Internatıonal Busıness (ENG) - Uluslararası İlişkiler (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

What refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy?

Globalization

Localization

Glocalization

Deregulation

Liberalization

Açıklama:

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. The correct answer is "A".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which of the following is not included in technological change?

Communication

Information processing

Transportation

Trade barriers/tariffs

The net

Açıklama:

Declining barriers made globalization a reality in theory, but realization took place with advancements in technology, including communication, information processing, transportation, and the net. The correct answer is "D".

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

Which of the following is the negative side of globalization?

It creates jobs.

It makes companies more competitive.

It makes the rich richer.

It reduces prices for consumers.

It enables cultural intermingling.

Açıklama:

The general problem with globalization is that it has made the rich richer while making the non-rich poorer. The correct answer is "C".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which of the followings are true according to the CAGE framework?
Cultural differences matter the most when
I. Products have high linguistic content.
II. Products matter to cultural or national identity.
III. Product features vary in terms of size and standards.
IV. Products carry country-specific quality associations.
V. Products are fragile or perishable.

I, II, III, IV

II, III, IV, V

I, III, IV, V

I, II, IV, V

I, II, III, V

Açıklama:

Cultural differences matter the most when
I. Products have high linguistic content.
II. Products matter to cultural or national identity.
III. Product features vary in terms of size and standards.
IV. Products carry country-specific quality associations.
The correct answer is "A".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which country is in the Best Countries Origin Index in 2020 global rankings?

Turkey

Switzerland

Greece

Belgium

Mexico

Açıklama:

The 2020 Global Ranking’ s Top 10 countries are Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Germany, Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway. The correct answer is "B".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

What do we call the process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment and adapting management practices to different economic, political, and cultural contexts?

International business

Internationalization

International management

Multinational enterprise

Mini-multinationals

Açıklama:

International management is the process of using management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment and adapting management practices to different economic, political, and cultural contexts. The correct answer is "C".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

What is defined as a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception?

A Multinational Enterprise

Global corporation

Multidomestic corporation

Transnational corporation

A Born-global firm

Açıklama:

A born-global firm is generally defined as a company that adopts a global perspective, sells and uses resources on a worldwide scale, and engages in international business from or near its inception.The correct answer is "E".

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

____________ is a political system in which the government is controlled by the citizens either directly or through elections.
Which word can best complete the blank in the sentence?

Democracy

Totalitarianism

Individualism

Collectivism

Socialism

Açıklama:

Democracy, which has European roots, is a system of government controlled by its citizens either directly or through elections. It is participative in a way that every citizen should be involved in the decision-making process. The correct answer is "A".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which of the following promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation along with sustainable economic growth to facilitate international trade?

The World Trade Organization

The World Bank

The United Nations

The International Monetary Fund

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Açıklama:

The IMF promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation along with sustainable economic growth to facilitate international trade.The correct answer is "D".

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

What do we call a narrow focus in which people see things only through their own eyes and from their own perspective?

Culture

Paracholism

Cross-cultural literacy

Stereotype

Universalism

Açıklama:

Paracholism is defined as a narrow focus in which people see things only through their own eyes and from their own perspective. The correct answer is "B".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following statements about globalization is not correct?

Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon

Distinct national markets have merged into one huge global marketplace as a consequence of globalization

Consumers’ preferences gradually became relatively similar because of globalization

Globalization facilitates independence of domestic economies

Globalization has changed the business models

Açıklama:

Today globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. That is why, domestic economies can not be indepedent.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 12

I. Declining barriers
II. Intense foreign rivalry
III.Technological change
Which of the following are drivers of globalizaton?

Only III

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

Hill and Hult (2019: 11) summarized drivers of globalization into two macro factors. One of them is declining trade and investment barriers, and the other one is technological change. Intense rivalry from foreign competitors is a firm level consequence of globalization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which of the following is the process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment?

International management

International business

Internationalization

Globalization

Denationalization

Açıklama:

International management is the process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment whereas International business (activity) is a commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations. Internationalization is “the process by which a firm gradually changes in response to the
imperatives of international competition, domestic market saturation, desire for expansion, new markets, and diversification. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent
world economy. Denationalization is the process of removing from ownership or control by the national government.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following statements about globalization best explains the rapid spread of coronavirus all over the world?

It is becoming irrelevant to talk about the nationality of products.

Events occurring in one place affect other parts of the world almost in real-time.

Whether or not the MNCs are friends or foes for the developing countries is still a mystery.

Emerging countries are now predicted to occupy increasingly dominant roles in the global economic system.

Some MNCs have earned more annual revenue in the international arena than they have earned in their home countries.

Açıklama:

Globalization means shrinking time and shrinking space. The lives of all individuals are more connected, and events occurring in one place
affect other parts of the world almost in real-time (Wall, Minocha and Rees, 2015: 17). As an example, coronavirus has emerged in China and spreaded rapidly all over the world.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following is an E7 country?

Canada

Japan

United Kingdom

United States of America

Turkey

Açıklama:

Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey are today
labeled as E7 countries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which of the following is closely associated with individualism?

Command economy

Mixed economy

Market economy

Totalitarianism

Socialism

Açıklama:

As a philosophy, individualism is based on the belief that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without restrictions. This is very much related to the capitalist economic system and market economy. As its name suggests, the market economy prioritizes individuals. Factors of production are privately owned and managed. In
a pure market economy, the law of supply and demand determines the price and the control of the market. Since supply and demand determine the level of production, consumers become sovereign.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the following is an international institute to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market-relevant International Standards?

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

World Trade Organization

International Monetary Fund

World Bank

International Organization for Standardization

Açıklama:

The “ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 164 national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market-relevant International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.” For example, different carbon dioxide (CO2) emission standards have been adopted worldwide. So, to resolve this or any similar issue, an international standard is required. The ISO provides standards, through which companies across the globe evaluate their quality standards.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which of the following is not a characteristics of culture?

Irrelevant in terms of managerial attitudes and ideologies

Composed of shared meanings within a group of people

Acquired knowledge that people use to act accordingly

Taken-for-granted as reality

A relative concept, there is no right or wrong culture

Açıklama:

Cultural values affect technology transfer, managerial attitudes, managerial ideologies, and business-government relations. That is why, it is not correct to say that culture is irrelevant in terms of managerial attitudes and ideologies.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which of the following is among the cultural dimensions developed by Fons Trompenaars?

Power distance

Universalism/particularism

Uncertainty avoidance

Masculinity/femininity

Indulgence/restraint

Açıklama:

Trompenaars’s dimensions are as in the following:
• Universalism vs. Particularism
• Individualism vs. Communitarianism
• Neutral vs. Affective
• Specific vs. Diffuse
• Achievement vs. Ascription
• Attitudes toward Time
• Attitudes toward the Environment

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

Which of the following defines humane orientation, which is a dimension in GLOBE project?

The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared

The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families

The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification

The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others

The degree to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence

Açıklama:

Here are the dimensions and their definitions in the GLOBE project:
Power distance: The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared.
Collectivism II: The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.
Future orientation: The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification.
Humane orientation: The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others.
Performance orientation: The degree to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which term refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy?

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Globalization

Reshoring

A free trade agreement

Açıklama:

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

What is the name of the pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to exports and imports among them to increase the trade of goods and services?

A free trade agreement (FTA)

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

International management

Açıklama:

A free trade agreement (FTA) a pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to exports and imports among them to increase the trade of goods and services.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

What is the name of the process of subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm?

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

International management

Internationalization

Açıklama:

Outsourcing is the subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

What is the name of the process of bringing production back to the developed nations?

A free trade agreement

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Internationalization

Açıklama:

Reshoring is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

What is the name of the term described as the process by which a firm gradually changes in response to the imperatives of international competition, domestic market saturation, desire for expansion, new markets, and diversification?

International management

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Internationalization

Açıklama:

Internationalization is described as the process by which a firm gradually changes in response to the imperatives of international competition, domestic market saturation, desire for expansion, new markets, and diversification.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

What is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries called?

Transnational corporations

Multidomestic corporations

Global corporations

An MNC (Multinational Corporation)

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

Açıklama:

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

What is the name of the firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners?

A Born-global firm

Transnational corporations

Multidomestic corporations

An MNC (Multinational Corporation)

Global corporations

Açıklama:

An MNC (Multinational Corporation) is a firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

What is a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception called?

Global corporations

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

A Born-global firm

Transnational corporations

Multidomestic corporations

Açıklama:

A Born-global firm is a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

What is the name of the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint?

Collectivism

Individualism

Democracy

Totalitarianism

Paracholism

Açıklama:

Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Which ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts?

Collectivism

Totalitarianism

Democracy

Individualism

Paracholism

Açıklama:

Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following phrase(s) is/are true about "globalization"?
I. The process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world
II. The exchange of goods and services across the border between two or more nations
III. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy

Only I

Only II

Only III

II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

Today globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy (Hill and Hult, 2019: 6). From a broader perspective, globalization can also be defined as the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world (Luthans and Doh, 2018: 5). It is characterized by denationalization, and it is different from internationalization (Wild and Wild, 2016: 35). However, International Business refers to the exchange of goods and services across the border between two or more nations. Thus, E is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

..................... is a pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to imports and exports among them to increase the trade of goods and services.

Globalization

International business

Free trade agreement

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Açıklama:

A free trade agreement (FTA)is a pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to imports and exports among them to increase the trade of goods and services. Thus, the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following is one of the disadvantages of globalization?

It has made the rich richer while making the non-rich poorer.

It has the potential to make this world a better place to live in.

It helps to solve some of the long-lasting structural problems such as unemployment and poverty.

Free trade is supposed to reduce barriers between nations such as tariffs, value- added taxes, and subsidies.

It helps countries, which do not have anything in common, to exchange information including cultural aspects.

Açıklama:

Some of the advantages of globalization are as follows:
They argue that globalization has the potential to make this world a better place to live in and to solve some of the long- lasting structural problems such as unemployment and poverty.
As being an important driver of globalization, free trade is supposed to reduce barriers between nations such as tariffs, value- added taxes, and subsidies.
Competitionbetweencountriesis supposed to drive prices down.
It allows more influx of information between any two countries that do not have anything in common. It enables cultural intermingling, and countries involved in this learn more about other cultures.
Yet, the riches' becoming richer while the non-riches' becoming poorer is a downside of globalization. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

What is "the subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm" called?

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Totalitarianism

Internationalization

Açıklama:

Offshoring is the process by which companies undertake some activities at offshore locations instead of in their countries of origin.
Outsourcing is the subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm.
Reshoring is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.
Internationalization is “the process by which a firm gradually changes in response to the imperatives of international competition, domestic market saturation, desire for expansion, new markets, and diversification.
Totalitarianism is a political system in which only one representative party is/or forcefully gets authorized to control over every facet of political and social life.
Thus, B is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

According to he CAGE framework at the industry level, which one is more related to geographic distance?

Products have high linguistic content.

Large suppliers to government.

The nature of demand varies with income level.

Products are fragile or perishable.

Companies need to be responsive and agile.

Açıklama:

According to he CAGE framework at the industry level, geography plays a more important role when:

Products have a low value-weight or value-to-bulk ratio.
Products are fragile or perishable.
Local supervision and operational requirements are high.

Hence, D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which one is not one of the differences between managing an international business from conducting business activities domestically?

International business involves different countries.

Managers of international businesses require to speak other languages.

International businesses managers experience more comprehensive and sophisticated difficulties than their domestic counterparts.

It is inevitable for governments to be involved in international transactions.

International business requires companies to work with different currencies

Açıklama:

Managing an international business is different from conducting business activities domestically at least for four reasons. First of all, international business encompasses different countries. Secondly, managers of international businesses face more comprehensive and sophisticated challenges than their domestic counterparts. Thirdly, government intervention is inevitable in international transactions. Lastly, international business requires companies to work with different currencies (Hill and Hult, 2019: 32). Thus, B is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 37

What type of company adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception?

Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

Multinational Corporation (MNC)

Global corporation

Born-global firm

Transnational corporation

Açıklama:

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries.
An MNC (Multinational Corporation) is a firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners.
Global corporations view the world as one marketplace and produce standardized goods and services to serve this market.
Transnational corporations integrate a geographically dispersed set of specialized activities into a single production process.
A Born-global firm is a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception.
Hence, D is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

.................... is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Democracy

Totalitarianism

Individualism

Collectivism

Socialism

Açıklama:

Democracy is a political system in which the government is controlled by the citizens either directly or through elections.
Totalitarianism is a political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life.
Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.
Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.
Therefore, the right answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 39

Which of the following institutions' main aim is to promote secure and safe trade across the globe and protect the best interest of producers and consumers?

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

The World Bank

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The United Nations (UN)

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

Açıklama:

The main aim of the WTO is to promote secure and safe trade across the globe and protect the best interest of producers and consumers. Its primary responsibility is to police the world trade system and to make nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in treaties signed by member states. As of 2017, it has 164 members conducting 98% of the world trade, thereby providing enormous influential power for developing a more open global business system (Hill and Hult, 2019: 10). Thus, E is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 40

Which one is not one of the cultural dimensions of Dutch social psychologist Hofstede?

Liberty

Power distance

Uncertainty avoidance

Individualism

Masculinity

Açıklama:

The four dimensions identified in the study were power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity. Hofstede further added to the framework the time orientation dimension in 1988 and the indulgence versus restraint dimension in 2010. Hence, A is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

Which term refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy?

Globalization

Intensity

Barriers

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Açıklama:

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

What is the name of the pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to exports and imports among them to increase the trade of goods and services?

International management

A free trade agreement (FTA)

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Açıklama:

A free trade agreement (FTA) a pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to exports and imports among them to increase the trade of goods and services.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

What is the name of the process by which companies undertake some activities at offshore locations instead of in their countries of origin?

Internationalization

Globalization

Offshoring

Reshoring

Outsourcing

Açıklama:

Offshoring is the process by which companies undertake some activities at offshore locations instead of in their countries of origin.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

What is the name of the term of subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm?

A free trade agreement

Globalization

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Açıklama:

Outsourcing is the subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 45

What is the name of the process of bringing production back to the developed nations?

International management

International business

Offshoring

Outsourcing

Reshoring

Açıklama:

Reshoring is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 46

What is the name of any business that has productive activities in two or more countries?

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

A Born-global firm

Transnational corporations

Multidomestic corporations

Global corporations

Açıklama:

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

What is the name of a firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners?

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

MNC (Multinational Corporation)

Multidomestic corporations

Transnational corporations

A Born-global firm

Açıklama:

An MNC (Multinational Corporation) is a firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which of the below view the world as one marketplace and produce standardized goods and services to serve this market?

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

Multidomestic corporations

Global corporations

Transnational corporations

A Born-global firm

Açıklama:

Global corporations view the world as one marketplace and produce standardized goods and services to serve this market.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

What is the name of the political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life?

Paracholism

Collectivism

Individualism

Totalitarianism

Democracy

Açıklama:

Totalitarianism is a political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

What is the name of the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint?

Paracholism

Collectivism

Totalitarianism

Democracy

Individualism

Açıklama:

Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

______________ is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.Collectivism

Collectivism

Individualism

Totalitarianism

Democracy

Globalization

Açıklama:

Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

______________ as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.

Collectivism

Individualism

Totalitarianism

Democracy

Globalization

Açıklama:

Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which of the components below are included in CAGE framework?

Cultural distance
Administrative distance
Geographic distance
Economic distance

i, ii, iii, iv

i, ii, iii

i, ii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

Açıklama:

Table 1.1 on pg 8 shows the kinds of industries that are sensitive to each component of distance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

"It is a political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life." What is defined here?

Individualism

Democracy

Collectivism

Totalitarianism

Globalization

Açıklama:

Totalitarianism is a political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

When was the World Bank founded?

1922

1931

1944

1955

1962

Açıklama:

The World Bank is less controversial than the IMF. Its primary responsibility is promoting economic development. It was founded in 1944.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

Which of the following options is not affected from cultural values on international business?

technology transfer

managerial attitudes

managerial ideologies

business-government relations

politics

Açıklama:

Cultural values affect technology transfer, managerial attitudes, managerial ideologies, and business-government relations (Luthans and Doh, 2018: 124-125).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 57

Which countries and regions below are regarded as high context cultures?

China
the Middle East
South America
Southern Europe
Japan

i, ii, ii

i, ii, iii, iv, v

i, ii

iii, iv, v

i, iii, iv,

Açıklama:

Countries and regions such as Japan, China, the Middle East, South America, and southern Europe are said to be high context cultures

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared. What is defined in this statement?

Uncertainty avoidance

Power distance

Assertiveness

Humane orientation

Future orientation

Açıklama:

Power distance is the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others. What is defined here?

Uncertainty avoidance

Gender egalitarianism

Performance orientation

Future orientation

Humane orientation

Açıklama:

Humane orientation is the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

It is a pervasive concept used to characterize the current state of the world economy but differently understood by those who describe it as a phenomenon. What is defined in this statement?

International business

Globalization

Glocalization

Denationalization

Internationalization

Açıklama:

Globalization is a pervasive concept used to characterize the current state of the world economy but differently understood by those who describe it as a phenomenon.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 61

____________ refers to the exchange of goods and services across the border between two or more nations.

globalization

domestic trade

international business

regionalization

denationalization

Açıklama:

International Business, on the other hand, refers to the exchange of goods and services across the border between two or more nations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

On what aspect of globalization do the sociologists focus?

international trade

dominance of multinational enterprises

new forms of governance

rising of global culture

global conflicts

Açıklama:

Sociologists approach globalization in terms of the rising of global culture and global companies’ dominance in creating and sustaining it.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 63

Johnson and Turner developed three dimensions to address whether globalization is a reality. What are these dimensions?

scope-sensitivty-integration

scope-intensity-integration

intensity-integration-innovation

scope-innovation-integrity

scope-intensity-sensitivity

Açıklama:

Johnson and Turner (2003: 12-25) developed three dimensions to address this question: scope, intensity, and sensitivity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 64

___________ refers to “the extent to which international economic integration is genuinely global rather than confined to the “triad” of North America, Europe, and Japan/East Asia.”
Which of the following completes the statement?

scope

intensity

integrity

sensitivity

innovation

Açıklama:

Scope refers to “the extent to which international economic integration is genuinely global rather than confined to the “triad” of North America, Europe, and Japan/East Asia.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

__________ refers to “the depth, embeddedness, and extensiveness of the integration that has taken place, both between countries and within firms.”
Which of the following terms completes the statement?

integrity

sensitivity

scope

intensity

innovation

Açıklama:

Intensity refers to “the depth, embeddedness, and extensiveness of the integration that has taken place, both between countries and within firms.”

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

_________ refers to “the degree to which events in one part of the global system transmit themselves to other parts of the system.”
Which of the following terms completes the statement?

sensitivity

sensation

integrity

scope

intensity

Açıklama:

Sensitivity refers to “the degree to which events in one part of the global system transmit themselves to other parts of the system.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 67

After which event did experienced Western nations decrease the tariffs and facilitate the free flow of goods?

World War I

Great Depression

Cold War

World War II

the foundation of the US

Açıklama:

After World War II, experienced Western nations decreased the tariffs and facilitated the free flow of goods, services, and capital among nations. Lowering the barriers accelerated the economic growth rates globally.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 68

When was the World Trade Organization (WTO) founded?

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Açıklama:

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiation rounds which were kickedoff in 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay was finalized in 1994 and resulted in the foundation of the WTO.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

____________ is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.
Which of the following completes the statement?

offshoring

reshoring

outsourcing

exporting

importing

Açıklama:

Reshoring is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

When was The International Monetary Fund (IMF) formed?

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

Açıklama:

The IMF promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation along with sustainable economic growth to facilitate international trade. It was formed in July 1944.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 2

Soru 1

What is the meaning of ICT?

ICT includes all devices, networking components, information systems and applications, and other digital systems.

The fourth industrial revolution.

Promotes learning by doing approach.

Enables self-paced learning.

ITC is applying a range of computer programmes and customer relationship.

Açıklama:

ICT includes all devices, networking components, information systems and applications, and other digital systems that are combined to allow people and companies to interact, learn, live and work.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

What an ERP system does?

ERP is individual software designed for specific business processes.

ERP system can be used to integrate key business processes in manufacturing, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources.

ERP provides a solution for manufacturing.

ERP provides a solution for distribution industries.

ERP leds to the creation of software

Açıklama:

An application such as an ERP system can be used to integrate key business processes in manufacturing, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources into one software system for more efficient operations and better management especially for firms that operate in several locations internationally with different local requirements and needs.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

What does it mean by m-commerce?

M Commerce is known as electronic commerce.

M Commerce is provided quick delivery of goods with very little effort on part of the customer.

Smartphones and tablets are called m-commerce.

M Commerce is known Business-to-Business relationship

M Commerce is known Business-to-Administration.

Açıklama:

E-commerce activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones and tablets are called mobile commerce or m-commerce.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

What do you mean by cloud computing?

Cloud computing means for web-based applications.

Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs in your computer's hard drive.

When you store data on the hard drive, that's called cloud computing.

Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand self- service computing resources and accessing data and programs over the Internet.

Cloud computing means financial services to manage the different demands in the banking-world.

Açıklama:

Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand self- service computing resources over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis from any connected devices and locations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

What data is big data?

In computing, big data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing.

Big data is to be used as a singular subject or a plural subject.

Big data is to help organizations harness their data and use it to identify new opportunities.

Big data is unstructured data.

Big data is information about their customers, suppliers and other external data. These large pools of different data types.

Açıklama:

Firms also capture information about their customers, suppliers and other external data. These large pools of different data types - big data - can be captured, communicated, aggregated, stored, analyzed, and used as a firm’s important assets where information can then be used for its innovation capabilities, competitive advantage and productivity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

What is a definition of velocity?

Velocity - data in motion: Velocity concerns the speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed.

Velocity - data uncertainty: Velocity refers to the reliability of certain types of data.

Velocity -different types of data: Velocity of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and data sources (traditional and non-traditional sources from within and outside an organization).

Velocity refers to the mass quantities of data that continue to increase though vary by industry and geographic locations.

Velocity is habitual observance of truth in speech or statement.

Açıklama:

Velocity - data in motion: Velocity concerns the speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed. It continues to accelerate with data created real-time. This enables decision making to be made instantly such as real-time fraud detection instead of detecting fraud after it takes place.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

What is Internet of things in simple words?

The Internet of Things is simply "a network of Internet connected object.

IoT is so important because it find a solution to every problem.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a sensor network of physical objects that are connected to the Internet so they can collect and share data among people, systems, and other applications.

The Internet of Things is monitoring

The Internet of Things are the breach of privacy, over-reliance on technology,

Açıklama:

Internet of Things, which is a sensor network of physical objects that are connected to the Internet so they can collect and share data among people, systems, and other applications.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

How would you describe Artificial Intelligence (AI).

AI is iterative processing.

AI is generally defined as the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions associated with human minds.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)is Sensing capability - using of sensors.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) includes communicating capability - its ability to exchange information between devices.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is consisted of Computing capability - its ability to process instructions, often using the cloud.

Açıklama:

AI is generally defined as the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions associated with human minds.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

How does a block chain work?

Blockchain is decentralized currencies that enable two parties (peer-to-peer) to transact business without a central authority such as a bank or a government.

Blockchain is translation services have enabled digital platforms to be the drivers of international trade.

Algorithms of Blockchain can be used to segment customers into groups by distinct customer characteristics like age and by less-distinct characteristics such as product preferences.

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets and intangible assets in a business network.

The blockchain is an corruptible digital ledger of economic transactions.

Açıklama:

Blockchain, which is the technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, is recent digital technology that can be used to create business value. It is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets (e.g. house, land, cash) and intangible assets in a business network.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

What is 3D printing or additive manufacturing?

3D printing or additive manufacturing is 3D printing is used to manufacture method for making jewelry

3D printing or additive manufacturing is larger, complex, high-quality object with high infill can take hours to several days.

3D printing or additive manufacturing is Improvements in the performance of robotic systems and declining costs.

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a decentralized intelligent system that allows devices and equipment to make decisions and take actions autonomously without human intervention.

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three-dimensional objects from a digital file or model.

Açıklama:

3D printing is a process of making three-dimensional objects from a digital file or model. It is also called additive manufacturing because the process builds up successive layers of material until the object is created.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

What are the business ethical philosophies?

Business ethics examines moral issues in a business environment such as ethical or unethical behaviors of the employees in the workplace.

Business ethics is a discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong.

Business ethics are based on personal moral principles and beliefs within business social context that guide decision makings.

Business ethics involve a manager’s moral principles and behaviors in an organization which are influenced by personal ethics.

Business ethics is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly.

Açıklama:

Business ethics examines moral issues in a business environment such as ethical or unethical behaviors of the employees in the workplace.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

What is the definition of corruption?

Corruption is seen as an illegal offering or receiving anything of value such as payments, gifts, and favors.

A definition of corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain.

The definition of Corruption is offering something desirable or something of value in exchange for getting something in return.

Corruption is a payment such as money or a favor given to someone to induce him to act dishonestly.

The social arguments against corruption are compelling.

Açıklama:

A broad definition of corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following is an informational component of technology?

know-how

tools

equipment

computers

blueprints

Açıklama:

In our textbook, technology is concerned with two primary components. One involves the physical components such as products, tools, equipment, computers, blueprints, techniques, and processes. The other one is the informational component such as the knowledge in management, production, marketing and other functional areas including the related know-how such as quality control and reliability.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities?

Information and Communication Technology

Enterprise Resource Planning System

E-commerce

M-Commerce

Cloud Computing

Açıklama:

ERP refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities such as marketing, risk management, and supply chain operations. ERP systems combine fragmented information from key functional areas (Sales, Finance, etc.) and many different information systems (Supply Chain Management System, Customer
Relationship Management Systems, etc.). Information is stored in a single comprehensive data repository (a database) where it can be used by those who need it regardless of where they are located.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following activities can not be conducted through m-commerce?

Buying and selling of digital products

Bill payments

Mobile banking

Location-based services

Infrastructure as a service

Açıklama:

E-commerce activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones and tablets are called mobile commerce or m-commerce. It is the fastest-growing form of e-commerce because of the global high adoption rate, the increase in devices computing power, and the availability of m-commerce applications or apps. Popular apps include the buying and selling of digital products and services such as music and movies, physical products, bill payments, and Mobile banking. Location-based services such as Uber and Airbnb provide services based on users’ current or intended locations. On the other hand, IaaS or Infrastructure as a service is an activity of Cloud computing.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

I. By using the applications anywhere with Internet access
II. By improving a firm’s core operations
III. By launching entirely new business models
How can big data and business analytics change the basis of competition?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

Both big data and business analytics can change the basis of competition by improving a firm’s core operations (like ways to streamline internal processes) or by launching entirely new business models such as radical personalization by micro-segmenting a population based on the characteristics of individuals. Using the applications anywhere with Internet access is irrelevant in terms of big data and business analytics; however it is about cloud computing.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

Which of the following is not akey business benefit of blockchain?

Cost savings

Time savings

Loosened security

Enhanced privacy

Improved auditability

Açıklama:

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets and intangible assets in a business network. Blockchain allows digital records and information to be shared in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner without centralized, trusted third parties such as a bank or a government agency. Global businesses can enable transactions to take place more efficiently, economically, and quickly with a high level of security. So, the security is not loosened, it is tight.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the following concepts about ethics relates to organizational level ethics?

Moral philosophy

Personal ethics

Managerial ethics

Code of ethics

Ethical normativism

Açıklama:

Code of ethics is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly. So, code of ethics is an organizational level concept.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following is a SA8000 certification standard for socially acceptable business practices?

The right to collective bargaining

Freedom of opinion

Freedom of belief and religion

The right to privacy

The right to life, liberty and personel security

Açıklama:

SA8000 certification standard for socially acceptable business practices are as in the following:
• Child Labor - any work performed by a child under 15 years of age.
• Forced or Compulsory Labor - all work that a person has not voluntarily offered.
• Health and Safety - a safe and healthy workplace environment.
• Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining - the right to from and join trade unions.
• Discrimination - based on race, national origin, religion, gender, disability, political affiliation or age.
• Disciplinary Practices - no permission of corporal punishment, mental or physical abuse.
• Working Hours - comply with the applicable laws and industry standards.
• Remuneration - compensation of a living wage, meet at least legal or industry minimum standards.
• Management System - integrate the standards into policies, procedures, training, etc.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the following is a primary stakeholder for corporate social responsibility?

Media

Academics

Suppliers

Trade bodies

Competitors

Açıklama:

Primary stakeholders for corporate social responsibility are as in the following:
Shareholders or stockholders and investors
Boards of directors
Employees and managers
Customers
Local communities
Suppliers
Business partners

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the following best defines the process of ensuring that products or services are obtained through responsible and sustainable methods?

Social entrepreneurship

Ethical sourcing

Fairtrade

Sustainability

Ethical consumption

Açıklama:

Ethical sourcing is the process of ensuring that products or services are obtained through responsible and sustainable methods. For example,
ingredients and raw materials that are used in a firm’s products should meet safety standards and source from suppliers who also meet social and environmental standards.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which of the following statements is a suggestion about economic sustainability?

Businesses should use renewable energy in their operations.

Business operations should stop polluting people’s land where they live and earn their livelihoods.

MNC involvement in poverty reduction is crucial.

Managers have moral obligations to act ethically while supporting
Corporate Social Responsibility.

Businesses can focus on limiting their use of natural resources in
terms of water, land and air.

Açıklama:

Economic sustainability recognizes the importance of providing secure employment while creating a healthy natural environment as the basis for a dynamic economy. Businesses can focus on limiting their use of natural resources in terms of water, land and air. They can adopt new
production processes to limit water usage (water conservations) or to limit the discharge of polluted waste into water, land, and air.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

Which of the following refers to buying and selling of goods and services conducted over the Internet?

ERP

ICT

E-business

E-commerce

EDI

Açıklama:

E-commerce includes activities supporting online transactions such as marketing, advertising and customer services. It refers to the buying and selling
of goods and services conducted over the Internet. Thus, the aswer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

Which of the following is provided by Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)?

Allowing computer-to-computer exchange of transactions such as invoices, purchase
orders and shipping schedules in a standard format.

Managing companies to coordinate transactions between a large number of their global suppliers and distributors.

Bringing many buyers and sellers together to carry out transactions which can be owned by independent intermediaries or by industry-owned platforms.

Allowing companies to coordinate transactions in all aspects and all divisions which enable collaboration and efficiencies for global operations.

Supplying chain management and activities for coordination and payments with suppliers.

Açıklama:

EDI or electronic data interchange enables computer-to-computer exchange of
documents and transactions in a standard format. Therefore, the answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

Which of the following best describes 'Cloud computing'?

Activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones
and tablets.

Delivery of on-demand self-service computing resources over the Internet on a
pay-for-use basis from any connected devices and locations.

Managing companies to coordinate transactions between a large number of their global suppliers and distributors.

An operation in several locations internationally with different local requirements and need.

An organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities.

Açıklama:

Option A refers to 'E-commerce', option C is an act of large international companies such as Microsoft, Coca-Cola, VW, and Nike, options D and E refer to 'ERP'. Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand selfservice computing resources over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis from any connected devices and locations. Thus, the answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which of the following is not among the benefits of cloud computing for firms in general and for international firms in particular?

Cost efficiency

Flexibility and Elasticity

Speed

Audit and Compliance

Safety

Açıklama:

The benefits include cost-efficiency (as customers pay only for actual usage),
speed, flexibility, and elasticity (e.g. usage on-demand asneeded basis) as well as Audit and Compliance. Safety is not among the benefits. Therefore, the answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

Which of the following describes the dimension "Veracity"?

The speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed.

Variety of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and data sources.

The reliability of certain types of data. For example, weather and customers’ sentiments are inherently unpredictable.

The mass quantities of data that continue to increase though vary by industry and
geographic locations.

Traditional and non-traditional sources from within and outside an organization.

Açıklama:

Options B and E are about 'variety', option A defines 'velocity', and option D refers to 'volume'. Veracity refers to data uncertainty. Thus the answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which of the following is not one of the potential impacts of Industry 4.0 on business firms?

Maximizing asset utilization.

Mitigating data, vendor, and geographic risks.

Deepening customer understanding, insights, and integration.

Maximizing downtime.

Creating new products and services.

Açıklama:

Maximizing downtime is not an impact of Industry 4.0 on business firms. On the contrary, it minimizes downtime. Thus, the answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

In which of the following the steps of identifying an ethical course of action was given in the right order?

Recognize an ethical issue - Examine the facts - Create and evaluate alternative actions - Make a decision and implement the course of action - Evaluate the outcome

Examine the facts - Recognize an ethical issue - Create and evaluate alternative actions - Make a decision and implement the course of action - Evaluate the outcome

Recognize an ethical issue - Create and evaluate alternative actions - Examine the facts - Make a decision and implement the course of action - Evaluate the outcome

Recognize an ethical issue - Examine the facts -Make a decision and implement the course of action - Create and evaluate alternative actions - Evaluate the outcome

Recognize an ethical issue - Examine the facts - Evaluate the outcome - Create and evaluate alternative actions - Make a decision and implement the course of action

Açıklama:

First, an ethical issue must be recognized which is followed by examining the facts, creating and evaluating alternative actions, making a decision and implementing the
course of action, and evaluating the outcome, respectively. Thus, the answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the following match is true regarding approaches to ethical decision making?

The Utilitarian Approach - Justice or fairness when the benefits and burdens are distributed equally

The Dights Approach - The greatest balance of goods that can be proced by
an action over harms

The Fairness Appoach - The action should produce the best outcome for everyone affected while maximizing good and minimizing harm

The Common Good Approach - Decisions should be made with considerations to the common welfare which includes the social systems, institutions, and natural and technologial environments

The Utilitarian Approach - The decision is made by recpecting human rights elements and that people affected by the decision are able to make their own choices

Açıklama:

The Common Good Approach refers to a certain general conditions that are equally to everyone’s advantage. Decisions should be made with considerations to the common good which includes the social systems, institutions, and natural and technologial environments. Thus, the answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

Which of the following belongs to the primary stakeholders for CSR?

Social activits

Media

Competitors

Academics

Boards of directors

Açıklama:

The options A, B, C, and D belong to secondary stakeholders for CSR while option E is a primary stakeholder. Thus, the answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

Which of the following is not one of the types of social responsibilities according to Carroll (1991)?

Philanthropic responsibilities

Environmental responsibilites

Ethical responsibilities

Legal responsibilities

Economic responsibilities

Açıklama:

According to Carroll, there are four types of social responsibilities; philanthropic, ethical, legal, and economic responsibilities. Thus, the answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

What is "the use of the Internet and other digital technologies to execute a firm’s business processes and activities and for the internal management of the firm" called?

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

E-business

E-commerce

Net marketplaces

Açıklama:

ICT includes all devices, networking components, information systems and applications, and other digital systems that are combined to allow people and companies to interact, learn, live and work.
ERP refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities such as marketing, risk management, and supply chain operations.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services conducted over the Internet.
E-business refers to the use of the Internet and other digital technologies to execute a firm’s business processes and activities and for the internal management of the firm.
Thus, C is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

Which of the following enables computer-to-computer exchange of documents and transactions in a standard format?

B2B e-commerce

B2C e-commerce

Private industrial networks

Net marketplaces

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

Açıklama:

B2B or business-to-business e-commerce is the exchange of products, services or information between firms.
B2C or business-to-consumer e-commerce is the exchange of products, services or information between firms and end customers.
Private industrial networks or private exchange allow companies to coordinate transactions in all aspects and all divisions which enable collaboration and efficiencies for global operations.
Net marketplaces bring many buyers and sellers together to carry out transactions.
EDI or electronic data interchange enables computer-to-computer exchange of documents and transactions in a standard format.
Hence, E is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

Which of the following cannot an example to m-commerce?

Booking a house via Airbnb

Withdrawing money from an ATM

Downloading music from Apple store

Selling unused goods through LetGo

Paying bills using mobile banking

Açıklama:

E-commerce activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones and tablets are called mobile commerce or m-commerce. It is the fastest-growing form of e-commerce because of the global high adoption rate, the increase in devices computing power, and the availability of m-commerce applications or apps. Popular apps include the buying and selling of digital products and services such as music and movies, physical products, bill payments, and Mobile banking. Location-based services such as Uber and Airbnb (and a hundred others) provide services based on users’ current or intended locations. Therefore, withdrawing money from an ATM does not require to use any devices such as smartphones or tablets. Hence, B is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

Which one is not one of the four important dimensions to define and distinguish big data?

Volume

Variety

Volatility

Velocity

Veracity

Açıklama:

The four important dimensions to define and distinguish big data are:
1. Volume - the amount of data: Volume refers to the mass quantities of data that continue to increase though vary by industry and geographic locations.
2. Variety - different types of data: Varietyof structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and data sources (traditional and non-traditional sources from within and outside an organization). They include texts, web data, tweets, sensor data, audios, videos, click streams, log files, etc.
3. Velocity - data in motion: Velocityconcerns the speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed. It continues to accelerate with data created real-time. This enables decision making to be made instantly such as real-time fraud detection instead of detecting fraud after it takes place.
4. Veracity - data uncertainty: Veracity refers to the reliability of certain types of data. For example, weather and customers’ sentiments are inherently unpredictable.
Hence, C is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which of the following is not one of the four capabilities of Internet of Things (IOT) to deliver value to businesses?

Analyzing capability

Identifying capability

Sensing capability

Communicating capability

Computing capability

Açıklama:

IoT devices need four capabilities to deliver value to businesses:

Identifying capability - each device must be uniquely identifiable, such as the electronic productcodes that are used in supply chain and manufacturing.
Sensing capability - use of sensors.
Communicating capability - ability to exchange information between devices.
Computing capability - ability to process instructions, often using the cloud.

Therefore, the right answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

"Blockchain connects all actors instantaneously."
What benefit about blockchain is mentioned above?

Cost saving

Time saving

Tighter security

Enhanced privacy

Increased operational efficiency

Açıklama:

Blockchain's connecting all actors instantaneously is about time saving. That is; it substantially reduce the time to complete complex, multi-party interactions without a central authority. Thus, B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

What is it called when a new technology is adopted widely for general use over time?

Technology transfer

Technology development

Technology integration

Technology management

Technology diffusion

Açıklama:

Technology diffusion happens when a new technology is adopted widely for general use over time. Thus, E is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 40

What type of ethical business level is taken into consideration when ethical or unethical behaviors in firms are due to the behavior of individuals, managers, and employees?

The individual-level

The organizational level

The regional-level

The national-level

The international level

Açıklama:

Ethical issues in global business occur on many levels (Werhane, 2015):
• The individual-level - ethical or unethical behaviors in firms are due to the behavior of individuals, managers, and employees.

The organizational level - individuals and managers operate within an organization under its organizational culture and policies that influence their actions.

The national-level - businesses operate under the rule of law of each country that impacts the ethical behavior of individuals and organizations.
The international level - global businesses need to acknowledge and work through the various levels of ethical issues in question.

Hence, A is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

What is the formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly?

Ethical relativism

Ethical normativism

Human rights

Code of ethics

Business ethics

Açıklama:

Ethical organizational culture needs to be created and sustained through communication about those ethical values, e.g., the use of the code of ethics. It is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 42

Which of the following is about philanthropic responsibilities?

Obligations to do what is right, just, and fair while avoiding harm to stakeholders

Obey the law of the society

Provide products and services while maximizing profits

Contribution to the resources such as money, facilities, and employees’ time to the community and improve its quality of life

Guidance on how businesses can operate in socially responsible ways.

Açıklama:

There are four types of social responsibilities according to Carroll (Carroll, 1991):

Philanthropic responsibilities - contribute resources such as money, facilities, and employees’ time to the community and improve its quality of life.
Ethical responsibilities - obligations to do what is right, just, and fair while avoiding harm to stakeholders
Legal responsibilities - obey the law of the society.
Economic responsibilities - provide products and services while maximizing profits.

And ISO 26000 provides guidance on how businesses can operate in socially responsible ways. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

Which of the following terms refers to the buying and selling of goods and services conducted over the Internet?

E-commerce

E-business

ERP

B2P

EDI

Açıklama:

E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services conducted over the Internet. E-commerce also includes activities supporting online transactions such as marketing, advertising and customer services.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

I. Infrastructure as a service
II. Software as a service
III. Hardware as a service
IV. Platform as a service
Which of the services above are major types of cloud computing services?

I and II

II and III

III and IV

I, II, IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The following are the three major types of services (Laudon and Laudon, 2017, p.215):
• IaaS or Infrastructure as a service
• PaaS or Platform as a service
• SaaS or Software as a service

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of cloud computing?

Flexibility

Elasticity

Speed

Complexity

Integration

Açıklama:

Benefits of cloud computing:

Cost eficiency

Choice

Scale: Flexibility and
Elasticity

Speed

İntegration

Audit and Compliance

Business Continuity
Planning

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

Which question below falls into the 'descriptive analytics' type of business analytics?

How should we respond to those potential future events?

What could happen in the future?

What happened?

What is the best outcome for a given situation?

What are forecasts, behavior, and trends?

Açıklama:

Descriptive analytics provide a summary of data to yield useful information, so the question 'what happened' is asked.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

Which of the following AI technology allows a computer to see or the ability to capture and analyze visual information such as signature and photo identification?

Automation

Machine vision

Machine learning

Deep learning

Robotics

Açıklama:

Machine vision allows a computer to see or the ability to capture and analyze visual information such as signature and photo identification.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which of the following terms refers to a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible and intangible assets in a business network?

Cryptocurrencies

Automation

Deepfake

Cybersecurity

Blockchain

Açıklama:

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets and intangible assets in a business network. It is the technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, is recent digital technology that can be used to create business value.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 49

Which of the following impacts of Industry 4.0 is related to incremental revenue growth?

Ensuring raw material price and availability.

Deepening customer understanding, insights, and integration.

Mitigating data, vendor, and geographic risks.

Maximizing asset utilization.

Minimizing downtime.

Açıklama:

Potential impacts in incremental revenue growth area are:

Deepening customer understanding, insights, and integration.
Finding sources of growth and new efficiencies in the core business

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 50

Which of the following refers to the belief that ethical standards are universal, cutting across cultures and countries?

Code of ethics

Ethical relativism

Ethical normativism

Personal ethics

Managerial ethics

Açıklama:

Ethical normativism is the belief that ethical standards are universal, cutting across cultures and countries. Therefore, there is a set of moral rules that
everyone should follow with a wide acceptance of some basic principles for doing business (McFarlin and Sweeney, 2011, p.86).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 51

Which of the following information is FALSE about SA8000 standard for socially acceptable business practices?

It certifies the company's dedication to the fair treatment of workers in European countries only.

All work that a person has not voluntarily offered is regarded as forced or compulsory labor.

One of the aspects SA8000 focuses on is working hours.

Any work performed by a child under 15 years of age is considered as child labor.

SA8000 certified businesses ensure a safe and healthy workplace environment.

Açıklama:

See Table 2.8 for further information
SA8000 is a social certification standard that can be used as a framework by businesses to help certify their dedication to the fair treatment of workers across industries in any country.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which is one of the secondary stakeholders for corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

Business partners

Local communities

Boards of directors

Employees and managers

Governments and agencies

Açıklama:

Secondary stakeholders for CSR are:

Governments and agencies
Non-governmental organizations (NGO)
Media
Academics
Trade bodies
Competitors
Social activits and other special interest groups

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

Which of the below is an example for the informational component of technology?

Marketing

Computers

Blueprints

Equipment

Tools

Açıklama:

Although there are various definitions of technology from different perspectives, we are concerned here with two primary components (Wahab, Rose, and Osman, 2012, p.62). One involves the physical components such as products, tools, equipment, computers, blueprints, techniques, and processes. The other is the informational component such as the knowledge in management, production, marketing and other functional areas including the related know-how such as quality control and reliability.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

sales
finance
production
human resources

Which of the above is/are among the key functional areas that Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems combine?

I,III

I,II,III,IV

I,II,III

II,IV

Only III

Açıklama:

An application such as an ERP system can be used to integrate key business processes in manufacturing, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources into one software system for more efficient operations and better management especially for firms that operate in several locations internationally with different local requirements and needs. ERP systems combine fragmented information from key functional areas (Sales, Finance, etc.) and many different information systems (Supply Chain Management System, Customer Relationship Management Systems, etc).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Which one is the abbreviation for the e-commerce including the exchange of products, services and information between the firms and consumers?

EDI

B2C

B2B

ICT

Açıklama:

E-business and e-commerce have been growing worldwide which have brought changes to how organizations design, manufacture, and deliver their products and services. They permit global reach in a very convenient and cost-effective way than traditional commerce (which is more local or regional). The technology used is based on universal standards such that all countries around the world can adopt them regardless of the technology infrastructure each is using. It is worthwhile to note that e-commerce transactions between business firms (business-to-business or B2B) as opposed to between business and consumers (business-to-consumer or B2C) represent a very large marketplace and exceed B2C transactions in terms of monetary value.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 56

Infrastructure
Platform
Software

Which of the above is/are among the major types of Cloud Computing services?

Only III

Only II

I,II,III

I,II

I,III

Açıklama:

The following are the three major types of Cloud Computing services (Laudon and Laudon, 2017, p.215):• IaaS or Infrastructure as a service where customers use processing power, data storage, networking, and other computing resources from cloud service providers to run their information systems and applications. For example, a company can buy data storage or computing power as needed from Amazon’s AWS and get charged for actual usage. It does not have to buy specialized and expensive equipment for itself.• PaaS or Platform as a service where customers use ICT infrastructure and software programming tools supported by cloud service providers to develop their own applications. For example, IBM offers a service for companies to develop and test their own software applications on the IBM cloud infrastructure for a fee.• SaaS or Software as a service where customers use software hosted by and is resided on the vendor’s cloud infrastructure and delivered as a service over the Internet. For example, companies can use Google Apps (such as Google doc) where Google maintains the data and software on its computing facilities and customers can use the applications anywhere with Internet access.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Choice
Speed
Cost-efficiency
Flexibility

Which of the above is/are among the benefits of Cloud Computing?

II,IV

Only I

I,III,IV

I,II,III

I,II,III,IV

Açıklama:

Cost efficiency, Choice, Scale: Flexibility and Elasticity, Speed, Integration, Audit and Compliance, Business Continuity, Planning are among the benefits of Cloud Computing.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

Which of the below is related to the reliability of the certain type of data?

Volume

Variety

Velocity

Veracity

Volatility

Açıklama:

Volume - the amount of data: Volume refers to the mass quantities of data that continue to increase though vary by industry and geographic locations.Variety - different types of data: Variety of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and data sources (traditional and non-traditional sources from within and outside an organization). They include texts, web data, tweets, sensor data, audios, videos, click streams, log files, etc. Velocity - data in motion: Velocity concerns the speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed. It continues to accelerate with data created real-time. This enables decision making to be made instantly such as real-time fraud detection instead of detecting fraud after it takes place.Veracity - data uncertainty: Veracity refers to the reliability of certain types of data. For example, weather and customers’ sentiments are inherently unpredictable.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

Which of the below is used to produce or alter video content and may cause potential problems or unintended harms of AI?

Deepfake

Automation

Machine vision

Machine learning

Deep learning

Açıklama:

Deepfake is an AI-based technology used to produce or alter video content and present something that didn’t actually occur. It is extremely difficult for a person to detect deepfakes. Unfortunately, the consequences can be global.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

Which of the key business benefits of blockchain is related to specifying details that you want others to see?

enhanced privacy

improved audibility

cost savings

time savings

operational efficiency

Açıklama:

Key business benefits of blockchain which have resulted from two major needs are listed. Firstly, for record keeping as a storage of static information. For example, smart contracts are used for record keeping which are triggered automatically when predefined conditions are met. Secondly, to address the transactions or as a registry of trade-able information, for example, as a dynamic distributed database that updates as payments in cash or cryptocurrencies are made among participants. In short, blockchain allows digital records and information to be shared in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner without centralized, trusted third parties such as a bank or a government agency (Gupta, 2018,p. 110 - 111).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Which of the following is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees to create consistent ethical standards?

managerial ethics

ethical relativism

code of ethics

ethical normativism

personal ethics

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

Which of the approaches to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) focuses on legal compliance and nothing more?

Reactive approach

Defensive approach

Accomodative approach

Proactive approach

Fairness approach

Açıklama:

Defensive approach. This approach indicates that managers focus on legal compliance but nothing more. In this case, a manager’s attitude is that CSR initiatives add costs for the firm. Since firms may face pressures from the media and activist groups, managers may admit some responsibility in case of wrongdoing but will fight the situation. Global firms may act and operate differently in different locations depending on the rule of law and other pressures from various stakeholders.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

".............. is defined broadly to include not only physical components such as computers and machines but also human knowledge, work methods, and techniques used in business."
Which of the following fills in the blank correctly?

Technology

ERP

E-commerce

E-business

EDI

Açıklama:

The term technology is defined broadly to include not only physical components such as computers and machines but also human knowledge, work methods, and techniques used in business.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

Which of the following defines "ERP"?

It refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities such as marketing, risk management, and supply chain operations.

It refers to the use of the Internet and other digital technologies to execute a firm’s business processes and activities and for the internal management of the firm.

It refers to the buying and selling of goods and services conducted over the Internet.

It is the exchange of products, services or information between firms.

It is the exchange of products, services or information between firms and end customers.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

EDI or electronic data interchange
Private industrial networks or private exchange
Net marketplaces

enables computer-to-computer exchange of documents and transactions in a standard format.
allow companies to coordinate transactions in all aspects and all divisions which enable collaboration and efficiencies for global operations.
bring many buyers and sellers together to carry out transactions.

Which of the following gives the correct matches of the terms and the definitions?

Açıklama:

EDI or electronic data interchange enables computer-to-computer exchange of documents and transactions in a standard format. Private industrial networks or private exchange allow companies to coordinate transactions in all aspects and all divisions which enable collaboration and efficiencies for global operations. Net marketplaces bring many buyers and sellers together to carry out transactions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

Cost efficiency
Choice
Scale: Flexibility and Elasticity
Speed
Integration
Audit and Compliance
Business Continuity Planning

Which ones are the benefits of cloud computing?

II-III-IV-V-VI

I-II-V-VI-VII

III-IV-V-VI-VII

I-II-III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII

Açıklama:

• Cost effciency • Choice • Scale: Flexibility and Elasticity • Speed • Integration • Audit and Compliance • Business Continuity Planning

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

Volume - the amount of data
Variety - different types of data
Velocity - data in motion
Veracity - data uncertainty

Which ones are the important dimensions to define and distinguish big data?

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-II-IV

I-II-III-IV

I-II-III

Açıklama:

We can look at four important dimensions (also shown in Figure 2.4) to define and distinguish big data (Miele and Shockley, 2013): 1. Volume - the amount of data: Volume refers to the mass quantities of data that continue to increase though vary by industry and geographic locations. 2. Variety - different types of data: Variety of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and data sources (traditional and non-traditional sources from within and outside an organization). They include texts, web data, tweets, sensor data, audios, videos, click streams, log files, etc. 3. Velocity - data in motion: Velocity concerns the speed with which data is created, processed, and analyzed. It continues to accelerate with data created real-time. This enables decision making to be made instantly such as real-time fraud detection instead of detecting fraud after it takes place. 4. Veracity - data uncertainty: Veracity refers to the reliability of certain types of data. For example, weather and customers’ sentiments are inherently unpredictable.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 68

AI can radically change the way we live and work.
In the near future, the presence of AI is expected to be pervasive.
AI is one of the most powerful technologies that is often poorly understood even though it has been around for over 60 years.
AI is generally defined as the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions associated with human minds such as perceiving, reasoning, learning, and problem solving, i.e., machines that could think autonomously.

Which ones are correct about AI?

II-III-IV

I-III-IV

I-II-III-IV

I-II-IV

I-II-III

Açıklama:

AI can radically change the way we live and work.
In the near future, the presence of AI is expected to be pervasive.
AI is one of the most powerful technologies that is often poorly understood even though it has been around for over 60 years.
AI is generally defined as the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions associated with human minds such as perceiving, reasoning, learning, and problem solving, i.e., machines that could think autonomously.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

"............ refers to the protection of internet-connected systems from cyberattacks."
Which term is defined above?

Advanced robotics

Cybersecurity

Cryptocurrencies

Blockchain

Deepfake

Açıklama:

Cybersecurity refers to the protection of internet-connected systems from cyberattacks.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

The individual-level
The organizational level
The national-level
The international level

Which ones are the levels on which ethical issues in global business occur?

I-II-III

I-II-IV

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

I-II-III-IV

Açıklama:

The individual-level - ethical or unethical behaviors in firms are due to the behavior of individuals, managers, and employees. • The organizational level - individuals and managers operate within an organization under its organizational culture and policies that influence their actions. • The national-level - businesses operate under the rule of law of each country that impacts the ethical behavior of individuals and organizations. • The international level - global businesses need to acknowledge and work through the various levels of ethical issues in question. • In the following sections, we analyze the ethical issues presented at different levels.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

CSR can be viewed as the relationship between organizations and the societies including all stakeholder groups as well as the responsibilities from both sides of the relationship.
CSR refers to a view of corporations that assume a responsibility to pursue social goals in addition to profit maximization and a responsibility among their stakeholders to hold them accountable for their actions.
There are large numbers of stakeholder groups for CSR issues as they have the potential to affect many people around the world.
Typical stakeholders for business firms: primary stakeholders have a direct stake in an organization while secondary stakeholders have an indirect stake in a firm though they may still be influential especially in terms of a firm’s reputation and public standing.

Which ones are correct about CSR?

I-II-III

I-II-III-IV

I-II-IV

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

CSR can be viewed as the relationship between organizations and the societies including all stakeholder groups as well as the responsibilities from both sides of the relationship.
CSR refers to a view of corporations that assume a responsibility to pursue social goals in addition to profit maximization and a responsibility among their stakeholders to hold them accountable for their actions.
There are large numbers of stakeholder groups for CSR issues as they have the potential to affect many people around the world.
Typical stakeholders for business firms: primary stakeholders have a direct stake in an organization while secondary stakeholders have an indirect stake in a firm though they may still be influential especially in terms of a firm’s reputation and public standing.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 72

Reactive approach.
Defensive approach.
Accommodative approach.
Proactive approach.

This approach indicates that firms often do as little as possible to address CSR and ethical issues. In some cases, managers cross acceptable ethical or legal compliance and try to hide or deny those actions. In the absence of regulations, they do not see the need to act ethically or to offer CSR as the standard business practice.
This approach indicates that managers focus on legal compliance but nothing more. In this case, a manager’s attitude is that CSR initiatives add costs for the firm. Since firms may face pressures from the media and activist groups, managers may admit some responsibility in case of wrongdoing but will fight the situation. Global firms may act and operate differently in different locations depending on the rule of law and other pressures from various stakeholders.
This approach indicates that managers accept social responsibilities, meet all legal requirements, and often act beyond those requirements. Adopting a universal code of conduct would indicate to stakeholders that the firm is willing to accept CSR and make ethical decisions regardless of their location. Firms will try to do the right things (CSR) and to do things right (ethics).
This indicates that managers will follow the highest degree of ethical standards and of socially responsible practices. Firms not only do all that is required but at the same time anticipate, actively participate, and seek the opportunity to contribute to CSR initiatives globally (even in places they have no operations).

Which of the following gives the correct matches?

Açıklama:

Reactive approach. This approach indicates that firms often do as little as possible to address CSR and ethical issues. In some cases, managers cross acceptable ethical or legal compliance and try to hide or deny those actions. In the absence of regulations, they do not see the need to act ethically or to offer CSR as the standard business practice.
Defensive approach. This approach indicates that managers focus on legal compliance but nothing more. In this case, a manager’s attitude is that CSR initiatives add costs for the firm. Since firms may face pressures from the media and activist groups, managers may admit some responsibility in case of wrongdoing but will fight the situation. Global firms may act and operate differently in different locations depending on the rule of law and other pressures from various stakeholders.
Accommodative approach. This approach indicates that managers accept social responsibilities, meet all legal requirements, and often act beyond those requirements. Adopting a universal code of conduct would indicate to stakeholders that the firm is willing to accept CSR and make ethical decisions regardless of their location. Firms will try to do the right things (CSR) and to do things right (ethics).
Proactive approach. This indicates that managers will follow the highest degree of ethical standards and of socially responsible practices. Firms not only do all that is required but at the same time anticipate, actively participate, and seek the opportunity to contribute to CSR initiatives globally (even in places they have no operations).

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Which information is not true for the internationalization process (IP) model?

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change.

The change variables are the crucial ones since these processes change the characteristics of the focal firm.

The state variables involve knowledge development processes, including learning, creating and trust-building.

The state variables include both operational and dynamic capabilities.

The IP model portrays internationalization as a cyclical process.

Açıklama:

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change. The change variables are the crucial ones since these processes change the characteristics of the focal firm and its environment and then trigger further changes. They involve knowledge development processes, including learning, creating and trust-building; and commitment processes, including reconfiguring resources and coordinating. The state variables include both operational (resources, skills, relationships, and organizational culture) and dynamic (integrating, building and reconfiguring competencies) capabilities, commitments (the distribution of resources over the firm’s functions, its product lines, the countries where it is active, and the networks in which it has invested), and the performance of the firm. The IP model portrays internationalization as a cyclical process: state variables affect change variables and vice versa (Vahlne & Johanson, 2017).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

.......... refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companiesor companies already active in the target market, and can be affected through strategic alliances. Which term is defined above?

Linkage

Leverage

Learning

The change variable

The state variable

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Which is not one of the first-mover advantages?

catching learning effects which are essential for increasing the market share

achieving the economies of scale which accrue from opportunities for capturing that more significant share

forging the alliance with the most attractive (or in some cases the only) local partner

avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties

allowing entrants to displace competition

Açıklama:

-In particular industries and economic environments, significant economies are associated with first-mover or early-entry positioning- being the first or one of the first to enter a market. These include catching learning effects, which are essential for increasing the market share, achieving the economies of scale which accrue from opportunities for capturing that more significant share, and forging the alliance with the most attractive (or in some cases the only) local partner. In the developing economies that are undergoing rapid changes such as privatization and market liberalization, there may be a narrow window of time within which these opportunities can be best exploited. In these conditions, first-mover advantages allow entrants to displace competition and influence the evolving competitive environment in a manner conducive to their longterm interests and market position (Luthans & Doh, 2018: 212).
-Late-mover advantages comprise free-riding on first movers’ pioneering investments, avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties, and evading being locked into a set of fixed assets or cannibalizing the existing product lines in favor of the new ones.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

Which information is true for the born-global firm? I. It is a new type of small-and medium-sized enterprise. II. It emerged as a result of rapid globalzation. III. It moves quickly into international markets.

Only II

Only III

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

-As a result of rapid globalization between the 1990s and the 2010s, we have witnessed the emergence of a new type of small-andmedium-sized enterprise: the born-global firm, a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, rushing into foreign markets.
-The born-global firm refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly
into international markets.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

Which information is not true for exporting?

Indirect exporting refers to the sale of products made by firms in their home country to customers in other countries

Exporting diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets.

Export intermediaries perform an essential middleman function by linking domestic sellers and overseas customers.

In indirect exporting, intermediaries often carry the products of competing firms and so have divided loyalties.

Tariff barriers can make exporting costly.

Açıklama:

-There are two types of exporting: direct and indirect exporting. Direct exporting refers to the sale of products made by firms in their home country to customers in other countries. This strategy is attractive because firms can reach foreign customers directly. When domestic markets experience some downturns, sales abroad may compensate for such drops. Indirect exporting involves selling
through domestic-based intermediaries (such as foreign distributors, sales representatives, and local agents).
-Export intermediaries perform an essential middleman function by linking domestic sellers and overseas customers who otherwise would not have been connected (Peng, 2014: 299-300).
-Exporting has many advantages (Çavuşgil et al., 2017: 377-378):
1. It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and generates profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market.
2. It increases economies of scale, reducing per-unit costs of manufacturing.
3. It diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets.
-There are some disadvantages of exporting (Hill & Hult, 2019: 439):
1. Especially for bulk products, high transport costs can make exporting expensive.
2. Tariff barriers can make exporting costly. Similarly, the threat of tariff barriers by the host-country government can make it very risky.
3. In indirect exporting, intermediaries often carry the products of competing firms and so have divided loyalties. In such cases, the intermediary may not do as good a job as the firm would if it managed its marketing itself.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which information is true for some significant motivations for firms to enter strategic alliances (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2016: 568)? I. Transferring technology across borders more easily. II. Accessing new markets by using the complementary resources of local firms,including distribution channels and product range extensions. III. Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication, such as fixed costs. IV. Sharing risks among the alliance partners.

Only I and II

Only II, III and IV

Only I and IV

Only I, II and III

I, II,III and IV

Açıklama:

There are four significant motivations for firms to enter strategic alliances (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2016: 568):
1. Transferring technology across borders more easily,
2. Accessing new markets by using the complementary resources of local firms,
including distribution channels and product range extensions,
3. Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication, such as fixed costs,
4. Sharing risks among the alliance partners

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. Which option is not one of them?

joint marketing

knowledge-sharing routines

consortia

turnkey projects

build-operate-transfer arrangements

Açıklama:

Contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. They include contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, research and development contracts, joint marketing, consortia, turnkey projects, build-operate-transfer arrangements, and management contracts.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

........... is an agreement between two or more partners based in different countries that focuses on international market expansion through access to capabilities and resources in international markets. Which term is defined above?

A turnkey project

Licensing

Joint marketing

Franchising

Contract manufacturing

Açıklama:

Joint marketing is an agreement between two or more partners based in different countries that focuses on international market expansion through access to capabilities and resources in international markets.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

............ refers to an entry mode through which a firm invests directly in another country by establishing a new wholly-owned subsidiary. Which term is defined above?

A merger

An acquisition

A management contract

A greenfield investment

A joint venture

Açıklama:

A greenfield investment refers to an entry mode through which a firm invests directly in another country by establishing a new wholly-owned subsidiary.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which information below is not true?

A merger refers to the joining of two independent companies to form a combined entity.

In a minority equity alliance, at least one partner takes partial ownership of the other partner.

A greenfield investment is an entry mode through which a firm invests directly in another country by establishing a new wholly-owned subsidiary.

A wholly-owned subsidiary is an overseas operation that is wholly owned and controlled by an international firm.

An acquisition is a separate organization formed by two or more firms that have
equity ownership in the new entity.

Açıklama:

A joint venture is a separate organization formed by two or more firms that have
equity ownership in the new entity.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following is an example of location-specific advantages?

Intellectual properties

Lower costs of production

Managerial skills

Marketing skills

Capital

Açıklama:

According to the Eclectic Paradigm, the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on having or being able to acquire assets not
available to another country’s firms. Such assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages)
in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the following is not an example of leverage, which is a pillar of LLL framework?

Concentrating resources around strategic goals

Accumulating resources more efficiently

Complementing one kind of resource with another

Conserving resources whenever possible

Utilizing the resources of foreign partners

Açıklama:

Linkage-leverage-learning framework argues that internationalization process includes connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market, gaining
access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics and the repeated application of the previous two steps. For example, some Chinese firms have entered strategic alliances with Western companies that have reputable trademarks (linkage). The managers of these firms have frequently visited their partners’ marketing departments to understand their marketing processes (leverage). The firms have repeatedly connected with new Western companies and consequently they utilize the resources of their partners (learning). In the question, utilizing the resources of foreign partners is about the pillar of learning.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Which of the following is one of the late-mover advantages?

Catching learning effects

Achieving economies of scale

Forming alliances with the most attractive local partner

Avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties

Setting the standards and rules

Açıklama:

The potential advantages of first movers may be counterbalanced by various disadvantages, which result in late-mover advantages. Specifically, late-mover advantages are revealed in three ways: Firstly, late movers can free-ride on first movers’ pioneering investments. Secondly, first movers face more considerable technological and market
uncertainties. Finally, as incumbents, first movers may be locked into a set of fixed assets or reluctant to cannibalize the existing product lines in favor of the new ones.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of the following refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution?

Multinational Enterprise

Global corporation

Born-global firm

Multidomestic corporation

Transnational corporation

Açıklama:

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries.
Global corporations view the world as one marketplace and produce standardized goods and services to serve this market.
The born-global firm refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly into international markets.
Multidomestic corporations are made up of relatively independent subsidiaries each of which produces customized goods and services for the local market being served.
Transnational corporations integrate a geographically dispersed set of specialized activities into a single production process.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following entry modes is common as a first step to internationalize?

Strategic alliances

Exporting

Greenfield investments

Mergers and acquisitions

Wholly owned subsidiaries

Açıklama:

Exporting, an entry mode through which products produced in one country are sold to customers in the other country or countries, is the most common and understandable entry mode in international business. Many firms start to internationalize through exporting then shift to different entry modes.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

I. Partner selection
II. Alliance governance
III.Home country subsidization
IV. Alliance management
Which of the following factors are required for the success of an alliance?

I and II

III and IV

I, II, and IV

II, III, and IV

I, II, III, and IV

Açıklama:

The success of an alliance is based on three main factors: partner
selection, alliance governance, and alliance management.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the following is an equity alliance?

Joint venture

Franchising

Build-operate-transfer arrangements

Turnkey projects

Joint marketing

Açıklama:

Equity alliances are built based on equity ownership. Minority equity alliances and joint ventures are the most common types of equity
alliances in international business. The joint venture is a popular entry mode that occurs when two or more firms form a separate organization and have equity ownership in the new entity. On the other hand, contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. They include contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, research and development contracts, joint marketing, consortia, turnkey projects, build-operate-transfer arrangements, and management contracts.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following about mergers and acquisitions is not correct?

A merger refers to the joining of two independent companies to form a combined entity.

An acquisition describes the purchase or takeover of one company by another.

When a target firm does not want to be acquired, the acquisition is considered a hostile takeover.

The distinction between a merger and an acquisition is vague, thus these two terms are used interchangeably all the time.

The combining of two firms of comparable size is often described as a merger, although it might be an acquisition.

Açıklama:

The distinction between a merger and an acquisition is precise. A merger refers to the joining of two independent companies to form a combined entity. An acquisition describes the purchase or takeover of one company by another. Despite the distinction between
mergers and acquisitions, many people use the umbrella term mergers and acquisitions.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following is a type of foreign direct investment in which foreign operations of the firm in a given country start from scratch?

Wholly owned subsidiaries

Equity alliance

Contractual alliance

Joint marketing

Greenfield investment

Açıklama:

Greenfield investment is a type of foreign direct investment (FDI) in which foreign operations of the firm in a given country start from scratch. A wholly-owned subsidiary is an overseas operation that is wholly owned and controlled by an international firm. There are two ways of establishing wholly-owned subsidiaries: merger and acquisitions and greenfield investments. Equity alliances are built based on equity
ownership. Minority equity alliances and joint ventures are the most common types of equity alliances in international business. Contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. They include contract manufacturing,licensing, franchising, research and development contracts, joint marketing, consortia, turnkey projects, build-operate-transfer arrangements, and management contracts. Joint marketing refers to an arrangement among two or more partners based in different countries that focuses on international market expansion
through access to capabilities and resources in international markets.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following contractual alliances allow for a long-term presence after the key is delivered to clients?

Build-operate-transfer arrangement

Turnkey project

Franchising

Contract manufacturing

Consortia

Açıklama:

Build-operate-transfer agreements are now often used, instead of the
traditional build-transfer type of turnkey projects, in order to obtain a longer-term presence.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which one of the following proposes a general framework for determining the extent and pattern of internationalization of the firm?

The eclectic paradigm

The internationalization process model

Linkage-leverage-learning framework

First-mover advantages

Late-mover advantages

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

I. The Eclectic Paradigm
II. The internationalization process (IP) model
III. The linkage-leverage-learning (LLL) framework
Which one(s) of these frameworks respond(s) to the question of "How does the firm internationalize?"?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

If a firm decides to enter foreign markets,
a new question emerges: How does the firm
internationalize? The internationalization process
(IP) model (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977; Vahlne
& Johanson, 2017) and linkage-leverage-learning
(LLL) framework (Mathews, 2006; 2017) are the
dominant views on this subject

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

Which one of the following is not among the the state variables according to the IP model?

resources

skills

learning

relationships

organizational culture

Açıklama:

In the IP model, there are two types of variables:
state and change. The change variables are the crucial
ones since these processes change the characteristics
of the focal firm and its environment and then
trigger further changes. They involve knowledge
development processes, including learning,
creating and trust-building; and commitment
processes, including reconfiguring resources and
coordinating. The state variables include both
operational (resources, skills, relationships, and
organizational culture) and dynamic (integrating,
building and reconfiguring competencies)
capabilities, commitments (the distribution of
resources over the firm’s functions, its product lines,
the countries where it is active, and the networks in
which it has invested), and the performance of the
firm.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

I. Layout
II. Linkage
III. Learning
Which one(s) of them is/are among the three pillars of the LLL framework?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage,
leverage, and learning

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which one of the following terms refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market?

Linkage

Learning

Leverage

Organization

Resources

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which one of the following can be included among late-mover advantages?

catching learning effects

achieving economies of scale

avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties

forging alliances with the most attractive local partner

setting the standards and rules

Açıklama:

First-mover advantages include catching
learning effects, achieving economies of scale,
and forging alliances with the most attractive
local partner, and setting the standards and
rules. Late-mover advantages comprise free-riding
on first movers’ pioneering investments,
avoiding considerable technological and
market related uncertainties, and evading
being locked into a set of fixed assets or
cannibalizing the existing product lines in
favor of the new ones.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which one of the following refers to selling products which have been produced in one country to customers in the other country or countries?

Exporting

The born-global firm

First-mover advantages

Late-mover advantages

The internationalization process model

Açıklama:

Exporting refers to selling products which
have been produced in one country
to customers in the other country or
countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Which one of the following is not one of the advantages of exporting?

It increases economies of scale, reducing per-unit costs of manufacturing

It diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets

It stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand

Especially for bulk products, high transport costs can make exporting expensive

It minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility compared to different entry modes

Açıklama:

There are some disadvantages of exporting (Hill
& Hult, 2019: 439):
1. Especially for bulk products, high transport
costs can make exporting expensive.
2. Tariff barriers can make exporting costly.
Similarly, the threat of tariff barriers by the
host-country government can make it very
risky.
3. In indirect exporting, intermediaries often
carry the products of competing firms and
so have divided loyalties. In such cases, the
intermediary may not do as good a job as
the firm would if it managed its marketing
itself.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which one of the following terms refers to the extent to which the partner has capabilities that the company lacks and that it values?

Partner complementarity

Partner commitment

Partner fit

Strategic alliance

Relation-specific investment

Açıklama:

In partner selection, the following partner traits
have a positive influence on alliance performance:
partner complementarity, partner commitment,
and partner fit. Partner complementarity is the
extent to which the partner has capabilities that
the company lacks and that it values. Partner
commitment refers to making necessary sacrifices
for the success of the alliance and not exploiting
the alliance opportunistically for the partner’s ends.
Partner fit is the congruence between the partners’
visions

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which one of the following is a disadvantage of contract manufacturing?

It enables companies to concentrate on what they do best

It also enables an existing fixed-cost structure to be turned into a variable one

It rids companies of operational headaches and bottlenecks

It avoids problematic labor relations situations and managerial deficiencies

As firms employ contract manufacturers for production, they may nurture potential rivals, and they may help build an industrywide resource that lowers the barriers to entry in that industry

Açıklama:

There are three main disadvantages of contract
manufacturing (Hill et al., 2015: 311-312):
1. If the company becomes too dependent
upon the specialist provider of the
contracting activity, the specialist can
use this fact to raise prices beyond some
previously agreed-upon rate.
2. As firms employ contract manufacturers
for production, they may nurture potential
rivals, and they may help build an industrywide resource that lowers the barriers to
entry in that industry.
3. A company that is not careful can lose
important competitive information when
it adopts contract manufacturing. The firm
that gives up developing its manufacturing
knowledge could unintentionally give up
opportunities to improve its capabilities in
product design.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

"According to the ________________, the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on having or being able to acquire assets not available to another country’s firms."
Which of the following options can fill in the gap correctly?

Tangible resources

Location-specific advantages

Ownership-specific advantages

Eclectic Paradigm

Intangible resources

Açıklama:

According to the Eclectic Paradigm, the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on having or being able to acquire assets not available to another country’s firms.
Such assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills.
Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets (Dunning & Lundan, 2008: 96).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 32

Which of the following is one of the tangible resources?

Marketing skills

Capital

Trademark

Patent

Açıklama:

Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following are the change variables in the IP model?

Operational capabilities

Knowledge development processes

Dynamic capabilities

Commitments

Performance of the firm

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

"The internationalization process model sees internalization as a ____________ process between state and change variables." Which of the following can fill in the gap correctly?

Cyclical

Mutual

Linear

Profitable

Compulsory

Açıklama:

The internationalization process model sees internalization as a cyclical process between state and change variables.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

I. Legitimation
II. Linkage
III. Locating
IV. Leverage
V. Learning
Which of the following gives three pillars of the LLL framework correctly?

I, II, III

II, III, IV

I, III, V

II, IV, V

III, IV, V

Açıklama:

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which of the following is a late mover advantage?

Cannibalizing the existing product lines in favor of the new ones

Catching learning effects

Achieving economies of scale

Forging alliances with the most attractive local partner

Setting the standards and rules.

Açıklama:

First-mover advantages include catching learning effects, achieving economies of scale, and forging alliances with the most attractive local partner, and setting the standards and rules.
Late-mover advantages comprise free-riding on first movers’ pioneering investments, avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties, and evading being locked into a set of fixed assets or cannibalizing the existing product lines in favor of the new ones.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 37

Which of the following is a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, rushing into foreign markets?

The young international firm

The young entrepreneuring firm

The late-moving firm

The first-moving firm

The born-global firm

Açıklama:

The born-global firm, a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, rushing into foreign markets.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of exporting?

It minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility compared to different entry modes.

It stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand.

It diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets.

It increases economies of scale, reducing per-unit costs of manufacturing.

Especially for bulk products, high transport costs can make exporting expensive.

Açıklama:

Exporting has many advantages;

It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and generates profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market.
It increases economies of scale, reducing per-unit costs of manufacturing.
It diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets.
It stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand.
It reduces the cost of foreign market entry; the firm can use exporting to test new markets before committing to more considerable resources through other entry modes.
It minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility compared to different entry modes.
It leverages the capabilities of foreign distributors and other business partners located abroad.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Why are strategic alliances formed?

To support partners to achieve their strategic objectives through cooperation

To making necessary sacrifices for the success of the alliance

To reach foreign customers directly

To make significant, unilateral commitments to demonstrate that the firm trusts its partner

To avoid problematic labor relations situations and managerial deficiencies

Açıklama:

Strategic alliances, a medium to a long-term relationship between firms, are formed to support partners to achieve their strategic objectives through cooperation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which of the following is CANNOT be a motivation for firms to enter strategic alliances?

Transferring technology across borders more easily

Decreasing the rate of failure in international strategic alliances

Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication

Accessing new markets

Sharing risks among the alliance partners.

Açıklama:

There are four significant motivations for firms to enter strategic alliances:

Transferring technology across borders more easily,
Accessing new markets by using the complementary resources of local firms, including distribution channels and product range extensions,
Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication, such as fixed costs,
Sharing risks among the alliance partners.
However, the rate of failure in international strategic alliances is quite high.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

According to IP model, which of the following is a state variable?

Knowledge development processes

Trust-building

Reconfiguring resources

Coordination

Operational capabilities

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 42

According to IP model, which of the following is not change variable?

Learning

Creating

Trust-building

Coordinating

Performance

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Which of the following refers to selling products which have been produced in one country to customers in the other country or countries?

Strategic Alliances

Exporting

Contractual alliances

Consortia

Joint venture

Açıklama:

Exporting refers to selling products which have been produced in one country to customers in the other country or countries. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 44

Which of the following is not a contractual alliance?

Licensing

Joint ventures

Franchising

Research and development contracts

Turnkey projects

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 45

Which of the following is an example for equity alliances?

Licensing

Turnkey porjects

Consortia

Joint ventures

Franchising

Açıklama:

Equity alliances are built based on equity ownership. Minority equity alliances and joint ventures are the most common types of equity alliances in international business. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

Which of the following refers to a particular form of contract manufacturing that allows firms to commercialize intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, and trade secrets?

Consortia

Joint marketing

Licensing

Minority equity alliance

Build-operate-transfer arrangements

Açıklama:

Licensing is a particular form of contract manufacturing that allows firms to commercialize intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, and trade secrets (Rothaermel, 2017: 262). The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

Which of the following refers to the export of technology, management expertise, and, in some cases, capital equipment?

Joint marketing

Joint ventures

Franchising

Turnkey project

Licensing

Açıklama:

A turnkey project refers to the export of technology, management expertise, and, in some cases, capital equipment. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which of the following is not an advantage of mergers and acquisitions (M&As)?

M&Ass eliminate the problems associated with joint ventures.

M&As enable faster entry speed.

Firms often overestimate the potential economic benefits of M&As.

M&As allow for centrally coordinated global actions.

Full control leads to a better protection of the proprietary technology.

Açıklama:

There are many advantages of M&As (Peng, 2014:325-326): 1. M&As give a firm complete equity and management control, thus eliminating the problems associated with joint ventures. 2. This full control leads to better protection of proprietary technology. 3. M&As allow for centrally coordinated global actions. 4. M&As do not add new capacity. 5. M&As enable faster entry speed. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Which of the following refers to the undertaking of the production of finished goods or parts?

Contract manufacturing

Consortia

Joint marketing

Minority equity alliance

Joint venture

Açıklama:

Contract manufacturing involves contracting for the production of finished goods or parts. These goods or components are then imported to the home country or other countries for assembly or sale. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

Which of the following refers to an entry mode through which a firm invests directly in another country by establishing a new wholly-owned subsidiary?

Greenfield investment

Franchising

Joint marketing

Joint venture

Consortia

Açıklama:

A greenfield investment refers to an entry mode through which a firm invests directly in another country by establishing a new wholly-owned subsidiary. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

According to the .............., the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on having or being able to acquire assets not available to another country’s firms.

Internationalization Process Model

Eclectic Paradigm

Strategic Alliance Model

Linkage, Leverage, and Learning Framework

The Uppsala Model

Açıklama:

The Eclectic Paradigm proposes a general framework for determining the extent and pattern of internationalization of the firm. The Paradigm embraces various explanations of the activities of firms engaging in cross-border value-adding activities. According to the Eclectic Paradigm, the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on having or being able to acquire assets not available to another country’s firms.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

Which of them below is NOT one of the ownership-specific advantages of a firm which determines its going abroad?

Natural resources

Equipment and capital

Intellectual properties

Lower costs of production

Managerial or marketing skills

Açıklama:

According to the Eclectic Paradigm, the capacity and desire of firms to go abroad depends on ownership-specific and location-specific advantages. Ownership-specific advantages include having or being able to acquire assets not available to another country’s firms. Such assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Location-specific advantages include assets that are peculiar to a specific location in their origin and use.
Assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets (Dunning & Lundan, 2008: 96). Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 53

Which one of them below is one of the location-specific advantages of a firm determining its capacity to go abroad?

Trademarks

Copyrights

Equipments

Natural resources

Strict protection of property rights

Açıklama:

Assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets (Dunning & Lundan, 2008: 96). Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 54

Which one below is one of the "change" variables that impact the internationalization process of a firm according to the International Process Model?

Knowledge development processes

Networks

Distribution of resources over the firm’s functions

Organizational culture

Operational variables

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 55

The internationalization process model sees internalization as a cyclical process between ........... and change variables.

resource

asset

state

performance

knowledge

Açıklama:

The internationalization process model sees internalization as a cyclical process between state (assets, capabilities, commitments, and performance) and change variables (knowledge development and commitment processes).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

What does "leverage" refer to in LLL framework?

repeated practices of linkage, leverage, and learning

repeated application of linkage and leverage

gaining access to resources which are outside the firm

connecting with companies already active in the target market

making business with resource-rich companies

Açıklama:

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning. Linkage refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market. The linkage can be affected through strategic alliances. Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics (Mathews, 2017: 771) including concentrating resources around strategic goals, accumulating resources more efficiently, complementing one kind of resource with another, conserving resources whenever possible, and recovering resources from the market-place as quickly as possible (Hamel & Prahalad, 1993). Learning refers to the repeated application of linkage and leverage. Firms from developing countries can gain advantages through repeated practices of linkage, leverage, and learning, which may be built up cumulatively through such processes (Mathews, 2006: 20).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Which country below adopted an aggressive multi pronged strategy to push its standards globally?

The United States

France

Japan

Germany

China

Açıklama:

In modern trade, first-mover advantage in setting the standards and rules can give a potent edge to companies and businesses. With its company executives working in close alliance with the government, China has adopted an aggressive multi pronged strategy to push its standards globally. An aggressive export drive helps to establish its technologies abroad.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 58

Which one below is one of the late-mover advantages?

free-riding on pioneering investments

setting the standards and rules

forging alliances with the most attractive local partner

achieving economies of scale

catching learning effects

Açıklama:

First-mover advantages include catching learning effects, achieving economies of scale, and forging alliances with the most attractive local partner, and setting the standards and rules.
Late-mover advantages comprise free-riding on first movers’ pioneering investments, avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties, and evading being locked into a set of fixed assets or cannibalizing the existing product lines in favor of the new ones.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which choice below includes all the significant motivations for firms to enter strategic alliances?
I Transferring technology across borders easily
II Accessing new markets by using the complementary resources of local firms
III Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication
IV Sharing risks among partners
V Lowering high transport costs
VI Decreasing longer supply lines

I, II, III, IV

II, III, IV, V

III, IV, VI, V

II, III, IV, V, VI

I, III, IV, V, VI

Açıklama:

There are four significant motivations for firms to enter strategic alliances (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2016: 568):
1. Transferring technology across borders more easily, 2. Accessing new markets by using the complementary resources of local firms, including distribution channels and product range extensions, 3. Leveraging specific capabilities of partners and saving costs of duplication, such as fixed costs, 4. Sharing risks among the alliance partners.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

Which one below refers to i a firm or a consortium of firms contracting to complete a significant infrastructure project abroad, operates it for a specified period, and then transfers ownership to the project sponsor?

Turnkey project

build-operate-transfer arrangement

joint venture

minority equity alliance

wholly-owned subsidiary

Açıklama:

A build-operate-transfer (BOT) arrangement includes a firm or a consortium of firms contracting to complete a significant infrastructure project abroad, operates it for a specified period, and then transfers ownership to the project sponsor.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 61

Which of the following presents a general framework for determining the extent and pattern of the internationalization of the firm?

The IP model

The eclectic paradigm

The LLL framework

Direct exporting

R & D contracts

Açıklama:

The Eclectic Paradigm presents a general framework for determining the extent and pattern of the internationalization of the firm. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 62

Patents

Country's low production costs

Strict protection of property rights

Which of the above assets refer to ownership-specific advantages?

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Assets not available to another country’s firms refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. These assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

Which of the following is one of the change variables in the internationalization process model?

Skills

Resources

Trust-building

Relationships

Integrating

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Which of the following refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics?

Linkage

Licensing

Learning

Leverage

Consortia

Açıklama:

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning. Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics, including concentrating resources around strategic goals, accumulating resources more efficiently, complementing one kind of resource with another, conserving resources whenever possible, and recovering resources from the market-place as quickly as possible. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Forging alliances with the most attractive local partner
Avoiding considerable technological uncertainties
Free-riding on pioneering investments
Setting the standards and rules
Catching learning effects

Which of the above are among the first-mover advantages?

I-II-III

I-IV-V

II-III-IV

II-IV-V

III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

Which of the following refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly into international markets?

A first-mover company

A late-mover company

A contractual alliance

A strategic alliance

A born-global firm

Açıklama:

The born-global firm refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly into international markets. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

Tariff barriers
Profit margins
Stabilizing fluctuations
Diversifying the customer base
Transportation of bulk products

Which of the above are among the advantages of exporting?

I-II-III

I-IV-V

II-III-IV

II-III-V

III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Exporting has many advantages:

It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and generates profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market.
It increases economies of scale, reducing per-unit costs of manufacturing.
It diversifies the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets.
It stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand.
It reduces the cost of foreign market entry; the firm can use exporting to test new markets before committing to more considerable resources through other entry modes.
It minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility compared to different entry modes.
It leverages the capabilities of foreign distributors and other business partners located abroad.

However, there are some disadvantages of exporting as well:

Especially for bulk products, high transport costs can make exporting expensive.
Tariff barriers can make exporting costly. Similarly, the threat of tariff barriers by the host-country government can make it very risky.
In indirect exporting, intermediaries often carry the products of competing firms and so have divided loyalties. In such cases, the intermediary may not do as good a job as the firm would if it managed its marketing itself.

The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 68

Which of the following refers to the congruence between the partners’ visions?

Partner fit

Joint venture

Contractual alliance

Partner commitment

Partner complementarity

Açıklama:

Partner fit is the congruence between the partners’ visions. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which of the following is not one of the contractual alliances?

Consortia

Franchising

Turnkey projects

Direct exporting

Joint marketing

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

Which of the following are project-based ventures initiated by multiple partners to fulfill large-scale projects?

R&D contracts

Joint marketing

Turnkey projects

Franchising

Consortia

Açıklama:

Consortia are project-based ventures initiated by multiple partners to fulfill large-scale projects. They are usually formed with a contract that delineates the rights and obligations of each member. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

Which of the following is an example of tangible resources?

inventions

copyrights

trademarks

natural resources

symbols

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

What is the basic reason for firms to have manufacturing facilities abroad?

lack of raw materials

culture

cheap labor

geographical advantage

political reasons

Açıklama:

Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 73

What are the two type of variables in the Internationalization Process (IP) Model?

state-change

state-improvement

improvement-development

development-change

improvement-change

Açıklama:

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

Which of the following can be categorized under change variables?

resources

skills

relationships

commitment processes

organizational culture

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 75

Which one of the following can be categorized under state variables?

learning

creating

relationships

trust-building

reconfiguring resources

Açıklama:

The state variables include both operational (resources, skills, relationships, and organizational culture) and dynamic (integrating, building and reconfiguring competencies) capabilities, commitments (the distribution of resources over the firm’s functions, its product lines, the countries where it is active, and the networks in which it has invested), and the performance of the firm.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 76

What are the 3 pillars of LLL framework?

linkage-labor-learning

linkage-leverage-labor

labor-leverage-learning

linkage-leverage-learning

linkage-levelling-labor

Açıklama:

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 77

___________ refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics.
Which of the following terms completes the sentence?

labor

levelling

leverage

learning

linkage

Açıklama:

Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 78

__________ refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market.
Which of the following terms completes the statement?

linkage

leverage

labor

levelling

learning

Açıklama:

Linkage refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 79

Learning refers to the repeated application of ________ and ________.
Which of the following pairs completes the statement?

labor-levelling

labor-linkage

labor-leverage

leverage-linkage

leverage-levelling

Açıklama:

Learning refers to the repeated application of linkage and leverage.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 80

_________ is an entry mode through which products produced in one country are sold to customers in the other country or countries.
Which of the following terms completes the statement?

importing

exporting

marketing

pioneering

leverage

Açıklama:

Exporting is an entry mode through which products produced in one country are sold to customers in the other country or countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 4

Soru 1

How can you identify if a company is using resources properly.

Efficiency

Flexibility

Effectively

Business strategy

Vision of company

Açıklama:

Efficiency refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals. If organizational resources are wasted or kept idle, then it could be said that efficiency is low.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

What are the resources of a business?

The resources of a company are raw material and finished goods.

The resources of a company are human resources, monetary resources, and capital resources.

The resources of a company are brand, patents, copyrights, partnerships, and customer databases.

The resources of a company are talented engineer or marketing experts.

The resources of a company are buildings, vehicles, transportation and storage facility.

Açıklama:

It is important to note that organizational resources do not only refer to the resources related to production. Other resources, such as human resources, monetary resources, and capital resources.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Flexibility is an essential factor for all businesses regardless of their size and field of operations. What do you mean by flexibility?

Flexibility is a personality trait.

Flexibility is the ability to make changes to the time.

Flexibility is strategic priorities, along with costs, quality, and innovation of a company.

Flexibility is up to stressors or unexpected events occur of a company.

Flexibility is to think about problems and tasks in a creative ways.

Açıklama:

Flexibility is an essential factor for all businesses regardless of their size and field of operations. It could be argued that it is among the strategic priorities, along with cost, quality, and innovation. It helps organizations achieve competitive advantage.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

What do you mean by strategic flexibility?

Strategic flexibility can be an unremarkable asset to a firm because of its ability to react to changes effectively.

Strategic flexibility is offense and defense mechanism.

Strategic flexibility is up to stressors or unexpected events occur of a company.

Strategic flexibility refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities.

Strategic flexibility is to think about problems and tasks in a some way.

Açıklama:

Strategic flexibility refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

What are strategic goals of an organization?

Strategic goals include efficiency, flexibility, and learning, are among the primary goals of a business when achieving and maintaining a competitive advantage.

Strategic goals are the planned objectives that an organization.

Strategic goals are to consider all “perspectives” when creating strategic objectives.

Strategic goals are to create “strategic objective statements” that clarify intent.

Strategic goals are a tool that is useful for guiding day-to-day decisions.

Açıklama:

Strategic goals, including efficiency, flexibility, and learning, are among the primary goals of a business when achieving and maintaining a competitive advantage. Thus, their critical role must be considered in all managerial activities.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

What does the market penetration strategy mean?

Businesses can increase their market penetration by increased promotion.

Businesses aim to increase their sales without leaving their existing product-market strategies.

Market penetration is focused on new products and new markets in order to keep market share.

Market penetration is an expensive price policy.

Market penetration strategy is to grow market share of company.

Açıklama:

According to the market penetration strategy, businesses aim to increase their sales without abandoning their existing product-market strategies. Among these strategies are increasing the sales to the existing customer base or finding new customers for the existing products and services.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

What is diversification strategy?

Diversification strategy is the strategy that an organization don’t wants to adopts for the development of its business.

Diversification strategy is to enter into an old market with new price.

Businesses wants to change both their product mix and their markets.

This strategy is to enter into a new market with high price.

Diversification strategy is a strategy employed by a company to increase profitability.

Açıklama:

The diversification strategy is generally known as the riskiest strategy in the matrix. This is because, according to diversification strategy, businesses change both their product mix and their markets. Simultaneous changes in the market and product mix cause this strategy to be known as risky. One of the main factors that determine the level of risk is how far the business departs from the existing products and markets. In other words, when pursuing the diversification strategy, if the business does not entirely leave its products and markets, the risk level would be lower.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

What is cost leadership strategy?

It is impossible to reduce the cost of the business while maintaining quality.

Cost leadership can be defined as the absolute lowest cost and lowest quality of manufacturing in an industry.

A pricing strategy in which a company offers a relatively best price to stimulate demand and gain market share.

The cost leadership strategy is to reduce the costs of the business while maintaining quality.

The lower price is to draw customers to the market.

Açıklama:

The focus of the cost leadership strategy is to reduce the costs of the business while maintaining quality. This strategy requires the business to achieve costs lower than its competitors. By doing so, businesses aim to achieve a competitive advantage by seizing the opportunities introduced by the low costs. Maintaining quality while lowering the costs is an essential issue in cost leadership strategy, which requires increased efficiency, tight cost control, and cost minimization in different functional areas.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

What is global area structure?

Companies operate in different geographical areas with same specifications.

Global product structure is organized around specific products or product groups.

Global product structure is functional, divisional, matrix and flat.

Global product structure is shell structures, frame structures and solid structures.

Businesses operate in different geographical areas with different specifications.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which of the following is not one of the determinants of enterprise value?

Add Value and Raise Prices

Reduce Costs

Avoid New Markets

Sell More in Existing Markets

Enter New Markets

Açıklama:

Figure 4.1 Determinants of enterprise value
Avoid New Markets

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Which of the following is one of the components of SWOT analysis?

Strategies

Weaknesses

Options

Operations

Differentiation

Açıklama:

The international strategy development process starts with the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that affect the organization. Such an analysis that aims to determine the internal and external variables of the organization is known as a SWOT analysis.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

What does efficiency refer to?

It refers to the determination of the internal and external variables of the organization.

It refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals.

It refers to strategies that focus on more than one country, and are implemented in more than one countries.

It refers to formulating strategies in order to perform activities that create value at a global scale.

It refers to responding efficiently to attacks by competitors.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following terms defines an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities?

Strategic priorities

Strategic options

Strategic decisions

Strategic opportunities

Strategic flexibility

Açıklama:

Strategic flexibility refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities (Lau, 1996: 11).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Who among the following introduced the Product-market strategies matrix in 1957?

Igor Ansoff

John R. Risenberger

S. Tamer Cavusgil

Michael Porter

C. K. Prahalad

Açıklama:

Igor Ansoff introduced the Product-market strategies matrix in 1957.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following defines the diversification strategy, generally known as the riskiest strategy in the matrix?

Businesses aim to increase their sales without abandoning their existing product-market strategies.

Businesses modify the characteristics of their products and services.

Businesses keep operating in their existing markets while developing new products and services.

Businesses change both their product mix and their markets.

Businesses are required to achieve costs lower than their competitors.

Açıklama:

The diversification strategy is generally known as the riskiest strategy in the matrix. This is because according to diversification strategy, businesses change both their product mix and their markets.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Which of the following is a competitive strategy in the strategy literature developed by Michael Porter?

Market Development Strategy

Market Penetration Strategy

Differentiation Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Açıklama:

Michael Porter (1980), in his pioneering book Competitive Advantage, identifies three generic strategies for businesses. These three strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the following can be said about both focused cost leadership and focused differentiation strategies?

Businesses sell their usual products and services at a relatively higher price level in a specific market.

Businesses do not strive to achieve a competitive advantage.

Businesses offer unique and inimitable products and services to a specific market.

Businesses sell their products and services at a relatively lower price level in a specific market.

Businesses select a particular buyer group or niche market for competition rather than the whole market or industry.

Açıklama:

There are two sub-strategies of the focusing strategy, namely focused cost leadership strategy and focused differentiation strategy. Although both sub-strategies focus on a specific market, their approaches are entirely different.
Businesses select a particular buyer group or niche market for competition rather than the whole market or industry.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which of the following is a traditional view on strategy?

Strategy as stretch and leverage

Strategy as fit with resources

Strategy as creating new industry space

Strategy as total organizational process

Strategy as creating the future

Açıklama:

Table 4.1 Traditional and Emerging Views on Strategy
Strategy as fit with resources

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Which of the following is one of the disadvantages of global functional structure?

It is a complicated and challenging structure.

It provides a relatively less effective career planning for the employees.

It does not support specialization within the organization.

When departments act independently, functional barriers appear.

It is inconvenient to establish a robust coordination mechanism.

Açıklama:

There are a few disadvantages of the global functional structure. First, when departments act independently, there appear functional barriers which, in turn, reduce the coordination within the organization.
When departments act independently, functional barriers appear.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

I. Efficiency
II. Flexibility
III. Leadership
IV. Learning
Which of the following includes the primary strategic goals of international businesses?

Only I

I and II

III and IV

I, II and III

I, II and IV

Açıklama:

The strategic goals of international businesses are efficiency, flexibility, and learning. Leadership is not necessarily a strategic goal of international businesses.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following is not a significant difference between the strategies of international businesses and the strategies of local businesses?

Using organizational resources effectively and efficiently

Focusing on more than one country

Performing activities that create value at a global scale

Operating in globally important markets

Establishing value-adding international partnerships

Açıklama:

Although strategies of international businesses and strategies of domestic businesses might be very similar, variables that must be taken into consideration in the strategy formulation process are much more
complicated for international businesses. The strategies of international businesses focus on more than one country, and they are implemented in more than one country. International business managers formulate strategies to perform activities that create value at a global scale,
operate in important markets, and establish value-adding international partnerships. On the other hand, both international and domestic businesses must formulate strategies to use their organizational resources effectively and efficiently,

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following best explains flexibility as a strategic goal of an international business?

Flexibility refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals.

Flexibility refers to responding to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities.

Flexibility refers to human resources, monetary resources, and capital resources, that should not be wasted or kept idle.

Flexibility refers to product and process development skills that are entirely new to the current experiences of the firm.

Flexibility refers to the knowledge and skills that are familiar with the
organizations’ current experiences.

Açıklama:

Flexibility refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities. While uncertainties cause threats for many businesses, for those who have a high level of strategic flexibility, such uncertainties
could be turned into opportunities. On the other hand, efficiency refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals. These resources include human resources, monetary resources, and capital resources, that should not be wasted or kept idle. Learning refers to product and process development skills that are entirely new to the current experiences of the firm as well as to the knowledge and skills that are familiar with the organizations’ current experiences..

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which of the following is a competitive strategy?

Market penetration strategy

Market development strategy

Product development strategy

Differentiation strategy

Diversification strategy

Açıklama:

Although there are different approaches, this chapter in our textbook focuses on two main strategy preferences, namely product-market
strategies and competitive strategies.Competitive strategies in the strategy literature is the one developed by Michael Porter. According to Porter, strategic decisions made by the managers have essential effects on the competitive position of the business. Such competitive advantages were often expressed in terms of the additional added value which the more successful firms in an industry were able to generate compared to its market rivals in that industry. Differentiation strategy is one of the these three generic strategies for businesses, each of which aims to help organizations achieve a competitive advantage. Market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification strategies are product-market strategies introduced by Igor Ansoff in 1957.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

Which of the following reflects the traditional view of strategy?

Strategy is creating new industry space.

Strategy is a total organizational process.

Strategy is a top management activity.

Strategy is an organizational exercise.

Strategy is creating the future.

Açıklama:

The notion of strategy has evolved from a more internal perspective into a more complicated perspective that takes products, markets, and customers into consideration. In the traditional view, strategy development was considered to be a top management activity. However, the current view suggests that all levels of the organization should have a role in the strategy development process.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

Which of the following does not signify that the business is at the initial stage of internationalization?

Establishing an import/export department

Having a foreign trade department within the firm

Establishing an international sales department

Establishing a global area structure

Having an international division

Açıklama:

At the initial stage, the organization would be most likely to build a department to handle international activities. There are several options for the business at this stage such as establishing an import / export department, a foreign trade department, an international sales department, or an international division. However, as the scope of global activities expands further, businesses seek further and more advanced alternatives and solutions for organizational design decisions. From this standpoint, there are several organizational design options for international businesses: Global product structure, global area structure, global functional structure, and matrix structure are commonly used by international businesses.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which of the following is a characteristic of international division structure?

Centralizing all international operations

Responding to the complex international conditions

A better understanding of customer needs

Responding quickly to diversified regional needs

Creating higher costs

Açıklama:

All information, authority, and decision making related to foreign efforts are channeled to international division, so there is one central clearing point for international activities.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which organizational structure do firms with diverse products and services most prefer?

International Division

Global Product Structure

Global Area Structure

Global Functional Structure

Matrix Structure

Açıklama:

Organizations with diverse products and services prefer product structure. Products and product groups are central to this organizational structure. All international operations are also organized around these products and product groups. Organizations that adopted a global product structure may also have regional experts. Thus, they can determine the region-specific needs more accurately and respond to these needs faster. Feedback obtained from different countries would
be channeled into the process of determining better product strategies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which organizational structure supports and enhances specialization within the international organization?

International division structure

Global area structure

Global functional structure

Matrix structure

Global product structure

Açıklama:

According to global functional structure, businesses are organized
around the main functions such as marketing, finance, production, and R&D. So, this organizational structure supports and enhances specialization within the international organization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

If the environmental conditions call for meeting regional needs, which of the following organizational design options of the matrix structure would be more likely?

Global functional structure and global area structure

Global functional structure and global product structure

Global product structure and international division structure

Global area structure and international division structure

Global area structure and global product structure

Açıklama:

A matrix structure is a hybrid organizational design option that blends two organizational responsibilities, such as functional structure and product structure or regional structure and product structure. If the environmental conditions call for meeting regional needs, a combination of regional and product structures for the matrix structure would be more likely. Because, market and customer needs are better understood
since global product structure focuses on products and customer groups. Similarly, businesses can quickly respond to diversified regional needs and expectations in global area structure.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which of the following refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals?

Strategy

Efficiency

Flexibility

Learning

Profitability

Açıklama:

Efficiency refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals. If organizational resources are wasted or kept idle, then it could be said that efficiency is low. It is important to note that organizational resources do not only refer to the resources related to production. Other resources, such as human resources, monetary resources, and capital resources, are among other resources that should not be wasted or kept idle in order to achieve organizational and managerial efficiency.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the following defines strategic flexibility correctly?

It refers to the learning of product and process development skills that are entirely new.

It refers to a plan for interacting with the competitive environment to achieve organizational goals.

It refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities.

It refers to learning from the knowledge and skills that are familiar with the organizations’ current experiences.

It is generally referrred as the riskiest strategy in the matrix.

Açıklama:

Option C defines strategic flexibility.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

According to which of the following below businesses aim to increase their sales without abandoning their existing product-market strategies?

Market Development Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Cost Leadership Strategy

Market Penetration Strategy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

Which of the following is a strategy very different from the cost leadership strategy because it focuses on innovation and superior value creation instead of cost control?

Focusing Strategy

Differentiation Strategy

Cost Leadership Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Market Development Strategy

Açıklama:

Differentiation strategy is a strategy very different from the cost leadership strategy because it focuses on innovation and superior value creation instead of cost control. Businesses pursuing a differentiation strategy strive to achieve a competitive advantage in the market by offering unique and superior products and services.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Which of the following is CORRECT about cost leadership strategy?

Businesses aim to achieve a competitive advantage by seizing the opportunities introduced by the low costs.

It is generally known as the riskiest strategy in the matrix.

Businesses modify the characteristics of their products and services.

Modified products and services enable the organization to enter new markets.

It refers to selecting a particular buyer group or niche market as the basis for competition rather than the whole market or industry.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which of the following is an emerging view on strategy?

Strategy as total organizational process

Strategy as extrapolating the past

Strategy as fit with resources

Strategy as positioning in existing industry space

Strategy as top management activity

Açıklama:

Strategy as total organizational process is an emerging view while the others are traditional.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

Which of the following is CORRECT about the international division structure?
I. The international division structure centralizes all international operations.
II. It increases the CEO’s burden of the direct operation of overseas subsidiaries and domestic operations.
III. It creates a management team that prioritizes overseas operations.

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II, III

Only II

Açıklama:

The international division structure reduces the CEO’s burden of the direct operation of overseas subsidiaries and domestic operations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which of the following is CORRECT about global product structure?
I. Products and product groups are central to global product structure.
II. Organizations that adopted a global product structure may also have regional experts.
III. Each product group lack their own operational decisions.
IV. Organizations with diverse products and services avoid using a product structure.

III and IV

II and III

I and II

I, II, IV

I and IV

Açıklama:

Organizations with diverse products and services prefer product structure. Many international businesses use global product structure. Products and product groups are central to this organizational structure. All international operations are also organized around these products and product groups. Organizations that adopted a global product structure may also have regional experts. Thus, they can determine the region-specific needs more accurately and respond to these needs faster. Following the global product structure, each product group can make their own operational decisions, evaluate investment opportunities, and market-relevant products and services.Organizations with diverse products and services preferm to use a product structure.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the following is NOT CORRECT about global area structure?

It is a commonly preferred organizational structure by international businesses.

When businesses operate in different geographical areas with different specifications, the global area structure offers a few advantages for international businesses.

In this structure, businesses are organized around countries or country groups.

The departments and divisions are responsible for the whole functions and products in all off the areas the business is functioning.

This structure enables an organization to seize opportunities offered by different geographical areas.

Açıklama:

Global area structure is a commonly preferred organizational structure by international businesses. When businesses operate in different geographical areas with different specifications, the global area structure offers a few advantages for international businesses. In this structure, businesses are organized around countries or country groups. The departments and divisions are responsible for the whole functions and products in a given geographical area.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which of the following is a hybrid organizational design option that blends two organizational responsibilities?

Global Functional Structure

Global Area Structure

Global Product Structure

Matrix Structure

A Global Multi-functional structure

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

Which of the following refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals?

Flexibility

Efficiency

Diversification strategy

Learning

Competitive advantage

Açıklama:

Efficiency refers to how an organization utilizes its resources while achieving its goals. If organizational resources are wasted or kept idle, then it could be said that efficiency is low. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

Which of the following strategies refers to the learning of product and process development skills that are entirely new to the current experiences of the firm?

Effectiveness

Exploratory learning

Exploitative learning

Efficiency

Flexibility

Açıklama:

Exploratory learning refers to the learning of product and process development skills that are entirely new to the current experiences of the firm. Search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, discovery, and innovation are among the keywords in exploratory learning activities. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

Which of the following refers to learning from the knowledge and skills that are familiar with the organizations’ current experiences?

Exploratory learning

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Exploitative learning

Flexibility

Açıklama:

Exploitative learning refers to learning from the knowledge and skills that are familiar with the organizations’ current experiences. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

An aircraft manufacturer that manufactures passenger aircrafts modifies its aircraft to carry air cargo that, in return, enables the manufacturer to sell its aircraft to logistics companies. Which of the following market-product strategy can we say the firm uses?

Cost Leadership Strategy

Market Penetration Strategy

Market Development Strategy

Product Development

Diversification Strategy

Açıklama:

In market development strategies, businesses modify the characteristics of their products and services. By doing so, modified products and services enable the organization to enter new markets. For example, an aircraft manufacturer that manufactures passenger aircrafts modifies its aircraft to carry air cargo that, in return, enables the manufacturer to sell its aircraft to logistics companies. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

Which of the following strategies can a firm be said to be using if it is changing both its product mix and its markets?

Market Penetration Strategy

Market Development Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Cost Leadership Strategy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 45

Which of the following is among the competitive strategies?

Market Penetration Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Differentiation Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Market Development Strategy

Açıklama:

Porter (1980), in his pioneering book Competitive Advantage, identifies three generic strategies for businesses. Each of these strategies aims to help organizations achieve a competitive advantage. These three strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

In which organization design model, are businesses organized around countries or country groups?

Global Area Structure

Global Functional Structure

Global Product Structure

Matrix Structure

International Division

Açıklama:

Global area structure is a commonly preferred organizational structure by international businesses. When businesses operate in different geographical areas with different specifications, the global area structure offers a few advantages for international businesses. In this structure, businesses are organized around countries or country groups (Figure 4.9). The departments and divisions are responsible for the whole functions and products in a given geographical area. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

Which of the following is not true about the matrix structure?

It is a hybrid organizational design option.

It blends two organizational responsibilities.

It may make use of functional, product, or regional structures.

It leads to efficient use of organizational resources.

It has a line of responsibility that is drawn only vertically.

Açıklama:

A matrix structure is a hybrid organizational design option that blends two organizational responsibilities, such as functional structure and product structure or regional structure and product structure . For example, if the structure is a combination of regional and functional structures, then the structure is developed to combine the geographic support for - global integration and the one for local responsiveness; also it can be used to utilize personnel skills and experience shared across functional and divisional structures (Deresky, 2014: 267). In the matrix structure, the lines of responsibility are drawn both vertically and horizontally. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 48

Which of the following is not among the disadvantages of the matrix structure?

It may lead to problems in authority.

The dual authority that is inherent in the matrix structure.

The matrix structure is prone to communication problems.

The matrix structure is a costly structure.

It blends different organizational responsibilities.

Açıklama:

The matrix structure enables an organization to focus on its capabilities and experiences and share its resources between its divisions, which, in turn, leads to efficient use of organizational resources. Especially when the environmental conditions call for specialization, innovation, and meeting regional needs, the matrix structure could be an excellent organizational design option. On the other hand, there are a few disadvantages of the matrix structure. First, it may lead to problems in authority. The dual authority that is inherent in the matrix structure may cause problems for both employees and supervisors since subordinates report to two supervisors in the structure. When not appropriately managed, the matrix structure is prone to communication problems. Finally, the matrix structure is a costly structure. Offering constant training to the employees and supervisors, and establishing an effective communication system are the essential for a strong structure. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 49

Which competitive strategy focuses on reducing the costs of the business while maintaining quality and requires the business to achieve costs lower than its competitors?

Cost Leadership Strategy

Market Penetration Strategy

Market Development Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Diversification Strategy

Açıklama:

Cost Leadership Strategy The focus of the cost leadership strategy is to reduce the costs of the business while maintaining quality. This strategy requires the business to achieve costs lower than its competitors. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

Which one below is not one of the determinants of enterprise value?

Rising prices

Reducing costs

Entering new markets

Profitability

Company efficiency

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

............ refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities

Efficiency

Exploratory learning

Strategic flexibility

Implementation

Diversity

Açıklama:

Strategic flexibility refers to an organization’s ability to respond to uncertainties by adjusting its objectives with the support of its superior knowledge and capabilities.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

Which one below is generally known as the riskiest strategy among the Product-market strategies?

diversification

market penetration

market development

product development

cost leadership

Açıklama:

The diversification strategy is generally known as the riskiest strategy in the matrix. This is because, according to diversification strategy, businesses change both their product mix and their markets (Ansoff, 1957: 114). Simultaneous changes in the market and product mix cause this strategy to be known as risky. One of the main factors that determine the level of risk is how far the business departs from the existing products and markets. In other words, when pursuing the diversification strategy, if the business does not entirely leave its products and markets, the risk level would be lower. However, businesses encounter a higher level of risks when they radically diversify their products and markets.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which strategy below is a strategy that focuses on innovation and superior value creation instead of cost control?

Low-cost

Uniqueness

Focus

Differentiation

Cost leadership

Açıklama:

Differentiation strategy is a strategy very different from the cost leadership strategy because it focuses on innovation and superior value creation instead of cost control.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

Who lists four significant trends that must be considered in the current discussions about strategy, which are recognizing the changes in the field of strategy, the effects of globalization, the importance of timely response, the importance of innovation?

Porter

Taylor

Prahalad

Ansof

Fayol

Açıklama:

Prahalad (1999) lists four significant trends that must be considered in the current discussions about strategy. 1. Recognizing the changes in the field of strategy: The deregulation and privatization of government-controlled industries, the rapidly changing technological environment, and access to new market opportunities in developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil and in transitioning economies such as those in Central and Eastern Europe offer businesses completely new strategic options and opportunities. Such an expansion provides businesses with new opportunities in the modern global economy. 2. Recognizing the effects of globalization: The globalization of business activities introduces new strategic opportunities and threats. Furthermore, although debatable, the distinction between domestic and international businesses has become obsolete. This is because , in today’s business environment, domestic businesses have to respond to the actions of global businesses in their local markets. Mass customization and quick-response strategies require international businesses to be responsive to local demands. 3. Recognizing the importance of timely response: Today’s competitive environment is so complex that even the validity of annual plans is in question. This is because organizations’ capability to deal with opportunities and threats mainly depends on how fast they take action for these opportunities and threats. 4. Recognizing the importance of innovation: Although innovation has been considered as one of the critical success factors of businesses, it has become increasingly important in today’s dynamic business environment. Successful businesses still have to innovate their products, services, and processes. Furthermore, current innovations are expected to provide businesses with timely, reliable, and quick information about their customers.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

Which structure below centralizes all international operations and reduces the CEO’s burden of the direct operation of overseas subsidiaries and domestic operations?

Matrix

International division

Global functional

Global area

Global product

Açıklama:

The international division structure centralizes all international operations. There are advantages and disadvantages of this structure. First, it reduces the CEO’s burden of the direct operation of overseas subsidiaries and domestic operations. Second, it creates a management team that prioritizes overseas operations. All information, authority, and decision making related to foreign efforts are channeled to this division, so there is one central clearing point for international activities.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 56

Which structure is the one that is less commonly used by international businesses?

global area

global functional

global product

matrix

hybrid

Açıklama:

Compared to the structure explained above, the global functional structure is less commonly used by international businesses. According to this structure, businesses are organized around the main functions performed by the business (Figure 4.10). For example, such an organizational structure may have departments such as marketing, finance, production, and R&D. It is important to note that these departments and functions vary from one organization to another.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

Which organizational structure preferred by international businesses is depicted in the chart below?

International division

Global product

Global functional

Global area

Matrix

Açıklama:

Global area structure is a commonly preferred organizational structure by international businesses. When businesses operate in different geographical areas with different specifications, the global area structure offers a few advantages for international businesses. In this structure, businesses are organized around countries or country groups (Figure 4.9). The departments and divisions are responsible for the whole functions and products in a given geographical area.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 58

Which one below is one of the advantages of global functional structure?

It is easier to establish a robust coordination mechanism.

The lines of responsibility are drawn both vertically and horizontally.

It enables an organization to focus on its capabilities and experiences.

Businesses can quickly respond to diversified regional needs and expectations.

It creates a management team that prioritizes overseas operations.

Açıklama:

There are advantages and disadvantages of global functional structure. The most important advantage of this structure is that it is a simple and lean structure. Thus, it is much easier to establish a robust coordination mechanism in global functional structures. It also supports and enhances specialization within the organization. It allows an easier and more effective career planning for the employees.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Which one below is not one of the disadvantages of matrix structure?

The dual authority may cause problems for both employees and supervisors.

It is prone to communication problems.

It is a costly structure.

It may lead to problems in authority.

It is hard to achieve organizational goals.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 5

Soru 1

Which factors affect the human resources management at the international level?

The cultural, economic and political conditions in different countries, which affect human resources management at the international level.

International human resources management affects international relations.

United Nations decides on international human resources management.

Allocation and effective use are at the forefront of international human resources management.

Each country makes its own decision.

Açıklama:

There are many factors, including the cultural, economic and political conditions in different countries, which affect human resources management at the international level. Therefore, it is necessary to understand international human resources management in terms of its differences from domestic human resources management.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

What does it mean to be an expat?

An expat is an expert who is living in a foreign country

An expat is a person residing in a country other than their native country.

An expat is a person who spies in the favor of another country.

An expat is a person who was exiled to another country.

An expat is the one who strengthens the relations between the two countries.

Açıklama:

There are many professional employees, who are called expatriates (shortened as expats), working in a country other than their own.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

What is the duty fulfilled by International Human Resource Management (HRM)

The duty of International Human Resource Management (HRM) is to strengthen relationships.

Arranging the relationship and compliance with Laws and Regulation.

His duty includes the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies.

The role of the International human resources management defends the rights of expats who are working abroad.

International human resources management is to organize relations between companies by strengthening their relations with countries.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

What is the first dimensions of International human resources management?

The first dimensions of IHRM are employee group dimension as home- country, host-country, or other countries.

The first dimensions of IHRM are third country national and host country national.

The first dimensions of IHRM is to find a job their members at the international level.

The first dimensions of IHRM are recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership.

The first dimensions of IHRM is to achieve competitive advantage over competitors at national and international level.

Açıklama:

HRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. The different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Why does HRM managers are greater risk exposure.

They are lack of social security and universal health care?

They are lack of success.

They are lack of confidence.

They are lock of sanitary conditions.

Exposure to political risk and terrorism are major concerns for IHRM

Açıklama:

Greater risk exposure. Exposure to political risk and terrorism are major concerns for IHRM professionals and may require higher compensation and security arrangements for employees and their families.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

What is an Ethnocentric approach?

An ethnocentric approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country.

Ethnocentric approach is an approach adopted by a firm wherein it adopts a marketing strategy across a group of countries.

Ethnocentrism lead to negative judgments of the behaviors of groups or host land.

Ehnocentrism lead to discrimination against people who are different.

Ethnocentric approach is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices.

Açıklama:

An MNE is said to be following an ethnocentric approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated to the foreign subsidiaries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

In managing human resources at an international level, from which sources a company provides human resources?

Employees can come from trade union.

Employees can come from three sources, from a parent (home) country, a host country, and a third country.

Employees can come from employment agency.

Employees can come from job search in international publishing.

Employees can come from employees of competitors.

Açıklama:

Employees can come from three sources, from a parent (home) country, a host country, and a third country.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

What is the main reason for the companies use of ethnocentric staffing?

The main reason for the companies is the cost of employees.

The main reason for ethnocentric staffing is the ability to adapt.

There is a shortage of brainpower in a particular country, preferably a shortage of people with the ideal mix of technical skills, experience with particular business methods.

The main reason for ethnocentric staffing is the limitations of the law.

The main reason for the companies uses of ethnocentric staffing in their experience.

Açıklama:

There is a shortage of brainpower in a particular country, preferably a shortage of people with the ideal mix of technical skills, experience with particular business methods.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

What is the major drawback of polycentric staffing for MNEs?

The major drawback of polycentric staffing is the limitations of the law.

The major drawback of polycentric staffing is the ability to adapt of the employe.

The major drawback of polycentric staffing is unwilling to use the employees experience.

To lose the control of the host country operation.

The major drawback of polycentric staffing for companies has difficulty in deciding.

Açıklama:

The major drawback of polycentric staffing is the potential for losing control of the host-country operation. When a company employs the natives of each country to manage local operations, it runs the risk of becoming a collection of loosely connected, largely autonomous national operations

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

What is the meaning of cultural assimilation?

Cultural assimilation is an influx of many immigrants from a country.

Cultural assimilation takes affect over the host country on new social and economic characteristics.

Cultural assimilation is cross-cultural contact.

Cultural assimilation is employees with language fluency and in-depth experience in other countries.

Cultural assimilation teaches the culture’s values, attitudes, manners, and customs.

Açıklama:

Cultural assimilation teaches the culture’s values, attitudes, manners, and customs. The So-called guerrilla linguistics, which involves learning some phrases in the local language, is often used at this stage. It also typically includes role-play exercises. In a role-play exercise the trainee responds to a specific situation and is evaluated by a team of judges.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

What is expatriation and repatriation?

Expatriation and repatriation are to help them make the transition back to their home country.

Expatriation and repatriation are to refuse expatriate come back to home country

Expatriation and repatriation are not to eager expatriate come back to home country.

Expatriation and repatriation are due to high tax burden come back to home country.

Expatriation and repatriation are to develop conceptual skill of host country employees.

Açıklama:

A largely overlooked but critically important issue in the training and development of expatriate managers is to help them make the transition back to their home country.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

What is the meaning of reverse culture shock.

Reverse culture shock is an extreme homesickness.

Many employees experience the reverse culture shock upon returning home.

Reverse culture shock is an adaptation process.

Reverse culture shock is a training process.

Reverse culture shock is disorientation and isolation.

Açıklama:

Many employees experience what is called the reverse culture shock upon returning home. One reason for this to happen is that the expatriate and his/her family assume that things have stayed the same at home, while in fact, friends may have changed, moved; or new managers may have been hired along with new employees.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following is true regarding international human resources management (IHRM)?

IHRM is usually less complicated than domestic human resources management.

Its dimensions are recruitment and selection dimension, training and development dimension, performance appraisal and compensation dimension.

IHRM professionals are less exposed to political risk and terrorism.

IHRM professionals are less involved in employees’ personal lives.

The mix of foreigners versus local employees drives the complexity of IHRM.

Açıklama:

Dowling, Festing, and Engle (2013) discussed six factors that drive the complexity of IHRM: new HR responsibilities, need for a broader perspective in compensation, greater involvement in personal lives of employees, the mix of foreigners versus locals, greater risk exposure, external influences of the government and national culture.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

When strategic decisions are made at the headquarters and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an multinational enterprise (MNE) are filled by personnel from the parent country, the MNE is said to be following:

A polycentric approach.

An ethnocentric approach.

A geocentric approach.

A multidomestic approach.

A regiocentric approach.

Açıklama:

A MNE is said to be following an ethnocentric approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated to the foreign subsidiaries. (Patel and Budhwar, 2017: 120). If it is difficult for an MNE to articulate, specify, or standardize its core competency, it becomes invaluable to post a home-country manager with direct experience in developing, applying, and protecting that core competency. Firms may pursue this policy because locally qualified people are not always available, especially in developing and newly industrialized countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

One of the disadvantages of geocentric approach is that:

Host governments can be discontent about HCNs not being employed in influential positions.

It only strives for optimal local solutions.

The headquarter managers are regarded to as more important and have more authority than the subsidiary managers.

It has a potential for losing control of the host-country operation.

A more centralized control of the staffing process has a longer lead time.

Açıklama:

Implementing a geocentric policy successfully requires more centralized control of the staffing process, which has a longer lead time than a short term solution. The subsidiary autonomy is lost, which may be resisted by the subsidiary (Patel and Budhwar, 2017: 122).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

Which of these preparation methods that companies use to prepare their employees for an international assignment reflect an employee's highest level of international involvement?

Language training.

Field experience.

Environmental briefing.

Cultural orientation.

Cultural assimilation.

Açıklama:

Companies use many methods to prepare their employees for an international assignment. These methods tend to reflect an employee’s level of international involvement, of which environmental briefings reflect the lowest and field experience the highest. Field experience means visiting the culture, walking the streets of its cities and villages, and becoming absorbed by it for a short time. This can also be thought of as practical training, which is aimed at helping the expatriate and his/her family ease themselves into daily life in the host country (Hill, 2013). If the family is not included in the training and the international assignment, the alternatives will be a commuter marriage or an expatriate failure which are psychologically and financially expensive options.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

The training and development of expat managers to help them make the transition back to their home country is called:

Sensitivity training.

Environmental briefing.

Repatriation.

Cultural orientation.

Compensation.

Açıklama:

A largely overlooked but critically important issue in the training and development of expatriate managers is to help them make the transition back to their home country. This training and development are called repatriation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Hard criteria, which are used for international performance appraisal:

Include expatriate’s leadership style.

Include expatriate’s teamwork performance.

Include factors that result from the situation in which performance occurs.

Include quantifiable factors which can be directly measured based on tangible outcomes.

Include judgments and consider factors which are based on traits or relationships.

Açıklama:

The criteria for performance appraisal are identified by Gregersen, Hite, and Black (1996) as: objective criteria, subjective criteria, and contextual criteria. Objective criteria (also defined as hard criteria) are about the quantifiable factors which can be directly measured based on tangible outcomes, such as market share, total revenues and return on investment.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

“The provision of monetary and nonmonetary rewards, including base salary, benefits, perquisites, long and short-term incentives, valued by employees based on their relative contributions to MNE performance" is the definition for:

International compensation.

Indirect financial payment.

Allowance.

Rater competence.

Rater bias.

Açıklama:

Employee compensation is defined as all forms of pay going to employees that arise from their employment. Compensation has two main components: direct financial payments and indirect financial payments. Direct financial payments include wages, salaries, incentives, commissions, and bonuses; whereas indirect financial payments include financial benefits like employer-paid insurance (Dessler, 2017: 346). International compensation is defined as “the provision of monetary and nonmonetary rewards, including base salary, benefits, perquisites, long and short-term incentives, valued by employees based on their relative contributions to MNE performance” (Fenwick, 2004: 308).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the following is true regarding the 'going rate approach' that MNEs use to compensate their employes?

Its basis is maintaining relativities with parent country national colleagues and preserving parity of purchasing power.

Four groups of expenses are covered: income taxes, housing, goods and services, and discretionary expenses.

The base salary of the international assignee is linked to the salary structure in the host country.

It has the advantage of facilitation of expatriate reentry.

It may result in vast disparities between expatriates and local nationals.

Açıklama:

With the going-rate approach, the base salary of the international assignee is linked to the salary structure in the host country, and MNEs usually supplement the base pay with additional payments and benefits in case the location is in a low-pay country. The advantages of this approach include equality with local nationals, simplicity, identification with host country and equity among different nationalities. There are also disadvantages of the approach. They include variation between assignments for the same employee, variation between expatriates of the same nationality in different countries, and potential reentry problems

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the following is not one of the objectives of international compensation policies of MNEs?

Attraction and retention of the best qualified talent to staff the MNE in all of its locations.

Facilitation of transfers between the various employment locations within the MNE.

Maintenance of compensation that is reasonable concerning the practices of competitors yet minimizing costs to the extent possible.

Attraction and retention of employees who are qualified for international assignments.

Variation between expatriates of the same nationality in different countries and equality with local nationals.

Açıklama:

There are also several objectives of international compensation policies of MNEs, which are stated below (Briscoe, Schuler, and Tarique, 2012): Attraction and retention of the bestqualified talent to staff the MNE in all of its locations; attraction and retention of employees who are qualified for international assignments; facilitation of transfers between the various employment locations within the MNE; establishment and maintenance of a consistent and reasonable relationship between the compensation of employees at home and abroad; maintenance of compensation that is reasonable concerning the practices of competitors yet minimizing costs to the extent possible.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which of the following is not one of the four basic components that national industrial relations system consists of according to Dunlop (1958: 16)?

Actors.

Rules.

Ideology.

Performance appraisal.

Environmental context.

Açıklama:

According to Dunlop (1958: 16), a national industrial relations system consists of four basic components, which are actors or parties (employees, employers, government), rules (both substantive and procedural resulting from mutual cooperation and oppositions between actors), an ideology (which binds separate actors one another) and the environmental context .

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

It is not easy to manage human resources because employees come into companies with different educational backgrounds, occupations, motivation, gender identities, ages, and other various demographic and occupational features.
As firms go global, finding, managing, and retaining human resources become especially challenging because all of those activities become more complicated within the actual reality of different national cultures and ways of doing business in those cultures.
International human resources management (IHRM) refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies.
A multinational enterprise (MNE), also called a multinational corporation (MNC), is “a company that produces goods or delivers services in more than one country.”
A multinational enterprise has its management headquarters in one (or rarely more than one) country, namely the home country (parent country), while also operating in other countries, namely the host countries.
International human resources managers, usually located at corporate or regional headquarters at the home country, support subsidiary (host country) managers by providing IHRM guidelines and by finding, training, and evaluating employees for international operations.

Which of the statements above related to international human resources management are correct?

I and II

III, IV and V

II, III, IV and VI

I, II, III, IV and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

It is not easy to manage human resources because employees come into companies with different educational backgrounds, occupations, motivation, gender identities, ages, and other various demographic and occupational features. On top of these, as firms go global, finding, managing, and retaining human resources become especially challenging because all of those activities become more complicated within the actual reality of different national cultures and ways of doing business in those cultures. Therefore, we need to define and understand international human resources management if we are to understand the business done on an international level.
International human resources management (IHRM) refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies. In this chapter, international companies will be referred to as multinational enterprises. A multinational enterprise (MNE), also called a multinational corporation (MNC), is “a company that produces goods or delivers services in more than one country.” A multinational enterprise has its management headquarters in one (or rarely more than one) country, namely the home country (parent country), while also operating in other countries, namely the host countries (Eurostat, 2019). International human resources managers, usually located at corporate or regional headquarters at the home country, support subsidiary (host country) managers by providing IHRM guidelines and by finding, training, and evaluating employees for international operations.
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of the statements above related to international human resources management are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Awareness of cultural differences is essential for international human resources managers.
IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management.
In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions: activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension.
IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension.
The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the homecountry, host-country, or other countries.
The third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are homecountry nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals)

Which of the statements above related to international human resources management are correct?

I and II

I, III and IV

IV, V and VI

I, II, III, V and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

Awareness of cultural differences is essential for international human resources managers.
IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. The dimensions of IHRM are activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension. IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension. The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the homecountry, host-country, or other countries; and the third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are homecountry nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals) (Morgan, 1986; Morschett, Schramm-Klein, and Zentes, 2015).
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of the statements related to international human resources management in the options are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Recruitment and Selection
Training and Development
Performance appraisal and compensation
Labor relations
Leadership

Which of the above are related to activity dimension of international human resources management?

I and II

I and III

II, III and IV

I, III, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Awareness of cultural differences is essential for international human resources managers.
IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. The dimensions of IHRM are activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension. IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension. The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the homecountry, host-country, or other countries; and the third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are homecountry nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals) (Morgan, 1986; Morschett, Schramm-Klein, and Zentes, 2015).
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are related to activity dimension of international human resources management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

New HR responsibilities
The need for an international perspective in compensation policy
Greater involvement in employees’ personal lives
The mix of foreigners versus locals
Greater risk exposure
External influences of the government and national culture

Which of the above are the factors that drive the complexity of international human resources management?

I and II

II, III and IV

III, IV, V and VI

I, II, IV, V and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

Based on these dimensions, Dowling, Festing, and Engle (2013) discussed six factors that drive the complexity of IHRM; these factors are as follows:

New HR responsibilities
The need for an international perspective in compensation policy
Greater involvement in employees’ personal lives
The mix of foreigners versus locals
Greater risk exposure
External influences of the government and national culture

As alos understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of the are the factors that drive the complexity of international human resources management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 27

In managing human resources at an international level, the first decision will be about where the employees for various positions should come from.
Employees can come from three sources: a parent (home) country, a host country, and a third country.
A parent country is a country in which the company’s corporate headquarters is located. For example, Turkey is the parent country of TAV Construction.
A host country is a country in which the parent country organization seeks to - or has already located - a facility.
A third country is a country other than the host country or the parent country; and the company in question may or may not have a facility there.

Which of the statements above related to staffing at international level are correct?

I and II

II, III and IV

III, IV and V

I, II, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Employees can come from three sources: a parent (home) country, a host country, and a third country.
Parent-country nationals (PCNs) are employees who were born and live in the parent (home) country.
Host-country nationals (HCNs) are those employees who were born and raised in the host country.
Third-country nationals (TCNs) are employees who were born in a country other than the parent and host countries but work in the host country.
For instance, a Turkish employee working for a French MNE in Germany can be considered a TCN.

Which of the statements above related to staffing at international level are correct?

I and II

I and V

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

In managing human resources at an international level, the first decision will be about where the employees for various positions should come from. Employees can come from three sources: (1) a parent (home) country, (2) a host country, and (3) a third country. A parent country is a country in which the company’s corporate headquarters is located. For example, Turkey is the parent country of TAV Construction. A host country is a country in which the parent country organization seeks to - or has already located - a facility. A third country is a country other than the host country or the parent country; and the company in question may or may not have a facility there (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, 2019: 658).
Then, based on the above classification, employees are categorized as: (a) parent-country (home-country) nationals, (b) host-country nationals, and (c) third-country nationals. Parent-country nationals (PCNs) are employees who were born and live in the parent (home) country. Host-country nationals (HCNs) are those employees who were born and raised in the host country. Third-country nationals (TCNs) are employees who were born in a country other than the parent and host countries but work in the host country. For instance, a Turkish employee working for a French MNE in Germany can be considered a TCN.
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of the statements above related to staffing at international level are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 29

The ethnocentric approach
The polycentric approach
The geocentric approach
The regiocentric approach

Which of the above are the global strategies and the approaches of multinational enterprises (MNEs) they bring to staffing?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

In filling the positions at MNEs, each category of employees has its advantages and disadvantages. The preference of one category over the others is determined by the approach to human resources management in the MNE. Following the footsteps of Chakravarthy and Perlmutter (1985), four global strategies of MNEs are described next, together with the approaches they bring to staffing. These include ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric, and regiocentric approaches. (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2015; Deresky, 2017; Geringer, McNett, Minor and Ball, 2016; Hill, 2013; Patel and Budhwar, 2017; Peng, 2011; Wild and Wild, 2016).
The Ethnocentric Approach: An MNE is said to be following an ethnocentric approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated to the foreign subsidiaries. (Patel and Budhwar, 2017: 120).
The Polycentric Approach: When an MNE treats each subsidiary as a distinct national entity, it is said to be adopting a polycentric approach. Acknowledging that the business environment and business practices in another country are different from those at the home country, the host country operation will be allowed more decision-making autonomy and will be staffed primarily by HCNs. This approach overcomes some of the shortcomings of the ethnocentric approach. Some MNEs use this approach in East Asia, Australia, and other markets that are deemed too expensive to staff with expatriates (Luthans and Doh, 2018).
The Geocentric Approach: While the polycentric attitude strives for optimal local solutions, this might be sub-optimal for the whole organization. MNEs which think more globally in terms of their operations, recognizing that each part (subsidiaries and headquarters) makes a unique contribution with its unique competence are said to pursue a geocentric approach to staffing (Patel and Budhwar, 2017: 121). Here, all the subsidiary managers are regarded as equal to those at the headquarters. IBM is an excellent example of an MNE attempting to use such an approach (Luthans and Doh, 2018).
The Regiocentric Approach: The regiocentric approach is a mix between the polycentric and the geocentric approaches. With the assumption that adaptation within regions is more comfortable than between regions (Morschett, Schramm-Klein, and Zentes, 2015: 512), the MNE divides its operations into geographic regions and moves staff within particular regions, e.g., Europe, America, Asia, rather than between regions. For example, countries from the Middle East are staffed with managers from the Middle East but not necessarily from the same country. Here, reliance on the regional group cooperation of the local managers takes precedence, and the regions operate relatively independently from one another. It will not be easy for the regional managers to be promoted to headquarters positions, but they can enjoy a certain degree of regional autonomy in decision making (Luthans and Doh, 2018; Patel and Budhwar, 2017).
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are the global strategies and the approaches of multinational enterprises (MNEs) they bring to staffing.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Relocating managers from the home country is usually expensive.
Being away from friends and relatives can be a severe source of stress for the parent countries (PCNs).
The more the host country’s culture is different from the home country’s culture, the more it puts pressure on the parent country (PCN).
Host governments can be discontent about this practice if they expect the MNE to employ locals in positions at any level.

Which of the statements above are the negative aspects of ethnocentric staffing?

I and II

I and III

II and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Despite its advantages, ethnocentric staffing has its negative aspects too. Firstly, relocating managers from the home country is usually expensive. The bonuses that managers often demand and/or receive for relocating, plus relocation expenses for entire families, can increase the cost of a manager several times over. These high compensation packages can also lead to resentment among the HCNs with whom they are working. Secondly, being away from friends and relatives can be a severe source of stress for the PCNs. Thirdly, the more the host country’s culture is different from the home country’s culture, the more it puts pressure on the PCN. On the way to adapting to a new culture, poor decisions can be made because of not understanding the local customers and the needs of lower-level employees who are typically HCNs. Lastly, host governments can be discontent about this practice if they expect the MNE to employ locals in positions at any level. This disappointment may lead those governments to impose specific immigration laws and workplace regulations to force the MNE to hire locals.
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are the negative aspects of ethnocentric staffing.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

Field Experience
Language Training
Sensitivity Training
Cultural Assimilations
Cultural Orientations
Environmental Briefings

Which of the above are the methods used by the companies to prepare their employees for an international assignment?

I and II

III, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

I, II, III, V and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

Companies whose activities are highly international need employees with language fluency and in-depth experience in other countries. Meanwhile, small companies or those new to international business can begin with some basic cultural training. As a company increases its international involvement and cross-cultural contact, employees’ cultural knowledge must keep pace. Companies use many methods to prepare their employees for an international assignment. International assignment preparation methods are as follows:

Field Experience
Language Training
Sensitivity Training
Cultural Assimilations
Cultural Orientations
Environmental Briefings

These methods tend to reflect an employee’s level of international involvement. The goal is to create informed, openminded, flexible managers with a level of cultural training appropriate to the duties required of them.

Environmental Briefings and Cultural Orientations: Environmental (area) briefings constitute the most basic level of training-often the starting point for studying other cultures. Briefings include information on local housing, health care, transportation, schools, and climate. Such knowledge is generally obtained from books, films, and lectures. Cultural orientations offer insight into social (i.e., history, religion, etiquette, food, and arts) (open textbook on HRM, 2016), political, legal, and economic institutions. Their purpose is to add depth and substance to environmental briefings.
Cultural Assimilation and Sensitivity Training: Cultural assimilation teaches the culture’s values, attitudes, manners, and customs. The So-called guerrilla linguistics, which involves learning some phrases in the local language, is often used at this stage. It also typically includes role-play exercises. In a role-play exercise the trainee responds to a specific situation and is evaluated by a team of judges. This method is often used when someone is given little notice of a short stay abroad and wishes to take a crash course in social and business etiquette and communication. Sensitivity training teaches people to be considerate and understanding of other people’s feelings and emotions. It gets the trainee under the skin of the local people.
Language Training: English is the language of world business, and it is quite possible to conduct business all over the world by using only English. Notwithstanding the prevalence of English, however, exclusive reliance on English diminishes an expatriate manager’s ability to interact with hostcountry nationals. A willingness to communicate in the language of the host country, even if the expatriate is far from fluent, can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. The level of language training entails more than memorizing phrases for ordering dinner or asking directions. It gets the trainee into the mind of the local people. The trainee learns more about why the local people behave as they do. This is perhaps the most critical part of the cultural training for long-term assignments. Firms that offer foreign language training for expatriates believe that it improves their employees’ effectiveness and enables them to relate more quickly to a foreign culture, which fosters a better image of the firm in the host country (Hill, 2013).
Field Experience: Field experience means visiting the culture, walking the streets of its cities and villages, and becoming absorbed by it for a short time. This can also be thought of as practical training, which is aimed at helping the expatriate and his/her family ease themselves into daily life in the host country (Hill, 2013). If the family is not included in the training and the international assignment, the alternatives will be a commuter marriage or an expatriate failure which are psychologically and financially expensive options (Wild and Wild, 2016). The sooner the expatriate and his/her family establish a routine, the better the chances are that they will adapt successfully. One critical need is - a support network of friends for the expatriate. Where an expatriate community exists, firms often devote considerable effort to ensuring that the new expatriate family is quickly integrated into that group. The expatriate community can be a useful source of support and information, which can be invaluable in helping the family adapt to a foreign culture (Hill, 2013).

As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are the methods used by the companies to prepare their employees for an international assignment.

Field Experience
Language Training
Sensitivity Training
Cultural Assimilations
Cultural Orientations
Environmental Briefings

Environmental Briefings and Cultural Orientations: Environmental (area) briefings constitute the most basic level of training-often the starting point for studying other cultures. Briefings include information on local housing, health care, transportation, schools, and climate. Such knowledge is generally obtained from books, films, and lectures. Cultural orientations offer insight into social (i.e., history, religion, etiquette, food, and arts) (open textbook on HRM, 2016), political, legal, and economic institutions. Their purpose is to add depth and substance to environmental briefings.
Cultural Assimilation and Sensitivity Training: Cultural assimilation teaches the culture’s values, attitudes, manners, and customs. The So-called guerrilla linguistics, which involves learning some phrases in the local language, is often used at this stage. It also typically includes role-play exercises. In a role-play exercise the trainee responds to a specific situation and is evaluated by a team of judges. This method is often used when someone is given little notice of a short stay abroad and wishes to take a crash course in social and business etiquette and communication. Sensitivity training teaches people to be considerate and understanding of other people’s feelings and emotions. It gets the trainee under the skin of the local people.
Language Training: English is the language of world business, and it is quite possible to conduct business all over the world by using only English. Notwithstanding the prevalence of English, however, exclusive reliance on English diminishes an expatriate manager’s ability to interact with hostcountry nationals. A willingness to communicate in the language of the host country, even if the expatriate is far from fluent, can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. The level of language training entails more than memorizing phrases for ordering dinner or asking directions. It gets the trainee into the mind of the local people. The trainee learns more about why the local people behave as they do. This is perhaps the most critical part of the cultural training for long-term assignments. Firms that offer foreign language training for expatriates believe that it improves their employees’ effectiveness and enables them to relate more quickly to a foreign culture, which fosters a better image of the firm in the host country (Hill, 2013).
Field Experience: Field experience means visiting the culture, walking the streets of its cities and villages, and becoming absorbed by it for a short time. This can also be thought of as practical training, which is aimed at helping the expatriate and his/her family ease themselves into daily life in the host country (Hill, 2013). If the family is not included in the training and the international assignment, the alternatives will be a commuter marriage or an expatriate failure which are psychologically and financially expensive options (Wild and Wild, 2016). The sooner the expatriate and his/her family establish a routine, the better the chances are that they will adapt successfully. One critical need is - a support network of friends for the expatriate. Where an expatriate community exists, firms often devote considerable effort to ensuring that the new expatriate family is quickly integrated into that group. The expatriate community can be a useful source of support and information, which can be invaluable in helping the family adapt to a foreign culture (Hill, 2013).

As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are the methods used by the companies to prepare their employees for an international assignment.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

Provide feedback to employees, so they will know where they stand.
Develop valid data for pay, promotion, and job assignment decisions, and provide a means of communicating these decisions.
Identify high-potential employees and manage their talent for optimal performance and retention.
Help management in making discharge and retention decisions and provide a means of warning employees about unsatisfactory performance.

Which of the above are evaluation goals which is one of purposes of performance appraisal?

I and II

I and III

III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Due to the effect of international performance management on organizational performance, it is evident that an effective and systematic performance appraisal is required for expatriates and foreign managers besides local employees. For that, MNEs pay attention to the purposes of performance management and typically to purposes of performance appraisal. According to Briscoe et al. (2012: 345), two broad purposes of performance appraisal consist of evaluation goals and development goals:
Evaluation Goals

Provide feedback to employees, so they will know where they stand.
Develop valid data for pay, promotion, and job assignment decisions, and provide a means of communicating these decisions.
Identify high-potential employees and manage their talent for optimal performance and retention.
Help management in making discharge and retention decisions and provide a means of warning employees about unsatisfactory performance.

Development Goals

Help managers improve their performance and develop future potential.
Develop a commitment to the company through a discussion of career opportunities and career planning with the manager.
Motivate employees via recognition of their efforts.
Diagnose individual and organizational
Identify individual training and development needs.

As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them are evaluation goals which is one of purposes of performance appraisal.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

Parent nationality
Labour market characteristics
Local culture
Home & host country governments’ roles
Industry type
Competitors’ strategies

Which of the above are external environment variables that influence international compensation policy of MNEs?

I, II and III

III, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

I, II, III, V and VI

I, II, III, IV, V and VI

Açıklama:

Fenwick (2004: 311) classified the internal and external factors that influence the international compensation policy of MNEs:
MNC internal environment

Goal orientation
Capacity to pay
Competitive strategy
Organizational culture
Internal workforce composition
Labour relations
Subsidiary role

MNC external environment

Parent nationality
Labour market characteristics
Local culture
Home & host country governments’ roles
Industry type
Competitors’ strategies

As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of them in the options are external environment variables that influence international compensation policy of MNEs.
According to the author, the identified internal and external environments of MNEs would largely determine their adopted staffing orientations (either, ethnocentric, geocentric or polycentric); and the nature of the international compensation will vary in accordance with MNEs staffing orientations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

Industrial relations cover all aspects of employment relationships with particular attention to labor and management relations.
Industrial relations is a broad concept encompassing many relations regarding the workplace.
Kaufman classifies industrial relations under two distinct paradigms; the Original Paradigm and the Modern Paradigm.
The Original Paradigm focuses on employment relations.
The Modern Paradigm focuses on unions and labor management relations.

Which of the statements above related to international industrial relations are correct?

I and II

I, IV and V

II, III and IV

I, III, IV and V

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Industrial relations cover all aspects of employment relationships with particular attention to labor and management relations (Katz, 1988). Industrial relations is a broad concept encompassing many relations regarding the workplace. Kaufman (2008) classifies industrial relations under two distinct paradigms; the Original Paradigm and the Modern Paradigm. The Original Paradigm focuses on employment relations, and the Modern Paradigm focuses on unions and labor management relations. According to Dunlop (1958: 16), a national industrial relations system consists of four basic components (Figure 5.6), which are actors or parties (employees, employers, government), rules (both substantive and procedural resulting from mutual cooperation and oppositions between actors), an ideology (which binds separate actors one another), and the environmental context (as cited by Rahim, 2011: 66).
As also understood from the information given, the answer is E. All of the statements related to international industrial relations in the options are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

I. Activity dimension II. Market dimension III.Regional dimension Which of the following includes international human resources management (IHRM) dimensions?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. The dimensions of IHRM are activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension. IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension. The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the home country, host-country, or other countries; and the third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are homecountry nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals) (Morgan, 1986;Morschett, Schramm-Klein, and Zentes, 2015)

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

Which of the following is not a factor that drives the complexity of international human resources management?

External influences of the government

External influences of national culture

The need for defining the positioning of the products

The mix of foreigners versus locals

The need for an international compensation policy

Açıklama:

External influences of the government and national culture: Employees must be hired, evaluated, and compensated in ways consistent with the country and regional customs and regulations. Laws govern work hours, the firm’s ability to dismiss or lay off employees, and severance compensation. These regional customs and regulations are frequent challenges in large MNEs.
The mix of foreigners versus locals: Foreign subsidiaries are frequently staffed from the home country, the host country, and/or
third countries. The mix of staff depends on several factors, including the international experience of the firm, the cost of living in a foreign location, and the availability of qualified local staff. As a result, the mix of foreigners and locals complicate IHRM.
The need for an international compensation policy: Proper
compensation packages become an issue, especially when there are higher costs of living in the host countries. Compensation packages may need to include allowances for housing, education, and other facilities
that are not readily available in the host country. Establishing a fair and comparable compensation scale, regardless of nationality, is a frequent challenge in large MNEs.
The need for defining the positioning of the product: Defining the positioning of the product is not within the scope of IHRM function. It is an issue within the scope of the marketing function.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

I. Parent-country nationals
II. Host-country nationals
III.Third-country nationals
Which category of employees are hired according to ethnocentric approach?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I and III

Açıklama:

An MNE is said to be following an ethnocentric approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both
the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated
to the foreign subsidiaries. (Patel and Budhwar, 2017: 120).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

Which approach emphasizes interdependencies and strives for a collaborative approach between the headquarters and subsidiaries in terms of staffing?

Ethnocentric approach

Market rate approach

Polycentric approach

Geocentric approach

Regiocentric approach

Açıklama:

Aiming for an optimal allocation and synergy effects, the geocentric approach emphasizes interdependencies and strives for a collaborative
approach between the headquarters and subsidiaries as well as among subsidiaries. With a geocentric staffing policy, the HRM strategy tends
to be consistent across all subsidiaries, utilizing the best people for all the critical jobs throughout the organization, whatever their nationality is or whatever the geographical location of the post to be filled is. In other words, the local operation may choose PCNs, HCNs, or TCNs depending on the operation’s specific needs according to geocentric approach.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

What type of training and development will international employees undergo to avoid reverse culture shock?

Cultural training

Repatriation of expatriates

Management development

Training and developing the host-country nationals

Training and developing the third-country nationals

Açıklama:

Many international employees experience what is called the reverse culture shock upon returning home. One reason for this to happen is that the expatriate and his/her family assume that things have stayed the same at home, while in fact, friends may have changed, moved; or new managers may have been hired along with new employees. Thus, a training and development called repatriation is undertaken to help expatriate managers make the transition back to their home country.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which of the following is a development goal of international performance appraisal?

Provide feedback to employees, so they will know where they stand

Identify high-potential employees

Help management in making discharge and retention decisions

Provide a means of warning employees about unsatisfactory
performance

Diagnose individual and organizational problems

Açıklama:

Two broad purposes of international performance appraisal consist of evaluation goals and development goals: Diagnosing individual and organizational problems is a development goal. On the other hand, evaluation goals include providing feedback to employees, so they will know where they stand; identifying high-potential employees; helping management in making discharge and retention decisions; and providing a means of warning employees about unsatisfactory
performance.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which of the following is not a contextual factor in determining international compensation policy?

Home and host country governments‘ roles

Different standards of living

Internal workforce composition

Labour market characteristics

Competitors‘ strategies

Açıklama:

Internal workforce composition is an organizational or an MNC internal
environment factor in determining international compensation policy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

I. Compensation is related to how much home-country expatriates should be paid in ethnocentric companies. II. The pay can and should be kept country-specific in polycentric companies. III. There is a need for a cadre of international managers that may include many different nationalities in geocentric companies. Which of the following is correct about international compensation management?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

For ethnocentric companies, compensation is related to how much home-country expatriates should be paid; and for polycentric companies, the pay can and should be kept country-specific. For
companies with geocentric staffing policies, there is a need for a cadre of international managers that may include many different nationalities. If all the members of the same cadre are paid the same salary and incentives, it would be expensive for MNEs. For example, foreign nationals should be paid at the U.S. compensation levels if the company is based in the U.S.A.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Which of the following is not an actor in industrial relations of international business?

International product market

Multinational enterprise management

Workers in the international company

Local government

Local trade unions

Açıklama:

International product market may be a factor which influences industrial relations, but it is not actor of industrial relations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

Which of the following best describes industrial relations?

Process of the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees

A broad concept covering all aspects of employment relationships with particular attention to labor and management relations

An approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country

Professional employees working in a country other than their own

All forms of pay going to employees that arise from their employment

Açıklama:

First of all, process of the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees is called human resource management. Secondly, an approach is ethnocentric when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country. Thirdly, professional employees working in a country other than their own are called expatriates. Last but not least, compensation is defined as all forms of pay going to employees that arise from their employment. In conclusion, industrial relations is a broad concept covering all aspects of employment relationships with particular attention to labor and management relations.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 45

Which of the following is CORRECT about human resources?
I.It is easy to manage human resources.
II. Employees come into companies with different educational backgrounds, occupations, motivation, gender identities, ages, and other various demographic and occupational features.
III.As firms go global, finding, managing, and retaining human resources become less challenging.
IV.International human resources management need to be defined and understood if we are to understand the business done on an international level.

II and IV

I and II

II and III

III and IV

I and III

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 46

Which of the below refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies?

Multinational enterprise

Host countries

Home countries

International human resources management

Performance Appraisal & Compensation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 47

Which of the following is CORRECT about IHRM?
I. Activities like recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership form the first dimension.
II.The second dimension is related to the regional aspect.
III. IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management.
IV. IHRM has also employee-group dimension.

I and II

I and III

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, III, IV

Açıklama:

All of the items are correct about IHRM.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which of the following is NOT one of factors that drive the complexity of IHRM?

New HR responsibilities

Need for a narrower perspective in compensation

External influences of governments and cultures

Greater involvement in personal lives of employees

Managing the foreigner-local mix

Açıklama:

Option B should be "need for a narrower perspective in compensation."

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

When an MNE treats each subsidiary as a distinct national entity, which approach is it said to be adopting?

Etnocentric

Geocentric

Regiocentric

Monocentric

Polycentric

Açıklama:

When an MNE treats each subsidiary as a distinct national entity, it is said to be adopting a polycentric approach. Acknowledging that the business environment and business practices in another country are different from those at the home country, the host country operation will be allowed more decision-making autonomy and will be staffed primarily by HCNs.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

Which of the following approaches does The Video Game Company Nintendo employ?

Polycentric

Geocentric

Bicentric

Regiocentric

Ethnocentric

Açıklama:

The Video Game Company Nintendo is one of the Japanese companies which employs an ethnocentric approach. Since its foundation, the company has been managed by Japanese nationals in its home country of Japan.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

Which of the following is CORRECT about regiocentric approach?
I. It allows interaction between executives who are transferred to regional headquarters from sub-units in the region and PCNs posted to the regional headquarters.
II. It can constrain the MNE from taking a global stance by creating a sort of federalism at the regional rather than the national level.
III. It may not stand in the MNE for long; depending on its experiences, it can be a way for the MNE to gradually move toward a purely ethnocentric or geocentric approach

Only I

I and III

II and III

I, II, III

I and II

Açıklama:

All of the items are correct.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 52

Which of the following helps expatriates make the transition back to their home country?

Field experience

Cultural assimilation and sensitivity training

Repatriation of expatriates

Language training

Environmental briefings and cultural orientations

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 53

Which of the following is one of the evaluation goals?

To identify high-potential employees and manage their talent for optimal performance and retention.

To help managers improve their performance and develop future potential.

To diagnose individual and organizational problems.

to identify individual training and development needs.

To motivate employees via recognition of their efforts.

Açıklama:

To "identify high-potential employees and manage their talent for optimal performance and retention" is one of the evaluation goals.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

Which of the following is CORRECT about international compensation management?
I.For ethnocentric companies, compensation is related to how much home-country expatriates should be paid.
II.For polycentric companies, the pay can and should be kept country-specific.
III. For companies with geocentric staffing policies, there is a need for a cadre of managers only from one nationality.

I and III

I and II

I, II, III

II and III

Only III

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

What is the proportion of people working abroad in world's population?

Açıklama:

These statistics mean that the number of people working abroad roughly accounts for 1% of the world’s population.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

..................... refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies. Which of the following completes the definition the best?

International human resources management

International natural resources management

International industrial resources management

International cultural resources management

International toorism resources management

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 57

Which terms is used for the country where the international company opreates?

host country

home country

guest country

parent country

multinational country

Açıklama:

A multinational enterprise has its management headquarters in one (or rarely more than one) country, namely the home country (parent country), while also operating in other countries, namely the host countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following can be categorized under the "regional" dimension of IHRM?

Third-Country Nationals

Host-Country Nationals

Home-Country Nationals

Labour Relations

Home Country

Açıklama:

Figure 5.1 demonstrates that home-country is categorized under the regional dimension.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 59

Which of the following can be categorized under the "activity" dimension of IHRM?

home country

host country

other countries

leadership

home-country nationals

Açıklama:

Figure 5.1 demonstrates that leadership can be categorized under the activity dimension.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

Which of the following can be categorized under the "employee group" dimension of the IHRM?

leadership

labour relations

recruitment & selection

home country

third country nationals

Açıklama:

Figure 5.1 depicts that third country country nationals can be cetagorized under the employee group dimesnion.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Exposure to political risk and terrorism are major concerns for IHRM professionals and may require higher compensation and security arrangements for employees and their families.
There are six factors responsible for the complexity of IHRM. Which factor is related with the situation described?

New HR responsibilities

Greater risk exposure

The mix of foreigners versus locals

External influences of the government and national culture

Greater involvement in employees’ personal lives

Açıklama:

Greater risk exposure: Exposure to political risk and terrorism are major concerns for IHRM professionals and may require higher compensation and security arrangements for employees and their families.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 62

The mix of staff depends on several factors, including the international experience of the firm, the cost of living in a foreign location, and the availability of qualified local staff.
Among the six factors bringing complexity to IHRM, which one of the following is related with the situation described?

The mix of foreigners versus locals

Greater risk exposure

New HR responsibilities

The need for an international perspective in compensation policy

Greater involvement in employees’ personal lives

Açıklama:

The mix of foreigners versus locals: Foreign subsidiaries are frequently staffed from the home country, the host country, and/or third countries. The mix of staff depends on several factors, including the international experience of the firm, the cost of living in a foreign location, and the availability of qualified local staff.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

An MNE is said to be following a/an _______________ approach when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated to the foreign subsidiaries.
Which of the following approaches completes the sentence above?

Multicentric

Regiocentric

Ethnocentric

Geocentric

Polycentric

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

When an MNE treats each subsidiary as a distinct national entity, it is said to be adopting a ____________ approach.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?

Regiocentric

Geocentric

Multicentric

Polycentric

Ethnocentric

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

The regiocentric approach is a mix between the _____________ and ______________ approaches.
Which one of the following pairs completes the sentence?

multicentric-polycentric

polycentric-geocentric

geocentric-ethnocentric

geocentric-multicentric

ethnocentric-multicentric

Açıklama:

The regiocentric approach is a mix between the polycentric and the geocentric approaches.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

What is the primary strategic orientation of ethnocentric approach?

multidomestic

transnational

regional

home replication

polydomestic

Açıklama:

Table 5.1 shows that the primary orientation of ethnocentric approach is home replication.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 67

what is the primary strategic orientation of polycentric approach to staffing?

Home replication

Multidomestic

Transnational

Regional

Multiregional

Açıklama:

Tale 5.1 shows that the primary orientation of polycentric approach is multidomestic.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 68

Which of the following approaches follows the regional orientation?

Ethnocentric

Polycentric

Regiocentric

Geocentric

Multicentric

Açıklama:

Table 5.1 demonstrates that regioncentric approach involves regional orientation to staffing.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

Which primary strategic orientation is followed by the geoncentric approach to staffing?

Regiocentric

Home replication

Multidomestic

Polydomestic

Transnational

Açıklama:

Table 5.1 shows that the primary strategic orientation observed in the geocentric approach is transnational.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 70

In which of the following international assignment preparation methods the level of international involvement is the highest?

Field Experience

Language Training

Sensitivity Training

Cultural Assimilations

Environmental Briefings

Açıklama:

Figure 5.3 demonstrates the hirerarchical order of international involvement with field experience exerting the hihest international involvement.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 71

In which of the following international assignment preparation methods the level of international involvement is the lowest?

Field Experience

Language Training

Sensitivity Training

Environmental Briefings

Cultural Orientations

Açıklama:

According to Figure 5.3, the lowest level of international involvement is observed in environmental briefings.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

____________means visiting the culture, walking the streets of its cities and villages, and becoming absorbed by it for a short time.
Which one of the following preparation methods completes the sentence?

Language training

Cultural assimilations

Field experience

Sensitivity training

Language training

Açıklama:

Field Experience: Field experience means visiting the culture, walking the streets of its cities and villages, and becoming absorbed by it for a short time. This can also be thought of as practical training, which is aimed at helping the expatriate and his/her family ease themselves into daily life in the host country

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 73

___________ constitutes the most basic level of training-often the starting point for studying other cultures.
Which one of the following assignment preparations completes the sentence?

Cultural assimilation

Environmental briefing

Cultural orientation

Sensitivity training

Language training

Açıklama:

Environmental Briefings and Cultural Orientations: Environmental (area) briefings constitute the most basic level of training-often the starting point for studying other cultures. Briefings include information on local housing, health care, transportation, schools, and climate.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

repatriation

reversal

expat

culture shock

assimilation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 75

Which abbreviation below refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies?

HCNs

PCNs

MNC

MNE

IHRM

Açıklama:

International human resources management (IHRM) refers to the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees for the international operations of international companies. In this chapter, international companies will be referred to as multinational enterprises. A multinational enterprise (MNE), also called a multinational corporation (MNC), is “a company that produces goods or delivers services in more than one country.” A multinational enterprise has its management headquarters in one (or rarely more than one) country, namely the home country (parent country), while also operating in other countries, namely the host countries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Which one below is one of the three dimensions of International human resources management?

activity

planning

recruiting

culture

manager

Açıklama:

Awareness of cultural differences is essential for international human resources managers. IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. As demonstrated in Figure 5.1, the dimensions of IHRM are activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension. IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension. The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the homecountry, host-country, or other countries; and the third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are homecountry nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

Which one below is not one of the activities of the first dimension (activity dimension) of International human resources management?

Recruitment & selection

Training & development

Performance appraisal and compensation

The nationality of the employee groups

Labour relations

Açıklama:

IHRM is usually more complicated than domestic human resources management. In order to understand the complexity of IHRM, we need to understand its three dimensions. the dimensions of IHRM are activity dimension, regional dimension, and employee-group dimension. IHRM consists of different activities (i.e., recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, labor relations, leadership) which form the first dimension. The second dimension is related to the regional aspect which includes whether HRM is carried out in the home-country, host-country, or other countries; and the third dimension is concerned with different employee groups, i.e., whether they are home-country nationals, host-country nationals, or from other countries (third-country nationals)

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 78

Which one below is not one of the factors that drive the complexity of IHRM?

External influences of governments and cultures

Managing the foreigner-local mix

Greater involvement in personal lives of employees

Greater risk of export

Need for a broader perspective in compensation

Açıklama:

Based on these dimensions, Dowling, Festing, and Engle (2013) discussed six factors that drive the complexity of IHRM; these factors are illustrated in Figure below.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 79

According to “Expat Explorer,” the Global Report of the HSBC Company, Turkey ranks ........... among the top destinations for expatriates.

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Açıklama:

According to “Expat Explorer,” the Global Report of the HSBC Company, Turkey ranks 7th among the top destinations for expatriates, the first five of which are Switzerland, Singapore, Canada, Spain, and New Zealand.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 80

Which approach below MNE is said to be following when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country (PCNs) with no or minimal autonomy delegated to the foreign subsidiaries?

ethnocentric

polycentric

geocentric

regiocentric

eclectic

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 81

............. is a psychological phenomenon that can lead to feelings of fear, helplessness, irritability, and disorientation.

culture shock

reversible culture shock

irreversible cultures hock

reverse culture shock

opposite culture shock

Açıklama:

Reverse culture shock is a psychological phenomenon that can lead to feelings of fear, helplessness, irritability, and disorientation.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 82

Which one below is defined as an employee’s current and/or past performance relative to the predetermined performance standards?

International performance management

Expatriate performance

Desired performance

Performance management

Performance appraisal

Açıklama:

Performance appraisal is defined as an employee’s current and/or past performance relative to the predetermined performance standards (Dessler, 2017: 274). Performance management is an extension of performance appraisal (Lindholm, 2000: 45), which is “a process that enables the MNE to evaluate and continuously improve individual, subsidiary unit and corporate performance, against clearly defined, pre-set goals and targets” (Dowling, Festing, and Engle, 2013: 151). In a similar vein, international performance management is defined as, “a designed, implemented and evaluated intervention of an MNE for the purpose of managing the performance of its global workforce so that performance at the individual, team, or organizational level contributes to the attainment of strategic global objectives and results in overall MNE desired performance” (Briscoe et al., 2012: 344). The essential components of international performance management include job analysis, goals which are defined at the individual, subsidiary, and global levels, and performance appraisal (Dowling and Welch, 2004). Based on job analysis, employees’ job goals and standards are defined, and their performance related to these goals is assessed. Goals at individual level lead to the achievement of subsidiary goals which is linked to the goals of a multinational organization.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 83

Which criteria below are about the quantifiable factors which can be directly measured based on tangible outcomes, such as market share, total revenues, and return on investment?

Subjective

Objective

Soft

Contextual

Regional

Açıklama:

The criteria for performance appraisal are identified by Gregersen, Hite, and Black (1996) as, objective criteria, subjective criteria, and contextual criteria. Objective criteria (also defined as hard criteria) are about the quantifiable factors which can be directly measured based on tangible outcomes, such as market share, total revenues, and return on investment.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 84

Which paradigm below focuses on employment relations considering industrial relations?

Modern

Original

Eclectic

Ideological

Ideal

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 6

Soru 1

Which one of the following is not among the terms used to identify main tendencies in international marketing strategy?

standardization

adaptation

global integration

global responsiveness

glocalization

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

I. Russia
II. India
III. Canada
Which one(s) of these countries is/are among the BRIC countries?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

The BRIC countries (Brazil,
Russia, India, and China) were identified as the
future major players in the world economy in the
early 2000s.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

Within Appadurai (1990)'s framework, which one of the following stands for the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations?

ethnoscapes

technoscapes

financescapes

mediascapes

ideoscapes

Açıklama:

Ethnoscapes are the people mobile
throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists,
guest workers. So, these mobile people always get
in contact with the stable ones. Their mobility
influences the politics of and between nations.
Technoscapes are the sorts of technology (high or
low, mechanical or informational) spread amidst
“complex relationships between money flows,
political possibilities, and the availability of both
low and highly-skilled labor” (Appadurai, 1990:
298). Financescapes are the intricate movements
of global capital in the form of currency markets,
national stock exchanges, and speculations.
Interactions of ethnoscapes, technoscapes, and
financescapes are unpredictable because each
of these scapes is subject to different incentives
or constraints that are political, informational,
and technoenvironmental. Mediascapes and
Ideoscapes have an image and narrative-based
nature. Mediascapes are about the production and
dissemination of information through different
types of media where the boundaries between the
real and the fictional blur. Mediascapes create and
introduce imagined lives, places, and lifestyles.
Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly
the spread of the Enlightenment worldview,
which consists of notions like democracy, welfare,
freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

I. Culture is learnt individually after a certain age and no interaction is needed to acquire it.
II. Culture is interrelated within. Different parts of culture are connected, e.g., religion and marriage.
III. Culture is shared. Values are passed from one member to another.
Which one(s) of them is/are among the basic characteristics of culture?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I-II

II-III

Açıklama:

The basic characteristics of culture are as follows
(Hollensen, 2017):
• Culture is learned throughout childhood.
Cultural values are internalized by
interacting with the members of one’s
family, getting rewards or punishments,
negotiating what one wants, and causing
and avoiding conflict.
• Culture is interrelated within. Different
parts of culture are connected, e.g., religion
and marriage.
• Culture is shared. Values are passed from
one member to another.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

Which one of the following terms demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society?

power distance

individualism

feminine society

uncertainty avoidance

long-term orientation

Açıklama:

Power distance demonstrates the
degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution
of power in a society (Usunier and Lee, 2005).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which one of the following is not among the the four traditionally defined economic systems?

market capitalism

long-term orientation

centrally-planned socialism

centrally-planned capitalism

market socialism

Açıklama:

Market capitalism, centrally-planned
socialism, centrally-planned capitalism, and
market socialism are the four traditionally
defined economic systems.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Which one of the following is not a component of the political environment?

governmental institutions

political parties

pressure groups

organizations through which power is exercised over various organizations

relationship with neighbouring countries

Açıklama:

A Political environment consists of
governmental institutions, political parties,
pressure groups, and organizations through
which power is exercised over various
organizations and people in a society

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

"Romania and Turkey might be different in many aspects, but marketers might perceive them as two very similar countries"
Which one of the following terms describes the situation best?

low psychic distance

low cultural distance

low geographic distance

local-content

centrally-planned capitalism

Açıklama:

Low cultural distance means
perceptions of the home, and the host countries
are similar. For example, Romania and Turkey
might be different in many aspects, but marketers
might perceive them as two very similar countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Which one of the following terms refers to the measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets?

Cost advantage

Marketing advantage

Market acces

Differential advantage

Market potential

Açıklama:

Market potential is a measure that combines
the size of the market and the competitive
advantage used to compare markets.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which one of the following is defined as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need?

Product

Price

Distribution

Communication

Marketing

Açıklama:

Product is defined as anything that can be
offered to a market for attention, acquisition,
use or consumption that might satisfy a want
or need.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

I. Standardization II. Localization III.Adaptation IV. Globalization Which of the following terms emphasize convergence of international marketing strategy?

I and II

I and III

I and IV

II and III

II and IV

Açıklama:

Standardization and globalization are the two terms which emphasize the convergence of international marketing strategy and the tendency toward globalization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Based on Appadurai’s framework, what do we call the condition of the spread of the enlightenment world view, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty?

Ethnoscapes

Technoscapes

Financescapes

Mediascapes

Ideoscapes

Açıklama:

Ethnoscapes are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers. So, these mobile people always get
in contact with the stable ones. Their mobility influences the politics of and between nations. Technoscapes are the sorts of technology (high or low, mechanical or informational) spread amidst “complex relationships between money flows, political possibilities, and the availability of both low and highly-skilled labor” (Appadurai, 1990:
298). Financescapes are the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations. Mediascapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur. Mediascapes create and
introduce imagined lives, places, and lifestyles. Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Which of the following is not a significant element of culture?

Ethnoscape

Language

Institutions

Material productions

Symbolic productions

Açıklama:

Usunier and Lee (2005) identify four significant elements of culture: language, institutions, material productions, and symbolic productions. Language helps the members of a culture to share and transmit
information. It also shapes our thought patterns, our worldviews, and our behavior. Institutions group people and ask them to conform
to the rules in return for some rewards. Family, political institutions, and
gender are examples of social institutions defining social norms and roles. Material productions can be in various forms, e.g., artwork, intellectual productions, physical productions like tools, machines, or service productions like hospitals or media. Finally, symbolic productions determine the relationship between the physical and the
metaphysical. For example, some religions ban certain food items. While the Hindu do not eat cow meat since the animal is considered sacred,
Muslims have halal rules to obey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following best describes a political environment?

Securing the national interests and the wellbeing of the society and promoting the political philosophy of the country

Governmental institutions, political parties, pressure groups, and organizations through which power is exercised over various organizations and people in a society

Laws protecting companies from unfair competition and consumers from
unequal business activities, and the interests of the society against unrestrained corporate interests

Laws that favor local businesses against foreign ones

Fundamental cultural assumptions such as religion, ethnic culture, or national identity

Açıklama:

Government policies and attitudes toward business are to secure the national interests and the wellbeing of the society and to promote the political philosophy of the country. Business legislations are the laws protecting companies from unfair competition and consumers from
unequal business activities, and the interests of the society against unrestrained corporate interests. Trade barriers are the laws that favor local businesses against foreign ones. Values and morals are fundamental cultural assumptions such as religion, ethnic culture, or national identity. Thus, a political environment involves governmental institutions, political parties, pressure groups, and organizations through which power is exercised over various organizations and people in a society.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following is not relevant to industry structure?

Entry barriers

Threats of substitutes

Power of the customer

Market similarity

Power of the suppliers

Açıklama:

Industry structure refers to market competition and the profitability of the industry. Industry structure can be identified by analyzing entry barriers, threats of substitutes that perform the same function, power of the customer, power of the suppliers, and the rivalry among competitors.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Which of the following terms best describes the measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets?

Market potential

Market access

Growth potential

Niche marketing

Differentiation

Açıklama:

Market potential is a measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following is related to the positioning strategy of an international company?

Standardization

Differentiated marketing

Foreign consumer culture

Concentrated marketing

Degree of internationalization

Açıklama:

Targeting strategies can be grouped into three at the global level: standardization, differentiation, and niche or concentrated marketing. The degree of internationalization shows the number and the size of the competitors who are not domestic and operating in the market in segmentation strategy. Foreign consumer culture positioning, where the company associates the brand with a specific
foreign country or culture is positioning startegy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the following is not a component the actual product?

Quality level

Benefit

Features

Design

Packaging

Açıklama:

The core customer value of a product refers to the benefit of the product to the customers. On the other hand, the actual product
consists of quality level, features, design, packaging, and brand name.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Which of the following is correct about international marketing communications?

The possibility of a semantic noise is lower in international marketing situations.

Regulations or legislations are irrelevant for the choice of a channel in foreign contexts.

The foreign audience would comprehend the meaning of the message correctly in spite of language differences

In a global environment, the sender and the receiver would share the common meaning systems.

International marketing communications model is more complicated due to two contexts belonging to home and foreign countries.

Açıklama:

The possibility of a semantic noise is higher in international marketing situations.
Regulations or legislations influence the choice of a channel in foreign contexts.
The foreign audience may misunderstand the meaning of the message because of language differences.
In a global environment, the sender and the receiver do not share the common meaning systems.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following is the only element of the marketing mix that creates revenues?

Product

Distribution channel

Marketing communications

Pricing

Positioning

Açıklama:

Because other marketing mix elements (product, distribution channel, marketing communications) incur costs.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which of the followings is about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur?

Mediascapes

Ideoscapes

Ethnoscapes

Technoscapes

Financescapes

Açıklama:

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
Mediascapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the followings indicates mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Mediascapes

Ideoscapes

Financescapes

Technoscapes

Ethnoscapes

Açıklama:

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which of the following statements is not true regarding culture?

Culture is learned throughout childhood.

Cultural values are internalized by interacting with the members of one’s family.

Cultural values are internalized by getting rewards or punishments.

Culture is interrelated within.

Culture is static.

Açıklama:

The Sociocultural Environment
Culture is not static but dynamic.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which of the followings demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society?

Individualism

Power distance

Feminine society

Orientation

Uncertainty avoidance

Açıklama:

Methodologies to Understand Cultures
Power distance demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society (Usunier and Lee, 2005).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

In which of the following models resources are owned privately, but the state conducts resource allocation?

Feminine society

Indulgence society

Restraint society

Centrally-planned socialism

Centrally-planned capitalism

Açıklama:

Economic Environment
In centrally-planned capitalism, resources are owned privately, but the state conducts resource allocation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which of the followings are restrictions on the amount of a product imported to or exported from the country within a specified period.

Embargoes

Tariffs

Quotas

Segmentations

Suppliers

Açıklama:

Political and Legal Environment
Quotas are restrictions on the amount of a product imported to or exported from the country within a specified period.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which of the followings is a factor that influences the firm’s ability to serve the market?

Competitive advantage index

Marketing advantage

Cost advantage

Market access

Differential advantage

Açıklama:

Targeting Strategy
Market access is a factor that influences the firm’s ability to serve the market.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the followings means that the brand identifies a specific segment of the global consumer culture?

Foreign consumer culture positioning

Global consumer culture positioning

Concentrated positioning

National consumer culture positioning

Local consumer culture positioning

Açıklama:

Positioning Strategy
Global consumer culture positioning means that the brand identifies a specific segment of the global consumer culture.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which of the followings is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand?

Segmentation Strategy

Targeting Strategy

Positioning Strategy

Industrial Strategy

Competitive Strategy

Açıklama:

Positioning Strategy
Positioning is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which of the followings refers to the benefit of the product to the customers?

The core customer value

Penetration pricing

Necessary capital

Competition

Coverage

Açıklama:

Product Decisions
The core customer value refers to the benefit of the product to the customers

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following refers to the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations?

Technoscapes

Mediascapes

Ideoscapes

Financescapes

Ethnoscapes

Açıklama:

Financescapes are the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 32

Who put forward "national culture framework"?

Meamber

Venkatesh

Hofstede

Boroditsky

Usunier

Açıklama:

Two different perspectives used in understanding cultures are discussed. The first perspective is Hofstede’s (2001) national culture framework, and the second one is Meamber and Venkatesh’s (2000) ethnoconsumerist methodology.
Hofstede (2001) is a social psychologist who introduced cultural dimensions that are extensively used by international marketers to compare consumer behavior in different nations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following measures how threatened people feel in particular situations?

Uncertainty avoidance

Power distance

Long-term orientation

Individualism

Indulgence

Açıklama:

The notion of uncertainty avoidance measures how threatened people feel in certain situations. If uncertainty is high in a society, the level of anxiety and aggressiveness is high, and procedures and rules are encouraged.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the traditionally defined economic systems?

Market capitalism

Global market

Market socialism

Centrally-planned capitalism

Centrally-planned socialism

Açıklama:

International marketers need to recognize what type of economic system dominates the potential market to enter. Market capitalism, centrally-planned socialism, centrally-planned capitalism, and market socialism are the four traditionally defined economic systems (Keegan and Green, 2017).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 35

I. Does the firm have experience in internationalization?
II. Is the aim of the firm internationalization?
III. Are there any existing networks that constitute a strength for the company?
IV. Does the firm have experience on the type of industry?
Which questions above does a marketer have to ask to gather information about the firm during international market segmentation?

Only I

Only IV

II and III

I, II and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

International market segmentation is informed from an analysis of two groups of knowledge: the firm and the environment. The marketer checks:

if the firm’s resources are available for sustaining marketing activities abroad,
if the firm has experience in internationalization,
if the firm has experience on the type of industry,
if the aim of the firm is internationalization, and
if there are any existing networks that constitute a strength for the company.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

Which of the following terms refers to a measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets?

Market access

Cost advantage

Market potential

Differantial advantage

Standardization

Açıklama:

Market potential is a measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which of the following information is FALSE about positioning strategy?

It aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand.

UGG boots becoming popular among the upper-middle-class global youth female subculture is an example of global consumer culture positioning.

An example for foreign consumer culture positioning is that Volkswagen associates itself with German Engineering by Das Auto slogan.

McTurko in Turkey or McFalafel in Egypt are examples of foreign consumer culture positioning.

Foreign consumer culture positioning is less common than global and local consumer culture positioning strategies.

Açıklama:

Positioning is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand. There can be three alternative scales: global consumer culture, foreign consumer culture, and local consumer culture (Keegan et al., 2017). Global consumer culture positioning means that the brand identifies a specific segment of the global consumer culture. For example, in the early 2000s, UGG boots became popular among the upper-middle-class global youth female subculture. An alternative positioning strategy is foreign consumer culture positioning, where the company associates the brand with a specific foreign country or culture. For example, Levi’s Jeans symbolically associates itself with America or the Wild West, Volkswagen associates itself with German Engineering by Das Auto slogan. Alden et al. (1999) argue that foreign consumer culture positioning is less common than global and local consumer culture positioning strategies. The final positioning strategy aims to associate the brand with the local consumer culture. McTurko in Turkey or McFalafel in Egypt are examples of local consumer culture positioning.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which of the following terms refers to a strategy designed to offer a product at a low price to increase sales?

Skimming price

Penetration pricing

Market pricing

Price escalation

Distribution

Açıklama:

Penetration pricing a strategy designed to offer a product at a low price to increase sales. Penetration pricing is used when unit costs decrease as a result of economies of scale, when there is a mass market, and when the customers are price-sensitive. Penetration pricing can be successful if the manager keeps an eye on the competitors’ pricing strategies because if they decrease their prices to a certain level and catch customers, the firm may not generate profit through mass marketing.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that an international marketer needs to consider while deciding on the foreign distribution channels?

Firm's expectations

Consumers and their characteristics

Necessary capital

Competition

Continuity

Açıklama:

While deciding on the foreign distribution channels, an international marketer needs to consider nine criteria: consumers and their characteristics, culture, the character of the channel, necessary capital, cost, competition, coverage, continuity, and control.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which of the following terms refers to a price policy which assigns market-specific prices to the product?

Geocentric pricing

Extension pricing

Captive pricing

Competitive pricing

Polycentric pricing

Açıklama:

Polycentric pricing is a price policy which assigns market-specific prices to the product. If the company uses independent distributors in channeling the product, then the pricing decision is dominated by the independent distributors. Sometimes the price differences between countries can be higher than the costs incurred from the distribution costs. Then, customers may prefer to go to a foreign land to purchase the product cheaper.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which of the following is NOT a BRIC country?

Brazil

Russia

Iran

India

China

Açıklama:

Iran is not one of those countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

Which of the following indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview?

Mediascapes

Ideoscapes

Technoscapes

Ethnoscape

Financescapes

Açıklama:

Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

Which of the following is CORRECT about convergence perspective?
I. It assumes the center-periphery model for the global economy
II. The developed countries produce and market goods to the developing markets.
III. Traditionally, it was assumed that in the future, a modern and developed market would emerge at the global level.

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II, III

Only I

Açıklama:

All of the items are correct .

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

............. are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers.
Which of the following completes the statement above correctly?

Ideoscapes

Technoscapes

Financescapes

Mediascapes

Ethnoscapes

Açıklama:

The statement refers to the option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which of the following demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society?

Ethnoconsumerist methodology

National culture framework

Power distance

Long-term orientation

Uncertainty avoidance

Açıklama:

The option C demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society. A society is identified as masculine when assertiveness, earning money, showing off, and lower levels of care for others are the dominant values. A feminine society is supposed to value nurturing roles, interdependence, and caring for others. For example, people in collectivist cultures share buying decisions rather than making individual decisions

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

Which of the countries below are examples of low cultural distance?

Romania-Turkey

The United States-Iran

Germany-India

Brazil-Egypt

Russia-South Africa

Açıklama:

Low cultural distance means perceptions of the home, and the host countries are similar. For example, Romania and Turkey might be different in many aspects, but marketers might perceive them as two very similar countries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

Which of the following refers to market competition and the profitability of the industry?

Low cultural distance

Low psychic distance

Low geographic distance

Industry structure

Differential advantage

Açıklama:

Industry structure refers to market competition and the profitability of the industry (Porter, 2007). Industry structure can be identified by analyzing entry barriers, threats of substitutes that perform the same function, power of the customer, power of the suppliers, and the rivalry among competitors.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

Which of the following refers to charging the same price across the world?

Skimming

Market pricing

Penetration pricing

Captive pricing

Extension pricing

Açıklama:

Extension pricing refers to charging the same price across the world. This straightforward policy is risky because it does not take into consideration factors such as market and competition.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 49

Which of the following refers to the extent to which the distribution channel covers the markets that the producers want to have access?

Continuity

Coverage

Competition

Necessary capital

Culture

Açıklama:

Coverage refers to the extent to which the distribution channel covers the markets that the producers want to have access. If the markets are very concentrated, channels cover them, but the competition is expected to be high.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 50

Which of the following represents the financial resources necessary to start and sustain the channel?

Necessary capital

Coverage

Continuity

Culture

Competition

Açıklama:

Necessary capital is another essential criterion to check before entering into a foreign market. It represents the financial resources necessary to start and sustain the channel (Usunier and Lee,
2005).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 51

Which of the following is not one of the BRIC countries?

China

Russia

Belgium

Brazilia

India

Açıklama:

The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) were identified as the future major players in the world economy in the early 2000s.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

.....................are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Financescapes

Technoscapes

Mediascapes

Ethnoscapes

Ideoscapes

Açıklama:

Ethnoscapes are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 53

Which of the following is not one of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede?

Individualism/Collectivism

Positivity/Negativity

Masculinity/Femininity

Long/short-term orientation

Indulgence/Restraint

Açıklama:

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions include the following: individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long/short-term orientation, and indulgence/restraint.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

In which economic system does the state decide on what to produce and how much to produce?

Centrally-planned socialism

Market capitalism

Market socialism

Centrally-planned capitalism

Entrepreneurial capitalism

Açıklama:

The opposite of market capitalism is centrally-planned socialism, where the state decides on what to produce and how much to produce.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 55

...................refers to the ability to provide better market offerings than the competitor’s offerings.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Cost advantage

Differential advantage

Market size

Marketing advantage

Competitive advantage

Açıklama:

Differential advantage refers to the ability to provide better market offerings than the competitor’s offerings.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 56

Which of the following is not one of the marketing mix elements?

Price

Customer

Distribution

Communication

Product

Açıklama:

Marketing mix elements, namely product, price, distribution, and communication (placement), are the tools used to implement the strategies to create value for the global or international markets and capture value from them in return.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

In .................. the marketer sets a very high price for the product at first and then gradually decreases the price.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Skimming price

Value-based pricing

Market pricing

Competitive pricing

Geocentric pricing

Açıklama:

In skimming price, the marketer sets a very high price for the product at first and then gradually decreases the price.165

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

................is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Standardization

Differentiation

Niche marketing

Concentrated marketing

Positioning

Açıklama:

Positioning is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 59

...........is a price policy which assigns market-specific prices to the product.
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Geocentric pricing

Extension pricing

Polycentric pricing

Captive pricing

Market pricing

Açıklama:

Polycentric pricing is a price policy which assigns market-specific prices to the product.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Which of the following companies used the traditional promotional technique of marching through the streets on camels to enter into the Ottoman market?

McDonald's

Benetton

Nestlé

Maybelline

Açıklama:

When entered into the Ottoman market, Nestlé preferred to use the traditional promotional technique of marching through the streets on camels while music was being played.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 61

"In conducting marketing planning and implementation, international marketers need to consider the uncontrollable elements of the marketing environment both in their home countries and foreign countries that they operate."
Which of the below is an example of these uncontrollable elements?

Management

Production

Employees

Departments

Legal forces

Açıklama:

Examples of these uncontrollable elements for the international markets include the political and legal forces, economic forces, cultural forces, competitive structures, geography and infrastructure, the structure of distribution, and the level of technology. The increase in uncontrollable elements complicates the decisionmaking processes and the implementation of marketing strategies for international marketers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 62

"Although Coca-Cola markets the same product range across the global markets, its advertising campaigns are tailored according to the food culture and rituals of the local markets. The Ramadan and Christmas ad campaigns tailored explicitly for Islamic and Western countries respectively exemplify this process."
What kind of strategy does Coca-Cola seem to be utilizing through this?

Monopolization

Standardization

Visualization

Adaptation

Unification

Açıklama:

There are two main tendencies in international marketing strategy identified by similar terms: standardization versus adaptation, or globalization versus localization, or global integration versus global responsiveness (Cateora et al., 2016). Companies prefer to standardize their market offerings across different international markets in order to achieve economies of scale (Levitt, 1983). This perspective assumes that societies and markets converge in terms of their characteristics, such as similar values, tastes, lifestyles, and behavior as a result of globally operating multinational firms and the media. However, well-known global brands tailor their marketing activities to satisfy the local markets, which are shaped better by their local cultures than by those of the competitors’. For example, although Coca-Cola markets the same product range across the global markets, its advertising campaigns are tailored according to the food culture and rituals of the local markets. The Ramadan and Christmas ad campaigns tailored explicitly for Islamic and Western countries respectively exemplify this adaptation process.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 63

Which one of the following terms is defined correctly?

Technoscapes are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers.

Mediascapes are the sorts of technology spread amidst “complex relationships between money flows, political possibilities, and the availability of both low and highly-skilled labor”.

Financescapes are the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations.

Ideoscapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur.

Ethnoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Açıklama:

Ethnoscapes are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers. So, these mobile people always get in contact with the stable ones. Their mobility influences the politics of and between nations.
Technoscapes are the sorts of technology (high or low, mechanical or informational) spread amidst “complex relationships between money flows, political possibilities, and the availability of both low and highly-skilled labor” (Appadurai, 1990: 298).
Financescapes are the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations. Interactions of ethnoscapes, technoscapes, and financescapes are unpredictable because each of these scapes is subject to different incentives or constraints that are political, informational, and technoenvironmental.
Mediascapes and Ideoscapes have an image and narrative-based nature. Mediascapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur. Mediascapes create and introduce imagined lives, places, and lifestyles.
Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty. The complexity introduced through global interactions eliminates the formation of a single global market.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Which of the following is true about the basic characteristics of culture, according to Hollensen?

Culture is personal.

Culture can only be learned in adulthood.

Different parts of culture have no connection with one another.

Culture is reproduced through recurrent social relationships.

Culture is a static concept which never changes.

Açıklama:

Culture is reproduced through recurrent social relationships; it forms patterns and normalizes them; and it is internalized by the members of the cultural group. That is, culture is a dynamic concept which changes slowly as a result of the recurring social relationships. The basic characteristics of culture are as follows (Hollensen, 2017):
• Culture is learned throughout childhood. Cultural values are internalized by interacting with the members of one’s family, getting rewards or punishments, negotiating what one wants, and causing and avoiding conflict.
• Culture is interrelated within. Different parts of culture are connected, e.g., religion and marriage.
• Culture is shared. Values are passed from one member to another.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the four significant elements of culture, as identified by Usunier and Lee?

Language

Individuals

Institutions

Material productions

Symbolic productions

Açıklama:

Usunier and Lee (2005) identify four significant elements of culture: language, institutions, material productions, and symbolic productions. Language helps the members of a culture to share and transmit information. It also shapes our thought patterns, our worldviews, and our behavior. Boroditsky (2011), a cognitive scientist, argues that Australian Aboriginals do not have the words for left or right in their language, and therefore their understanding of space is different from ours (Boroditsky, 2011). Institutions group people and ask them to conform to the rules in return for some rewards (Usunier and Lee, 2005). Family, political institutions, and gender are examples of social institutions defining social norms and roles. Material productions can be in various forms, e.g., artwork, intellectual productions, physical productions like tools, machines, or service productions like hospitals or media. Finally, symbolic productions determine the relationship between the physical and the metaphysical. For example, some religions ban certain food items. While the Hindu do not eat cow meat since the animal is considered sacred, Muslims have halal rules to obey.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

According to Hofstede's cultural dimensions, how is a society identified when assertiveness, earning money, showing off, and lower levels of care for others are the dominant values?

Individualistic

Collectivistic

Masculine

Uncertain

Long-term oriented

Açıklama:

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long/short-term orientation, and indulgence/restraint.
The individualism and collectivism dimension is related to the boundaries between people and groups that they belong to. In individualistic cultures, the independence of the individual is essential. In collectivist cultures group coherence and cultural harmony are more important than individual freedom. For example, in individualistic cultures, people prefer living in detached houses.
Power distance demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society (Usunier and Lee, 2005).
A society is identified as masculine when assertiveness, earning money, showing off, and lower levels of care for others are the dominant values. A feminine society is supposed to value nurturing roles, interdependence, and caring for others. For example, people in collectivist cultures share buying decisions rather than making individual decisions.
The notion of uncertainty avoidance measures how threatened people feel in certain situations. If uncertainty is high in a society, the level of anxiety and aggressiveness is high, and procedures and rules are encouraged. For example, consumers of low uncertainty avoidance prefer short payment for bills.
People of the countries with long-term orientation are more pragmatic, modest, and thrifty. Unlike these, people with short-term orientation put emphasis on consistency, and truth, religious and, nationalistic ideals are prioritized.
A great indulgence society values the gratification of human desires, pleasures, and joy unlike a high restraint society that controls the gratification of needs through social norms.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 67

According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, what would be a characteristic for people in long-term orientation societies?

Thrift

Interdependence

Group coherence

Anxious

Consistent

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

"In this kind of system, means of production is owned by the state or the labor, but production is not centrally planned; it is market mediated."
What kind of economic system is defined above?

Centrally-planned socialism

Centrally-planned capitalism

Market capitalism

Market socialism

Hybrid(Mixed)

Açıklama:

Market capitalism, centrally-planned socialism, centrally-planned capitalism, and market socialism are the four traditionally defined economic systems (Keegan and Green, 2017). It is hard to identify and categorize any economic system in one of these ideals because economies transformed into hybrid forms as a result of globalization. In market capitalism, the role of the state is limited to establish competition between firms and warrant consumer protection. Production resources are privately owned. The opposite of market capitalism is centrally-planned socialism, where the state decides on what to produce and how much to produce. Consumers in this system can have access to what is available in the state-controlled market. In centrally-planned capitalism, resources are owned privately, but the state conducts resource allocation. Sweden has a centrally-planned capitalist economic system where two-thirds of all expenditures are state-controlled, and resource allocation is voteroriented. In market socialism, means of production is owned by the state or the labor, but production is not centrally planned; it is market mediated.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 69

Countries that have GNI per capita between $ 1,046 - $ 4,125 are identified as which of the below?

Low-Income Countries

Lower Middle-Income Countries

Middle-Income Countries

Higher Middle-Income Countries

High-Income Countries

Açıklama:

Levels of market development are measured according to per capita gross national income (GNI) (Keegan and Green, 2017). Low-Income Countries (LIC) have GNI per capita of $ 1,045 or less. The level of industrialization is low, and most of the population deals with agriculture or subsistence farming. Birth rates are higher than the others, but life expectancy levels are short. Literacy rates are low. Instability and unrest dominate the political environment. LICs generally have social, economic, and political problems, and international marketers generally regard them as having minimal opportunities to invest to enter and operate.
Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) are the ones with per capita GNI is between $ 1,046 - $ 4,125. They have growing consumer markets, which make these countries attractive for international marketers.
Upper Middle-Income Countries (UMIC) or developing countries have per capita GNI between $ 4,126 - 12,745. Since urbanization is increasing in these countries, the number of people working in the industrial sector is also increasing, while that of those involved in agriculture is decreasing. Education systems of UMICs are reliable, and literacy rates are high. They have export-driven economies, and international marketers can face competition from local businesses.
High-Income Countries (HIC) are the ones with per capita GNI is above $12,476. Most of the time, they are conceptualized as post-industrial societies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

In which kind of marketing do marketers serve a narrowly defined market within an international market or at the global level?

E-commerce

Differentiated marketing

International marketing

Aggressive marketing

Niche marketing

Açıklama:

In sum, differentiated marketing, which refers to serving multiple market segments with different marketing mix offerings, seems to be a better alternative when serving in contemporary global markets. For example, L’Oréal is a global cosmetics company that uses a differentiation strategy very effectively. It has the L’Oréal Luxe brand line, which carries various luxury skincare, makeup, and perfume brands for millennials, whose desires and aspirations are shaped in contemporary social networks. So, these people have enough disposable incomes to spend on premium cosmetics; they belong to upper-middle and upper classes; they are young; they enjoy social networking, exclusive products, and personalized experiences. These brands that belong to the L’Oréal Luxe line are distributed through department stores, cosmetics stores, travel retails, own-brand boutiques, and dedicated e-commerce websites.
The second brand line, Consumer Products Division, offers its brands like Maybelline, Garnier, and L’Oréal Paris through retail channels like supermarkets or grocery stores.
The third type of targeting strategy is a niche or concentrated marketing. Niche marketers serve a narrowly defined market within an international market or at the global level. For example, due to the advancement of digital photography, people lost interest in analog film photography. Recently, a niche market of young consumers who prefer alternative photography techniques, tools, processes, and nostalgic aesthetics and experiences has emerged. Lomography, a brand of analog photo camera, serves for this particular and narrowly defined global market (http-2).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

Standardization versus adaptation
Globalization versus localization
Global integration versus global responsiveness
Individualization versus generalization

Which of the above are main tendencies in international marketing strategy?

I-II

III-IV

I-II-III

I-II-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

Ethnoscapes
Technoscapes
Financescapes
Rulerscapes
Ideoscapes

Which of the above are among the conditions under which global flows occur?

I-II-III

III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV

I-II-III-V

II-III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Appadurai presents a framework consisting of five conditions under which global flows occur, and he explains the complex nature of the global cultural economy, which develops amidst the disjunctures between economy, culture, and politics. These five conditions are ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes, and ideoscapes. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Which of the following refers to notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty?

Ideoscapes

Ethnoscapes

Technoscapes

Financescapes

Mediascapes

Açıklama:

Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 74

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of culture?

It is shared.

It is stable.

It is interrelated within.

It subsumes the whole society.

It is learned throughout childhood

Açıklama:

The basic characteristics of culture are as follows:

Culture is learned throughout childhood. Cultural values are internalized by interacting with the members of one’s family, getting rewards or punishments, negotiating what one wants, and causing and avoiding conflict.
Culture is interrelated within. Different parts of culture are connected, e.g., religion and marriage.
Culture is shared. Values are passed from one member to another.
Culture is a dynamic (not stable) concept which changes slowly as a result of the recurring social relationships.

The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 75

Purpose
Language
Institutions
Material productions
Symbolic productions

Which of the above are the significant elements of culture?

I-II-III

III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV

I-II-IV-V

II-III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Usunier and Lee identify four significant elements of culture: language, institutions, material productions, and symbolic productions. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Positioning
Differentiation
Standardization
Niche marketing

Which of the above are the targeting strategies at the global level?

I-II

III-IV

I-II-III

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

Targeting strategies can be grouped into three at the global level: standardization, differentiation, and niche marketing. Positioning is a strategy which aims to differentiate the brand in the consumer’s mind from the competitor’s brand in terms of the attributes and benefits offered by that brand. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 77

Price
Product
Provision
Distribution
Communication

Which of the above are the marketing mix elements?

I-II-III

III-IV-V

I-II-III-IV

I-II-IV-V

II-III-IV-V

Açıklama:

Marketing mix elements, namely product, price, distribution, and communication, are the tools used to implement the strategies to create value for the global or international markets and capture value from them in return. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 78

Which of the following is not one of the pricing strategies for international markets?

Scanning

Skimming

Market pricing

Captive pricing

Penetration pricing

Açıklama:

The pricing strategies for international markets are skimming, market pricing, penetration pricing, captive pricing, and global pricing strategies. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 79

Control
Capital
Coverage
Campaign

Which of the above are among the nine criteria to be considered when deciding on the foreign distribution channels?

I-III

II-IV

I-II-III

I-III-IV

II-III-IV

Açıklama:

While deciding on the foreign distribution channels, an international marketer needs to consider these nine criteria: consumers and their characteristics, culture, the character of the channel, necessary capital, cost, competition, coverage, continuity, and control. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 80

A famous telecommunications company, Orange, entered into Northern Ireland with the slogan “The future’s bright...the future’s Orange." The responses of the Irish market to the message were low due to a sociocultural factor; the color orange represents the Orange Order, the Protestant fraternal organization in Ireland. Catholic Irish decoded the message as “the future is Protestant loyalists” and developed a negative attitude towards the message and the brand.
In which of the following decisions did the company, Orange, make a mistake?

Consumer characteristics

Marketing communications

Distribution channel

Product

Pricing

Açıklama:

A famous telecommunications company, Orange, entered into Northern Ireland with the slogan “The future’s bright...the future’s Orange." The responses of the Irish market to the message were low due to a sociocultural factor; the color orange represents the Orange Order, the Protestant fraternal organization in Ireland. Catholic Irish decoded the message as “the future is Protestant loyalists” and developed a negative attitude towards the message and the brand. The company made a mistake in marketing communications decisions, ignoring the fact that the dimensions of culture, such as religion, attitudes, social conditions, education, shape individuals’ perceptions, and interpretations. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Internatıonal Busıness (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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Ünite 2

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