and conglomeration forces

Dispersion and agglomeration forces

Açıklama:

According to Nishikimi, economic integration constitutes two different forces on industrial location: dispersion and agglomeration forces.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

Which country is not a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)?

China

Indonesia

The Philippines

New Zealand

The United States

Açıklama:

The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by Bob Hawke -Former Prime Minister of Australia- during a speech in Korea on 31 January 1989. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra (Australia) to establish APEC. The founding members were Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Region refers to a defined and _________ in one geographic space where boundaries are lined.

Clear area

A political movement

Conscious set of related ideas

Attitudes along regional lines

Loyalty to a region

Açıklama:

First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“-ism”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

Regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and __________.

Formation of transactions

Loyalty to a region

A manifestation of globalization

A coordinated action

Clear area

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes ___________.

clear area

loyalty to region

along regional lines

a coordinated action

a manifestation of globalization

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, ___________, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others.

clear area

loyalty to region

a coordinated action

small-scale traders

a manifestation of globalization

Açıklama:

Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.
Integration is an act or process or an instance of integrating such as incorporation as equals into society or an organization of individuals of different groups such as races and coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality.
Source: Merriam Webster Dictionary, https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/integration.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Considering forms of regionalism, coordination, which is a regional collective action, requires ..............
Which of the following completes the sentence correctly?

modes of regional cooperation

legally binding arrangements

commitment to national resource allocation

regionally mandated requirements

voluntary consultations

Açıklama:

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

voluntary consultations
Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

voluntary consultations
Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 66

Considering forms of regionalism, collaboration, which is a regional collective action, requires _______ to modes of regional cooperation.

Voluntary agreements

Voluntary consultations

legally binding arrangements

commitment to national resource allocation

regionally mandated requirements

Açıklama:

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 67

Considering forms of regionalism, economic integration, which is a regional collective action, requires _______.

Voluntary agreements

Legally binding arrangements

Voluntary consultations

Possible resource sharing

Funded services

Açıklama:

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action	To Achieve:	By:	Requiring:
Coordination	Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.	Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.	Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.
Cooperation	An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.	Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.
Collaboration	Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.	Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.	Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.
Harmonisation	Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.	Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Economic Integration	Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.	Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.
Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration	A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.	Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.	Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 68

The term ‘regionalism’ has two connotations in the negative and positive meaning. In the negative sense, regionalism implies an “excessive attachment to one’s _______ to prefer to the country or the state.”

culture

language

region

religion

brotherhood

Açıklama:

The term ‘regionalism’ has two connotations in the negative and positive meaning. In the negative sense, regionalism implies an “excessive attachment to one’s region to prefer to the country or the state”. When looked at its positive sense, it is “a political attribute associated with people’s love for their region, culture, language, etc.” by the view of maintaining the independent identity.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

Which of the following is the date on which Asia pacific Economic Cooperation was formed?

1945

1957

1989

1993

1994

Açıklama:

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations	Date Formed	Population (7,302,446,600)	Functions	Websites
African Union (AU)	2002	850,000,000	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	https://au.int
Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)	1945	404,034,810	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/We

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations	Date Formed	Population (7,302,446,600)	Functions	Websites
African Union (AU)	2002	850,000,000	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	https://au.int
Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)	1945	404,034,810	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/Welcome.aspx
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)	1989	2,700,000,000	Economy, Cooperation	https://www.apec.org/
Association of Caribbean States (ACS/AEC)	1994	237,000,000	Economy, Consultation, Cooperation	http://www.acs-aec.org/
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)	1973	16,743,693	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation	http://www.caricom.org/
Central American Integration System (SICA)	1993	51,152,936	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation, Integration	http://www.sica.int/index_ en.aspx?Idm=2&IdmStyle=2
Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)	1994	210,000,000	Security, Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/ index_aengl.htm
Commonwealth of Nations (CON)	1931	1,921,974,000	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://www. commonwealthofnations.org/
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)	1985	405,139,000	Economy, Development	http://www.eco.int/
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)	2001	205,693,649	Economy, Development	http://www.eaeunion. org/?lang=en
European Economic Area (EEA/EFTA)	1994	500,017,119	Economy, Development	http://www.efta.int/eea
European Union (EU)	1957	500,900,000	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://europa.eu/

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations	Date Formed	Population (7,302,446,600)	Functions	Websites
African Union (AU)	2002	850,000,000	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	https://au.int
Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)	1945	404,034,810	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/We

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations	Date Formed	Population (7,302,446,600)	Functions	Websites
African Union (AU)	2002	850,000,000	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	https://au.int
Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)	1945	404,034,810	Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation	http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/Welcome.aspx
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)	1989	2,700,000,000	Economy, Cooperation	https://www.apec.org/
Association of Caribbean States (ACS/AEC)	1994	237,000,000	Economy, Consultation, Cooperation	http://www.acs-aec.org/
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)	1973	16,743,693	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation	http://www.caricom.org/
Central American Integration System (SICA)	1993	51,152,936	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation, Integration	http://www.sica.int/index_ en.aspx?Idm=2&IdmStyle=2
Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)	1994	210,000,000	Security, Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/ index_aengl.htm
Commonwealth of Nations (CON)	1931	1,921,974,000	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://www. commonwealthofnations.org/
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)	1985	405,139,000	Economy, Development	http://www.eco.int/
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)	2001	205,693,649	Economy, Development	http://www.eaeunion. org/?lang=en
European Economic Area (EEA/EFTA)	1994	500,017,119	Economy, Development	http://www.efta.int/eea
European Union (EU)	1957	500,900,000	Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy	http://europa.eu/

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 70

Which one of the following terms can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines?

Region

Regional

Regionalism

Regionalization

Regionism

Açıklama:

Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 71

Which type of region stands for the larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system?

Micro-regions

Macro-region

Meso-regions

Sub-national region

Single-region

Açıklama:

The concept of region also shows macro-regions (regions of the world), which are larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 72

Which one of the following cannot be mentioned as a type of regionalism?

Participatory

Soft

Normative

Process-based

Sub-national

Açıklama:

The options is A,B,C,D can be regarded as the types of regionalism. However, sub-national is a type of region.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 73

According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, how can coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved?

By establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

By developing and committing to coordinated regional or subregional policies and strategies

By delivering regional public goods and pooled services

By entering into specific regional or subregional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.

By lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries

Açıklama:

According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved by establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, which one of the following is a requirement for ensuring harmonisation?

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Açıklama:

According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, for harmonisation, legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives are all required.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

Which one of the following terms is defined as the process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology?

Regionalism

Globalization

National cooperation

Legitimacy

Integration

Açıklama:

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 76

Which one of the following is the date African Union was formed?

1945

1989

2002

2001

1994

Açıklama:

The African Union was formed in 2002.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 77

Which one of the following is not listed among the functions of the Commonwealth of Nations?

Identity

Cooperation

Development

Economy

Security

Açıklama:

Security is not listed as a function in the formation of Commonwealth of
Nations as a regional organization.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 78

Which one of the following is not among the Regional Security Organizations?

The Council of Europe (CE)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

African Union (AU)

Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)

Açıklama:

The Council of Europe (CE) is listed among the Regional Political Organizations

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 79

Which one of the following organizations , is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents?

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

African Union (AU)

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 4

Soru 1

Which of the following is related to negative status rights, one of the classification of rights which belongs to Georg Jellinek?

They emphasize the restrictions of states

They emphasize the freedom of personal immunity

They emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities

They emphasize to strengthen social and economic conditions

They guarantee the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected

Açıklama:

Another issue pertaining to human rights is the classification of rights. One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny.
They emphasize the freedom of personal immunity (the restrictions of personal immunity)
They emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities (positive status rights)
They emphasize to strengthen social and economic conditions (positive status rights)
They guarantee the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected (active status rights)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which of the following is not an outcome of the World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993?

universal issue of human rights

the development of human rights is Western-centric

the indivisibility of rights

the indivisibility of women’s rights

first conference in the post-Cold War era

Açıklama:

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following is the first revolution that helped human rights gain its present meaning?

French Revolution

American Revolution

English Revolution

Revolution Era

Chinese Revolution

Açıklama:

However, human rights gain its present meaning throughout the modern times. It is the result of a nearly three centuries of struggle that started with the English Revolution and continued with the American and French Revolutions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which of the following is not one of the founding fathers who played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States?

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

John Adams

John Locke

James Madison

Açıklama:

Founding fathers played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are called as the founding fathers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following have an undeniable value in terms of liberal human rights?

Hugo Grotius

Benjamin Franklin

George Washington

Alexander Hamilton

John Locke

Açıklama:

In this context, it is important to mention the names ranging from Hugo Grotius to John Locke who are nourished from the teaching of natural rights. English Enlightenment and, especially, John Locke, have an undeniable value in terms of liberal human rights, which is worth to mention here.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which of the following is includes regulations about human rights and to which Soviet and the US are involved as parties?

Helsinki Final Act

Vienna Declaration on Human Rights

World Conference on Human Rights

The Hague Convention

Geneva Protocol

Açıklama:

In spite of all these steps, the geostrategic necessities of the bipolar world during the Cold War prevented international initiatives on human rights from being effectively put in place. In other words, the overriding of security in the security-freedom balance prevented to take steps in the name of liberties in these years. However, it is possible to talk about some exceptional initiatives as a product of the détente period during the Cold War. In this context, a move that needs to be underlined has been the Helsinki Final Act which includes regulations about human rights, and to which Soviet and the US are involved as parties.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following is the international organization which implements the principle of conditionality for the protection of human rights in the process of membership?

United nations

European Union

Council of Human Rights

International Criminal Tribunal

Human Rights Watch

Açıklama:

For example, the European Union effectively implements this principle in the process of membership, while encouraging candidate members to take steps in line with democratization and human rights.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following is the international organization which ensures the protection of human rights universally?

Human Rights Watch

Council of Europe

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

United Nations

European Union

Açıklama:

Indeed, the main reason to start with the UN as a significant international organization for the issue of human rights is the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)”. As it is evident from its name, the Declaration ensures the protection of human rights universally, in other words, it includes common principles to be achieved universally by the humanity. These principles are generally indicated under the preamble of the UNDHR.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which of the following is the international organization which aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity to its member states?

European Union

United Nations

The International Criminal Court

Council of Europe

Amnesty International

Açıklama:

Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Normative theory interacts with many different approaches. However, it can be argued that it has special ties with the theoretical approach known as ________________.

Liberalism

Constructivism

Realism

Democracy

English School

Açıklama:

Human rights in international relations are generally evaluated under the heading of normative theories. Normative theories that incorporate valuable concepts such as justice and ethics, argue that theories must be the catalyst of change beyond simple descriptions There is no doubt that normative theory interacts with many different approaches. However, it can be argued that it has special ties with the theoretical approach known as English School.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

According to Georg Jellinek, active status rights _______ .

enable political participation

emphasize the restrictions of states

emphasizes the restrictions of personal immunity

constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny

state that states should strengthen economic conditions

Açıklama:

Georg Jellinek classifies rights as negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights . Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. They constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. Active status rights, include both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the following is/are true for the The World Conference on Human Rights?
I. It was the first conference in the post-Cold War era.
II. It emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights.
III. It argued the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights.
IV. It was held in Zurich in 1993.

I, II & III

II, III & IV

Açıklama:

The World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna in 1993 and emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

Who is not among the founding fathers of the United States?

Benjamin Franklin

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

James Madison

John Locke

Açıklama:

John Locke is a philosopher and one of the most important figures of English enlightenment. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are called as the founding fathers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced in _______ .

1919

1945

1948

1949

1998

Açıklama:

The International Working Group was establishd in 1919.
The UN was established in 1945.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced in 1948.
The Council of Europe was founded in 1949.
The International Criminal Court was created in 1998.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is among the charter based bodies that support OHCHR?

Human Rights Committee

Human Right Council

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Committee on Enforced Disappearance

International Covenant on Economic

Açıklama:

The Human Right Council is among the charter-based bodies that support OHCHR.
The charter-based bodies that support the OHCHR are Human Right Council, Universal Periodic Review, Commission on Human Rights, Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, and Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the following is among the treaty-based bodies that support OHCHR?

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Universal Periodic Review

Commission on Human Rights

Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council

Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure

Açıklama:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is among the treaty-based bodies that support OHCHR.
The treaty based bodies that support the OHCHR are Human Right Council, Universal Periodic Review, Commission on Human Rights, Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, and Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

The number of member countries of Amnesty International is _____ .

185

200

216

284

301

Açıklama:

Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization with members from 216 countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

When was the Human Rights Watch established?

1970

1972

1975

1978

1979

Açıklama:

Human Rights Watch was established in 1978.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Human right issues do not hold an important place in ______ .

Normative Theory

Liberalism

Constructivism

English School

Realism

Açıklama:

Human right issues do not hold an important place in Realism.
Normative Theory, Liberalism, Constructivism, and English School provide an account for human rights issues in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

By whom was the English School primarily led?
I. Hedley Bull II. Martin Wight III. Adam Watson IV. R. J. Vincent

I, II & IV

I & IV

II & III

II, III & IV

I, II, III, & IV

Açıklama:

The English School was initially led by names such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson and R. J. Vincent.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following figures classified rights into three categories as positive status right, negative status right and active status right?

Georg Jellinek

Jeremy Bentham

David Hume

John Locke

Benjamin Franklin

Açıklama:

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification includes negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following refers to the restrictions of states and personal immunity?

Positive status rights

Negative status rights

Neutral status rights

Active status rights

Passive status rights

Açıklama:

Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which of the following emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights?

French Revolution

Declaration of Independence

The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights

Articles of Confederation

International Labor Organization

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which of the following figures tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights?

John Locke

David Hume

Benjamin Franklin

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

Açıklama:

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

Benjamin Franklin
John Adams
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
Jeremy Bentham

Which of the figures above are among the founding fathers of the United States?

I-II-III

III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV

I-III-IV-V

II-III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

In which of the following were regulations made to forbid trade of slaves for the first time?

International Working Group

The League of Nations

The Slavery Convention

Congress of Vienna

Articles of Confederation

Açıklama:

Regulations were made to forbid trade of slaves in the Congress of Vienna of 1815 for the first time. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which of the following is an important document on human rights signed under the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Charter of the United Nations

The Hague Convention

The Geneva Protocol

The Helsinki Final Act

Açıklama:

The Helsinki Final Act includes regulations about human rights, and Soviet and the US are involved as parties. The regulations on democracy and respect for human rights in the Helsinki Final Act was signed under the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe, which would later be the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Freedom House
Doctors Without Borders
Human Rights Watch
Chartist Movement
Amnesty International

Which of the above are among the non-governmental organizations on international disclosure of widespread human rights violations?

I-II-III

III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV

I-II-III-V

II-III-IV-V

Açıklama:

International non-governmental organizations such as Freedom House, Doctors Without Borders, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have an undeniable precaution in particular on the international disclosure of widespread human rights violations and the transfer of information, including human rights protection mechanisms, to local populations. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which of the following ensures the protection of human rights universally, in other words, includes common principles to be achieved universally by the humanity?

The Council of Europe

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Criminal Court of Justice

Helsinki Final Act

The Geneva Protocol

Açıklama:

As it is evident from its name, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ensures the protection of human rights universally, in other words, it includes common principles to be achieved universally by the humanity. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Which of the following aims to understand the nature of relations between states with the help of the concept of International Society?

Freedom House

Amnesty International

Human Rights Watch

Normative Theory

The English School

Açıklama:

Initially led by names such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to understand the nature of relations between states with the help of the concept of International Society. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

The question of what the source of rights is has been discussed, in particular, in the literature of law, from past to present. According to this, which of the following option can not be said?

It is often argued that a source of rights is the law of nature.

Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights.

One of the most important approaches to the source of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek.

The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors.

It is an important starting point to question what the concept of the right itself means
and whether is possible to have a common definition of a right on all humanity.

Açıklama:

First of all, it is an important starting point to
question what the concept of the right itself means
and whether is possible to have a common definition
of a right on all humanity. The sources of rights, how
to classify different rights, and to what extent rights
are universal stand as important questions that must
be discussed in human rights theory. In addition to
these, there is a wide debate about the conditions of
respect for human rights and the causes of human
rights violations in the literature.
The question of what the source of rights is has
been discussed, in particular, in the literature of
law, from past to present. In this context, it is often
argued that a source of rights is the law of nature.
The acquisition of human rights together with the
birth of man has had a broad philosophical support,
especially by social contractors. However, there are
other explanations with regard to the source of
rights. In this line, a number of names, especially
Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of
positive law, maintain that human-beings rather
than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983,
3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)
According to these information, the phrase given in option C is not an explanation about source of human rights. So, the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which of the following options emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era?

1977 National Women's Conference

The World Conference on Human Rights, 1993

Tehran Human Rights Conference, 1968

Habitat I, 1976

Helsinki Declaration, 1975

Açıklama:

The World Conference on Human Rights,
held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues
such as the universal issue of human rights,
the indivisibility of rights and women’s
rights, as well as being a first conference in
the post-Cold War era. Namely, the correct answer is given in option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Human rights have been expressed in various circles from ancient Greece to Rome and from institutional belief systems to non-institutional belief systems. With reference to this, which of the following options can not be said about the history of human rights?

Human rights have been thought as a common research subject to philosophy and theology.

Human rights gain its present meaning throughout the modern times. It is the result of a nearly three centuries of struggle that started with the English Revolution and continued with the American and French Revolutions.

Historical struggles have been aimed to restrict the monarchies with unlimited powers.

Although the first efforts to establish fundamental rights pointed to the 17th century, it was required to wait for the 19th century to build mass democracies through which political rights are guaranteed.

The development and expansion of positive status rights has been faster and less painful than others.

Açıklama:

Human rights have been expressed in various
circles from ancient Greece to Rome and from
institutional belief systems to non-institutional
belief systems. This is because human rights have
been thought as a common research subject to
philosophy and theology. Aristotle’s and Plato’s
emphasis on the concept of right, the Stoic’s
emphasis on the common values of humanity in
the framework of cosmopolitanism, or underlining
some moral values, especially compassion, in some
interpretations of beliefs such as Christianity,
Judaism and Islam, might be related to human
rights in one way or another. (Ishay 2004, 23-25;
James 2007, 7-10; Vincent 2010, 39). However,
human rights gain its present meaning throughout
the modern times. It is the result of a nearly three
centuries of struggle that started with the English Revolution and continued with the American and French Revolutions. All in all, these struggles
have been aimed to restrict the monarchies with
unlimited powers. Revolutionary developments towards
fundamental rights occurred in England in the
17th century. In this period, the existence of
some untouchable rights was vigorously spoken,
and these fundamental rights were defended
against the authorities of that time. The precise
establishment of the parliamentary to control
the British monarchy and the limitation of the
monarch’s authority undoubtedly constituted a
major break in the political history. Although the first efforts to establish
fundamental rights pointed to the 17th century, the
widening and deepening of the rights have spread
over many years. However, it was required to wait
for the 19th century to build mass democracies
through which political rights are guaranteed. However, the development and expansion of positive status rights have been more painful and
prolonged than others. Undoubtedly, the socialist
movement that became more widespread in the
1848 revolution, the Chartist movement, and the
aftermath, laid the groundwork for the emergence
of the Welfare state. According to these, the wrong phrase is given in option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Which of the following options can not be a common feature of The Hague Conventions and the Geneva Protocol?

Containing some regulations related to war law.

Expressing some efforts to tackle intergovernmental relations

Having the jus in bello principle within the framework of the just war theory

Forbidding the trade of slaves and slavery itself

Helping the internationalization of human rights

Açıklama:

The internationalization of human rights is the
result of a long period of time. In this context, the
first transnational attempts are some regulations
concerning the law of war. Some efforts to tackle
intergovernmental relations through international
legal arrangements and organizations have been
shaped by The Hague Conventions and the Geneva
Protocol. Undoubtedly, all these arrangements
served as an important cornerstone in the formation
of the law of war. With these arrangements, it
was aimed to protect the civilians and rules to
be followed in the war based on the jus in bello
principle within the framework of just war theory
(Abele 2011; Brown 2006, 694; Nabulsi 1999, 25).
In addition to all these, for the first time, in the
Congress of Vienna of 1815 regulations were made
to forbid trade of slaves, and similarly, the Slavery
Convention of 1926, and afterwards the League of
Nations had strictly forbidden the trade of slaves
and slavery itself (Brown 2006, 694). So, the correct answer is given in option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

"The mention and appreciation of human rights in international texts are largely followed by _______ era." Fill in the gap with the correct answer.

post-1929

pre-1945

post-1945

pre-1929

post-1968

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

Which of the following were set up to try war criminals and were an important step towards preventing genocide?

The Nuremberg and Tokyo courts

United Nations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations

Helsinki Final Act

Congress of Vienna of 1815

Açıklama:

The mention and appreciation of human
rights in international texts are largely followed by
post-1945 era. In the post-World War II period,
the agony of societies, especially the genocide,
brought with it a number of measures to ensure
that similar conditions would not occur in the
future. Undoubtedly, international organizations,
especially the United Nations, played a key role in
this framework. Certain items mentioned in the
Charter of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights of the United
Nations, as historical documents, can be considered
as crucial documents signed during this period.
The Nuremberg and Tokyo courts, which were also
set up to try war criminals, are an important step
towards preventing genocide in this period (Brown
2006, 696; Clapham 2007, 33-35). According to these, The Nuremberg and Tokyo courts were set up to try war criminals, are an important step towards preventing genocide. So, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 37

Which of the following philosophers have arguments about absolute sovereignty?

Locke and Rousseau

Bodin and Hobbes

Franklin and Hamilton

Marx and Hegel

Hegel and Kant

Açıklama:

The importance which human rights have
gained in the international arena is also the cause
and consequence of a new form of sovereignty.
In this framework, the absolute sovereignty,
which is attributed to Bodin and Hobbes, has
lost its relevancy today (Philpott 1995, 355-357). So, the correct answer is given in option A.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

With which of the following concepts' growing impact, the borders of the state have become less visible?

constitutionalism

republicanism

welfare state

feudalism

globalization

Açıklama:

With the growing impact of globalization, the
borders of the state have become less visible
which causes a decrease in the role of the
nation-states and which leads the emergence
of non-state actors as political actors. Namely, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

"______________________ are units of people who came together voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction."

The International Criminal Court

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Council of Europe

The United Nations

Humanitarian Interventions (HI)

Açıklama:

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
are units of people who came together
voluntarily toward a specified objective
without a citizenship restriction, which means
that NGOs’ members do not belong to a
particular country, and people can participate
in NGOs from anywhere in the world. According to this, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which of the following can not be said about the Human Rights Watch?

Human Rights Watch is a non-governmental human rights organization

Human Rights Watch is based on non-profit and voluntarily participants.

Human Rights Watch was established in 1978.

Human Rights Watch is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world.

Human Rights Watch especially acts within authoritarian regimes where the rights of the citizens are usually abused by their own government.

Açıklama:

Human Rights
Watch is also a non-governmental human rights
organizations, which is therefore based on nonprofit and voluntarily participants. Human Rights
Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known
its impartial reporting, effective use of media,
and cooperation with local human rights groups
to protect and advance human rights all over the
world (Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.
org/about, accessed 15 November 2017). The
organizations have approximately 400 staff members
from various part of the world acting voluntarily
toward the goals of Human Rights Watch which is
an active player in the field by publishing more than
100 reports and briefings each year to infer human
rights conditions in roughly 90 countries (Human
Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/about,
accessed 15 November 2017). Its achievements also
come from its effective use of media through which
Human Right Watch makes known human rights
violations as well as developments of one part the
world to the other, and thus gains popularity and
relatedly support from people. According to these information, the phrase given in option E can not be said about Human Right Watch.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which of the following indicates the active status rights according to Georg Jellinek's classification of human rights?

The restriction of states

The rights enabling political participaton

Preventing the state's tyranny

Strengthening social and economic conditions

Providing life conditions suitable to human dignity

Açıklama:

Rights to vote and be elected are active status rights

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which is a failed neighboring country where you can observe serious human rights violations the most?

Romania

Greece

Syria

Bulgaria

Iran

Açıklama:

It's Syria where there is a civil war and the state cannot fulfill its basic functions

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 43

Where do you think we can trace back to see the beginning of human rights gaining its present meaning?

French Revolution

Second World War

American Revolution

English Revolution

First World War

Açıklama:

It started to gain its present meaning with the English Revolution

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

What were the first transnational regulations done by the Hague Conventions and the Geneva Protocol about?

Trade of slaves

Democracy building

Political rights

Welfare states

Interstate wars

Açıklama:

Arrangements done by the Hague Conventions and Geneva Protocol served as an important cornerstone in the formation of the Law of War

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

What prevented human rights from being effectively put into practice until 1990?

The Cold War

The World War II

The World War I

The Nuremberg Court

The collapse of the Soviets

Açıklama:

During the Cold War period security was prioritized more than liberties

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which is a body of an international governmental organization responsible for human rights violations?

Freedom house

Council of Human Rights

Doctors without Borders

Human Rights Watch

Amnesty International

Açıklama:

Council of Human Rights is a UN organization

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

Which is a UN body responsible for reporting about the behaviours of the countries on human rights?

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Human Rights Committee

Human Rights Council

Comittee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

Committee on Enforced Disappearance

Açıklama:

Except for the Human Rights Council, all others are responsible for promoting a way for individuals to complain about the violation of their rights

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 48

Which is an international non-governmental organization acting in the field of human rights?

The United Nations

The European Union

The Criminal Court of Justice

The Amnesty International

The African Union

Açıklama:

The Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

Which aproach or theory of International relations emphasizes identities and norms for the protection of human rights more than the others?

Realism

Normative theory

English school

Liberalism

Constructivism

Açıklama:

It's Constructivism which emphasizes identities and norms

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

Which approach to international relations disregards human rights?

Realism

Normative theory

Liberalism

English school

Constructivism

Açıklama:

Realists ignore human rights

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

" They emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. "
Which of the following is the definition of the sentence above?

Positive status rights,

The source of rights,

Active status rights,

The classification of rights,

Negative status rights,

Açıklama:

Another issue pertaing to human rights is the classification of rights. One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows:
Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from
falling into poverty. Doğru cevap " A " dır.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Where and when was The World Conference on Human Rights held?

in Bratislava in 1993,

in Vienna in 1993,

in Paris in 1993,

in Lübliyana in 1993,

in Budapeşte in 1993,

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 53

Which of the following correctly defines John Locke?

He is one of the best known musicians in Spain.

He is the strongest wrestler of Germany.

He is one of the most important figures of English enlightenment.

He is one of the most important authors in France.

He is the most famous politician in England.

Açıklama:

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

Which of the following is not the one who played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States?

Benjamin Franklin,

John Jay,

John Adams,

John Locke,

Thomas Jefferson,

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

Which of th following is not one of the humanitarian disasters in international politics that took place after the Cold War?

civil wars,

genocides,

scarcities,

natural disasters,

new forms of sovereignty,

Açıklama:

Indeed, the period in which human rights were emphasized much more in international politics was after the Cold War. Contrary to the widespread optimism that had arisen, the post-Cold war environment led to new problems, such as civil wars, genocides, scarcities, natural disasters, which threaten human life (Kaplan 2000, 3-56; Donnelly 2007, 102-103). Doğru cevap " E " dir.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Which one of the following is not one of the actors in international relations that are not state(s)?

non-transnational criminal organizations,

international organizations,

non-governmental organizations,

de facto regimes,

transnational corporations,

Açıklama:

According to Wagner, non-state actor is a concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not state(s) such as “international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, de facto regimes, trade associations, transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational
criminal organizations” (Wagner 2009). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

" The United Nation (UN) is an ..................... organization established on 24th October 1945.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

universal

international

social

political

environmental

Açıklama:

The United Nation (UN) is an international organization established on 24th October 1945. Following the Charter of the United Nations was ratified by 50 countries in San Francisco, the UN has started its activities in the international field. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

" They are units of people who came together voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction. "
Which of the following is the correct definition for the sentence above?

Human Rights Committees (CCPR),

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR),

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

Committees on the Rights of the Child (CRC),

Universal Periodic Review Organisations (UPROs),

Açıklama:

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are units of people who came together
voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction, which means that NGOs’ members do not belong to a particular country, and people can participate in NGOs from anywhere in the world. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 59

Which of the following correctly defines the concept of "Amnesty International" ?

It promotes and protects human rights and acts against human rights’ violations in party countries.

It aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity.

It provides civil society with a secure environment,which is generally suppressed by an authoritarian government.

It purposes of ensuring a world in which human rights are respected, promoting equality of the basic rights of human, preventing human rights violations.

It protects the human rights by means of humanitarian intervention operations becoming a frequent phenomenon in the post-1990 world.

Açıklama:

As being one of the well-known NGOs in the sphere of human rights, Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization through which members from 216 countries are gathered on the purpose of ensuring a world in which human rights are respected, promoting equality of the basic rights of human, preventing human rights violations (Amnesty International, https:// www.amnesty.org/ en/who-we-are/, accessed 15 November 2017). Doğru cevap " D " dir.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

Which of the following is not one of the diverse theories approaching the relation of international relations and human rights?

Normative Theory and Human Rights,

Liberalism, International Regimes and Democracy,

Constructivism, Norms and Human Rights,

English School and Humanitarian Intervention,

Authoritarian Governmental System,

Açıklama:

It is possible to talk about four diverse theories approaching the relation of international relations and human rights: Normative Theory, Liberalism, Constructivism, and English School. . Normative Theory emphasizes on change and what ought to be done to realize the intended change. While Liberalism emphasizes the institutions and regimes, Constructivism emphasizes the identities and norms, and English School emphasizes the order in which the international society is agreed. Four theories, each of which provides explanations within their own terminology, strive to frame the role of human rights in international politics. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Which of the below are the types of rights?
I. Negative status rights
II. Positive status rights
III. Neutral status rights
IV. Active status rights

I, II, III, IV

I, III

I, II, III

I, II, IV

Only IV

Açıklama:

The classification of rights are described as negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 62

Which of the below are the non-state actors against human rights violations?
I: nongovernmental organizations
II: international organizations
III: commerce chambers
IV: de facto regimes
V: transnational corporations

I, II, III

IV, V

I, II, IV, V

Only III

Only IV

Açıklama:

the explanation in the book is as follows:
non-state actor is a concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not state(s) such as “international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, de facto regimes, trade associations, transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational criminal organizations”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 63

Which function of the United Nations aims to protect human rights?

Being an internal organization

Being a nongovernmental organization

protecting the world peace

promoting and encouraging human rights

promoting the classification of human rights

Açıklama:

The explanation in the book is:
its principles which could be listed as “promoting and encouraging human rights,” “assisting the realization of human rights and fundemental freedoms for all without distinction as to reace, sex, language or religion,” and “observing human rights” (Laqueur and Rubin 1990, 196-197; Charter of the United Nations, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed 15 November 2017).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 64

Which principle of the Council of Europe covers the protection of human rights?

To provide justice adn international cooperation

To promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom

To promote political liberty

To promote the rule of law

To facilitate economic and social progress

Açıklama:

According to the book, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 65

What is the basic function of the International Criminal Court?

Protecting human rights

Having sanctions on countries

Having sanctions on individuals

Acting against human rights

Having a party with the member nations.

Açıklama:

The book explains that its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. The international Criminal Court (ICC) was firstly created by the Rome Statute in 1998 and then took effect in 2002, upon ratification by 60 States to promote and protect human rights and act against human rights’ violations in party countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

Which of the following nongovernmental organizations can provide democratic changes?
I: Amnesty International
II: Freedom House
III: Human Rights Watch

Only I

Only II

Only III

I, III

I, II

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

Which of the following nongovernmental organizations is known with effective media use?
I: Amnesty International
II: Freedom House
III: Human Rights Watch

Only I

Only II

Only III

I, III

I, II

Açıklama:

Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 68

Which of the following are the theories related to the human rights?

Normative Theory
Liberalism

Constructivism

English School
Traditionalist
Structuralism

I, II, III

I, V, VI

V, VI

I, III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

four diverse theories approaching the relation of international relations and human rights: Normative Theory, Liberalism, Constructivism, and English School.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 69

Which theory/theories does English School share principles with?
I: Normative Theory
II: Liberalism
III. Constructivism
IV: Realism

Only I

Only II

I, II

II, IV

III, IV

Açıklama:

The English School is located at a difficult point in many aspects. English School, which shares some principles with Realism from one side, and with Constructivist theory by from the other side,

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 70

Which theory/theories believe the importance of cooperation and dialogues in defending human rights?

Normative Theory

Liberalism

Constructivism

English School

Realism

Açıklama:

Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 71

Which of the following theories has not got a perspective which emphasizes the importance of human rights in international politics?

realist theories

normative theories

English school theories

constructivist approach

liberal approach

Açıklama:

Different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights. Thus, the correct answer is given in option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 72

"When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of _____________ in the face of human rights." Fill in the gap with correct answer.

state power

national army

absolute sovereignty

territorial sovereignty

the community

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 73

Brysk (2009) states that some countries attach special importance to human rights in their foreign policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the protection and promotion of human rights. Which of the following options can be one of these countries?

Costa Rica

USA

Britain

Italy

Swiss

Açıklama:

Brysk (2009) states that some
countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica,
the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach
special importance to human rights in their foreign
policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the
protection and promotion of human rights. Hence, the correct answer given in option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

When was the United Nations established?

24th April 1945

24th March 1945

24th December 1945

24th November 1945

24th October 1945

Açıklama:

The United Nation (UN) is an international
organization established on 24th October 1945. So, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

Despite being the milestone in the human rights history, UN’s steps toward this objective could not be restricted only to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In order to protect human rights, it is also useful to indicate that the UN has a successful mechanism to control and monitor the implementation of all nations which are members of the UN. Which of the following institution can be one of these mechanisms?

European Court of Human Rights

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

The International Criminal Court

Human Rights Watch

Freedom House

Açıklama:

In order to protect human rights, it is also useful to
indicate that the UN has a successful mechanism
to control and monitor the implementation of
all nations which are members of the UN. With
many of subsidiary bodies, the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) is the most significant. OHCHR has
the right to promote and protect human rights
based on the principles of the UN. According to these information, the correct answer is given in option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 76

In which year the Council of Europe founded?

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Açıklama:

Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims
to provide justice and international cooperation
in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy
through the protection of individual freedom,
political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to
facilitate economic and social progress of its
member states. Therefore, the correct answer is 1949, given in option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Which of the following is one of the points where The International Criminal Court's practice is separated from the UN and Council of Europe?

strengthening international human rights mechanisms

enhancing equality and countering discrimination

widening the democratic space

having sanctions on countries or individuals

applying to the institutions about violations of human rights

Açıklama:

The International Criminal Court, which is responsible for the protection of human rights. Therefore, its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. Hence, the correct answer is given in option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 78

"Human rights in international relations are generally evaluated under the heading of _________ theories." Fiil in the gap with the correct answer.

Liberal

English School

Normative

Constructivist

Realist

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 79

Which of the following is one of English School's leading theorists?

Hedley Bull

Charles Beitz

Thomas Pogge

Michael Walzer

John Locke

Açıklama:

The English School is located at a difficult point
in many aspects. English School, which shares
some principles with Realism from one side, and
with Constructivist theory by from the other side,
has been interpreted in various forms by different
names (Bellamy 2007, 75). Initially led by names
such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson
and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to
understand the nature of relations between states
with the help of the concept of International Society. In this context, the corect answer is given in option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 80

Which of the following options means the incremental spread of norms and its influence on the internal politics of countries?

norm bridge

norm cycle

norm order

norm hierarchy

norm bond

Açıklama:

Human rights
have also been included in international politics as
a general and accepted norm in this context. The
incremental spread of norms and its influence on
the internal politics of countries is called the norm
cycle. Norms introduced by norm entrepreneurs are
spread by the help of socialization usually provided
by international mechanisms at the first stage, and
then internalized and institutionalized in the final
stage. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 81

Which one of the following topics has turned one of the most controversial topics in the post-1990 period in the field of international relations?

The concept of human rights

The concept of cold war

The concept of security

The concept of national liberation

The concept of international politics

Açıklama:

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics. The subjects such as the history, classification and universality of human rights have been intensively debated and serious times have been spent on these issues. The post-Cold War international order, initially, was embraced with great optimism, but, shaken by civil wars and genocides, it has become more controversial over time. Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 82

Which one of the followings is an unarguable necessity for the conceptualization of human rights?

The concept of international order

Responsibilities of the international community

A philosophical interrogation

The concept of national sovereignty

A normative understanding of rights

Açıklama:

Undoubtedly, the conceptualization of human rights necessitates a philosophical interrogation. First of all, it is an important starting point to question what the concept of the right itself means and whether is possible to have a common definition of a right on all humanity. The sources of rights, how to classify different rights, and to what extent rights are universal stand as important questions that must be discussed in human rights theory. In addition to these, there is a wide debate about the conditions of respect for human rights and the causes of human rights violations in the literature.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 83

Which one of the followings is known as a person who developed one of the most important approaches in the field of rights?

Hugo Grotius

Jean Bodin

Amartya Sen

Georg Jellinek

Immanuel Wallerstein

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 84

Where was the relativity-universality debate in the framework of human rights conducted first time in the history of humanity?

Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe

World Conference on Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Helsinki Final Act

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Açıklama:

The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 85

Which one of the followings cannot be pointed out as an issue discussed in the World Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna in 1993?

Universality of human rights

Relativity of rights

Indivisibility of rights

Women's Rights

Security of Rights

Açıklama:

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universality of human rights, relativity of rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 86

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as an aspect through which John Locke tried to limit the state?

Liberty

Equality

Justice

Labour

Money

Açıklama:

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 87

When were the regulations forbidding the trade of slaves made first time?

1793

1815

1991

1914

1945

Açıklama:

For the first time, in the Congress of Vienna of 1815 regulations were made to forbid trade of slaves, and similarly, the Slavery Convention of 1926, and afterwards the League of Nations had strictly forbidden the trade of slaves and slavery itself

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

Which one of the following countries attach a special importance to human rights in their foreign policies?

Canada

United States of America

United Kingdom

Greece

Italy

Açıklama:

For instance, Brysk states that some countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach special importance to human rights in their foreign policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the protection and promotion of human rights. In this line, especially Japan and Canada’s contributions to promoting human security at the global level should be appreciated as well. Japan tends to be more prominent in humanitarian and development assistance, while Canada tends to respond to more instant and close threats such as genocide and civil war.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 89

Which one of the following organizations is a non-governmental organization established in 1978 and since then has been working in the field of human rights?

Council of Europe

The International Criminal Court

Amnesty International

Human Rights Watch

Freedom House

Açıklama:

Human Rights Watch is a non-governmental human rights organizations, which is therefore based on non-profit and voluntarily participants. Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 90

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a school in the field of human rights and shares some principles of realism and constructivist theory?

English School

French School

German School

Liberalism

Rawlsian Theory of Human Rights

Açıklama:

The English School is located at a difficult point in many aspects. English School, which shares some principles with Realism from one side, and with Constructivist theory by from the other side, has been interpreted in various forms by different names. Initially led by names such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to understand the nature of relations between states with the help of the concept of International Society.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 91

Which of the following is the international human rights organization that started mainly for the reason of ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)’?

The United Nations

The European Union

The Council of Europe

The Criminal Court of Justice

Amnesty International

Açıklama:

The United Nations is the international human rights organization that started mainly for the reason of ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)’. Thus, the correct answer is the option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 92

Which of the following philosophers defends the idea that sovereign power of society must not violate humans’ inherent natural rights consisting of life, liberty and property?

James Madison

John Locke

Hedley Bull

Jean Bodin

Thomas Hobbes

Açıklama:

John Locke defends the idea that sovereign power of society must not violate humans’ inherent natural rights consisting of life, liberty and property. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 93

Which of the following is not correct about the Council of Europe?

It was founded in 1949.

The European Convention of Human Rights was established.

It aims to provide justice and international cooperation and to promote democracy.

The European Court of Human Rights was established as an international court.

It started for the reason of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Açıklama:

The council of Europe was founded in 1949. Within the frame of Council of Europe, The European Convention of Human Rights was established and The European Court of Human Rights was established as an international court. It aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity and to promote democracy. All the options except E are correct about the Council of Europe. As for E, not the Council of Europe but The United Nation is an international organization and started for the reason of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 94

Which of the following is not one of the areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction?

Genocide

Crimes against humanity

War crimes

Crime of aggression

Religious crimes

Açıklama:

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression are the four areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction. Religious crimes are not one of these areas.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 95

Which of the following matchings is correct?

Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948

World Conference Vienna Declaration on Human Rights - 1980

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights- 1972

The European Court of Human Rights - 1945

The Prevention and Punishment of Crime Genocide- 1978

Açıklama:

World Conference Vienna Declaration on Human Rights was held in not 1980 but 1993. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was declared in 1966 not in 1972. The European Court of Human Rights was established in 1959 not in 1945. The Prevention and Punishment of Crime Genocide was signed in 1948 not in 1978. So, all the options except A was incorrect. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris in 1948. Thus, the option A is correct.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 96

____________ shares some principles with Realism and Constructivist Theory and seeks a position between the concepts of justice and order.

The English School

The Liberal Theory

Normative Theory

Amnesty International

The Council of Europe

Açıklama:

The English School initially led by Bull, Watson, and Vincent shares some principles with Realism and Constructivist Theory and seeks a position between the concepts of justice and order. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 97

Which of the following is described as the consequence of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues?

Regime

Non-state actor

Norm cycle

Amnesty

Charter-based body

Açıklama:

Regimes are defined by Keohane as the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 98

Which of the following centres on what ‘ought to be done’ and suggests a reading of values by the use of non-positivist and non-empirical approaches to international relations?

Normative Theory

English School Approach

Liberal Theory

Humanitarian Approach

Constructivist Theory

Açıklama:

Normative Theory centres on what ‘ought to be done’ and suggests a reading of values by the use of non-positivist and non-empirical approaches to international relations. The correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 99

I. It is a non-governmental human rights organization.
II. It aims to provide civil society with a secure environment generally suppressed by an authoritarian government.
III.Through democratic changes, it promotes and defends the rights of people.
Which of the following organizations has the features indicated above?

Amnesty International

Freedom House

The United Nations

Human Rights Watch

The Council of Europe

Açıklama:

The United Nations and The Council of Europe are international organizations. Freedom House, Amnesty International and The Human Rights Watch are the non-governmental organizations. Different from the other non-governmental organizations, it is the Freedom House that possesses all these features indicated above in the question. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 100

Which of the following approaches ignores human rights?

Normative approach

Liberal approach

English school

Constructivist approach

Realist approach

Açıklama:

Especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 101

Which two scholars maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights?

Bentham and Hume

Locke and Paine

Locke and Jefferson

Bentham and Locke

Hume and Locke

Açıklama:

The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 102

I. Negative status rights
II. Positive status rights
III. Active status rights
IV. Passive status rights
Which of the above classifications of rights were proposed by Georg Jellinek?

I and II

I, II and IV

II and IV

III and IV

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of rights include negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights. "Passive status rights" is not mentioned in this classification of rights.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 103

Which type of rights emphasizes the restrictions of states and personal immunity?

Negative status rights

Positive status rights

Active status rights

Passive status rights

Neutral status rights

Açıklama:

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 104

Which type of rights emphasizes the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions?

Negative status rights

Positive status rights

Active status rights

Passive status rights

Neutral status rights

Açıklama:

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 105

Which type of rights emphasizes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected?

Negative status rights

Positive status rights

Active status rights

Passive status rights

Neutral status rights

Açıklama:

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 106

In which conference was the first comprehensive relativity-universality debate with a discussion of the role of rights in the development of economy held?

World Conference on Human Rights

International Conference on People's Rights

International Conference on Democratic Rights

International Conference on Rights

World Conference on Human and Animal Rights

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 107

In which country and century did the revolutionary developments towards fundamental rights occur?

England-17th century

England-18th century

France-17th century

France-18th century

Germany-17th century

Açıklama:

Revolutionary developments towards fundamental rights occurred in England in the 17th century.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 108

According to which scholar people have inherent natural rights (life, liberty and property) that they acquire at their birth?

John Locke

Jean Bodin

Thomas Hobbes

Karl Marx

Lee Henry

Açıklama:

English Enlightenment and, especially, John Locke, have an undeniable value in terms of liberal human rights, which is worth to mention here (Brown 2006, 693; Clapham 2007, 6-10; James 2007, 14-16; Vincent 2010, 44-45; Freeman 2012, 20-22). According to him, people have inherent natural rights that they acquire at their birth. These fundamental rights, which are also the core of the current liberal doctrine, are “life, liberty and property” (Heywood 2012, 44).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 109

Which movement laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Welfare state?

Chartist movement

Human Rights movement

Working Group movement

Labor movement

United Workers movement

Açıklama:

The socialist movement that became more widespread in the 1848 revolution, the Chartist movement, and the aftermath, laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Welfare state (Briggs 1961, 222; Ishay 2004, 124-126). Chartism was a working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. Chartism got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 110

The concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics world _________

in the post-1950

in the post-1960

in the post-1970

in the post-1980

in the post-1990

Açıklama:

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 111

Which of the following approaches to IR ignores human rights?

Realist theories

Normative approach

Liberal approach

English school

Constructive approach

Açıklama:

Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today. In addition to this, different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 112

Which of the following has been the advocates positive law which maintains that human-beings rather than natural law create rights?

Georg Jellinek

Bentham and Hume

John Lock

Hugo Grotius

Bodin and Hobbes

Açıklama:

The question of what the source of rights is has been discussed, in particular, in the literature of law, from past to present. In this context, it is often argued that a source of rights is the law of nature. The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 113

Where and when was Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized?

at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1990

at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1991

at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1992

at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993

at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1994

Açıklama:

Another important point to be emphasized about human rights is the consideration that the development of human rights is largely Western-centric. In that regard, there is a large body of literature on the universality and locality of human rights (see Clapham 2007, 66; Donnelly 2007, 37-53; Freeman 2012, 126-132). In this sense, for example, the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 114

Which of the following is an issue emphasized in the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna?

Voting rights

Realist theories

Women’s rights

Normative approach

Liberal approach

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 115

Which of the following is the most important figures of English enlightenment who tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights?

John Locke

Bentham and Hume

Georg Jellinek

Hugo Grotius

Bodin and Hobbes

Açıklama:

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 116

Which of the following shaped the intergovernmental relations through international legal arrangements and organizations?

Congress of Vienna

The Hague Conventions

Vienna Declaration on Human Rights

Charter of the United Nations

Helsinki Final Act

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 117

Which of the following effectively implements the principle of conditionality for the protection of human rights?

The United Nations

The United States

European Union

The League of nations

Asia Pacific Union

Açıklama:

When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of absolute sovereignty in the face of human rights. In this context, numerous organizations that have introduced the principle of conditionality for the protection of human rights could be mentioned. For example, the European Union effectively implements this principle in the process of membership, while encouraging candidate members to take steps in line with democratization and human rights (Smith 2005; Schimmelfennig 2007; Usul 2011, 43-71).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 118

Which of the following is not an aim of the Council of Europe?

aims to promote democracy

aims the protection of individual freedom

aims the protection of political liberty

aims to protect world peace and security

aims the protection of the rule of law

Açıklama:

Council of Europe
Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 119

Which of the following reads IR from a perspective of power and security?

Liberals

English school

Normative Theory

Constructivism

Realists

Açıklama:

Unlike realists, who try to read international relations from a perspective of power and security, liberals question the possibilities of cooperation in international relations (Jackson and Sørensen 2010, 96). Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments. In particular, the emphasis on international organizations is that they are dialogue spaces where misunderstandings are abolished in one way, and the other is that they are the mechanisms that enable the harmonization of interstate interests (Keohane and Martin 1995, 41-42). In this framework, it will be possible for human rights to meet at the level of the state community, largely through the efforts of international institutions. In general, regulations in international institutions result in the emergence of international regimes in the long run. As Keohane describes, regimes are the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues (Keohane, 2009). Human rights regimes, which are becoming widespread and have a common will to overcome human rights violations, should be considered in this context (Donnelly 1986; Moravcsik 1995; Moravcsik 2000). A more indirect relationship between liberalism and human rights can be established within the framework of democratic peace theology of liberal theory. As a matter of fact, the reluctance of democracies to use force in internal politics, as it is in international politics, is often emphasized. So much so that a broad empirical literature has been built on the sensitivity democracies have in protecting human rights (Davenport 1999; Davenport 2007).

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 5

Soru 1

Which of the following events was followed by the end of the Cold War?
I. After WWI II. After WWII III. The fall of the Berlin Wall IV. The dissolution of the USSR

I & II

I & IV

II & IV

I & III

III & IV

Açıklama:

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the USSR led to the end of the Cold War.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

Which of the following is true about Third World States?

They are strong and prosperous.

There is little displacement and refugees.

Most are an artificial design of colonial powers.

Ethnic compositions are in harmony.

They do not arm themselves.

Açıklama:

Most, if not all, Third World states are artificial designs of colonial powers in the past. Territorial, ethnic, as well as sectarian in many cases, compositions of the Third World states create domestic insecurities and result in interstate enmity in a specific region. Collusion of interests of intra- and extra- regional states, usually in the form of opposing regional balances, over a specific security issue creates war, displacement, refugees, poverty, and, in most cases, stalemate and prolongation of disagreement over the dispute. This makes that state or group of states in the Third World spend more to the armament.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following is among the global security threats that the World will face in the future, according to the UN?

Earthquakes

Forest Fires

Draughts

Famines

Mass destruction

Açıklama:

The United Nations (UN) outlined, in its Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change in 2004, six clusters of global security threats that the world has now faced and will face in years ahead. These are economic and social threats, inter-state conflicts,internal conflicts, weapons of mass destructions, terrorism, and transnational organized crimes.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

Which of the following is false about realist thinking on security?

The international system is not anarchic.

Power is the defining notion of state behaviors.

States are the most important actors in international politics.

States are unitary and rational actors.

States can only rely on themselves.

Açıklama:

Realism points out that the international system is anarchic. It means the absence or lack of a common international authority to regulate the relationships among constituents of international system.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following are characteristics in social sciences that positivism shows?
I. there is an objective truth that can be discovered
II. there is only one correct form of reasoning
III. the tool of reasoning is empiricism
IV. there can be a distinction between observer and observed

I & II

II & IV

II, III, & IV

I, II, & II

I, II, III, & IV

Açıklama:

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences (Ibid: 100). First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered.” Second, “the means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning”. Third, “the tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions”. Fourth, “there can be a distinction between observer and observed”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

____________ are the key concepts in the Constructivist readings that have brought new insights into the analyses of security in international politics.

Democracy and independence

Identity, culture, and norms

Power, state, and society

State, society, and cooperation

Peace and community

Açıklama:

Identity, culture, and norms are the key concepts in the Constructivist readings that have brought new insights into the analyses of security in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Which of the following statements is not correct about securitisation?

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis.

It was developed by the Copenhagen School.

It was developed at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute.

It was developed in Copenhagen in the 1980s.

It was be classified as a Constructivist approach.

Açıklama:

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s and can be classified as a Constructivist approach since it deals with subjective matters.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

The Non-proliferation Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR in ________.

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

Açıklama:

The US and the USSR signed the Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968 and it came into effect in 1970.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

The democratisation of Eastern Europe took place in the late _____.

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Açıklama:

Democratisation of Eastern Europe took place in the late 1980s and the subsequent collapse of the USSR in 1991 closed down the window to where most of the conflicts had been rooted in the Cold War era.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

When was the democratically elected government in Egypt overthrown by a military coup?

2000

2005

2010

2013

2018

Açıklama:

They have also kept quite the overthrow of a democratically elected government by a military coup in Egypt in 2013.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

When did the level of analysis in international security discussion gain prominence?

World War I period

World War II period

The post-Cold War period

The Cold War period

The Industrial Revolution

Açıklama:

Level of analysis in international security discussion in the post-Cold War period gained prominence for two reasons. First was the end of the bipolar
international security system. Second was the rise of security problems around the world caused not essentially by great power rivalry, but by domestic state failures and regional inter-state disagreements.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

The method of security complex provides a clear understanding to analyse regional security relations among states existing in the forms of well-established and stable in the developed _______ and of problematic and unstable in the developing ________ .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

North - South

East - West

Far - near

Poverty - wealth

Internal - external

Açıklama:

The method of security complex provides a clear understanding to analyse regional security relations among states existing in the forms of well-established and stable in the developed North and of problematic and unstable in the developing South.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Who is the founder of Neo-realist Theory?

Max Weber

Karl Marx

Thomas Hobbes

Mohammed Ayoob

Kenneth N. Waltz

Açıklama:

Kenneth N. Waltz, the founder of Neo-realist Theory.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Which of the following assumptions about realist thinking on security is not correct?

International system is anarchic

National system is anarchic

States are the most important units/ actors in international politics

States are unitary and rational actors

Power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment. the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Anarchy does not necessarily refer to chaos and disorder. It means the absence
or lack of a common international authority to regulate the relationships among constituents of international system. International and domestic political systems are different in that while the former functions without hierarchical order, the latter is regulated by state power imposing all sorts of rules on individuals in its realm.

Açıklama:

Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics so

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following theoretical perspectives to security supports the idea that states are similar to individuals in that they are essentially unspoiled,
unselfish, and conjunctive?

Modernism

Realism

Capitalism

Liberalism

Constructivism

Açıklama:

For the Liberals, states are similar to individuals in that they are essentially unspoiled, unselfish, and conjunctive.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

________ democracies do not go to war against each other.
Which of the following options best completes the sentence above?

Socialist

Realist

Modern

Liberal

Capitalist

Açıklama:

The Liberal notion is that liberal democracies do not go to war against each other.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

Critical approaches on security is to divert attention from conventional securityunderstanding to the prioritisation of human ____________ .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Character

Emancipation

Belief

Unity

Personality

Açıklama:

Critical approaches on security is to divert attention from conventional security
understanding to the prioritisation of human emancipation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

“A gun in the hands of a friend is a different thing from one in the hands of an enemy, and enmity is a social, not material, relation”
Which of the following security approaches supports the idea above?

The Constructivist approach

The Liberal approach

The Realist approach

Critical Theory

The Socialist approach

Açıklama:

As Alexander Wendt, a prominent Constructivist, points out “A gun in the hands of a friend is a different thing from one in the hands of an enemy, and enmity is a social, not material, relation”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which of the following statements refers to the constructivist approach?

International system is anarchic

States are unitary and rational actors

International institutions are other key entities in having and further boosting
international security

There is not an objective truth because culture and specific values shape it

Normative and ideational structures are important

Açıklama:

The Constructivist approach puts forward three main ontological positions. First, normative and ideational structures are important and matter as much as those of material structures do.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

The Cold War that had lasted between _______ and _______ .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

1914-1918

1940-1945

1945-1989

1960-1990

1980-1990

Açıklama:

The Cold War that had lasted between 1945 and 1989 ended peacefully.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which is a basic matter of security that can be observed especially in the Third World countries?

Treatable diseases

Individual freedom

Environment

Cyber crime

Economy

Açıklama:

Treatable disease is a basic mattert of security that can only be observed in underdeveloped countries

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which may be regarded as a main, real reson for insecurities in the Third World states?

Poverty

Internal weakness

Displacement

Refugees

Regional balances

Açıklama:

Internal weakness of those countries cause insecurities which result in all the other options

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which theoretical perspective on security in international politics claims that international system is anarchic?

Copenhagen School

Liberalism

Realist thinking

Constructivist security approach

Critical security approach

Açıklama:

Realist thinking on security points out that international system is anarchic.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

What does anarchy offered by Realist thinking on security refers to?

Chaos

Disorder

State power

Lack of international authority

States' security behaviors

Açıklama:

It refers to the lack o fan international authority regulating the relationship among constituents of international system

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which theoretical perspective on security in international politics claims that cooperation among international actors produces peace and security?

Realism

Critical Security Approach

Constructivist Security Approach

Neo-realism

Liberalism

Açıklama:

Cooperation is emphasized by liberals

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which concept is the least emphasized by Liberal perspective on security?

Military power

Cooperation

International interdependence

Non-governmental organizations

International Institutions

Açıklama:

Except military power, all others are regarded important by liberals

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which can be directly linked to the Critical Security Approach?

State power

Human emancipation

Zero-Sum-Game

International actors' ccoperation

Non-governmental organizations

Açıklama:

Prioritisation of human emancipation is emphasized by Critical Security Approach

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which concepts are regarded important by Constructivist Security Approach?

Power exercise and oppression

Social and political interaction

Identity, culture, and norms

Tamed anarchy

International institutions

Açıklama:

Identity, culture, and norms are key concepts in the Constructivist Readings

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which may be indicated as an example for peace and security established and maintained on the basis of democracy and economic interdependence?

The US and China

The US and Russia

The NATO

The EU

The UK and İndia

Açıklama:

The EU is a classic example of economic interdependance and democracy for living in peace and security

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

Which can be observed in varying degrees in both the Northen and the Southern hemisphere countries?

Lack clean water

Poverty, violance, and prosecution

Weak, failed, and collapsed states

Fragile state-society relations

Unequal distribution of wealth

Açıklama:

Unequal distribution of wealth can be seen everywhere.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Which of the following is a way of providing security?

preventing a new war

provoking a war between some small states

being independent

seeking security among the nations

creating positive international relations

Açıklama:

The book says ...
"It was the carnage of World War I (WWI), between 1914 and 1918, that urged political leaders on the side of winners to provide security by preventing the occurrence of a new Great War. No-war situation was equal to obtaining security (state security) which.." Therefore preventing a new war is a way of providing security mentioned in the chapter.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which of the following are the possible causes of security problems?
I: power issues
II: domestic failures
III: regional disagreements
IV: bad international relations
V: lack of security officers

I, II, III, IV, V

I, II, V

I, II, III

IV, V

Only V

Açıklama:

According to the book;
"the rise of security problems around the world caused not essentially by great power rivalry, but by domestic state failures and regional inter-state disagreements."
Therefore, not essentially ... but .... part gives three reasons, which are "power rivalry, domestic state failures, regional inter-state disagrements".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

What does anarchy refer to within the Realism framework?

Chaos

Reality

Authority

Lack of authority

Disorder

Açıklama:

The book says;
the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Anarchy does not necessarily refer to chaos and disorder. It means the absence or lack of a common international authority to regulate the relationships among constituents of international system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 34

What is the difference between international and domestic political systems?

International system is anarchic while the domestic system is not.

International system is dominated by states while the domestic system is dominated by individuals.

International system has a nonhierarchical order while domestic system is hierarchical.

International system is hierarchical while domestic system is nonhierarchical.

International system is regulated by nongovernmental organizations while domestic system is regulated by governmental power.

Açıklama:

The book says:
International and domestic political systems are different in that while the former functions without hierarchical order, the latter is regulated by state power imposing all sorts of rules on individuals in its realm.
The former is the international system and the lattere is the domestic political system. Therefore, international system functions without hierarchical order (nonhierarchical) and the domestic political system is imposed on individuals; therefore hierarcical.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

………… is the international order in which there is no international authority, nor the use of force.

International system

Domestic system

Realism

Independence

Anarchy

Açıklama:

The book says "Therefore, anarchy refers to an international order in which there is not any international authority that can impose any regulations on autonomous units (states) and forestalls the use of force."

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

How is power and security viewed in the Neo-realist perspective?

Power and security are similar issues.

Power is required to achieve security.

Security is needed to obtain power.

Power is secured by political capability.

Power is an element of nonmilitary force.

Açıklama:

The book says "power for states is a means to achieving security in international arena (Waltz, 1979)." That means, power brings security.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

Which view supports the view that a state can be democratic, authoritarian, and semi-authoritarian at the same time?
I: Realism
II: Neo-realism
III: Liberalism

I, II, III

Only I

Only II

Only III

I, III

Açıklama:

The book says "Expansion of liberal democracy is another premise of the Liberal thinking in getting a more secure international order . States having a mixture of political systems including liberal democratic, authoritarian, and semi-authoritarian models can build interdependence via intensive trade and share the same international organisations with equal rights.". Therefore, liberalism claims that a state can have these three characteristics.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which approach favors the existence of truth?

Realism

Neo-realism

Liberalism

Positivism

Critical theory

Açıklama:

According to the book,
"Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences (Ibid: 100). First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered…In Critical Theory, there is not an objective truth because culture and specific values shape it, ..."

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

What is the common point of all Critical perspectives?

They challenge truth claiming that truth is far from the states' reach.

They all deny all the traditional perspectives claiming that they danger the security.

They all challenge existing social and political relations claiming that they should be radically changed.

They all believe that security cannot be constructed.

They all claim that all the existing theories on security should be demolished.

Açıklama:

The book shows the common characteristic of the Critical perspectives regarding securityas "they challenge given social and political relations, and identify “ways in which they might be radically changed” (Dannreuther, 2007: 49; Mutimer, 2013: 76). The Critical Theory seeks to explain both how security is constructed and how existing theories on security can be transformed (Dannreuther, 2007: 49-50)."

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which arguments cannot be tested empirically?

Realist

Neo-realist

Liberal

Positivist

Constructivist

Açıklama:

,The book explicitly states that "Such rationalist approaches as Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism stress out that the Constructivist arguments could not be tested empirically."

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

When did the advocates of security fail in the first half of the 20th Century?

During the interwar period

During the first world war

Between 1905 and 1909

Between 1901 and 1905

Between 1910 and 1914

Açıklama:

Advocates of security failed during the interwar period between 1919 and 1939, similar to that of previous centuries for their own time. World War II (WWII) from 1939 to 1945 and subsequent Cold War system brought new political and military measures, and ideas about the question of how to overcome insecurity of sovereign states. Destructive impact of the WWII and following Cold War international system, largely based on bipolar division of militarily powerful states, limited security practices and discussions among state officials and academics to having produced policies and ideas about protecting state sovereignty.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Who is the author of the work titled "People, State & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era" in which causes of old and new security challenges is tried to be captured?

Barry Buzan

Mohammed Ayoob

Hans J. Morgenthau

Kenneth N. Waltz

Samuel Huntington

Açıklama:

Barry Buzan recognises nature of security as the main factor in the failure to provide a specific and common definition for it. In order to display this challenge, Buzan cites thirteen different definitions of security threats emanating from external and internal military and non-military sources. At the end, Buzan makes an attempt to define a kind of security with its multiple and complex face and characteristics. In his work, People, State & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the post- Cold War Era, published just at the end of the Cold War, Buzan tries to capture causes of old and new security challenges by broadening and deepening the scope of security.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

Which one of the following scholars identifies the international security complexities by concentreting on a specific region, namely the Third World?

Robert Cox

Hans J. Morgenthau

Mohammed Ayoob

Samuel Hungtinton

Barry Buzan

Açıklama:

Mohammed Ayoob identifies international security complexities by concentrating on a specific region, the Third World. In his work, titled "The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System", Ayoob focuses on the Third World security impasses composed of interactions produced by the domestic failures of developing states, regional impacts, and the responses and interests of the developed states.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

Which one of the following perspectives in the literature of security advocates that "power is the defining notion of state behaviours in the anarchic international enviroinment?

Critical security approach

Constructivist security approach

Realist approach

Liberal approach

Securitisation approach

Açıklama:

According to realist approach in security literature, power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment. States always seek power in order to feel safe against the power increase efforts of other states. Thirst for power of states is a never-ending situation because power increase of one state is read by other state or states, especially in a neighbouring state, as a threat against itself. Counter action naturally produces a never-ending state of power maximisation among states.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

Which one of the following approaches or theoretical frameworks in the literature of security challenges given social and political relations, and identifies ways in which they might be radically changed?

Securitisation framework

Realist approach

Constructivist security approach

Critical security approach

Liberal approach

Açıklama:

Common characteristic of the Critical perspectives regarding security is that they challenge given social and political relations, and identify “ways in which they might be radically changed”. The Critical Theory seeks to explain both how security is constructed and how existing theories on security can be transformed. The Critical theorists use views of Antonio Gramsci and Michael Foucault in understanding the ideological context of conventional political discourses. By doing so, they describe the conventional approaches as being unjust power exercise and oppression. Having explained constructed position of existing traditional theories, the Critical approaches engage approaches engage in the effort of deconstruction of conventional discourses and propose a new opening for freedom, ‘emancipation’.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

Which one of the following approaches or theoretical frameworks in the literature of security is developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute?

Critical security approach

Constructivist security approach

Liberal approach

Realist approach

Securitisation framework

Açıklama:

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s. The concept of the Securitisation, formulated in the works of Ole Waever, Barry Buzan and Jaap de Wilde, broadens content of security by including military and non-military fields into the security studies. Most importantly, it introduces the view that a specific matter or security problem is actually engendered and constructed through multiple and complex internal processes as being an existential security threat. In other words, the concept of the Securitisation identifies how, why, and by whom a particular issue becomes securitised (securitisation) and de-securitized (de-securitisation). The concept of the Securitisation can, thus, be classified as a Constructivist approach since it deals with subjective matters.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

Which one of the following school of thoughts or approaches involves the idea of economic interdependence as its basic argument?

Liberal School of Thought

Idealist School of Thought

Constructivist Approach

Marksist School of Thought

Critical Approach

Açıklama:

Economic interdependence is one of the basic arguments of the Liberal school of thought. States having adopted free trade and worked for economic integration, are in a position of win-win with the states they interact in an interdependent manner. Economic interdependence is believed to produce not only financial benefits but also
bilateral/multilateral political gains. The EU is a classic example of economic interdependence that is thought to have changed old militaristic habits with new peaceful ones. There are, however, counter arguments.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Which one of the following countries cannot be pointed out among those who have developed their own nuclear capacity in varying degree of destrucitve capacity?

Chile

China

United Kingdom

France

Pakistan

Açıklama:

Having seen the strategic values of nuclear weapons as an ultimate instrument of military defence, the UK, France, China, Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea have all developed their own nuclear military capacity in varying degree of destructive capacity, number and delivery systems. All of these states in their endeavour of obtaining nuclear weapons have adopted the examples of the Cold War nuclear deterrence between the US and the USSR. For instance, Pakistan sought to balance India as the latter has had an army which is far more powerful than that of Pakistan regarding conventional weapons. Rest of the nuclear weapon states of China, France, Israel and North Korea have all done so by bearing in mind and the fact that they could repel any large scale military attacks to be initiated by their military rivals.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a place that gives less migration, or flux of people, to the north in comparision to others?

Egypt

Sub-Saharan African Communities

Uzbekhistan

Brazil

Kazakhistan

Açıklama:

Migrant workers and refugees are not new phenomena for the developed North and the developing South. Most of the cases of the flow of people as migrant workers and refugees towards the developed Northern countries have been occurring not from people experiencing absolute poverty but from relatively well-off groups in the neighbourhood of the developed world. Such cases of the flux of people are not mostly from poor communities of sub-Saharan African, but mainly from natural resource rich countries in the Middle East, Latin America, and Central Central Asia to Europe, the US, and Russia, respectively.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 50

Who is the author of one of the most cited works in the international relations literature that is titled as "the Clash of Civilisation"?

Joseph Nye

Alexander Wendt

Ken Booth

Robert Cox

Samuel Huntington

Açıklama:

The famous work that is frequently cited in various research in the field of international relations and known as "the Clash of Civilisation" is written by Samual Huntington.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

The aftermath of which event urged political leaders on the side of winners to ensure security by preventing the occurrence of a new Great War?

World War I (WWI)

World War II (WWII)

Hundred Years' War

American Civil War

The Cold War

Açıklama:

It was the carnage of World War I (WWI), between 1914 and 1918, that urged political leaders on the side of winners to provide security by preventing the occurrence of a new Great War.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which two events together mark the end of the Cold War?

The fall of Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

The fall of Berlin Wall and the Great Depression

The fall of Berlin Wall and WWII

The dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Korean War

The dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and WWII

Açıklama:

Cold War ended with the fall of Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in December 1991. This meant the plethora of views, actions, and debates on security in international politics from the stance points of both intellectuals and officials in the post-Cold War era.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

According to Buzan (1991), which concept does "a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another” describe?

Security complex

Interstate security

Region

Regional complex

Federation

Açıklama:

According to Buzan, a security complex refers to “a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another.” The method of security complex provides a clear understanding to analyse regional security relations among states existing in the forms of well-established and stable in the developed North and of problematic and unstable in the developing South.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

According to the "Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change" published in 2004, which of the following is not listed as a global security threat?

Inter-state conflicts

Internal conflicts

Terrorism

Transnational organized crimes

Biological weapons

Açıklama:

In the United Nations (UN) report titled "Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change" in 2004, six clusters of global security threats that the world has now faced and will face in years ahead are listed as economic and social threats, inter-state conflicts, internal conflicts, weapons of mass destructions, terrorism, and transnational organized crimes (The United Nations, 2004, 23). "Biological weapons" are not listed as a threat in this report.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 55

What are the two versions of Realism?

Classical Realism and Neorealism

Classical Realism and Neoclassical Realism

Neorealism and Romanticism

Neoliberalism and Neo-Marxism

Postmodernism and Neoliberalism

Açıklama:

Realism provides a wide range of theoretical tools on security including its both Classical and Neorealist versions. Despite some differences, Classical Realism and Neo-realism as a whole body of Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

Which of the following is not among the common assumptions of Classical Realism and Neo-realism that are key in understanding security in international politics?

International corporations are the most important units/actors in international politics.

International system is anarchic.

Power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment.

States are the most important units/actors in international politics.

States are unitary and rational actors.

Açıklama:

Classical Realism and Neo-realism as a whole body of Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics. These common assumptions are: 1) International system is anarchic; 2) Power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment; 3) States are the most important units/actors in international politics; and 4) States are unitary and rational actors. Choice A "International corporations are the most important units/actors in international politics." is not a common assumption of Classical Realism and Neo-realism. So the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

Which scholar implies a “war of all against all”?

Thomas Hobbes

Hans J. Morgenthau

Kenneth N. Waltz

Terry Terriff

Barry Buzan

Açıklama:

As war is always a possibility among states, the anarchic international system, as Realists cite from Thomas Hobbes, implies a “war of all against all”. Mistrust is the common attitude of states towards each other in an anarchic international system and states cannot rely on any promises of other states or international institutions, but only on themselves, self-help (Terriff et al., 1999: 31-32).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which critical realist defined politics among nations as “struggle for power and peace”?

Barry Buzan

Terry Terriff

Kenneth N. Waltz

Thomas Hobbes

Hans J. Morgenthau

Açıklama:

Classical Realist Hans J. Morgenthau defined politics among states (nations) as “struggle for power and peace” (Morgenthau, 1948).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 59

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences. Which of the following is not of these characteristics?

There is an objective truth that can be discovered.

The means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning.

The tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions.

There can be a distinction between observer and observed.

There is no distinction between observer and observed.

Açıklama:

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences. First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered.” Second, “the means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning”. Third, “the tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions”. Fourth, “there can be a distinction between observer and observed”. The post-positivists argue that there is no distinction between observer and observed.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

Which scholar suggests that security must be considered with a holistic sense?

Antonio Gramsci

Michael Foucault

Ken Booth

Alexander Wendt

Ole Weaver

Açıklama:

Ole Weaver suggests that security must be considered with a holistic sense.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Which one of the following events led the end of the Cold War?

The fall of Berlin Wall

Clash of Civilisations

Emergence of European Union

Democratic Peace

Zero-Sum-Game

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

Which scholar supplies ten different definition of security that contains national, individual, and group security in terms of material and non-material threats against their core values?

Robert Cox

Barry Buzan

Alan Collins

Alexander Wendt

John Berger

Açıklama:

Alan Collins supplies ten different definition of security that contains national, individual, and group security in terms of material and non-material threats against their core values (Collins, 2013: 1-9). Collins touches upon wide range of security issues in the context of security studies. He deepens and broadens the subject of security by including topics of military, regime, societal, environmental, and economic security.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 63

Which perspective accepts that international system is not as influential and determinant factor on states’ behavior as the power and choices of national actors and internal political systems?

Balance of Power

Liberal Perspective

Critical Security

Emancipation

Constructive Perspective

Açıklama:

The Liberal views do not deny the importance and influence of international system on the behavior of states. Having said that the Liberal perspectives argue that international system is not as influential and determinant factor on states’ behavior as the power and choices of national actors and internal political systems.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 64

There is an objective truth that can be discovered.
The means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning.
The tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions
There can be a distinction between observer and observed.

Which approach involves the aforementioned characteristics in social sciences?

Positivizm

Post-positivism

Secularism

Constructivism

Libaralism

Açıklama:

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences: First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered.” Second, “the means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning”. Third, “the tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions”. Fourth, “there can be a distinction between observer and observed”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

Which one of the following approaches pays great attention to view that ideas, identity, and interaction are of great importance in international system?

The Positivist Approach

The Post-Positivist Approach

The Modernist Approach

The Constructivist Approach

The Critical Security Approach

Açıklama:

The Constructivist approach pays great attention to view that ideas, identity, and interaction are of great importance in international system. For the Constructivist security, as international system is itself a constructed ‘reality’, so is the concept of security in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

Where did one of the best examples of the desecuritisation appear?

South America

Russia

Central Europe

South Africa

North Africa

Açıklama:

One of the best examples of the desecuritisation appeared in South Africa after the end of the Apartheid regime. The race issue in South African society was de-securitised in the sense that it was taken out of security realm and put back into the realm of politics.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 67

What did create a bipolar international system and a Cold War?

Military and ideological difference between the US and USSR

Military and ideological difference between the US and Europe

Military and ideological difference between the USSR and Korea

Military and ideological difference between the US and Turkey

Military and ideological difference between the Europe and USSR

Açıklama:

Wars in previous centuries that shaped the known international systems were all fought among two or more most powerful states of the time. Military and ideological difference between the US and USSR created a bipolar international system and a Cold War, which disallowed the two super powers to engage in a direct large-scale military conflict one against another.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Which one of the following views is the basic argument of the Liberal school of thought?

Global independence

Geographic interaction

Economic interdependence

National security

Militaristic gains

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

Which one of the followings give priority to the collusion of different cultural and civilizational identities of the warring sides in conflicts?

the Clash of Civilisations

Copenhagen School

Balance of Power

De-Securitisation

Zero-Sum-Game

Açıklama:

Academic impassion to provide a systemic analysis for the conflicts around the world led to production of the theory of ‘the Clash of Civilisations’ by giving priority to the collusion of different cultural and civilizational identities of the warring sides in conflicts, such as in the former Yugoslavia among Catholic Croatians, Orthodox Serbians, and Muslim Bosnians.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 70

Which of the following situations suggest power gain of a state means, or seen as, absolute loss of other state(s) in the opposite side?

Emancipation

Critical Security

Democratic Peace

Zero-Sum-Game

Speech Act

Açıklama:

This is a state of zero-sum-game situation in which power gain of a state means, or seen as, absolute loss of other state(s) in the opposite side.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 71

Which one of the following cannot be considered as a security subject?

State

Gender

Ethnicity

Sect

Occupation

Açıklama:

State, individual, and group of individuals belonging to a specific nation, ethnicity, sect, or gender are considered as security subjects that varied opinions among politicians, academics, and experts put one or some or all as their priority to protect or concentrate on

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 72

Which one of the following is not an example of the form of opposing regional balances, over a specific security issue among Third World states?

Spain and Catalonia over Barcelona

Arab states and Israeli over Palestine

Pakistan and India over Kashmir

Ethiopia and Somalia over Ogaden

Morocco and Algeria over Western Sahara

Açıklama:

Disputes between Arab states and Israeli over Palestine, Pakistan and India over Kashmir, Ethiopia and Somalia over Ogaden, Morocco and Algeria over Western Sahara are just few of numerous such examples in the Third World

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

Which one of the following theoretical perspectives supports that international system is anarchic and power is the defining notion of state
behaviors in the anarchic international environment?

Realist Thinking on Security

Liberalism on Security

Critical Security Approach

Constructivist Security Approach

Securitisation

Açıklama:

First, the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Second, power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment according to the Realist Thinking on Security.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

I. It is a state-centric approach
II. It concentrates international security
III. International system is anarchic
Which one/ones of the statement(s) above belong(s) to the realist thinking on security?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

I-III

Açıklama:

Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Realism is a state-centric approach in international politics. Therefore, security in Realist thinking concentrates on state security with respect to its relations with other states in external arena.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 75

In which theoretical perspective on security, cooperation plays an important role?

Realist Thinking

Liberalism on Security

Critical Security Approach

Constructivist Security Approach

Securitisation

Açıklama:

Liberal views agree on the key characteristics of international politics with those of the Realists. Liberalism sees security in international politics actually the way the Realism does. Liberal perspectives, however, challenge the Realist security assumptions in particular, and their views on functioning of international relations in general, by putting cooperative examples of international affairs forward, including in the area of security

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 76

The new international order after the Cold War is, often, described as ________because there is not as clear-cut division in international political system as it was during the previous era.

disorder

peace

order

stability

calm

Açıklama:

The new international order after the Cold War is, often, described as disorder because there is not as clear-cut division in international political system as it was during the previous era. For academics in international politics, this has created numerous new empirical data and new interpretations to the old, but still existing, arguments regarding the analyses of security in international politics. Neither have states in their behaviors limited themselves with the sharp division of old international security thinking. These do not, however, suggest that intellectuals and statesmen have all given up old way of security thinking and practices. They exist and are very much alive today in international politics. The end of the Cold War with the increasing globalisation has brought about changes and processes in international relations, all of which together have given additional new meanings to, and produced implications for, security in international politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

Security is a contested concept not because it is difficult to define as a word, but because it refers to a situation in which there are numerous referent objects and _______ being in a constant interaction.

intellectuals

actors

academics

implications

politics

Açıklama:

Security is a contested concept not because it is difficult to define as a word, but because it refers to a situation in which there are numerous referent objects and actors being in a constant interaction. Security as a word refers to being relatively safe or free from harm and danger. Actors of international politics pay utmost attention and devote huge resources to a condition in which they feel safe or free from danger and harm.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 78

Which of the following is not considered as security subjects?

State

Ethnicity

Politicians

Sect

gender

Açıklama:

Constituent elements of security have yet multiplied since the end of the Cold War in terms of who or what should be protected and who or what pose threat to security. State, individual, and group of individuals belonging to a specific nation, ethnicity, sect, or gender are considered as security subjects that varied opinions among politicians, academics, and experts put one or some or all as their priority to protect or concentrate on.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 79

The Realism points out that anarchy does not necessarily refer to chaos and ______. It means the absence or lack of a common international authority to regulate the relationships among constituents of international system.

order

stability

authority

disorder

hierarchy

Açıklama:

The Realism points out that anarchy does not necessarily refer to chaos and disorder. It means the absence or lack of a common international authority to regulate the relationships among constituents of international system.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 80

Which of the following is the leading Classical Realist on security?

Kenneth N. Waltz

Ken Booth

Antonio Gramsci

Michael Foucault

Hans J. Morgenthau

Açıklama:

Indeed, leading Classical Realist Hans J. Morgenthau defined politics among states (nations) as “struggle for power and peace” (Morgenthau, 1948). For him, power for states is a tool and an objective at the same time in order to protect and project their interests. As interests can be subject to change and increase, then foremost interests of states always are to seek more power. Actually, for Morgenthau, international politics is all about power politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 81

Which of the following is not a common assumption in understanding security in international politics by Classical Realism and Neo-realism?

They declare that cooperation, and security is possible under anarchy

They both point out that international system is anarchic

Power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment

They think that States are the most important units/ actors in international politics

They think that states are unitary and rational actors

Açıklama:

liberalism on security declares that cooperation, and security is possible under anarchy
Despite some differences, Classical Realism and Neo-realism as a whole body of Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics. First, the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Second, power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment (Ibid: 33-34). Third, states are the most important units/ actors in international politics. Fourth, states are unitary and rational actors.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 82

Which of the following is a view shared by Liberals on international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and multinational corporations?

They are more than agents of states in their search for power

Liberals think that they are independent actors

They are more than agents of states in their search for promotion of national interests

They are more than agents of states in their search for seeking security

Liberals think that they are dependent actors

Açıklama:

They are more than agents of states in their search for power (IGOs)
They are more than agents of states in their search for promotion of national interests (IGOs)
They are more than agents of states in their search for seeking security (IGOs)
For the Liberals, international governmental organisations (IGOs) and international regimes are more than agents of states in their search for power, promotion of national interests, and seeking security. As for international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and multinational corporations, the Liberals see them as not dependent but independent actors pursuing their autonomous agendas which greatly influence state choices and decisions in international politics (Nye and Keohane, 1971a: 337). As Keohane and Nye assert, transnational and sub-national actors which are involved in intensive communication, information, transportation, and finance across state borders play a significant role in many international interactions (Ibid: 332).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 83

Common characteristics of this approach regarding security is that they challenge given social and political relations and identify “ways in which they might be radically changed.”
Which of the following security approach is the above mentioned statement related to?

Liberalism on security

Realist thinking on security

Critical security approach

Constructivist security approach

Securitisation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 84

Which of the following is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s?

Critical security approach

Liberalism on security

Neo Realist thinking

Securitisation

Classical Realist thinking

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 85

The Cold War that had lasted between ___________ ended peacefully.

1945 and 1988

1945 and 1989

1945 and 1990

1945 and 1991

1945 and 1992

Açıklama:

The Cold War that had lasted between 1945 and 1989 ended peacefully. Peaceful end of it in the sense of the absence of a world war between superpowers, however, does not guarantee that there will not be any in the future. Nevertheless, currently, there has been a great power peace, which has been producing its own security implications.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 86

Which one of the following theoretical perspectives has a more heterogeneous nature in terms of the elements it supports?

Realist Thinking on Security

Liberalism on Security

Critical Security Approach

Constructivist Security Approach

Securitisation

Açıklama:

There are various Critical theories or Critical approaches commonly used in the theoretical analyses in international relations, international politics and security studies. This makes the Critical approach heterogeneous reflecting various elements from the Critical security studies to Feminist and Postmodernist ones

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 87

"Ideas, identity, and interaction are of great importance in international system. As international system is itself a constructed ‘reality’, so is the concept of security in international politics."
Which one of the following theoretical perspectives supports the idea in the statement above?

Realist thinking on security

Constructivist Security Approach

Liberalism on security

Securitisation

Critical security approach

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

Which one of the following perspectives was developed by Copenhagen School in the 1990s?

Securitisation

Constructivist Security Approach

Critical Security Approach

Liberalism on Security

Realist Thinking on Security

Açıklama:

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 89

Which one of the following dates refer to the period of the Cold War?

1950-1975

1945-1989

1950-1990

1965-1985

1975-1990

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 90

Whom does the theory of the Clash of Civilisation belong to?

Samuel Huntington

Karl Marx

Winston Churchill

Robert Cox

Ken Booth

Açıklama:

Most noted reference to this way of looking and analysing conflicts around the world and international security is the citation to the article of the Clash of Civilisation of Samuel
Huntington.

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 6

Soru 1

Which of the following is one of the structural motives in radicalization?

corruption

adventure

belonging

status

purpose

Açıklama:

Corruption is one of the structural motives and adventure, belonging, status, and purpose are among individual incentives.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which of the following is one of the individual incentives in radicalization?

inequality

status

corruption

repression

unemployment

Açıklama:

Status is one of the individual incentives in radicalization and inequality, corruption, repression, and unemployment are among structural motivators

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following is regarded as the first terrorist organization in history?

ASALA

Al-Hashashin

Jacobins

Zealots

IRA

Açıklama:

The Zealots are regarded as the first terrorist organization in history.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

In which area were the Assassins active?

the Roman Empire

France

Syria

Israel

Russia

Açıklama:

The Assassins were active in a wide area from Iran to Syria and Egypt.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

The Jacobins were supported by ____________ .

rightists

leftists

aristocrats

army members

poor urban workers

Açıklama:

The Jacobins were supported by poor urban workers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

In which year did the “September decree” take place?

1700

1739

1745

1789

1793

Açıklama:

The “September decree” took place in 1793.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following did the anarchists from Russia use effectively?

gun powder

dynamite

knives and swords

missiles

martial arts

Açıklama:

The anarchists from Russia used dynamite effectively.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following is an ideologically motivated terrorist organization?

ASALA

IRA

Baader Mainhof

ETA

PKK

Açıklama:

Baader Meinhof in Germany is an ideologically motivated terrorist organization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

How many years did the Crusades last?

100

170

200

Açıklama:

The Crusades lasted for 200 years.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which of the following is a Japanese terrorist organization?

Anders Behring

Ma Ba Tha

DHKP-C

Aleph

Red Brigades

Açıklama:

Anders Behring Breivik is an individual who carried out terror attacks in Oslo. Ma Ba Tha is an ultranationalist Buddhist group. DHKP-C is a terror organizaiton in Turkey. Red Brigades are a terror organization in Italy.
Aleph is a Japanese terrorist organization.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Which one below is a push factor for an individual to the journey of radicalism?

unemployment

Sense of purpose

belonging

adventure

need for acceptance

Açıklama:

Structural Motivators/Push Factors: Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

What is defined as "a broad range of non-coercive and preventative activities that are united by the objective of counteracting the drivers of violent extremism specific to the locations in which these initiatives occur."?

P/CVE

CVE

Terrorism

Extremism

Açıklama:

Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE)
Preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) is defined as “a broad range of non-coercive and preventative activities that are united by the objective of counteracting the drivers of violent extremism specific to the locations in which these initiatives occur. P/CVE includes activities that target individuals specifically identified as ‘at risk’ of being drawn into violence to the extent that this is feasible in each location.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

What is considered to be the first terrorist organization?

Al-Hashashin

Jacobins

Zealots

Anarcho-terrorists

ISIS

Açıklama:

The Jewish Zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, the predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

In which type of terrorism, terror has become a tool to prevent the republic and the achievements of the revolution?

Al-hashashin

Jacobins

Zealots

Reign of terror

Anarcho-terrorism

Açıklama:

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which group used dynamites for the assassinations?

Zealots

The Reign of Terror

Hashashins

Jacobins

Anarcho-terrorists

Açıklama:

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations. Their “success” in assassinating quite high level officials, even including a tsar himself, namely Alexander II, and even more importantly their use of dynamites which opened up a new page within the context of the methods of terrorism made them a very important case in the history of terrorism.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which of the below is an example of religious terrorist groups?

ISIS

PKK

ASALA

DHKP-C

KU Klux Klan

Açıklama:

On that ground, a decade later, we witnessed the rise of an exceptional and highly influential group, al-Qaeda, the group behind the 9/11. Aside from militant Salafi-Wahhabi takfiri interpretations represented most speactacularly by al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH, different religious motivations, throughout the history, attracted people who carry out terror attacks and kill innocent people in the name of their beliefs.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

What is the new generation using technology for terror called?

Generation Z

Generation D

Generation Y

Generation X

Generation T

Açıklama:

Since more than half of the social media users are below the age of 25, we witness the rise of a “digital generation” or “Generation D” which increasingly use information and communication technologies more intensively and effectively whereas its attitude towards violence, radicalization, human rights, aid, conflict, and human life also shapes and is shaped by the very social networks and the Internet itself.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the below cannot be used for cyberterrorism?

WhattsApp

Word Processor

Facebook

Instagram

Açıklama:

As part of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by criminals as well as radicals and terrorists, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and encrypted messaging applications help not only ordinary people but also cybercriminals to communicate much cheaper and much faster. In seconds, people can convey their audio, video, and text-messages to hundreds, thousands and even millions of people either to raise awareness on a humanitarian crisis, or for example, to show their criminal groups’ ruthlessness or simply, its capabilities.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which UNSC resolution emphasizes the important roles that women can play against violent extremism, it directly refers to violent extremism for the first time, calls for more active participation of women into both struggle against it and for preventing the negative effects of terrorism on women?

1325

2122

2255

2242

2354

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

What refers to the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not?

De-radicalization

Rehabilitation

Extremism

Radicalization

Disengagement

Açıklama:

Disengagement refers to the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not. Therefore, it should be noted that de-radicalization refers to a cognitive process whereas disengagement refers to a behavioural change.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which one below is one of the "push factors" of radicalization?

status

belonging

adventure

sense of purpose

unemployment

Açıklama:

It would be valid to argue that structural factors (push factors) and individual ones (pull factors) can accompany each other in an individual’s journey to radicalization. The table below summarizes these factors:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which one below is one of the factors that enables radicalization of an individual ?

Corruption

Unemployment

Absence of family support

Repression

a history of hostility between identity groups

Açıklama:

Enabling factors:
Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Once radical actors engage in violent acts, the ideational transformation is already completed and these acts fall under the heading of .....................

radicalization

violent extremism

anarchism

negation

violence

Açıklama:

The line between radicalization and violent extremism, and terrorism needs to be drawn in order to avoid interchangeable use of the terms. Once radical actors engage in violent acts, the ideational transformation is already completed and these acts fall under the heading of “violent extremism”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which one below is regarded as the first terrorist organization and predecessor of all the terror groups?

The Assassins

Guerrillas

Al-Hashashin

Zealots

Hasan-i Sabbah

Açıklama:

The Jewish movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire. The movement is also known as the Sicarii -due to their use of daggers or sicae in Roman in assassinations- whereas some other accounts argue that Sicarii is a splinter group previously part of the broader Zealots which had limited political goals and a more decentralized organizational structure, more of an “angry mob” movement.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which one below was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies?

The Reign of Terror

The anarcho-terrorism

The Assassins

The Bandits

Sicarii

Açıklama:

The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Whose use of use of dynamites which opened up a new page within the context of the methods of terrorism made them a very important case in the history of terrorism?

ASALA

The anarcho-terrorism

IRA

Girondins

The Reign of Terror

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which one below can be mentioned as one of the international extreme-right terror groups?

Ku Klux Klan

Zealots

Red Brigades

Baader Meinhof

Greek Cypriot

Açıklama:

As stated before, radicalization, and terrorism cannot be attributed to a particular religion, ideology, nationality, sect, or any other sort of identity and/ or mindset. Both rightist and leftist ideologies, at their extremes, can lead to radicalization and even terrorism. Several groups, such as DHKP-C in Turkey, Baader Meinhof in Germany, and Red Brigades in Italy can be mentioned under this category.
However, it should be noted that neither primarily ideologically-motivated terror groups can be limited to these groups, nor the groups which are not clearly designated as terrorist groups internationally, such as Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi movements that can be identified as extreme-right groups occasionally resorting to violence (and thus can be classified as violent extremists, too, if not full-fledged terrorist organizations) do not carry out ruthless terror attacks against people coming from different ideological, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, including assaults, murders, burning homes and refugee camps etc.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Which one below is not one of the terrorist groups with religious motivations?

Al-Qaeda

ISIS

ISIL

DAESH

ETA

Açıklama:

Terrorism with religious motivations, sometimes mixed with ethnic feelings, too, is a form of terrorism which can be regarded as the oldest form of the phenomenon. As mentioned earlier, the Zealots had a political goal (destroying the Roman rule in the Palestine), had an organization, and committed violent acts, thus, complying with all classical three components of a terrorist organization. The Assassins also had a strong religious motivation derived from the Shi’a’s Ismailiyya interpretation. Putting aside these religiously motivated terror groups in the history which were already covered, other terror groups and terrorist tactics adopted by states with religious motivations will be discussed in this section. The link argued to be exist between terrorism with religious motivations and Islam and Muslims will also be challenged after having a brief overview of different terror groups with different religious motivations sometimes attacking their co-religionists due to sectarian differences, bombing people with chemicals in order to “bring the apocalypse earlier” or “purify the world”, and killing people just because of their different religious identity.
The tragic incident of the 9/11 attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda and subsequent declaration of a “Global War on Terror” by the then US President George W. Bush resulted in a higher attention to the subject more than ever. Even though Al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH are the two most “famous” examples of this category, various groups with different religious motivations resorted to terrorism over centuries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 29

Which part of the world has the least increase in social network use between 2011 and 2017?

Latin America

Asia

North America

Africa

Middle East

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which one below emphasizes the important roles that women can play against violent extremism, and it directly refers to violent extremism for the first time?

UNSC Resolution 2252

UNSC Resolution 2242

UNSC Resolution 2122

UNSC Resolution 1325

UNSC Resolution 1350

Açıklama:

UNSC Resolution 2242 emphasizes the important roles that women can play against violent extremism, it directly refers to violent extremism for the first time, calls for more active participation of women into both struggle against it and for preventing the negative effects of terrorism on women. Thus, with UNSC Resolution 2242 women have not been only regarded as the victim of radicalization and violent extremism, it also attributed such an active role for the first time as an important actor within the context of radicalization and violent extremism.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the following factors are valid while an individual is radicalized?
I: structural factors
II: international factors
III: political factors
IV: individual factors

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

Only II

I, III

I, IV

Açıklama:

The book states that radicalization is affected by both structural factors and individual factors.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

What is violent extremism?

Attacking other nations with military force.

Invading dependent nations using military force.

Using and supporting violent acts in pursuit of different goals.

Imposing sanctions on dependent or independent nations.

Invading dependent nations without using military force.

Açıklama:

According to the book, violent extremism is defined as “The use of and support for violence in pursuit of ideological, religious or political goals.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following are considered as components of violent extremism?
I: advocating an act of violence
II: supporting an act of violence
III: planning an act of violence
IV: financing an act of violence
V: organizing an act of violence

I, II, III, IV, V

I, II, III, V

I, III, V

Only V

Only III

Açıklama:

The concept of VE is not limited to be part of a violent act. Supporting, advocating, planning, organizing etc. such kinds of attacks are also regarded as components of VE. In line with this inclusive approach, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) defines violent extremism as “advocating, engaging in, preparing, or otherwise supporting ideologically motivated or justified violence to further social, economic or political objectives”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

Which of the following are among the motivating factors for terrorism?
I: Religion
II: Ethnicity
III: Politics
IV: Economic
V: Violence

I, II, V

II, IV

Only V

Only II

I, II, III

Açıklama:

"Terrorism with religious motivations, sometimes mixed with ethnic feelings, too, is a form of terrorism which can be regarded as the oldest form of the phenomenon. As mentioned earlier, the Zealots had a political goal." These lines tell us that religion, ethnicity and politics are the motivating factors of terrorism.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

Which of the following are the factors that serve terrorism?
I: Internet
II: Social media
III: Text messages
IV: Video applications

I, II, IV

I, II, III, IV

II, IV

Only I

Only II

Açıklama:

The book states that "Within the context of radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism, the Internet, social media, messaging and video apps are used for several key purposes".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

What are the advantages of the cyber world to radicalism and terrorism?
I: Speed
II: Anonymity
III: Support with different mediums
IV: Ability to reach a great number of people
V: Being untraceable

I, III, V

Only v

Only IV

I, II, III, IV

III, IV, V

Açıklama:

The cyber world provides anonymity, speed, cheap ways to convey their message, reinforce their message with audio and visual content, ability to reach vast amount of public and their supporters at once.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which of the following define the roles a woman can play in radicalization process?
I: They can diagnose the process earlier.
II: They can prevent radicalization.
III: They can help through the rehabilitation process.

Only I

Only II

I, II, III

I, III

II, III

Açıklama:

The book summarizes the function of women in the radicalization process as follows:
Women can diagnose the process of radicalization much earlier compared to other parts of the society thanks to their close relations with their sons, husbands, relatives, and students. (this takes us to I.
Such a privileged position also dons women with the capability to play an important preventive role through personal communication as well as to offer effective psychological help. (this takes us to II)
As another positive role women can play, regarding the “formers” or “returnees”, women’s privileged role can help rehabilitation process. (this takes us to III)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Why do the youth constitute an important part in the radicalization process?

The youth are more sensitive to both the individual and structural factors.

The youth need more money than anyone else in the society.

The youth seek for adventure.

The youth are bored.

The youth are more interested in the internet and the social media.

Açıklama:

The push and pull factors (structural and individual factors) are felt more deeply by the youth most of the time

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Which of the following is related to the process of making an individual leave the active organization?

De-radicalization

Disengagement

Re-integration

Segregation

Rehabilitation

Açıklama:

In the book, Disengagement is defined as the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which may be regarded as an individual factor that can trigger and reinforce radicalization?

Need for acceptance

Extremist mentors

External state intervention

Access to weaponry

Extremist religious leaders

Açıklama:

Need for acceptance is an individual factor that can drive one to radicalization

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

Which is wrong in relation to radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism?

Reppression, corruption, and inequality are structural motivations for radicalization

Radicalization are attributable to certain religious communities

Structural and individual factors can accompany each other in one's journey to radicalization

Socio-economic and socio-politic factors can trigger and reinforce radicalization

Radicalization pose great challenges at the national, regional and international levels

Açıklama:

Radicalization cannot be attributed to a certain ethnic, religious or secterian community

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which can contribute the most to violent extremism and terrorism?

Absence of family support

Communities with different ideologies

A weak or failed state mechanism

Different identity groups

Social and economic development

Açıklama:

A weak or failed state mechanism will definitely contribute the most

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 43

Who are most likely to play the role of "gatekeepers" in preventing individuals from radicalization?

States

NGOs

Extremist leaders

Parents

Marginal peers

Açıklama:

It's parents who can both push to and prevent from radicalization

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

Which is the first organized terror group known in the history of humanity?

Assassins

Jacobins

Red brigades

Shias

Zealots

Açıklama:

The Jewish zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization active between 50 AD and 90 AD

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Where did Reign of Terror, the first state terror carried out by Jacobins in the modern era, take place?

France

Germany

Russia

Iran

Great Britain

Açıklama:

Following French Revolution, Reign of Terror, referring to the peak point of state terror carried out by Jacobins, took place in France

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which is an ideologically motivated terrorist group?

ASALA

DHKP-C

PKK

IRA

ISIS

Açıklama:

DHKP-C is an ideologically motivated terroriet group, the others have ethnic or religious motivations

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

Which counry has been obviously carrying out state terror for the last 50-60 years?

France

The USA

Israel

The UK

Egypt

Açıklama:

Israeli tactics against Palestinians for over five decades represent a crystal-clear case of state terrorism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 48

Which does not refer to an act of cyber crime?

Trafficking

Fishing

Piracy

Software

Malware

Açıklama:

Software doesn't have anything to do with crime

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

What is "the process of making the individual abandon the active terrorist organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not"?

Rehabilitation

Counter-messaging

Counter- narratives

De-radicalization

Disengagement

Açıklama:

It refers to the process of disengagement

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

Which of the following is a push factor in terms of radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism?

Curruption

Belonging

Status

Extremist mentors

Lack of state influence

Açıklama:

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

Which of the following is a pull factor in terms of radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism?

Unemployment

Sense of purpose

Discrimination

Access to weaponry items

An absence of family support

Açıklama:

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support S 128

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

Which of the following is an enabling factor in terms of radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism?

Repression

Inequality

Extremist mentors

Adventure

Sense of purpose

Açıklama:

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support

Table 6.1

Structural motivators /Push factors	Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations
Individual incentives/Pull factors	Sense of purpose, adventure, belonging, need for acceptance, status, material enticements, fear of repercussions from violent groups, expected rewards in the afterlife.
Enabling factors	Extremist mentors (extremist religious figures, right or left-wing charismatic leaders), access to extremist online communities, social networks with VE associations, access to weaponry or other relevant items, lack of state influence, an absence of family support

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 53

Which of the following is a common motivation shared by both Zealots and Assassins?

using religious motivations

using ethnic motivations

acting with a sectarian extremism

using people’s vulnerabilities

capable of influencing

Açıklama:

The Zealots had both religious and ethnic motivations whereas the Assassins primarily acted with a sectarian extremism. However, some of the mentioned methods used by both are the same. Their focus on symbolic assassinations and using people’s vulnerabilities and/or utilising vulnerable people are still two quite common tactics used by many terror groups. The Assassin’s transboundary character is also a predecessor for contemporary transnational terrorist networks. The Assassins were thus, quite organized, able to control strategic strongholds, capable of influencing, manipulating and assassinating key figures, successful in defying several sieges by quite powerful states of their time, and proved to have a quite a sustainable modus operandi considering their several centuries of presence which is quite uncommon for terror groups. Thus, they are widely regarded as early experts of terror and guerrilla tactics and a key predecessor of contemporary terror groups (Daftary, 2016; Gray, 2010; McCarthy, 1973; Lockhart, 1930).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

Which of the following is the first well-documented record of state terror in the modern era?

Zealots

Assassins

Ethnic terrorism

The Anarcho-terrorism

Jacobins

Açıklama:

It was not only the first well-documented record of state terror in the modern era, but also inspired many other regimes in the future by its methods, discourse, and demonization of political rivals. Therefore, the Reign of Terror, can be regarded as the predecessor of the Soviet and Nazi applications of state terror directed at internal political rivals and external enemies at the same time, accompanied by brutal repression of oppositional figures and parts of the society, a rigid indoctrination, frequent use of accusations of being “agents”, “enemies of the state”, etc. The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 55

Which of the following is the key mastermind of Jacobins and “Reign of Terror” in France?

Maximillen Robespierre

Lenin

Hitler

Mao

Stalin

Açıklama:

The Committee of Public Safety, where Maximilien Robespierre, who was one of the key masterminds of the era, had a critical position, enjoyed a dictatorship over the republic, making thousands of executions possible and making “terror” part of everyday life for the critics of the new regime.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

Which of the following is regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations?

Jacobins

The anarcho-terrorism

Zealots

Assassins

Asala

Açıklama:

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

Which of the following is not an ethnically motivated terrorist group?

Zealots

Asala

Red Brigades

Ira

Eta

Açıklama:

Ethnic Terrorism
Among various motivations and ideological backgrounds of radical and terrorist groups, ethnically-motivated discourse occupies an important place. Nevertheless, from the Zealots to ASALA and from IRA and ETA to PKK, it should also be noted that religious, ideological, sectarian etc. motivations were also sometimes used at the same time by terrorist groups as well as the use of different motivations over decades to varying degrees.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 58

Which of the following is not an ideologically motivated terrorist group?

Ku Klux Klan

Neo-Nazi movements

Baader Meinhof in Germany

Eta

Red Brigades in Italy

Açıklama:

Ideologically Motivated Terrorism
As stated before, radicalization, and terrorism cannot be attributed to a particular religion, ideology, nationality, sect, or any other sort of identity and/ or mindset. Both rightist and leftist ideologies, at their extremes, can lead to radicalization and even terrorism. Several groups, such as DHKP-C in Turkey, Baader Meinhof in Germany, and Red Brigades in Italy can be mentioned under this category. However, it should be noted that neither primarily ideologically-motivated terror groups can be limited to these groups, nor the groups which are not clearly designated as terrorist groups internationally, such as Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi movements that can be identified as extreme-right groups occasionally resorting to violence (and thus can be classified as violent extremists, too, if not full-fledged terrorist organizations) do not carry out ruthless terror attacks against people coming from different ideological, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, including assaults, murders, burning homes and refugee camps etc. s

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

Which of the following is not a key purpose used within the context of radicalization, violent extremism and cyber crime and terrorism?

Propaganda

Recruitment

Planning attacks

Training

Sharing financial resources

Açıklama:

The Internet, Social Media, Cyber Crime and Terrorism
Within the context of radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism, the Internet, social media, messaging and video apps are used for several key purposes, such as propaganda, recruitment, planning attacks, training, and collecting financial resources for attacks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

sense of purpose
adventure
need for acceptance
Inequality

Which of the above can be considered as pull factors?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

repression
corruption
unemployment
access to weaponary

Which of the following can be considered as push factors?

I-II-III

I-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

Many young people from Europe, bored from their routine lifes, joint some terrorist groups in Syria. Which factor can be mentioned in this example?

Adevnture-Pull factors

Inequality-Push factors

Belonging-Pull Factors

Sense or purpose-Push factors

Corruption-Push factors

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

weak or failed state mechanisms
lack of trust to politics and politicians,
corruption
legal minority rights

Which of the above contribute to radicalization processes?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

"Weak or failed state mechanisms, lack of trust to politics and politicians, and corruption significantly contribute to radicalization processes.tion?
Which of the following cannot be considered as an example for the above definition?

Iraq

Syria

Afghanistan

Libya

Palestine

Açıklama:

The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 65

Lacking basic knowledge about:

a particular ideology,
religion,
historical enmity,
science

Which of the above can be the reasons for finding meaning in radical discourses?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

"_______refers to the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not."
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?

Deradicalization

Disengagement

Rehabilitation

Reintegration

Corruption

Açıklama:

The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

Which of the following can be considered as a turning point of advancement in the history of terrorist groups?

chemistry

medicine

education

politics

economics

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Which of the following is considered the first terrorist group in history?

Zealots

The Assassins

Reign of Terror

Anarcho-terrorism

ISIS

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which of the following is one of the branches The Assassins spread to?

Syria

Iraq

France

Spain

Lebanon

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 70

Which one of the following concepts is defined as the use of and support for violence in pursuit of ideological, religious or political goals?

Violent extremism

Radicalization

Terrorism

Reintegration

Rehabilitation

Açıklama:

The European Commission defines violent extremism (VE) as “The use of and support for violence in pursuit of ideological, religious or political goals.” The concept of VE is not limited to be part of a violent act. Supporting, advocating, planning, organizing etc. such kinds of attacks are also regarded as components of VE.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 71

Which one of the followings is the first terrorist organization and thus, predecessor of all the terror groups?

The Assassins

PKK

The Zealots

ASALA

IRA

Açıklama:

The Jewish Zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

Which one of the following terrorist groups was led by Hasan-i Sabbah?

Salafi-Wahhabi

Ku Klux Klan

Aum Shinrikyo

Hasan-i Sabbah

Ulrike Meinhoff

Açıklama:

The word assassin is widely believed to be originated from the terror group active in a wide area from Iran to Syria and Egypt, led by Hasan-i Sabbah, acting with an ideological motivation derived from İsmailiyya branch of Shi’ism. Hasan-i Sabbah was widely regarded as both the propagandist of its strict sectarian stance, a military and ideological leader of its organisation, and a strategic mastermind behind selection of critical targets and capturing almost unconquerable castles and cities in order to hide its militants.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Which one of the followings is a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies?

The Reign of Terror

Contemporary transnational terrorist networks

Guerrilla tactics

Ethnic motivations

Counter-revolutionary actor

Açıklama:

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

Which one of the following events is regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations?

Radicalization process

The Jewish Zealot movement

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia

Industrial Revolution

The French Revolution

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

Which of the following events did not ensue violent acts on the rise once again especially in Europe and the United States?

rising Islamophobia

xenophobia

anti-refugee discourse

extreme-right radical ideas

globalization

Açıklama:

Whereas extreme left terrorism reached its peak point in Europe during the Cold War years, Marxist extreme-left wing terror groups are still active in many countries and regions from the Latin America to the Middle East and Southeast Asia. On the other hand, coupled with rising Islamophobia, xenophobia, and anti-refugee discourse, extreme-right radical ideas and ensued violent acts are on the rise once again especially in Europe and the United States.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Which of the following terrorist groups carried out the tragic incident of the 9/11 attacks carried and caused subsequent declaration of a “Global War on Terror” ?

Al-Qaeda

DAESH

The Assassins

Salafi-Wahhabi

ASALA

Açıklama:

The tragic incident of the 9/11 attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda and subsequent declaration of a “Global War on Terror” by the then US President George W. Bush resulted in a higher attention to the subject more than ever. Even though Al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH are the two most “famous” examples of this category, various groups with different religious motivations resorted to terrorism over centuries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

Which year was a key turning point after which studies about religion’s increasing significance to international politics became a hot topic?

1945

1979

1985

1990

2000

Açıklama:

The year 1979 was a key turning point after which studies about religion’s increasing significance to international politics became a hot topic. That year witnessed not only the Revolution in Iran but also the beginning of the Soviet efforts to invade Afghanistan.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 78

When did Sri Lanka and Birmanya, Buddhist monks encourage people to attack Muslims and even take part in the attacks killing dozens of Muslims?

1980

1993

1997

2001

2003

Açıklama:

In 2003, in Sri Lanka and Birmanya, Buddhist monks encouraged people to attack Muslims and even took part in the attacks killing dozens of Muslims. Similarly, in 2017 only, an ultranationalist Buddhist group called Ma Ba Tha, led by Ashin Wirathu, ignited violence against Muslims in Rohingya.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

Which of the followings is a cognitive process with the goal of cutting the link between its target audience with radical ideas?

Disengagement

De-radicalization

Reintegration

Rehabilitation

Civilization

Açıklama:

De-radicalization is a cognitive process with the goal of cutting the link between its target audience with radical ideas.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 7

Soru 1

I. Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use this analysis. II. The three levels are the system, the state and the individual. III. The system refers to the structure and the interaction of the states. IV. The state refers to the external affairs of the states. Which information above is true about "three levels of analysis in foreign policy"?

I and II

I, II and III

I and III

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Three levels of analysis in foreign policy: Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states
and the individual referring to the foreign policy decison makers (Waltz, 1959).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

I. Culture II Civilization III. Religion Which factor(s) above contribute(s) to the formation of identity?

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Culture, civilization and religion are among the factors that contribute to the formation of identity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

.......... refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression. Which term is defined above?

Cultural diversity

Ideology

Communal identity

Worldview

Religion

Açıklama:

Cultural Diversity: “Cultural diversity” refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Which information below is not true about "the cold war period"?

There was a harsh rivalry between the US and the USSR.

Following the World War II, the world was theoretically seperated into two ideological camps.

The horizontal division line between the North and South symbolized the ideological defferences.

There were many examples of repressive identity politics in Cold War.

In terms of their economic development, the countries are classified as First World, Second World and Third World.

Açıklama:

Following the World War II, the world was theoretically seperated into two ideological camps named as the Western Bloc led by the United States of America (US) and the Eastern Bloc led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). However, another classification in terms of their economic development divided the countries in the world into three groups: First World (Developed Western countries), Second World (Communist countries), Third World.
Within this context and under the shade of the harsh rivalry between the US and the USSR, it had become extremely important that which ideological camp the Third World countries would choose to be associated with.
While the vertical division line of the iron curtain symbolized the ideological differences between the West and the East, the horizontal division line
between the North and the South symbolized the differences in the level of development.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

ı. The USSR under the presidency of Stalin II. Turkish identity in Bulgaria III. China under the name of Cultural Revolution Which one/s is/are the example(s) of repressive identity politics?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

III

Açıklama:

-Numerous examples of repressive identity politics can be given as they were implied in the Second World during the Cold War such as the USSR under the presidency of Stalin.
-Specific projects to construct a national culture based on repressive policies were implemented in China, under the name of Cultural Revolution, and in Cambodia.
-Another specific example of the repression of the religious and ethnic identities from the 20th century involves the repression of the Turkish identity in Bulgaria during the 1980s.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

I. The armed conflict was between Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats and Muslim Bosnians. II. It was between 1990 and 1997. III. It came to an end with the signing of Dayton Agreement. IV. Croats employed systematic genocidal actions against the Muslim and Serbs. Which information above is true about the identity war that emerged following the dissolution of Yugoslovia?

I and II

I and III

I and IV

II and III

II and IV

Açıklama:

A striking example of such an identity war based on strong religious, sectarian and cultural differences was the armed conflicts that emerged following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The armed conflict between the Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats and Muslim Bosnians started in 1992 and came to an end in 1995 with the signing of the Dayton Agreement. During the period of conflict, Serbian forces employed systematic genocidal actions against the Muslim and Croat population including mass killings, rape and siege in order to clear the future independent state of Bosnia mainly from its Muslim population and gain authority on a larger territory.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

I. IR has emerged as a discipline in social sciences mainly in the early 20th century. II. Liberalism and Realism are the mainstream IR theories. III. IR itself is based on religious assumptions. Which information above is true about IR Theory?

Only I

Only III

I and III

II and III

I and II

Açıklama:

-The main unit of analysis in the discipline of IR is the nation state which first emerged in Europe during the 17th century and was disseminated to the other parts of the world as a role model since then. IR has emerged as a discipline in social sciences mainly in the early 20th century.
-The mainstream IR theories, namely Liberalism and Realism, have regarded the religion as a private issue that should be dealt at the individual level.
- IR itself is based on “areligous” assumptions and (the issue of) ethics might not be relevant to it (Laustsen, Wæver, 2003, p. 170).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

I. It is a governmental organization. II. It is not established or coordinated by any public institutions. III. It is expected not to be attached to any interest groups in the society. Which information above is true about Civil Society Organizations?

Only III

Only II

I, II and III

II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

Civil Society Organizations: As a non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution, a civil society organization (CSO) is also an NGO. However, a CSO is also expected not to be attached to interest groups in the society which gather to secure or promote financial interests, e.g., business organizations. Consequently, NGOs with religious and cultural orientations or philanthrophic activites belong to the category of CSOs (Stivachtis, 2007, p. 15).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

Huntington claims that the history has not ended with a triumph of a particularcivilization; and indeed the future conflicts are expected to occur between civilizations and would be the last chain of conflicts in modern history. Huntington categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight . Which option is not one of these civilizations?

Sinic

Chinese

Latin-American

Japanese

African

Açıklama:

A second and widely discussed thesis belongs to Huntington, who claims that the history has not ended with a triumph of a particular civilization; and indeed the future conflicts are expected to occur between civilizations and would be the last chain of conflicts in modern history. Huntington categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight as Western, Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Islam, Orthodox, Latin-American and African civilizations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

............ can be described, in its narrow definition, in terms of economics as “an increasing internationalisation of markets for goods and services, the means of production, financial systems, competition, corporations, technology and industries”. Which term is defined above?

culture

secularism

globalization

identity

modernity

Açıklama:

Globalization can be described, in its narrow definition, in terms of economics as “an increasing internationalisation of markets for goods and services, the means of production, financial systems, competition, corporations, technology and industries” (UNSTATS, 2002, p. 170).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

During the French Revolution, ideology used to mean “science of ___________ .”

ideas

beliefs

traditions

customs

conflicts

Açıklama:

During the French Revolution used to mean “science of ideas” and was used by the French philosopher Destutt de Tracy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

_______________ is a particular philosophy or view of life; a concept of the world held by an individual or a group”.

ideology

worldview

barbarian

culture

diversity

Açıklama:

Worldview is a particular philosophy or view of life; a concept of the world held by an individual or a group”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following is correct about the “White Man’s Burden”?

It sees the white race inferior over other races.

It sees the black race superior to the white race.

It was rejected by intellectuals such as Rupyard Kipling.

It served as a justification for segregation in the US.

It was influential during the 18th century.

Açıklama:

The expression of “White Man’s Burden” is based on the idea of the supremacy of the white race over other races. This puts a burden on the superior white race, the Europeans, to civilize other races which were colonized by European; and it was promoted by a range of prominent European politicians, soldiers and intellectuals such as Arthur de Gobineau and Rudyard Kipling. The idea of white supremacy was quite influential during the 19th and 20th centuries in both Europe and the United States; and it served as a justification not only for the assertions of European imperialism but also for the racial segregation in the United States and the fascist ideologies
in Europe (Jenkins, 2016).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Where did the industrial revolution start?

Italy

Germany

Norway

Britain

Austria

Açıklama:

The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which of the following has/have contributed to the emergence of the modern nation state?
I. Fascism II. Industrial Revolution III. Secularism

II.

III.

I & II

I, II & III

Açıklama:

Along with enlightenment, fascism, the Industrial Revolution and secularism have contributed to the emergence of the modern nation state.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

The armed conflict between the Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats and Muslim Bosnians took place from _____ to _____ .

1985 - 1988

1987 - 1993

1989 - 1996

1990 - 1994

1992 - 1995

Açıklama:

The armed conflict between the Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats and Muslim Bosnians took place from 1992 to 1995 .

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Which of the following is correct about the third wave of the dissolution in the modern international system?

It resulted in the aftermath of WWI.

Nation states emerged in a wide geography.

It occurred due to decolonization.

It contributed to the emergence of the global south.

It was the result of the Cold War.

Açıklama:

The first wave of dissolution in the modern international system occured in the aftermath of the World War I and it resulted in the emergence of nation states in a wide geography. The second wave occured due to the process of decolonization. This process started in the aftermath of the World War II and lasted until the 1970s. The third and the last wave, as mentioned above, was the result of the dissolution of the bipolar world system of the Cold War during the 1990s.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which of the following is one of Huntington’s categories of the world’s civilizations?

Nothern

Chinese

Latin-American

Inuit

Arabic

Açıklama:

Huntington categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight as Western, Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Islam, Orthodox, Latin-American and African civilizations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

The Alliance of Civilizations Initiative is a joint project of ______ and _____ .

Portugal - Sweden

Turkey - Spain

Portugal - Spain

Germany - Poland

Italy - Finland

Açıklama:

The Alliance of Civilizations Initiative is a joint project of Turkey and Spain.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

Where did the first civilization emerge?

Africa

Latin-America

Scotland

China

Mesopotamia

Açıklama:

The first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

I. They are components of individual and permanent interactions.
II. They refer to each other and overlap with each other.
III. They contribute to the formation of the identity at individual and state level.
Which of the above is correct regarding the interaction of culture, religion and civilization?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Each has more than one definition and each can be regarded as components of both individual and communal identities. These concepts are in permanent interaction; and
defining any of them may necessitate reference to the other two. However, they do not automatically refer to each other and the division lines among cultures, civilizations and religions on the world map do not always overlap. Besides their interaction; culture, religion and civilization contribute to the formation of the identity both at the individual level and at the state level.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

What term refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and
societies find expression?

Ideology

Cultural Diversity

Worldview

Religion

Industrial Revolution

Açıklama:

“Cultural diversity” refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression. These expressions are passed on within and among groups and societies. Cultural diversity is made manifest not only through the varied ways in which the cultural heritage of humanity is expressed, augmented and transmitted through the variety of cultural expressions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

I. It comprises a variety of factors including language and traditions.
II. There are features that shape the group identity within the community.
III. Human agency is a critical factor in the inheritance of a culture.
Which of the above is correct related to culture?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Culture comprises a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifestyle and traditions. These factors shape the group identity and they mark a resemblance within the thoughts and behaviours of the members of a community. Human agency is a critical factor in the inheritance and adoption of a culture.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

I. It was first used to define the Pagan belief system.
II. With the appearance of Christianity, the word became associated with Christianity.
III. After the 15th century, the word began to be related to any sacred belief.
Which of the above is correct related to the origins of the word "religion"?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The word "religion" was first used to define the Pagan belief system of the Roman Empire. Following the adoption of Christianity as the state religion, the term “religion” started to become associated with Christianity;During the 15th century, the concept religion acquired a modern interpretation with an implicit acceptance of the possibility of different religions and belief systems.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

I. It is based on the idea of supremacy of the white race over other races.
II. It expects the Europeans to civilize other races which were colonized by them.
III. The idea was influential among intellectuals during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Which of the above is correct regarding the "White Man's Burden"?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

“White Man’s Burden” the expression of “White Man’s Burden” is based on the idea of the supremacy of the white race over other races. This perception puts a burden on the superior white race, namely the Europeans, to civilize other races which were colonized by European powers since the 15th century; and it was promoted by a range of prominent European politicians, soldiers and intellectuals such as Arthur de Gobineau and Rudyard Kipling. The idea of white supremacy was quite influential during the 19th and 20th centuries in both Europe.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

I. The idea stemmed from the cultural and scientific developments in the 16th century.
II. Colonialism, Industrial Revolution and the struggle for power between the Church and state played in an important role.
III. The power struggle between the Catholics and the Protestants played a role.
Which of the above is correct regarding the emergence of secularism in Europe?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The emergence of the idea of secularism in Europe and its spread to the other regions of the world is a consequence of the political, economic, religious, cultural and scientific developments that occurred in Europe beginning from the 16th century. These included colonialism, the emergence of bourgeoisie as a strong social class with demands, the struggle for power between the Church and the state authorities and the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of Protestant sects and their struggle with Catholicism caused enduring violence and wars for decades and resulted in the sectarian homogenization of the people living under the same ruler.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

I. The world was divided into blocs behind two nations.
II. Various communist countries tried to overcome their social problems by establishing repressive regimes.
III. Third World Countries were labelled as developing countries including the former European colonies.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Cold War Period?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Following the World War II, the world was theoretically separated into two ideological camps named as the Western Bloc led by the United States of America (US) and the Eastern Bloc led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Third World (Developing countries included the former European colonies). During the second half of the 20th century, various communist or developing countries tried to overcome their social, political and economic problems by establishing repressive regimes under single party governments, dictatorships or military governments.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

I. It first appeared with the nation state in Europe in the 17th century.
II. It focused on the interaction of nation states with an emphases on secular nations.
III. It focused on the state as a geographically defined territory.
Which of the above is correct related to the IR Theory?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The main unit of analysis in the discipline of IR is the nation state which first emerged in Europe during the 17th century and was disseminated to the other parts of the world as a role model since then. IR has emerged as a discipline in social sciences mainly in the early 20th century and focused on the interaction of nation states with a strong emphasis on the pervasiveness of the secular nation state model as a basis of the modern international system. However, the IR discipline focused on the “state” as a geographically defined territory with a population; and thus nation, as a group of people bonded by cultural, religious and geographical affinities, was not included in the analyses.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

What term refers to an increasing internationalisation of markets for goods and services, the means of production, financial systems, competition, corporations, technology and industries?

Globalisation

Culture

Civil Society Organisation

Non-governmental Organisation

Global Resurgence

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

I. Socio-economic problems and territorial claims might the reason of conflict.
II. Religion tends to be politicized over internal and external conflicts.
III. Religious differences among the communities living in the same geographical area may trigger conflicts.
Which of the above is correct regarding the place of religion in today's world?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

According to Jurgensmeyer, although religious differences among the communities living in the same geographical area may trigger conflicts, it is not always the case. Indeed, he has reached the conclusion that socio-economic problems and territorial claims might be the reasons of conflict; and a mutual interaction arises between religion and politics. Thus, religion becomes politicized; and coversely, politics are religionized. Despite the practicality of the goals the “rhetoric of their activism” might be religious.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Who was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis?

Arthur de Gobineau

Rudyard Kipling

Fukuyama

Kenneth Waltz

Zabala

Açıklama:

Three levels of analysis in foreign policy: Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states and the individual referring to the foreign policy decision makers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 32

Which factor below is not one of the factors that comprise culture associated with a community?

lifesytle

shared belief systems

ethical codes

ideology

worldview

Açıklama:

Culture comprises a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifesytle and traditions. These factors shape the group identity and they mark a resemblance within the thoughts and behaviours of the members of a community and differentiate them from non- members.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 33

Who used the term "worldview" first?

Fernand Braudel

Immanuel Kant

Arthur de Gobineau

Kenneth Waltz

Destutt de Tracy

Açıklama:

The word worldview in English is a translation of the German word Weltanschauung. The term was first used by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Judgement (1790) and has been widely discussed by German intellectuals since the 19th century. Worldview is closely associated with perception and is briefly defined as “a particular philosophy or view of life; a concept of the world held by an individual or a group”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

........ is “the stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced”.

Community

Civilization

Modernization

Intellectual

Supremacy

Açıklama:

Civilization, in its general definition, is “the stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

During the second half of the 20th century, various communist or developing countries tried to overcome their social, political and economic problems by establishing ----------under single party governments, dictatorships or military governments.

repressive regimes

civilized societies

modernized societies

nation state

secular regimes

Açıklama:

During the second half of the 20th century, various communist or developing countries tried to overcome their social, political and economic problems by establishing repressive regimes under single party governments, dictatorships or military governments. These repressive regimes combined the ambitious goals of development with repressive politics on social and political life. Their developmental planning policies resulted in implementations of forced labour, internal displacement, expropriation and nationalization of foreign investments. In close connection with the developmental goals, these countries tried to construct their populations as members of a single communal identity adopted by the state authorities. Certainly, this approach resulted in violent repression against parts of the populations from various ethnic groups, religious communities or ideological affinities.
Numerous examples of repressive identity politics can be given as they were implied in the Second World during the Cold War such as the USSR under the presidency of Stalin.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

Which wave below was the result of the dissolution of the bipolar world system of the Cold War during the 1990s?

The first wave

The second wave

The third wave

The fourth wave

The fifth wave

Açıklama:

The third and the last wave, as mentioned above, was the result of the dissolution of the bipolar world system of the Cold War during the 1990s.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

When did the armed conflict between the Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats and Muslim Bosnians came to an end?

1980

1982

1992

1995

2000

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which one below emerged as a discipline in social sciences that focused on the interaction of nation states with a strong emphasis on the pervasiveness of the secular nation state model as a basis of the modern international system?

State Theory

IR Theory

Liberalism Theory

Mimetic Theory

Response theory

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

What type of organizations does NGO refer to?

not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution

established or coordinated by a government or any public institution

financial organizations supported by government

culturally orientated civil society organizations

Religiously motivated

Açıklama:

As a non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution, a civil society organization (CSO) is also an NGO. However, a CSO is also expected not to be attached to interest groups in the society which gather to secure or promote financial interests, e.g., business organizations. Consequently, NGOs with religious and cultural orientations or philanthrophic activites belong to the category of CSOs.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Who categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight as Western, Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Islam, Orthodox, Latin-American and African civilizations?

Zabala

Marx

Toynbee

Fukuyama

Huntington

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which one of the followings is the first scholars who uses the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis?

Kenneth Waltz

Johan Galtung

Fernand Braudel

Samuel Hungtinton

Francis Fukuyama

Açıklama:

Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states and the individual referring to the foreign policy decision makers.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Which one of the followings can be pointed out as a meaning of culture at the communal level?

Culture is used to mark common high-class consumption habits of upper classes

Culture is used to mark the common features of the communal life

Culture is used to mark dominant practices of members of a community in economic field

Culture is used to mark prevalent everyday norms among those who are capable of influence others' thoughts in a society

Culture is used to mark actions of those who has led the society to produce common sets of meanings

Açıklama:

At the communal level, the term “culture” has three meanings sometimes overlapping each other. Firstly, culture refers to the endeavours of both people and communities in the artistic and scientific fields such as fine arts, literature, civil engineering, etc. towards reaching a point of perfection. Secondly, the term culture is used to mark the products of these endeavours. Thirdly, culture is used to mark the common features of the communal life, and consequently highlights its distinctive features. The existence of a community within a given culture represents a form of life based on tradition. However, when this traditional order is threatened, political aims based on ideology may emerge in order to protect the “traditional” which is marked by culture

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

Which one of the followings is the author of the famous book titled "Grammar of Civilizations"?

Samuel Huntington

Francis Fukuyama

Fernand Braudel

Johan Galtung

Anthony Giddens

Açıklama:

The famous work titled Grammar of Civilizations was written by Fernand Braudel. In this book, Fernand Braudel defines civilizations as “extraordinary creatures, whose longevity passes all understanding. Fabulously ancient, they live on in each of us; and they will still live on after we have passed away”. In the course of history, religions have played an important role in the foundation of civilizations by bringing together people from different cultural backgrounds or ethnic origins. However, it should not be forgotten that civilizations came into existence under certain political units and thus it should not be disregarded that their political dimension differentiates them from culture and religion

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

Which one of the followings is the main unit of analysis in the discipline of International Relations (IR)?

Distinctive Cultural Units

Local Companies

Global Companies

Nation State

Global Military Organizations

Açıklama:

The main unit of analysis in the discipline of IR is the nation state which first emerged in Europe during the 17th century and was disseminated to the other parts of the world as a role model since then. IR has emerged as a discipline in social sciences mainly in the early 20th century and focused on the interaction of nation states with a strong emphasis on the pervasiveness of the secular nation state model as a basis of the modern international system. However, the IR discipline focused on the “state” as a geographically defined territory with a population; and thus nation, as a group of people bonded by cultural, religious and geographical affinities, was not included in the analyses.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 45

Which one of the following scholars argued that "the history has not ended with a triumph of a particular civilization; and indeed the future conflicts are expected to occur between civilizations and would be the last chain of conflicts in modern history"?

Kenneth Waltz

Johan Galtung

Fernand Braudel

Anthony Giddens

Samuel Hungtinton

Açıklama:

Huntington claims that the history has not ended with a triumph of a particular civilization. According to him, the future conflicts are expected to occur between civilizations and would be the last chain of conflicts in modern history. Huntington categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight as Western, Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Islam, Orthodox, Latin-American and African civilizations. He also leaves space for the possibility of sub-divisions within these categories. The clash of civilizations thesis, implicitly mentioning religious identities as the main division line between communities, is based on the assumption that cultural differences between the countries from different civilizations will be the main source of conflict in the international system in the forthcoming years.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 46

What is being defined below?
"Manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression"

Cultural diversity

Ideology

High culture

Worldview

Artistic field

Açıklama:

It defines cultural diversity

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

From which civilization has the idea "White supremacy" resulted?

Latin

Western

Greek

Turkish

Mesopotamian

Açıklama:

It resulted from Western Civilization,which led to the burden civilizing other inferior races over shoulder of White men!

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which may be regarded as a peaceful identity construction method?

İnternal displacement

Exile

Resettlement of refugees

Forced birth control

A coommon past

Açıklama:

Resettlement of refugees is a peaceful method

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Which country witnessed a striking identity war based on strong religious, sectarian and cultural differences after the Cold War?

Greece

Germany

France

Yugoslavia

Turkey

Açıklama:

Yugoslavia experienced an identity war after its dissolution

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

Who put forward 'the clash of civilization thesis

Jurgenmeyer

Toynbee

Fukuyama

Sandler

Huntington

Açıklama:

It's Huntington, WHO claimed that future conflicts would ocur between civilizations

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

Which are the components of culture?
I. shared language
II. shared hobbies
III. shared belief systems
IV. different belief systems
V. shared worldview
VI. different traditions

I, III, V

III, V, VI

II, IV, VI

Only I

Only V

Açıklama:

The book says that "a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifestyle and traditions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the below defines cultural diversity?

manyfold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression

unique, single way in which cultures of groups find expression

similarities between different cultures of groups find expression

the cultural heritage of a particular culture

transmission of cultural elements

Açıklama:

Cultural diversity is explained as the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expressions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which of the below defines civilizations?

The way cultures express themselves.

The way people from different cultural background are brought together.

The stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced.

Cultural groups that come into existence under certain political units.

the history of a cultural group

Açıklama:

OED 2017 definition of civilations is "the stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced."

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

Which of the below themes are useful to discuss the place of religion in international politics?
I. religion
II culture
III. revival
IV. resurgence
V. convergence

I, II

II, III

III, IV

IV, V

Only V

Açıklama:

the place of religion in international politics is mainly discussed under the themes of revival or resurgence of religion.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

What did the World War I signal in terms of identity politics?

The start of identity politics

The abolishment of identity politics

The first wave of identity politics

The second wave of the identity politics

The third wave of the identity politics

Açıklama:

The book says "The first wave occurred in the aftermath of the world war due to the dissolution of Habsburg and Ottoman Empires."

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

interaction
culture
religion
urbanization

Which of the above contribute to the formation identity of a civilization at individual level?

I-II-III

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states
the state referring to the internal affairs of the states
the individual referring to the foreign policy decison makers
the belief of ideology, a system of ideas that aspires explain the world

Whihc of the above are the three levels that foreign policy can be analyzed according to Waltz?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

III-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following does culture not include?

Language

Lifestyle

Etical codes

traditions

economy

Açıklama:

The answer is E

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 59

Which of the following can be an eample for cultural diversity?

Ahmet visits the USA and meets Spainish, Korean, German, Indian and many more people and gets astonished the way all these cultures live together.

In the USA, Latins usually prefer to live as communities and do not leave their districts.

In Germany, there are many Turkish districts.

China Towns increase in numbers in the USA.

The new generation of Tatarian people are not very good at speaking Tatarian.

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

"_______closely associated with perception and is defined as a particular philosophy or view of life."
Which of the following completes the sentence above the best?

Worldview

Cultural diversity

Culture

Identity

Religion

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

The history of the word "barbarian" (in Ancient Greek) can be an example of______

how languages represent the cultures

how modernism effects the culture

how religion effects the language

how advancement effects the language

how politics effect the language

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

the belief which helps comprises specific creeds and doctrines of a particular religion or sect.
the way in which rituals are conducted -i.e., prayers.
the idea of transcendality depending on spiritual experiences of being connected to a higher power.
the attempt to define what a religion is or is not either inclusively or exclusively.

Which of the above are related to family resemblance model?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

The Stalin regime
The cultural revolution in China
The cultural revolution in Cambodia
The intervention of USA to Middle East

Which of the above can be examples for the Cold War Period?

I-II-III

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-IV

II-IV

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

Which of the following can be an example for identity war?

World War I

World War II

Korean

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Açıklama:

The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Which of the following can be considered as the mainstreams of the IR theory?

Liberalism and Realism

Realism and Constructivisim

Liberalism and Contrcutivism

Contsructivism and Globalization

Realism and Poststructuralism

Açıklama:

The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

Which one of the following concepts serves as promoting force for the emergence or revival of identity oriented non-state actors and on the international system as a facilitator of building ties?

Culture

Civilization

Globalization

Identity

Ideology

Açıklama:

Globalization serves as promoting force for the emergence or revival of identity oriented non-state actors and on the international system as a facilitator of building ties among nations or among the groups, with shared civilizational and/ or religious identities, from different nation states.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 67

Which one of the following factors contribute to the formation of identity?

Civilization

Globalization

Modernity

Soft power

Post modernizm

Açıklama:

Culture, civilization and religion are among the factors that contribute to the formation of identity. Each has more than one definition and each can be regarded as components of both individual and communal identities.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Who is the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis?

Galtung

Giddens

Heywood

Waltz

Hutchinson

Açıklama:

Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states and the individual referring to the foreign policy decision makers (Waltz, 1959).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 69

Which one of the following factors is not one of the components of culture?

Shared language

Shared belief systems

Ethical codes

Traditions

Economic fluctuations

Açıklama:

Culture comprises a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifestyle and traditions. These factors shape the group identity and they mark a resemblance within the thoughts and behaviours of the members of a community and differentiate them from nonmembers (Heywood, 2014, 235).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 70

Which of the following concept is the correct reference for the definition of “a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it” ?

Civilization

Ideology

Cultural diversity

Soft power

Globalization

Açıklama:

Ideology is a modern concept and its first use dates back to the French Revolution when it was used to mean “science of ideas” by the French philosopher Destutt de Tracy. Since then, there has been a wide discussion on the definition of ideology. Ideology, in its general definition, is “a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it”. The discussion on ideology stems from the emergence of distinctive ideologies such as communism, socialism, fascism and some forms of nationalism since the second half of the 18th century

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 71

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin in the 18th century?

France

Germany

Russia

Britain

Spain

Açıklama:

In modern history, industrial revolution is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

What accompanied the ending of the Cold War and the triumph of liberalism as a political and economic ideology over communism?

Economic globalization

Colonialism

Soft power

Enlightenment

Postmodernism

Açıklama:

The process of economic globalization was accompanied by the ending of the Cold War and the triumph of liberalism as a political and economic ideology over communism in 1990s. Both of these two developments, more specifically, the rising interconnectedness of economic activities supported by the advancements in technology and the transformation of the international system, have caused an ongoing transformation not only on the economic activites but also on almost every aspect of the human life.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

Which one of the following statements is not true about the global resurgence?

Religious activism as a component of conflict and opponency to the state mechanism reveals itself in two ways.

The secular nation state is criticized from the religious point of view by the adherents of different religions.

The relationship of the nation state, religion and nationalism as an ideology is quite complex.

The underlying cause of the global resurgence of religion is the secularization of the sacred.

Religion becomes depoliticized; and coversely, politics are dereligionized.

Açıklama:

In contemporary politics, religious activism as a component of conflict and opponency to the state mechanism reveals itself in two ways. Religion becomes politicized; and coversely, politics are religionized. The contradiction and asserts that the underlying cause of the global resurgence of religion in the last decades is “the secularization of the sacred that has been at the center of the process by which the civilization of the western world developed” (2005, p. 2). Within this context, the secular nation state is criticized from the religious point of view by the adherents of different religions. Nevertheless, the relationship of the nation state, religion and nationalism as an ideology is quite complex.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 74

What are the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution?

Non-profit organization

Non-governmental organization

Civil society organization

Financial organization

Postmodernist organization

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 75

Which one of the followings is an important source of conflict during the Cold War period?

The ideological rivalry

Emergence of cultural diversity

Emergence of soft powers

Conflict among global economies

Conflict among communist countries

Açıklama:

The ideological rivalry was an important source of conflict during the Cold War period. In the aftermath, divisions based on cultural and religious
differences immediately took the place of the ideological rivalry.

Doğru Cevap: A

Internatıonal Polıtıcs (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

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