Human Rıghts (ENG) - Tüm Sorular
Ünite 1
Soru 1
Which of the following is NOT one of the documents that guided the establishment of the European Conventions on Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
American Declaration of Independence
B
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man
C
Bill of Rights
D
The United States Declaration of Independence
E
The Magna Carta
Açıklama:
The rights contained in the Magna Carta were not human rights, but rather political settlement. Human rights belong to all human beings and therefore cannot be restricted to a select group of privileged men. From a contemporary perspective, the Magna Carta turns out to be a rather unfortunate example of a human rights declaration” (Clapham, 2007, 6). Thus, the correct answer is E.
Soru 2
Which of the following is an example of the problems related with the concept of “Human Nature”?
Seçenekler
A
Is there one human nature?
B
How many personalities do we have?
C
Which one is real me, the one I feel, the one others observe, or the one hidden to all?
D
Do all humans have good qualities?
E
Is humanity inborn or acquired?
Açıklama:
At the same time, they invite us to think about some questions like “What is a human being? What does human nature mean? What is the meaning of human nature? Is there one human nature? Is it possible to separate human nature as primary and secondary one, the one that is owned naturally from birth and the one acquired by actions? Thus, the correct answer is A.
Soru 3
Which of the following is true about different meanings of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
For some, it means a moral demand to ratify all sorts of injustice
B
For others, it is no more than a slogan to be trusted wholeheartedly
C
Lawyers sometimes consider that human rights represent almost a term of art
D
To some, it means ensuring that not everyone is treated with respect
E
To others, it means that people should work hard to get designated with human rights
Açıklama:
Even though this core of the idea of human rights has been generally preserved in the human rights discourse, the concept of human rights has meant different things to different people. “For some, invoking human rights is a heartfelt, morally justified demand to rectify all sorts of injustice; for others, it is no more than a slogan to be treated with suspicion, or even hostility. Lawyers sometimes consider that human rights represent almost a term of art, referring to the details of accepted national and international human rights law. Thus, the correct answer is C
Soru 4
Which of the following is true about Kuçuradi’s definition of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights do not express any necessities
B
They appear as demands to recognize the value of human being
C
They appear as demands to ignore the value of human being
D
They appear as demands to protect individuals from wild life
E
They appear as demands to improve the living conditions of inmates
Açıklama:
As an idea of the human mind, “human rights express some necessities, related to each human being. These necessities appear as demands to recognize and observe the value of the human being, i.e. they appear as demands to protect individuals for the sole reason that they are human beings” (Kuçuradi, 2013a, 5). Kuçuradi answers the question why human beings need a special protection by pointing out the values of human being which is the result of having some properties and potentialities different from other livings or creatures. Kuçuradi’s concept of human rights is grounded. On the idea that the human being is a valuable or dignified being because of having hse potentialities in him/his nature. Thus, the correct answer is B.
Soru 5
According to Kuçuradi, what is the reason of the insecurity and oppression we face almost everywhere?
Seçenekler
A
the failure of national states in protecting human rights
B
the failure to globalize properly
C
the failure to control mobility across borders
D
the failure of governments in educating people about human rights
E
the failure to employ enough lawyers for those in need
Açıklama:
Kuçuradi argues that the reason of these insecurity and oppressions we face almost everywhere around the world is the failure of national states in protecting human rights or basic rights. Thus, the correct answer is A.
Soru 6
Which of the following philosophers define human being as a dual creature who belongs both to the world of phenomenon and noumenon?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Kant
C
Aristotle
D
Rousseau
E
Locke
Açıklama:
Kant defines human being as a dual creature who belongs to both the world of phenomenon and noumenon. This kind of duality means that man is endowed with reason, meanwhile with desires. Thus, the correct answer is B.
Soru 7
Which of the following best completes the sentence given below?
“_________________ refers to the world as it is given (rather than artificially contrive), and _________________ means the essential aspects or properties of human beings.”
“_________________ refers to the world as it is given (rather than artificially contrive), and _________________ means the essential aspects or properties of human beings.”
Seçenekler
A
Human mind
B
Human culture
C
Human nature
D
Human instinct
E
Human rights
Açıklama:
“The term ‘nature’ effectively serves the purpose of its modern users, combining two complementary senses or dimensions: on the one hand, it refers to the world as it is given (rather than artificially contrived); on the other, it means the essential aspects or properties of human beings” (Heyd, 2003, 151). Thus, the correct answer is C
Soru 8
Which of the following philosophers considers human dignity as an existential value?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Nussbaum
C
Orend
D
Katleb
E
Said
Açıklama:
Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. Thus, the correct answer is D.
Soru 9
Which of the following is true about conceptual universality?
Seçenekler
A
It does not mean humans rights are equal and inalienable
B
It does not show if there are such rights as human rights
C
Conceptual human rights may have many practical consequences
D
It states that human rights in Universal Declaration of Human Rights are universal
E
It states that human rights in International Human Rights Covenants are universal
Açıklama:
Conceptual universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable. “Conceptual universality, however, establishes only that if there are any such rights, they are held equally/universally by all. It does not show that there are any such rights. Conceptually universal human rights may be so few in number or specified at such a high level of abstraction that they are of little practical consequence. And conceptual universality says nothing about the central question in most contemporary discussions of universality, namely, whether the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Human Rights Covenants are universal. Thus, the correct answer is B
Soru 10
Which of the following is true about cultural relativism arguments?
Seçenekler
A
The cultural relativism arguments accept the existence of all universal values and ethical norms.
B
The cultural relativism arguments identify human rights as merely and inherently universal.
C
The cultural relativism arguments indicate ancient sources for the validity of universal rights and norms.
D
The cultural relativism arguments state that the Eastern world is the birthplace of universal human rights.
E
The cultural relativism denies the truth and validity moral norms and social norms.
Açıklama:
The cultural relativist arguments are against the existence of any universal values and ethical norms, and they identify human rights as merely and inherently Western (Kao 2011: 11). The first serious charge to universal validity of human rights comes from the “cultural relativism” as a variant of ethical relativism. The cultural relativism denies the possibility of truth and validity of moral norms relativizing all moral judgements about social behavior to each culture’s prevailing belief about them (Kao, 2011, 11). Thus, the correct answer is E
Soru 11
which of the following philosophers did not work on human rights?
Seçenekler
A
J. Locke
B
J. Rousseau
C
T. Paine
D
I. Kant
E
J. Mendes
Açıklama:
J. Mendes didn't work about it
Soru 12
The modern concept of human rights is traced to the ideas and texts adopted at the end of the ..th century.
Which of the following should be at dotted plate?
Which of the following should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
16
B
17
C
18
D
19
E
20
Açıklama:
It should be 18 th
Soru 13
Which of the following is not one of the studies on human rights?
Seçenekler
A
American Declaration of Independence
B
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man
C
United States Declaration of Independence
D
American Bill of Rights
E
Spain Declaration
Açıklama:
Spain Declaration is not one of them
Soru 14
Which of the following is one of the problems related to human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights mean different things to different people.
B
Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the birthrights of all human beings.
C
All human rights are universal and indivisible.
D
All human rights are interdependent and interrelated.
E
Toward the end of the 20th century, the notion of human rights has become a fashionable and powerful concept.
Açıklama:
Since “human rights” means different things in different historical and cultural contexts, and advocacy of such rights has frequently been challenged as subjective, it leads to search for a thoroughgoing objective criterion for human rights. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, some European philosophers focused on the idea of “human rights” or “rights of man” as a body of rights which should be based upon a concept of human being. They developed a corpus of human rights to be afforded to mankind, and human rights found its legal expressions in the different legal, national documents.The correct answer is therefore A.
Soru 15
Which of the following is true considering the ethical foundations of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights aim to protect people according to their social class.
B
Human rights are to be organized according to the race and nationality of humans.
C
Before enjoying certain rights, humans have to deserve to enjoy them.
D
The concept of human dignity indicates the ethical dimension of human rights.
E
Religion plays an important role in what rights a human being can demand.
Açıklama:
Human rights are the rights of everyone who belongs to the human species. They are rights which all humans equally enjoy simply because they are human. They are believed to be shared by all human beings undue to their nationality, age, race, gender, language, occupation, religion, income, social standing or sexual orientation (Tepe, 2014, 60).The idea of human rights is justified by means of human dignity or the value of man. Every human person is regarded as a valuable or dignified person, because of having these potentialities in his/her nature. So, the idea of human rights can be justified by means of understanding human dignity or the value of man. The concept of human dignity indicates the ethical dimension of human rights. The correct answer is D.
Soru 16
On earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings, and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species.
What is the term described above?
What is the term described above?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights
B
Human dignity
C
Ethical foundation
D
Freedom
E
Equality
Açıklama:
The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings, and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species. Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. The correct answer is B.
Soru 17
Who considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Donelly
C
Katleb
D
Nussbaum
E
Kant
Açıklama:
Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. The idea of human dignity insists on recognizing the proper identity of individual or species; recognizing what a person is in relation to all other persons and what the species is in relation to all other species. The correct answer is C.
Soru 18
According to Kuçuradi, which of the following is not an indicator of human dignity?
Seçenekler
A
Activities special to human beings
B
Products of human activities
C
Human's characteristics
D
Human's potentials
E
An existential value
Açıklama:
The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings, and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species. Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. The idea of human dignity insists on recognizing the proper identity of individual or species; recognizing what a person is in relation to all other persons and what the species is in relation to all other species. But some others, as Kuçuradi, rest on a different conception of dignity based on a distinct account of human being and of value. Every human being is considered as a valuable or dignified because of having some potentialities in him/his nature. “By the term of ‘the value of the human being’ ” Kuçuradi indicates the special place of this being occupies among other living beings. What provides this special place to him/ her is the entirety of his characteristics, his potentialities which distinguishes him/her from other living beings. They are the activities special to human being and some products of these activities. The correct answer is E.
Soru 19
What does the concept of human rights mainly suffers from?
Seçenekler
A
Universality
B
The value of human beings
C
Indefiniteness
D
Local documents of human rights
E
Human nature
Açıklama:
The concept of human rights suffers from indefiniteness. We encounter different concepts of human rights both in theoretical debates and in international documents of human rights. Many voices the same term, but mean different things, and that raises various problems in theory and practice of human rights. Therefore, the clarification of the concept of human rights has been one of the main theoretical issues for philosophers for a long time. To have a clear concept of human rights has been considered a key for responding the question which rights should be included in human rights and which are not. This challenge used to be called the problem of criterion for human rights. The correct answer is C.
Soru 20
Which of the following terms denotes the esteem paid to the worth, or assumed worth, of an individual?
Seçenekler
A
Dignity
B
Honour
C
Glory
D
Honesty
E
Pride
Açıklama:
Honour as individual feelings and pride is also a feeling which has to do with an individual’s relation with ourselves. However, human dignity is not a kind of feeling related with ourselves. “ ‘Honour’ denotes the esteem paid to the worth, or assumed worth, of an individual. This worth can consist of ethical specificities of a person- of his virtues, …; but it can also be considered to be consist of correspondence of an individual’s behaviour to the value judgement prevailing in a culture” (Kuçuradi, 2013e, 102). The correct answer is B.
Soru 21
Who defines human being as a dual creature who belongs to both the world of phenomenon and noumenon?
Seçenekler
A
Kant
B
Katleb
C
Aristotle
D
Nussbaum
E
Amartya
Açıklama:
Kant defines human being as a dual creature who belongs to both the world of phenomenon and noumenon. This kind of duality means that man is endowed with reason, meanwhile with desires. Kant distinguishes between theoretical and practical reason, thinking and willing. As a creature endowed with reason, man is able to act ethically according to the law of reason or moral law: act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. To have the capacity to act according to the moral law or law of reason consists of human nature in Kant’s theory of man. Being endowed with reason makes possible to act ethically and it differentiates man from other creatures which are not able to act ethically due to their biological nature. The correct answer is A.
Soru 22
According to Donnelly, which type of universality establishes only that if there are any such rights, they are held equally/universally by all?
Seçenekler
A
Conceptual universality
B
Functional universality
C
Ontological universality,
D
International legal universality
E
Overlapping consensus universality
Açıklama:
Donnelly speaks of different senses of the term “universal” in human rights; besides anthropological and ontological universality, he mentions from functional, international legal and overlapping consensus universality. The sense of universality that he considers philosophically and politically indefensible is the anthropological and ontological universality. He emphasizes that universal human rights, if they are understood in the first sense as functional, international legal and overlapping consensus universality, will leave considerable space for cultural particularity and other forms of diversity and relativity. Conceptual universality, however, establishes only that if there are any such rights, they are held equally/universally by all. It does not show that there are any such rights. The correct answer is A.
Soru 23
I. Conceptual universality II. Anthropological universality III. Ontological universality IV. International legal universality Which of the types of universality listed above are considered philosophically and politically defensible by Donnelly?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
I and III
C
II and III
D
I and IV
E
II and IV
Açıklama:
Donnelly speaks of different senses of the term “universal” in human rights; besides anthropological and ontological universality, he mentions from functional, international legal and overlapping consensus universality. The sense of universality that he considers philosophically and politically indefensible is the anthropological and ontological universality. Therefore, it can be concluded that he considers conceptual and international universality defensible. The correct answer is D.
Soru 24
“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood”
From which human rights study was the above study?
From which human rights study was the above study?
Seçenekler
A
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B
Magna Carta
C
The English Bill of Rights
D
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man
E
United States Declaration of Independence
Açıklama:
It is from Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Soru 25
As an idea of the human mind, “human rights express some necessities, related to each human being. These necessities appear as demands
to recognize and observe the value of the human being, i.e., they appear as demands to protect individuals for the sole reason that they are human beings”
Who owns the above opinion?
to recognize and observe the value of the human being, i.e., they appear as demands to protect individuals for the sole reason that they are human beings”
Who owns the above opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Clapham
C
Freeman
D
Oren
E
Tepe
Açıklama:
It is about kuçuradi
Soru 26
The concept of human rights consists of two concepts as human and ..........
Which should be at dotted plate?
Which should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
Rights
B
Freedoms
C
Ethnicity
D
Personality
E
Law
Açıklama:
It should be rights
Soru 27
Kant defines human being as a dual creature who belongs to both the world of phenomenon and ...............
Which should be at dotted plate?
Which should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
noumenon
B
Numerous
C
Menerous
D
Meneoun
E
Phenous
Açıklama:
It should be like A
Soru 28
“The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings-or what we call species because we have learned to see humanity as one
species in the animal kingdom, which is made up of many other species along with our own- and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species”
Who owns the above opinion?
species in the animal kingdom, which is made up of many other species along with our own- and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species”
Who owns the above opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Katleb
C
Donnely
D
Tepe
E
Nussbaum
Açıklama:
It is about katleb
Soru 29
......................begins his analysis of universality by distinguishing the conceptual universality implied by the very idea of human rights from substantive universality, the universality of a particular conception or list of human rights. Conceptual
universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable.
Which should be at dotted place?
universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable.
Which should be at dotted place?
Seçenekler
A
Donnely
B
Tepe
C
Kuçuradi
D
Katleb
E
Harkin
Açıklama:
It should be donnely
Soru 30
......................begins his analysis of universality by distinguishing the conceptual universality implied by the very idea of human rights from substantive universality, the universality of a particular conception or list of human rights. Conceptual
universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable.
Which should be at dotted place?
universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable.
Which should be at dotted place?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Donnely
C
Tepe
D
Katleb
E
Waldron
Açıklama:
It should be donnely
Soru 31
After which of the following events the term "human rights" started to be used as it is today?
Seçenekler
A
Industrial revolution
B
World war I
C
World War II
D
Renaissance
E
French Revolution
Açıklama:
Human rights have roots deep in the mists of time.Yet, the term in the modern sense can be traced to the aftermath of World War II and the foundation of the United Nations, Since 1945, the term of human rights has witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the internationally recognized rights of all people.
Soru 32
“Early legal developments in the area of human rights are said to have emerged from the Magna Carta in ______, a contract between the English King and Barons who were dissatisfied with the taxes being levied by the monarch."
Which of the following dates can be used to complete the sentence above?
Which of the following dates can be used to complete the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
1200
B
1215
C
1250
D
1500
E
1540
Açıklama:
“Early legal developments in the area of human rights are said to have emerged from the Magna Carta of 1215, a contract between the English King and Barons who were dissatisfied with the taxes being levied by the monarch. The rights contained in the Magna Carta were not human rights, but rather political settlement. Human rights belong to all human beings and therefore cannot be restricted to a select group of privileged men. From a contemporary perspective, the Magna Carta turns out to be a rather unfortunate example of a human rights declaration”
Soru 33
Which of the following begins with the phrase 'Man are born and remain free and equal in rights’?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta
B
Bill of the Rights
C
United States Declaration of Independence
D
European Convention on Human Rights
E
The French Declaration
Açıklama:
The French Declaration begins by stating that ‘Man are born and remain free and equal in rights’. The concept of liberty is defined in Article 4 of this Declaration and the other articles related to the rule of law including the fair trial processes.4
Soru 34
"The concept of human rights is as an idea of ________"
Which of the following can be used to complete the sentence above?
Which of the following can be used to complete the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
History
B
Philosophy
C
Humankind
D
Human mind
E
Psychology
Açıklama:
Human rights as an idea and a conception of human mind grounds on an account of human being who should have the needed conditions to actualize his/her potentialities and everyone should be treated so that each will have the conditions to realize his or her possibilities.
Soru 35
Which of the following are the moral rights that every human being has only because of being a member of the human species."
Seçenekler
A
Nationalities
B
Races
C
Human nature
D
Human rights
E
Social structures
Açıklama:
Human rights are the moral rights of every human person regardless of his/her nationality, race, religion and gender, and irrespective of their codification. These rights express some necessities related to each human being. Everyone has basic and inalienable rights due to his/her biological nature. Human rights are the moral rights of every human being because of his/her being a member of the human species.
Soru 36
I- Justice
II- Human being
III- Human nature
Which of the above are among the main elements of the concept of human rights?
II- Human being
III- Human nature
Which of the above are among the main elements of the concept of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
I and II
D
II and III
E
I,II and III
Açıklama:
The idea of human rights presupposes a concept of human being or human nature.
Soru 37
In which of the following countries did the concept of human dignity start?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Belgium
C
Italy
D
Germany
E
Britain
Açıklama:
Though some argue that the concept of human dignity in moral theory goes back to the ancient Greek philosophy, it is seen as a concept of modern philosophy in the sense of we use today it. The defense of rights has a longer history than the history of concept of dignity which began in the revolutions in Britain in the seventeenth century, proceeded in America and France, continued in Kantian philosophy, and developed further in J. Rawls political philosophy and D. Dworkin’s legal theory in the twentieth century.
Soru 38
When does the history of human dignity dates back?
Seçenekler
A
15th century
B
16th century
C
17th century
D
18th century
E
21st century
Açıklama:
Though some argue that the concept of human dignity in moral theory goes back to the ancient Greek philosophy, it is seen as a concept of modern philosophy in the sense of we use today it. The defense of rights has a longer history than the history of concept of dignity which began in the revolutions in Britain in the seventeenth century, proceeded in America and France, continued in Kantian philosophy, and developed further in J. Rawls political philosophy and D. Dworkin’s legal theory in the twentieth century.
Soru 39
Which of the following considers the human dignity as an existential value?
Seçenekler
A
Katleb
B
Kuçuradi
C
Hume
D
Donnelly
E
Locke
Açıklama:
Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value.
Soru 40
I- Bible
II- Koran
III- Buddhist traditions
Which of the above can be read as creating not only duties but also rights?
II- Koran
III- Buddhist traditions
Which of the above can be read as creating not only duties but also rights?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
I and II
D
II and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
The historic development of the concept of human rights is often associated with the evolution of Western philosophical and political principles, yet a different perspective could find reference to similar principles concerning mass education, self-fulfilment, respect for others, and the quest to contribute to others’ well-being in Confucian, Hindu, or Buddhist traditions. Religious texts such as the Bible and the Koran can be read as creating not only duties but also rights.
Soru 41
What is the following, which is considered as the starting point of the earliest developments in Human rights?
Seçenekler
A
The English Bill of Rights
B
Magna Carta
C
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man
D
The American Bill of Rights
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
Early legal developments in the area of human rights are said to have emerged from the Magna Carta of 1215, a contract between the English king and Barons who were dissatisfied with the taxes being levied by the monarch. The correct answer is B
Soru 42
Which of the statements is not correct?
Seçenekler
A
The Magna Carta a contract between the English King and Barons who were dissatisfied with the taxes being levied by the monarch
B
Human rights belong to all human beings, therefore, cannot be restricted to a select group of privileged men
C
The rights contained in the Magna Carta were not human rights, but rather a political settlement
D
The modern concept of human rights is traced to the ideas and texts adopted at the end of the 20 th century
E
In the year 1776, the American Declaration of Independence stated that all men are created equal and have certain unalienable rights
Açıklama:
The modern concept of human rights is traced to the ideas and texts adopted at the end of the 18 th century. The correct answer is D
Soru 43
................. considers human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species
Which of the following should be brought into space above?
Which of the following should be brought into space above?
Seçenekler
A
Rawls
B
Rousseau
C
Dworkin
D
Katleb
E
Kuçuradi
Açıklama:
Katleb considers human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. The correct answer is D
Soru 44
Which of the following is not one of the features of concept of dignity to Kuçuradi?
Seçenekler
A
Human dignity as an ethical basis for her concept of human rights
B
She sees human rights as an idea or a conception of the philosophy of politics
C
The conception that human beings should be treated in a special way that makes it possible for every human being to actualize such potentialities of the human being
D
"By the term of the value of the human being ", she indicates the special place of this being occupies among other living beings
E
The idea of human rights is justified by means of human dignity or the value of man through which all human beings are declared to be equal
Açıklama:
She sees human rights as an idea or a conception of the human mind, which does not mean that philosophy of politics. The correct answer is B.
Soru 45
In which of the following options is the difference between dignity and glory correct?
Seçenekler
A
Glory as an important moral term and it has not similar meaning with honor
B
The use of "glory" to terms like "rights", "obligations", and "values" in some particular bright and shining array
C
Dignity's presence in our moral vocabulary is the result of any individual’s willful effort to bring grandeur
D
Human dignity is a kind of feeling related with ourselves
E
Honour denotes the esteem paid to the worth or assumed worth of an society
Açıklama:
The correct answer is B.
Soru 46
"The universal nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond question"
In the first paragraph of the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, which statement emphasizes what principle of human rights?
In the first paragraph of the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, which statement emphasizes what principle of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom of Person
B
Person Security
C
Personality rights
D
The right of the protection
E
Universality
Açıklama:
It refers to the universality of human rights. The correct answer is E.
Soru 47
Which of the following inferences does not fit Donelly's concept of universality?
Seçenekler
A
He dispenses with the ontological and anthropological universality which claims to provide a single trans-historical foundation for human rights
B
He begins his analysis of universality by distinguishing the conceptual universality implied by the very idea of human rights from substantive universality
C
Conceptual universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable
D
Conceptually universal human rights may be so few in number or specified at such a high level of abstraction that they are of many practical consequence
E
He favors the overlapping consensus which gives human rights multiple grounds rather than rendering them groundless
Açıklama:
Conceptually universal human rights may be so few in number or specified at such a high level of abstraction that they are of little practical consequence. The correct answer is D.
Soru 48
What is meant by the word "of jus gentium" in Roman Law?
Seçenekler
A
Law only the nobility
B
Law for all peoples
C
Law only the patricii
D
No ıllegal crime and punishment
E
Personality of punishment
Açıklama:
Of jus gentium (law for all peoples). The correct answer is B.
Soru 49
Why are human rights not universal according to Marxist?
Seçenekler
A
They primarily benefit the bourgeois
B
The presence of different social classes
C
Cultural relativism
D
Women are excluded from their implementation
E
From the existence of class conflicts
Açıklama:
For Marxists, human rights lack universality because they primarily benefit the bourgeois. The correct answer is A
Soru 50
..................….calls attention to different usages of the term universal, and identifies the nature of human rights norms as norms deduced from the value of human being which leads to so-called worldwide validity of human rights
According to the statement after the blank, which of the following sentences might have been said?
According to the statement after the blank, which of the following sentences might have been said?
Seçenekler
A
John Rawls
B
İonna Kuçuradi
C
Karl Popper
D
Ergun Özbudun
E
Ronald Dworkin
Açıklama:
Kuçuradi calls attention to different usages of the term universal, and identifies the nature of human rights norms as norms deduced from the value of human being. The correct answer is B.
Soru 51
Which of the following defines the liberty-based theory on human rights?
Seçenekler
A
It addresses the relationship between the individual and society.
B
It is based on the inherent rights of peoples, which the State must respect.
C
It demands that the individual is free from arbitrary State interference.
D
It is based on the inherent rights of individuals with each other.
E
It demands that the state is free from arbitrary interferences of individuals.
Açıklama:
C) It demands that the individual is free from arbitrary State interference.
Soru 52
What was the name of the contract between the English King and Barons who were dissatisfied with the taxes being levied by the monarch in 1215?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta
B
The English Bill of Rights
C
Declaration of Human Rights
D
Convention on Human Rights
E
Declaration of Independence
Açıklama:
A) Magna Carta
Soru 53
When did the international community adopt, by consensus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
1689
B
1776
C
1879
D
1948
E
1984
Açıklama:
In December 1948, the international community adopted, by consensus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
D) 1948
D) 1948
Soru 54
- Ambiguity
- Subjectivity
- Communication
- Indefiniteness
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and IV
C
I, II and III
D
I, II and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
The problems of ambiguity, subjectivity and indefiniteness which consist of main problems related to the human rights result from taking these concepts of international human rights instruments for granted
D) I, II and IV
D) I, II and IV
- Ambiguity
- Subjectivity
- Indefiniteness
Soru 55
By means of what can the idea of human right be justified?
Seçenekler
A
individual freedom
B
Human dignity
C
Individual differences
D
Human nature
E
Community needs
Açıklama:
The idea of human rights is justified by means of human dignity or the value of man. Every human person is regarded as a valuable or dignified person, because of having these potentialities in his/her nature. So, the idea of human rights can be justified by means of understanding human dignity or the value of man.
B) Human dignity
B) Human dignity
Soru 56
“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood”. Which of the following consists of this article?
Seçenekler
A
The United States Declaration of Independence
B
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man
C
The European Convention on Human Rights
D
The American Bill of Rights
E
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially its first article provides us a concept of human rights and a concept of human being. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood” (Article 1).
E) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
E) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Soru 57
Human rights are moral rights that every human being has. What is the main reason that underlies this understanding?
Seçenekler
A
Because of being a citizen of a country
B
Only because of being a member of the human species
C
Because of living in a society
D
Just because of living together in a civilized world
E
Because of being a member of the same settlement
Açıklama:
Human rights are moral rights that every human being has only because of being a member of the human species.
B) Only because of being a member of the human species
B) Only because of being a member of the human species
Soru 58
The concept of ............. generally implies that all human beings share certain properties in common as their species heritage.
Seçenekler
A
human dignity
B
human rights
C
moral emotions
D
human myths
E
human nature
Açıklama:
E) human nature
Soru 59
“The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings-or what we call species". Who does this concept of dignity belong to?
Seçenekler
A
Kuçuradi
B
Mirandola
C
Katleb
D
Nussbaum
E
Amartya
Açıklama:
Katleb introduces an account of human dignity which seems to portray the general use of the term of human dignity. “The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings-or what we call species because we have learned to see humanity as one species in the animal kingdom, which is made up of many other species along with our own- and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species”
C) Katleb
C) Katleb
Soru 60
What does the term "universal" refer to when it is used in the sense of universal human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Actualizability of human potentialities
B
Worldwide valid norms
C
Epistemological specificities
D
Induction from empirical conditions
E
Customary ways of behavior
Açıklama:
B) Worldwide valid norms
Ünite 2
Soru 1
When or by whom was the idea of human rights mentioned in history?
Seçenekler
A
After the French Revolution
B
by Aristotle
C
During Renaissance
D
After the First World War
E
When United Nations was established
Açıklama:
The idea of human rights did not appear until 1789. After the French Revolution, the idea of human rights first emerged in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.
Soru 2
According to early Greeks justice and injustice are __________.
Seçenekler
A
human-related concepts
B
universal laws
C
changes according to the situation
D
are utopias
E
are man-made
Açıklama:
Early Greeks consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws.
Soru 3
Which of the following are true as the claims of Stoics?
I. people have certain rights by nature
II. conventional laws are at the center of ethics and politics.
III. an individual can only be happy in society.
IV. a person should live according to nature to be a virtuous and happy person.
I. people have certain rights by nature
II. conventional laws are at the center of ethics and politics.
III. an individual can only be happy in society.
IV. a person should live according to nature to be a virtuous and happy person.
Seçenekler
A
II-IV
B
II-III-IV
C
I-III-IV
D
I-III
E
I-II-III
Açıklama:
The Stoics claimed that people have certain rights by nature. In addition, they placed natural law at the center of ethics and politics. Also, they raised questions about the best policy to make a person virtuous presuming that an an individual can only be happy in a society. Since the starting point of the Stoics was nature, they asserted that a person should live according to nature to be virtuous and happy person.
Soru 4
Which of the following is not one of the fundamental virtues stated by Plato?
Seçenekler
A
wisdom
B
courage
C
temperance
D
religious belief
E
justice
Açıklama:
Plato thinks that each class has its own virtue. Therefore, he categorizes the fundamental virtues as wisdom, courage and temperance, and then he added justice as another fundamental virtue.
Soru 5
Which of the following is not one f the classifications made by Aristoteles?
Seçenekler
A
General justice
B
Particular justice
C
Distributive justice
D
Corrective justice
E
Relative justice
Açıklama:
Aristotle, devoting the whole book of Nicomachean Ethics to justice, describes two kind of justice: “general justice, which includes the whole of ethical virtue ‘as it relates to another’; and particular
justice, which is a particular ethical virtue and has its own sphere. There are also two types of particular justice: distributive justice and corrective justice.
justice, which is a particular ethical virtue and has its own sphere. There are also two types of particular justice: distributive justice and corrective justice.
Soru 6
Which of the following is the only criterion for justice For Cicero?
Seçenekler
A
the law of reason
B
people's beliefs
C
policy makers
D
tyrants' rules
E
conventional laws
Açıklama:
For Cicero, the law of reason is the only criterion for justice because it is
the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages.
the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages.
Soru 7
Which of the followings are true as the difference between Greek philosophy and medieval philosophy in terms of the conception of human?
I. Justice is not suitable for human nature
II. human beings are created by God
III. every individual is born with original sin
IV. the human world is full of sin and injustice
I. Justice is not suitable for human nature
II. human beings are created by God
III. every individual is born with original sin
IV. the human world is full of sin and injustice
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
II-III-IV
C
I-IV
D
II-III
E
I-III-IV
Açıklama:
Patristic philosophy (the philosophy of church fathers) used the term ‘natural law’ in
sense of divine command. Also, the conception of human in medieval philosophy is different from the conception of Greek philosophy. First, it conceived the human being as a being created by God, unlike in Greek philosophy. Secondly, every individual is born with original sin and the human world is full of sin and injustice.
sense of divine command. Also, the conception of human in medieval philosophy is different from the conception of Greek philosophy. First, it conceived the human being as a being created by God, unlike in Greek philosophy. Secondly, every individual is born with original sin and the human world is full of sin and injustice.
Soru 8
Which of the following is the most basic right according to Locke?
Seçenekler
A
life
B
liberty
C
property
D
power
E
physical needs
Açıklama:
Locke describes the right to property as the most basic right which includes
the other rights of man, such as life and liberty, because life and liberty are
the objects of property
the other rights of man, such as life and liberty, because life and liberty are
the objects of property
Soru 9
Which of the following is true for J.J. Rousseu's apparoach to human rights?
I. his political theory is based onthe concept of natural law.
II. natural freedom is replaced by legal or political freedom
III. all people are born equal and free by nature.
IV. the government is morally obligated to protect people's basic rights.
I. his political theory is based onthe concept of natural law.
II. natural freedom is replaced by legal or political freedom
III. all people are born equal and free by nature.
IV. the government is morally obligated to protect people's basic rights.
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
I-III-IV
C
I-III
D
I-II-III
E
II-III-IV
Açıklama:
Sayfa 41-42 - 43
* his political theory is based on the concept of natural law.
* natural freedom is replaced by legal or political freedom
* all people are born equal and free by nature.
* his political theory is based on the concept of natural law.
* natural freedom is replaced by legal or political freedom
* all people are born equal and free by nature.
Soru 10
Who stated the following quotation "Eevery civil constitution must be based on three principles: freedom, equality and dependence"?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Paine
B
Thomas Hobbes
C
John Locke
D
J.J Rousseu
E
Emanuel Kant
Açıklama:
According to Kant every civil constitution must be based on three principles: freedom, equality and dependence.
Soru 11
Which of the following is true for the word translated as ‘justice’ ?
Seçenekler
A
dike
B
dikaios
C
dikaiosyne
D
-syne
E
path
Açıklama:
The word translated as ‘justice’ is dike in the Ancient Greek language. And, dikaios which means just, comes from dike. Also, dikaiosyne generally used by Plato consists of the terms of dikaios and -syne which forms abstract nouns from the adjectives and nouns. The original meaning of dike is literally a way or path in which a certain class of people usually behaves, or normal course of nature (Guthrie, 1960, 6). Doğru cevap " A " dır.
Soru 12
" ................... consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws. "
Which of the following is correct for the sentence above?
Which of the following is correct for the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Frenchs
B
Early Greeks
C
Germans
D
Early Italians
E
The British
Açıklama:
These philosophers consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws or laws of nature rather than concepts created by humanity. Early Greeks consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws.But Heraclitus apprehends that justice and injustice were man-made, and that God does not care about either. For that reason, for many Presocratic Greek philosophers, happiness consists in living according to nature or the universal law. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
Soru 13
" In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the ................. of ethics, but the happiness of a society is the subject of politics. "
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
introduction
B
topic
C
subject
D
matter
E
idea
Açıklama:
The most important contribution to the idea of natural law was the account of the Stoics. “The most dramatic mutation in the early relationship between physis and nomos was introduced by the Stoics” (Douzinas, 2000, 31). The Stoics claimed that people have certain rights by nature. In addition, they placed natural law at the center of ethics and politics. Also, they raised questions about the best policy to make a person virtuous presuming that an individual can only be happy in a society. In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the subject of ethics, but the happiness of a society is the subject of politics. Doğru cevap " C " dir.
Soru 14
" The Sophists had distinguished between nature and customs, but ................ made a distinction between the physical and the intelligible world. "
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Cicero
B
Seneca
C
Laertius
D
Plato
E
Socrates
Açıklama:
The Sophists had distinguished between nature and customs, but Plato made a
distinction between the physical and the intelligible world. According to the Sophists nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal. Doğru cevap " D " dir.
distinction between the physical and the intelligible world. According to the Sophists nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal. Doğru cevap " D " dir.
Soru 15
" He " was one of Plato’s students, but his philosophical doctrine is different from Plato’s. "
Who is " He " in the sentence above? Choose the correct one?
Who is " He " in the sentence above? Choose the correct one?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Sophists
C
Seneca
D
Stoics
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
Aristotle was one of Plato’s students, but his philosophical doctrine is different from Plato’s. “Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics starts and ends with political concerns. At the beginning at his work, Aristotle says that the inquiry he is about to begin is ‘sort of politics’; and at the end of the work, he suggests that the reader should complete the study of the humanities by studying different political systems. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
Soru 16
Which of the following is correct definition for " St. Augustine " ?
Seçenekler
A
He was a Platonist philosopher in the early Middle Ages.
B
He followed partially the classical theory of justice in his works.
C
He thought of natural right as personal power to conform the right reason.
D
He presented a new method for analyzing legal foundations.
E
He thinks that the human body is like a natural machine.
Açıklama:
According to St. Augustine, a Platonist philosopher in the early Middle Ages, the world was brought into existence from nothingness by God who created human, and the earth is not eternal, so the earth has both a beginning and an end, but man was created to be eternal. For Augustine, there is damnation for all men because of the fall of Adam. In this context, Augustine distinguished between the earthly city and the city of God. He thinks that justice can only be fulfilled in the city of God. Doğru cevap " A " dır.
Soru 17
" ....................... , natural law is definite, certain and immutable because it is divine and because it comes from God. "
Which of the following is correct?
Which of the following is correct?
Seçenekler
A
According to Augustine,
B
According to Aquinas,
C
According to William of Ockham,
D
According to Thomas Hobbes,
E
According to John Locke,
Açıklama:
According to Aquinas, natural law is definite, certain and immutable because it is divine and because it comes from God. According to Aquinas, since human nature is changeable and relative, we can make amendments both in the positive law and the natural law. Natural law cannot be formulated in rules or canons and it does not accept a rigid and fixed formulation. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
Soru 18
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Seçenekler
A
He is the first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense.
B
He is the leading philosopher of liberalism and as a contractarian philosopher.
C
He is the first philosopher to replace fully the concept of justice with the idea
of rights.
of rights.
D
He is the first man lived equally, freely and happily in the state of nature.
E
He is one of the German philosopher.
Açıklama:
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
From Plato to early modernity, philosophy investigated the best polity for human and the teleological reasons of the state and laws. Thomas Hobbes presented a new method for analyzing legal foundations and redefined the traditional juridical concepts of law, right and justice. He is also the founder of the modern tradition of individual rights and the first philosopher to replace fully the concept of justice with the idea of rights (Douzinas, 2000, 69). Doğru cevap " C " dir.
From Plato to early modernity, philosophy investigated the best polity for human and the teleological reasons of the state and laws. Thomas Hobbes presented a new method for analyzing legal foundations and redefined the traditional juridical concepts of law, right and justice. He is also the founder of the modern tradition of individual rights and the first philosopher to replace fully the concept of justice with the idea of rights (Douzinas, 2000, 69). Doğru cevap " C " dir.
Soru 19
Which of the following is not correct according to Hobbes?
Seçenekler
A
In the state of nature there is no authority, such as the state.
B
He defines the state of nature as the state of war of everyone against everyone else.
C
Liberty is a right, but the law is an obligation.
D
All humans are equal in accordance with the rights which are innate.
E
Justice is an obligation to keep promises and to obey the law.
Açıklama:
In the state of nature there is no authority, such as the state. Hobbes defines the state of nature as the state of war of everyone against everyone else. Hobbes distinguishes between liberty and law. Liberty is a right, but the law is an obligation. For Hobbes, justice is an obligation to keep promises and to obey the law, whereas injustice is to violate the law. Doğru cevap " D " dir.
Soru 20
Which of the following is not one of the philosophers who contributed to the " Concept of Right "?
Seçenekler
A
Immanuel Kant,
B
Jeremy Bentham,
C
Thomas Paine,
D
John Stuart Mill,
E
Isaac Newton,
Açıklama:
For Kant, the distinction between right and virtue depends on the concept of freedom. The utilitarians such as Bentham and Mill claimed that the concept of natural rights comes from abstract principles. According to Paine, the concept of
right cannot be considered without the concept of duty. Paine claimed that rights are given by any authority and rights are equal for all humans. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
right cannot be considered without the concept of duty. Paine claimed that rights are given by any authority and rights are equal for all humans. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
Soru 21
In which year did the idea of human rights start to appear?
Seçenekler
A
1071
B
1674
C
1740
D
1789
E
1918
Açıklama:
INTRODUCTION
The idea of human rights did not appear until 1789. After the French Revolution, the idea of human rights first emerged in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789. “The idea of ‘rights’ - specifically, ‘human rights’ - is of fairly recent vintage.
The idea of human rights did not appear until 1789. After the French Revolution, the idea of human rights first emerged in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789. “The idea of ‘rights’ - specifically, ‘human rights’ - is of fairly recent vintage.
Soru 22
Which philosopher apprehends that justice and injustice were man-made?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Aristotle
C
Heraclitus
D
Socrates
E
Phythagoras
Açıklama:
CLASSICAL ORIGINS OF THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Heraclitus apprehends that justice and injustice were man-made, and that God does not care about either.
Heraclitus apprehends that justice and injustice were man-made, and that God does not care about either.
Soru 23
I.Early Greeks consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws.
II.In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the subject of politics.
III.The happiness of a society is the subject of ethics.
Which one/ones is/are above are correct?
II.In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the subject of politics.
III.The happiness of a society is the subject of ethics.
Which one/ones is/are above are correct?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I-II
C
I-III
D
II-III
E
I-II-III
Açıklama:
CLASSICAL ORIGINS OF THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS
In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the subject of ethics, but the happiness of a society is the subject of politics.
In philosophy, the happiness of an individual is the subject of ethics, but the happiness of a society is the subject of politics.
Soru 24
I. Plato was a follower of Aristotle.
II.His famous work called Republic.
III.The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy.
Which one/ones is/are correct about Plato?
II.His famous work called Republic.
III.The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy.
Which one/ones is/are correct about Plato?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I-II
C
I-III
D
II-III
E
I-II-III
Açıklama:
Plato (427-347 BC)
Plato was a follower of Socrates. He stated his political views, namely, his understanding of the justice (dikaiosyne) and the state, in his famous work called Republic. The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy, especially in his Republic.
Plato was a follower of Socrates. He stated his political views, namely, his understanding of the justice (dikaiosyne) and the state, in his famous work called Republic. The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy, especially in his Republic.
Soru 25
Which one below is not an opinion of Platon?
Seçenekler
A
Justice is as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues.
B
Justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society.
C
Nature is perfect, immutable and eternal.
D
Ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal.
E
The laws of a city should be established according to the ideas of good and justice.
Açıklama:
Plato (427-347 BC)
The Sophists had distinguished between nature and customs, but Plato made a
distinction between the physical and the intelligible world. According to the Sophists
nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal.
The Sophists had distinguished between nature and customs, but Plato made a
distinction between the physical and the intelligible world. According to the Sophists
nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal.
Soru 26
Which one below is not an opinion of Aristotle?
Seçenekler
A
Equality is logically superior to justice, because without equality, there is not a justice.
B
The state was established for the good of all. The purpose of the state is the
happiness of all its citizens.
happiness of all its citizens.
C
Human beings are not self-sufficient, and they need others in order to be self-sufficient.
D
In justice is every virtue comprehended.
E
The law of reason is the only criterion for justice because it is the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages.
Açıklama:
Aristotle (384-342 BC)
For Cicero, the law of reason is the only criterion for justice because it is
the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages.
For Cicero, the law of reason is the only criterion for justice because it is
the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages.
Soru 27
Which one below is an opinion of Hobbes?
Seçenekler
A
Liberty is a right, but the law is an obligation.
B
The basics rights of man are life, liberty and property.
C
All humans are equal in accordance with the rights which are innate.
D
The right is a power, or an authority which individuals have, and which was granted by law.
E
No human sanction can be good or valid against the law of nature.
Açıklama:
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Only option A is an opinion of Hobbes .The other ones are opinions of Locke
Only option A is an opinion of Hobbes .The other ones are opinions of Locke
Soru 28
Whose theory is the"theory of social contract"?
Seçenekler
A
Hobbes
B
Locke
C
Plato
D
Rousseau
E
Cicero
Açıklama:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract.
In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract.
Soru 29
"1. The freedom of every member of a society as a human being.
2. His equality with every other as a subject.
3. The independence of every member of a commonwealth as a citizen."
According to whom are these the rights of citizens?
2. His equality with every other as a subject.
3. The independence of every member of a commonwealth as a citizen."
According to whom are these the rights of citizens?
Seçenekler
A
Rousseau
B
Hobbes
C
Kant
D
Bentham
E
Paine
Açıklama:
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
The principle of innate freedom involves the innate equality, that is, independence from being bound by others. “Thus, the civil condition, regarded merely as a rightful
condition, is based a priori on the following principles:” (Kant, 1996, 291).
1. The freedom of every member of a society as a human being.
2. His equality with every other as a subject.
3. The independence of every member of a commonwealth as a citizen.
The principle of innate freedom involves the innate equality, that is, independence from being bound by others. “Thus, the civil condition, regarded merely as a rightful
condition, is based a priori on the following principles:” (Kant, 1996, 291).
1. The freedom of every member of a society as a human being.
2. His equality with every other as a subject.
3. The independence of every member of a commonwealth as a citizen.
Soru 30
"All rights are legal rights and fruits of the law; the laws are rules reinforced by punishments. The idea that positive laws must comply with natural laws can lead to
resistance to positive law, and if that is the case, no state can survive. "
Which option below has the same meaning as the given opinion?
resistance to positive law, and if that is the case, no state can survive. "
Which option below has the same meaning as the given opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Every civil constitution must be based on three principles: freedom, equality and
dependence.
dependence.
B
Natural rights are not properly rights because no right can be prior to government.
C
All people are born equal and free by nature.
D
The right is a power, or an authority which individuals have, and which was granted by law.
E
Justice is an obligation to keep promises and to obey the law, whereas injustice is to violate the law.
Açıklama:
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Given opinion is Bentham's opinion and for Bentham, natural rights are not properly rights because no right can be prior to government.
Given opinion is Bentham's opinion and for Bentham, natural rights are not properly rights because no right can be prior to government.
Soru 31
"it was asserted that conventional laws are changeable but natural laws are not."
Whose idea was the sentence above?
Whose idea was the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Sophists,
B
Presocratics.
C
Socrates,
D
Plato,
E
Laertius,
Açıklama:
Before the Sophists, this conception had already been put forward by the Presocratics. But with the Sophists, an opposition between physis and nomos has emerged which leads us to the idea of natural law. In other words, it was asserted that conventional laws are changeable but natural laws are not. Doğru cevap " A " dır.
Soru 32
" justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society ";
According to whom, had the sentence above been said? Which of the following is correct?
According to whom, had the sentence above been said? Which of the following is correct?
Seçenekler
A
Laertius,
B
Plato,
C
Cicero,
D
Seneca,
E
Socrates,
Açıklama:
According to Plato, justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society.
Plato thinks that if each and all do their own tasks, injustice will not occur in a society. Conversely, only if each class does their own duties, the state will be just. Therefore, justice is regarded as the master virtue, because the existence of the other virtues depends on justice. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
Plato thinks that if each and all do their own tasks, injustice will not occur in a society. Conversely, only if each class does their own duties, the state will be just. Therefore, justice is regarded as the master virtue, because the existence of the other virtues depends on justice. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
Soru 33
" equality is logically superior to justice, because without equality, there is not a justice. "
According to whom, had the sentence above been said? Which of the following is correct?
According to whom, had the sentence above been said? Which of the following is correct?
Seçenekler
A
Stoics,
B
Cicero,
C
Aristotle,
D
Plato,
E
Aquinas,
Açıklama:
" According to Aristotle, equality is logically superior to justice, because without
equality, there is not a justice. "
According to the conception of equality, justice includes treating equal persons equally, and treating unequal persons unequally. This is the principal of the distributive justice. Doğru cevap " C " dir.
equality, there is not a justice. "
According to the conception of equality, justice includes treating equal persons equally, and treating unequal persons unequally. This is the principal of the distributive justice. Doğru cevap " C " dir.
Soru 34
According to Augustine, which one of the followings had been said?
Seçenekler
A
" the law of reason is the only criterion for justice because it is the divine law of nature and it binds all people and all ages. "
B
" the state was established for the good of all. The purpose of the state is the
happiness of all its citizens. "
happiness of all its citizens. "
C
" natural law is definite, certain and immutable because it is divine and because it comes from God. "
D
" justice is a divine attribute, and it does not belong to this world (earthly state), and it can only be realized in the city of God. "
E
" human beings are not self-sufficient, and they need others in order to be
self-sufficient; "
self-sufficient; "
Açıklama:
" According to Augustine, justice is a divine attribute, and it does not belong to this world (earthly state), and it can only be realized in the city of God. "
According to Augustine, for example, the Roman Empire was never a truly just political state, because it was an earthly state and true justice can only be found in the Christian state of God. “Original sin and the fall of man made it impossible for secular law and justice to redeem people from evil” and “justice will always remain a promise that cannot be fulfilled in this life. Justice is a divine attribute which does not belong to this world” (Douzinas, 2000, 55). So, Augustine made the classical theories of justice compatible with Christian dogmas. Doğru cevap " D " dir.
According to Augustine, for example, the Roman Empire was never a truly just political state, because it was an earthly state and true justice can only be found in the Christian state of God. “Original sin and the fall of man made it impossible for secular law and justice to redeem people from evil” and “justice will always remain a promise that cannot be fulfilled in this life. Justice is a divine attribute which does not belong to this world” (Douzinas, 2000, 55). So, Augustine made the classical theories of justice compatible with Christian dogmas. Doğru cevap " D " dir.
Soru 35
Who was the first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle,
B
Thomas Hobbes,
C
Thomas Aquinas,
D
St. Augustine,
E
William of Ockham,
Açıklama:
And the first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense was William of Ockham, who thought of natural right as personal power to conform the right reason, without an agreement or pact (Winston, 1989, 3). The term jus had been used to in reference with term justice, but William of Ockham used it in reference to the power of individual. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
Soru 36
What are the basics rights of man that Locke states?
Seçenekler
A
life, liberty and property,
B
respect to the rights they have,
C
human rights by presenting the idea of the rights of man.
D
Rights consist in liberty,
E
the right of nature,
Açıklama:
" Locke states that the basics rights of man are life, liberty and property. "
Locke puts forth an idea of the rights of man against the idea of a strong state. “Locke’s natural rights were threefold: life, liberty, and property; he is thus considered to be the founder modern liberalism” (O’Byrne, 2013, 30). Doğru cevap " A " dır.
Locke puts forth an idea of the rights of man against the idea of a strong state. “Locke’s natural rights were threefold: life, liberty, and property; he is thus considered to be the founder modern liberalism” (O’Byrne, 2013, 30). Doğru cevap " A " dır.
Soru 37
Who expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract?
Seçenekler
A
John Locke,
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
C
Thomas Hobbes,
D
William of Ockham,
E
Immanuel Kant,
Açıklama:
" In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract. "
His political theory is based on the concept of natural law. In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
His political theory is based on the concept of natural law. In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract. Doğru cevap " B " dir.
Soru 38
Which of the following depends on the concept of freedom for Kant?
Seçenekler
A
legal or political freedom,
B
the positive law of the state,
C
the distinction between right and virtue,
D
born equal and free by nature,
E
the objects of property,
Açıklama:
" For Kant, the distinction between right and virtue depends on the concept of freedom. "
Any particular conception cannotbe a basis of pure principle of state; and a universal principle of right cannot be based upon happiness, but only upon universal principle, such as freedom. Kant thought that the distinction between right and virtue is based on the concept of freedom, but in different ways; this distinction makes it necessary to divide duties into duties of outer freedom and
duties of inner freedom (Kant, 1996, 534). Doğru cevap " C " dir.
Any particular conception cannotbe a basis of pure principle of state; and a universal principle of right cannot be based upon happiness, but only upon universal principle, such as freedom. Kant thought that the distinction between right and virtue is based on the concept of freedom, but in different ways; this distinction makes it necessary to divide duties into duties of outer freedom and
duties of inner freedom (Kant, 1996, 534). Doğru cevap " C " dir.
Soru 39
Who claimed that the concept of natural rights comes from abstract principles?
Seçenekler
A
Immanuel Kant,
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
C
John Locke,
D
Jeremy Bentham,
E
Thomas Paine,
Açıklama:
" The utilitarians such as Bentham and Mill claimed that the concept of natural rights comes from abstract principles. "
The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who made a utilitarian critique of the theory of natural law and the concept of natural rights, developed an early form of legal positivism. He denied many concepts such as natural rights, state of nature and social contract, since these rights are not observable and enforceable for him. Bentham insisted natural rights were not just nonsense and fallacies, they were also pernicious and anarchical (Douzinas, 2000, 109). Doğru cevap " D " dir.
The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who made a utilitarian critique of the theory of natural law and the concept of natural rights, developed an early form of legal positivism. He denied many concepts such as natural rights, state of nature and social contract, since these rights are not observable and enforceable for him. Bentham insisted natural rights were not just nonsense and fallacies, they were also pernicious and anarchical (Douzinas, 2000, 109). Doğru cevap " D " dir.
Soru 40
According to whom, the concept of right can not be considered without the concept of duty?
Which of the following is correct?
Which of the following is correct?
Seçenekler
A
Immanuel Kant,
B
Jeremy Bentham,
C
John Locke,
D
Thomas Hobbes,
E
Thomas Paine,
Açıklama:
" According to Paine, the concept of right cannot be considered without the concept of duty. "
For Paine, rights have corresponding positive duties and all persons have a duty to contribute towards a society so that everyone can fully enjoy their natural rights. According to Paine, any right of me as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to guarantee as well as to possess it. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
For Paine, rights have corresponding positive duties and all persons have a duty to contribute towards a society so that everyone can fully enjoy their natural rights. According to Paine, any right of me as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to guarantee as well as to possess it. Doğru cevap " E " dir.
Soru 41
Which of the following philosophers argues that equality is logically superior to justice, because, without equality, there is no justice?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Plato
C
Heraclitus
D
Rousseau
E
Locke
Açıklama:
According to Aristotle, equality is logically superior to justice, because, without equality, there is no justice. The answer is A.
Soru 42
According to Plato, which of the following is a master virtue in comparison with other virtues?
Seçenekler
A
Equality
B
Justice
C
Faith
D
Liberty
E
Democracy
Açıklama:
Plato considers justice as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues. The answer is B.
Soru 43
Which of the following is the Ancient Greek word for justice?
Seçenekler
A
Physis
B
Nomos
C
Dike
D
Polis
E
Ethics
Açıklama:
The word translated as ‘justice’ is dike in the Ancient Greek language. The answer is C.
Soru 44
- Justice is a divine attribute.
- Justice does not belong to the earthly state (this world).
- Justice can only be realized in the city of God.
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
Only III
D
I and II
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
According to Augustine, justice is a divine attribute, and it does not belong to this world (earthly state), and it can only be realized in the city of God. The answer is E.
Soru 45
Who was the first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense?
Seçenekler
A
Immanuel Kant
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C
Thomas Hobbes
D
William of Ockham
E
John Locke
Açıklama:
The first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense was William of Ockham. The answer is D.
Soru 46
For whom is justice a principle of participation in the divine order?
Seçenekler
A
Aquinas
B
St. Augustine
C
Cicero
D
Aristotle
E
Plato
Açıklama:
For Aquinas, justice is a principle of participation in the divine order. The answer is A.
Soru 47
Who defines the state of nature as the state of war of everyone against everyone else?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
John Locke
C
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Thomas Hobbes defines the state of nature as the state of war of everyone against everyone else. The answer is A.
Soru 48
Who describes the right to property as the most basic right which includes the other rights of man, such as life and liberty, because life and liberty are the objects of property?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
John Locke
C
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
John Locke describes the right to property as the most basic right which includes the other rights of man, such as life and liberty, because life and liberty are the objects of property. The answer is B.
Soru 49
Who introduced the concept of the general will?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
John Locke
C
Immanuel Kant
D
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced the concept of the general will. The answer is D.
Soru 50
According to Paine, the concept of right cannot be considered without the concept of ... .
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
freedom
B
liberty
C
justice
D
religion
E
duty
Açıklama:
According to Paine, the concept of right cannot be considered without the concept of duty.
Soru 51
When did the idea of human rights first emerge?
Seçenekler
A
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789
B
French Revolution in 1799
C
During Renaissance in 16th century
D
Ancient Greek during 8th and 1st century BC
E
With Magna Carta in 1215
Açıklama:
A is the correct answer
Soru 52
Which of the following is the ancient Greek word for law and justice?
Seçenekler
A
axios
B
gaia
C
dike
D
kosmos
E
kratos
Açıklama:
Deki means law in Ancient Greek. The answer is C.
Soru 53
Which of the following Greek philosophers wrote "Republic"?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Plato
C
Heraclitus
D
Aristotle
E
Bion
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Soru 54
What are the three classes in Plato's ideal state?
Seçenekler
A
Rulers, philosophers, auxilaries
B
Rulers, philosophers, producers
C
Rulers, producers, slaves
D
Rulers, auxilaries, producers
E
Rulers, auxilaries, slaves
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Soru 55
According to Plato, who should govern the state?
Seçenekler
A
A monarch
B
A priest
C
A philosopher king
D
A great soldier
E
An aristocrat
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Soru 56
According to Aristotle, why is state necessary for humans?
Seçenekler
A
The world is chaotic. As the state brings order, humans need the state.
B
Humans are not self-sufficient and they need others; so, the state is necessary.
C
Humans need to be organized to survive agains the nature and the wild animals. State will save them; therefore, it's necessary.
D
States help humans to be productive; therefore it is necessary.
E
States can bring equality among humanbeings; therefore it is necessary.
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Soru 57
According to the Stoics, what are the basic four virtues?
Seçenekler
A
wisdom, courage, temperance and justice
B
wisdom, courage, truth and justice
C
wisdom, patience, temperance and justice
D
wisdom, patience, truth and justice
E
patience, courage, truth and justice
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 58
Who was the first philosopher to use the concept of a right (jus) in anything like in the modern sense?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
Thomas Aquinas
C
St. Augustine
D
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
E
William of Ockham
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Soru 59
What is right according to Kant?
Seçenekler
A
It is based upon a historical social contract.
B
It is concerned with one’s relations with other people.
C
It is derived from the subjective laws of nature.
D
It is transferred to another person in the state of nature.
E
It is justified on empirical and historical grounds.
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Soru 60
What is the only true natural right according to Hobbes?
Seçenekler
A
Property
B
Sovereignty
C
Self-preservation
D
The social contract
E
To be justified by the strongest
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Soru 61
Where did the idea of human rights first emerge?
Seçenekler
A
Works and Days
B
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
C
Dikaiosyne
D
Leviathan
E
The Social Contract
Açıklama:
After the French Revolution, the idea of human rights first emerged in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.
Soru 62
According to which philosopher the source of natural law is God?
Seçenekler
A
Cicero
B
Jeremy Bentham
C
Plato
D
Thomas Hobbes
E
Socrates
Açıklama:
With Cicero, the source of natural law had been God, and the idea of God thus emerged in the stage of history.
Soru 63
According to whom ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C
Plato
D
John Locke
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
According to the Sophists nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal.
Soru 64
According to whom justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Jeremy Bentham
C
Plato
D
John Locke
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
According to Plato, justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society.
Soru 65
Who considers justice as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Plato
C
Socrates
D
John Locke
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Plato considers justice as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues.
Soru 66
Who considers justice as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues?
Seçenekler
A
Aristotle
B
Socrates
C
John Locke
D
Plato
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Plato considers justice as a master virtue in comparison with other virtues?
Soru 67
According to whom the best polity is the monarchy which is governed by a philosopher king?
Seçenekler
A
Plato
B
Aristotle
C
John Locke
D
Jeremy Bentham
E
Socrates
Açıklama:
According to Plato, the best polity is the monarchy which is governed by a philosopher king.
Soru 68
According to whom the state was established for the good of all, and the purpose of the state is the happiness of all its citizens?
Seçenekler
A
Socrates
B
Plato
C
William of Ockham
D
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
E
Aristotle
Açıklama:
According to Aristotle, the state was established for the good of all. The purpose of the state is the happiness of all its citizens.
Soru 69
According to whom equality is logically superior to justice, because without equality, there is not a justice?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
Socrates
C
Plato
D
Aristotle
E
Immanuel Kant
Açıklama:
According to Aristotle, equality is logically superior to justice, because without equality, there is not a justice?
Soru 70
For whom justice is an obligation to keep promises and to obey the law, whereas injustice is to violate the law?
Seçenekler
A
William of Ockham
B
Immanuel Kant
C
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D
John Locke
E
Thomas Hobbes
Açıklama:
For Hobbes, justice is an obligation to keep promises and to obey the law, whereas injustice is to violate the law.
Soru 71
- In Ancient Greek philosophy to distinguish changing things from unchanging ones is considered an important issue.
- In Ancient Greek philosophers consider justice and injustice as concepts created by humanity.
- Heraclitus apprehends that justice and injustice were universal laws or laws of nature.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Greek philosophy is a convenient starting point to uncover the origins of human rights. Indeed, we need to look at the history of the concepts of natural law and justice in ancient Greek philosophy, if we want to examine the original beginnings of the idea of human rights. In Ancient Greek philosophy, to distinguish changing things from unchanging ones is considered an important issue. And the law of nature is seen as universal, immutable and eternal a set of regularities or of repeated patterns.These philosophers consider justice and injustice as if they are universal laws or laws of nature rather than concepts created by humanity. But Heraclitus apprehends that justice and injustice were man-made, and that God does not care about either. The correct answer is Choice A.
Soru 72
Which of the following is false about the sophists?
Seçenekler
A
They were interested in nature.
B
They believed that social rules are not universal and immutable.
C
They set individual opinions against tradition.
D
They claimed that people have certain rights by nature.
E
They placed natural law at the center of ethics and politics.
Açıklama:
After Presocratic philosophers, the sophists were interested in human, society and political affairs rather than nature. Their most important characteristic was the critical attitude towards knowledge, truth and laws. They believed that knowledge is relative and that social rules are not universal and immutable. The Sophists set physis, which means natural, against nomos, which means social law, and they set individual opinions against tradition. The most important contribution to the idea of natural law was the account of the Stoics. “The most dramatic mutation in the early relationship between physis and nomos was introduced by the Stoics” (Douzinas, 2000, 31). The Stoics claimed that people have certain rights by nature. They placed natural law at the center of ethics and politics.
Soru 73
- He sees four classes in a state.
- He thinks that polities can only survive if they do not apply natural right to politics.
- He states that concepts like justice, state and good exist as ideas in the intelligible world.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Plato thinks that no polity can survive, if it does not apply natural right to politics. Plato’s theory of forms had been decisive on his other philosophical views. He states that concepts like justice, state and good exist as ideas in the intelligible world. So, when Plato talks about a state, he means an ideal state or the idea of state. Plato sees three classes in a state. The classes of a state are rulers (governors of the state), auxiliaries (soldiers or defenders) and producers (farmers, artisans, etc.). The correct answer is Choice C.
Soru 74
- He stated his political views in his famous work called Republic.
- The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy.
- For him, human beings are not self-sufficient, and they need others in order to be self-sufficient.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Plato stated his political views, namely, his understanding of the justice (dikaiosyne) and the state, in his famous work called Republic. The question of justice or the concept of justice is at the center of his philosophy, especially in his Republic.
According to Aristotle, human beings are not self-sufficient, and they need others in order to be self-sufficient; therefore, the state is necessary for human beings’ abilities and also for the realization of justice.
The correct answer is Choice C.
According to Aristotle, human beings are not self-sufficient, and they need others in order to be self-sufficient; therefore, the state is necessary for human beings’ abilities and also for the realization of justice.
The correct answer is Choice C.
Soru 75
- They both take for granted that nothing comes from nothing.
- They both used the term ‘natural law' but in different senses.
- The conception of human in medieval philosophy is the same with the conception of Greek philosophy.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
The early Greek philosophers take for granted that nothing comes from nothing. But with the birth of Christianity, it is believed that God created the world from nothing. Patristic philosophy (the philosophy of church fathers) used the term ‘natural law’ in sense of divine command. Also, the conception of human in medieval philosophy is different from the conception of Greek philosophy. First, it conceived the human being as a being created by God, unlike in Greek philosophy. Secondly, every individual is born with original sin and the human world is full of sin and injustice. The correct answer is Choice B.
Soru 76
Which of the following is true about St. Augustine?
Seçenekler
A
He was an Aristotelian philosopher in many respects.
B
He followed the Stoic philosophy concerning natural law.
C
He believed that human dignity and value are innate properties which are validated according to “natural law”.
D
For him justice is constituted by a reference to the other person.
E
For him justice is a divine attribute, and it can only be realized in the city of God.
Açıklama:
According to Augustine, justice is a divine attribute, and it does not belong to this world (earthly state), and it can only be realized in the city of God. Another Medieval philosopher, Thomas Aquinas followed partially the classical theory of justice in his works. Unlike Augustine, Aquinas was an Aristotelian philosopher in many respects. He also followed the Stoic philosophy concerning natural law. Aquinas believed that human dignity and value are innate properties which are validated according to “natural law”. Also, there is close similarity between Aquinas’ justice and Aristotle’s conception of general justice. For Aquinas, justice is constituted by a reference to the other person. The correct answer is Choice E.
Soru 77
Which of the following is considered to be the founder of the modern tradition of individual rights and the first philosopher to replace fully the concept of justice with the idea of rights?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Aquinas
B
William of Ockham
C
Thomas Hobbes
D
John Locke
E
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Açıklama:
From Plato to early modernity, philosophy investigated the best polity for human and the teleological reasons of the state and laws. Thomas Hobbes presented a new method for analyzing legal foundations and redefined the traditional juridical concepts of law, right and justice. He is also the founder of the modern tradition of individual rights and the first philosopher to replace fully the concept of justice with the idea of rights. The correct answer is Choice C.
Soru 78
- Locke’s description of the state of nature is similar with that of Hobbes.
- Rousseau extended the social contract tradition beyond the individualism of Hobbes and Locke.
- Like Hobbes’ political philosophy, the hypothesis of state of nature was the basis of political constitution in Locke’s political philosophy.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Locke’s description of the state of nature is different from that of Hobbes. “John Locke’s political writings are commonly presented as the early manifesto of liberalism and as the opposite of Hobbes’ ‘totalitarianism’”.
Like Hobbes’ political philosophy, the hypothesis of state of nature was the basis of political constitution in Locke’s political philosophy.
In his major works, The Social Contract and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau stated his political thoughts with reference to the concepts of freedom and equality. These two concepts, according to him, are fundamental rights which nature provides to people. Therefore, his political theory is based on the concept of natural law. In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract. Rousseau thus extended the social contract tradition beyond the individualism of Hobbes and Locke to incorporate the role of community in his work The Social Contract, in which he argued that the community must represent the general will of people.
The correct answer is Choice E.
Like Hobbes’ political philosophy, the hypothesis of state of nature was the basis of political constitution in Locke’s political philosophy.
In his major works, The Social Contract and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau stated his political thoughts with reference to the concepts of freedom and equality. These two concepts, according to him, are fundamental rights which nature provides to people. Therefore, his political theory is based on the concept of natural law. In addition to Hobbes’ and Locke’s fundamental innate rights, such as life, freedom and property, Rousseau also expresses social and economic rights in his theory of social contract. Rousseau thus extended the social contract tradition beyond the individualism of Hobbes and Locke to incorporate the role of community in his work The Social Contract, in which he argued that the community must represent the general will of people.
The correct answer is Choice E.
Soru 79
Which of the following is the author of Critique of Practical Reason that is considered to be the foundation of modern jurisprudence?
Seçenekler
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
John Locke
C
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who described the Enlightenment as the “Age of Reason”, reason is the foundation of all moral actions. For Kantian ethics, humans are autonomous beings and are responsible for their actions. Kantian autonomous subject was universal legislator and its each particular action can be judged by reason or by universal principles. Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason is the foundation of modern jurisprudence. The correct answer is Choice D.
Soru 80
- He developed an early form of legal positivism.
- He proposed a triangular structure of rights: (1) the civil rights, (2) the international rights, and (3) the cosmopolitan rights.
- He was a radical and democratic republican who believed in the sovereignty of the individual person, and he was also an early advocate of the right of the people.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who made a utilitarian critique of the theory of natural law and the concept of natural rights, developed an early form of legal positivism. He denied many concepts such as natural rights, state of nature and social contract, since these rights are not observable and enforceable for him.
Kant wanted to make it clear that human rights were distinct from those civil rights accorded to citizens of a state by the government of that state. This is why he proposed a triangular structure of rights: first, the civil rights of individuals within their nation-states; second, the international rights of states in their dealings with one another; and third, the cosmopolitan rights of individuals and states as existing interdependently in a universal state of humankind. Central to his theorizing is the essential oneness of the human race. For Kant, people have rights simply because they share the earth’s surface.
Thomas Paine was a radical and democratic republican who believed in the sovereignty of the individual person, and he was also an early advocate of the right of the people.
The correct answer is Choice A.
Kant wanted to make it clear that human rights were distinct from those civil rights accorded to citizens of a state by the government of that state. This is why he proposed a triangular structure of rights: first, the civil rights of individuals within their nation-states; second, the international rights of states in their dealings with one another; and third, the cosmopolitan rights of individuals and states as existing interdependently in a universal state of humankind. Central to his theorizing is the essential oneness of the human race. For Kant, people have rights simply because they share the earth’s surface.
Thomas Paine was a radical and democratic republican who believed in the sovereignty of the individual person, and he was also an early advocate of the right of the people.
The correct answer is Choice A.
Ünite 3
Soru 1
When was Universal Declaration of Human Rights accepted?
Seçenekler
A
1946
B
1944
C
1942
D
1948
E
1952
Açıklama:
It should be 1948
Soru 2
Which document is the first example of the human rights documents?
Seçenekler
A
MAGNA CARTA LIBERTATUM
B
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
C
VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
D
UNITED STATES DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
E
FRENCH DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZENS
Açıklama:
ıT SHOULD BE MAGNA CARTA LIBERTATUM
Soru 3
..................................., also known as the Articles of Barons, is far away from the
current human rights thought from which we deduce the modern law practices. During the late 12th and at the beginning of the 13th century, there was no mention of the value of a human being, but there were only two bodies or persons which have value among the residents of the empires:King and the Church.
What should be at dotted plate?
current human rights thought from which we deduce the modern law practices. During the late 12th and at the beginning of the 13th century, there was no mention of the value of a human being, but there were only two bodies or persons which have value among the residents of the empires:King and the Church.
What should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Rights
B
Magna Carta Libertatu
C
United States Declaration of Independence
D
The Relation of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
It should be magna carta libertatum
Soru 4
Which of the following are not four major revolutionary documents of the
eighteenth century?
eighteenth century?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
B
US Declaration of Independence
C
US Bill of Rights
D
French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
E
English Bill of Rights
Açıklama:
English Bill of Rights, 1689
Soru 5
..........................declared on August 26 by the French Constituent Assembly, in 1789. The declaration ‘the rights of man and of citizens” is one of the most significant results of the French Revolution. It has been also criticised from different points of view by different thinkers.
Which of following should be at dotted plate?
Which of following should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
B
French Declaration of Independence
C
French Declaration of Rights
D
Declaration of Human Rights
E
Magna Carta
Açıklama:
It should be French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
Soru 6
Which of the following is considered as the first human rights document?
Seçenekler
A
Liberta' della popolazione
B
Code of Hammurabi
C
Baron's Declaration
D
Magna Carta Libertatum
E
Zeitgeist
Açıklama:
d
Soru 7
Which of the following country is Magna Carta Libertatum (1215) from?
Seçenekler
A
France
B
Italy
C
Germany
D
Spain
E
England
Açıklama:
E
Soru 8
Which of the following is not among the four major revolutionary documents of the eighteenth century?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta Libertatum
B
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
C
US Declaration of Independence
D
The US Bill of Rights
E
Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
Açıklama:
a
Soru 9
According to ... the main idea of the natural law is the ability to self-preservation possessed equally by every single human being.
Which of the following person should be placed into the blank?
Which of the following person should be placed into the blank?
Seçenekler
A
Hugo Grotius
B
George Washington
C
Marie Antoinette
D
Franklin Roosevelt
E
Eleanor Roosevelt
Açıklama:
A
Soru 10
“That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.”
Which of the following is the declaration containing the first article above?
Which of the following is the declaration containing the first article above?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Rights
B
Bill of Rights
C
French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
D
Magna Carta Libertatum
E
Code of Hammurabi
Açıklama:
a
Soru 11
After a long period of colonial wars and sufferings, a new state was established on July 1776.
Which declaration was implemented upon United States gained his independence from England?
Which declaration was implemented upon United States gained his independence from England?
Seçenekler
A
The United States Declaration of Freedom
B
The United States Declaration of Independence
C
Declaration of Human Rights
D
The United States Declaration of Unity
E
Bill of Rights
Açıklama:
b
Soru 12
Which of the following is one of the most significant results of the French Revolution?
Seçenekler
A
The French Bill of Rights
B
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
C
The French Declaration of the Human Rights
D
The French Declaration of Freedom
E
The French Declaration for Unity and Rights
Açıklama:
B
Soru 13
What conducted the French people to the rebellion was the poor life of the French people and the unequal ...
Which of the following term should be in the blank as mentioned in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
Which of the following term should be in the blank as mentioned in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
Seçenekler
A
Power
B
Balance
C
Taxation
D
Conditions
E
Opportunities
Açıklama:
C
Soru 14
“The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man."
Which of the following is related to the part of the article above?
Which of the following is related to the part of the article above?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom of speech
B
Common good
C
Supreme being
D
Volonté générale
E
Freedom of travel
Açıklama:
a
Soru 15
Which of the following is not among the conventions of the United Nations on human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Convention Related to the Status of Refugees
B
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
C
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid
D
Declaration on the Protection from Torture
E
Declaration of the Universal Independence
Açıklama:
E
Soru 16
After a long period of colonial wars and sufferings, a new state was established on July
1776. Just a month after the Virginia Declaration of Rights, United States gained his independence from England with the ................................
According to text,which should be at dotted place?
1776. Just a month after the Virginia Declaration of Rights, United States gained his independence from England with the ................................
According to text,which should be at dotted place?
Seçenekler
A
Declaration of Independence
B
Virginia Declaration
C
English Bill of Rights
D
Magna Carta Libertatum
E
French Declaration of the Rights
Açıklama:
It should be Declaration of Independence
Soru 17
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly
of the United Nations in December 1948, and this day is declared as Human Rights Day and is celebrated annually across the world on..... December every year.
What should be at dotted plate?
of the United Nations in December 1948, and this day is declared as Human Rights Day and is celebrated annually across the world on..... December every year.
What should be at dotted plate?
Seçenekler
A
5
B
10
C
15
D
20
E
25
Açıklama:
It should be 10 th
Soru 18
With the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the world community has reached a new step in the history of humanity, and human rights has become a major indicator of the Zeitgeist. After that with the endeavours of the Council of Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights was declared in .........and entered into force in 1953.
Seçenekler
A
1948
B
1949
C
1950
D
1951
E
1952
Açıklama:
It must be 1950
Soru 19
The UN system includes conventions related to the protection of human rights.
Which of the following is not one of them?
Which of the following is not one of them?
Seçenekler
A
Convention Related to the Status of Refugees
B
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
C
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid
D
Declaration on the Protection from Torture
E
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination Against Mens
of Discrimination Against Mens
Açıklama:
It should be Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Soru 20
Which of the date event matches is incorrect?
Seçenekler
A
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Their Families (1990)
Their Families (1990)
B
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination
Based on Religion or Belief (1981)
Based on Religion or Belief (1981)
C
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)
D
Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment (2019)
or Punishment (2019)
E
Declaration on the Protection from Torture
(1975)
(1975)
Açıklama:
It should be 1984
Soru 21
What is the Magna Carta Libertatum also known as?
Seçenekler
A
the English Bill of Rights
B
the Articles of Barons
C
the Code of Hammurabi
D
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
E
the Zeitgeist
Açıklama:
Magna Carta Libertatum, which is also known as the Articles of Barons is one of the major human rights documents which should be considered as a revolutionary document in its epoch. The correct answer is B.
Soru 22
Which of the following is not considered as a basic part of law by the philosopher Aquinas in the English Bill of Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Eternal law
B
Natural law
C
Divine law
D
Global law
E
Human law
Açıklama:
After the Magna Carta Libertatum, legal and juridical concepts had started to change. St. Thomas Aquinas has been one of the philosophers who contributed to these developments. “Aquinas produced a systematic introduction to theology, including the definition and classification of kinds of law. Aquinas defines law in general as a role of human action determined by reason, directed towards the common good shared by all humans.” (Hayden, 2001, 43). Aquinas classifies four forms of law as eternal law, natural law, divine law and human law. These are the basic parts of law and related to human beings; namely their doing good and avoiding evil in their actions.The correct answer is D.
Soru 23
I. Magna Carta Libertatum
II.Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
III. United States Declaration of Independence
Which of the documents listed above are among the fundamental human rights documents from the USA?
II.Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
III. United States Declaration of Independence
Which of the documents listed above are among the fundamental human rights documents from the USA?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I and II
C
Only II
D
II and III
E
Only III
Açıklama:
The fundamental documents of human rights from the USA are :
II.Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
III. United States Declaration of Independence
The correct answer is D.
II.Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
III. United States Declaration of Independence
The correct answer is D.
Soru 24
I. Ancient rights II. Universality III. Liberties IV. Equality Which of the elements above are among the ones that both the United States Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Declaration of Rights defended and stressed?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
II and IV
D
I and III
E
III and IV
Açıklama:
While the English Bill of Rights proclaimed the “ancient rights and liberties” as English legal practices; United States Declaration of Independence as well as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, defended and stressed “equality, universality and freedom”. When we look at the elements given in the question, II.Universality and IV.Equality are among the elements that both United States Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Declaration of Rights defended and stressed. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Soru 25
Which article of Magna Carta may be seen as the root of the modern legal theory?
Seçenekler
A
Article 13
B
Article 21
C
Article 39
D
Article 54
E
Article 61
Açıklama:
The articles of Magna Carta were consist of very unique and epochal statements, and that is the reason that we took this agreement as an archetype example of human rights documents. If it has been compared with the current law practices - for example - the article 39 may be seen the root of modern legal theory. Clause 39 of Magna Carta provides that ‘No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or deprived of his freehold or outlawed or banished or in any way ruined, nor will we take or order action against him, except by the lawful judgment of his equals and according to the law of the land’ and guarantees that the government will not act against its citizens except in accordance with the law. (Sol 2016: 67) The correct answer is C.
Soru 26
What makes the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens unique?
Seçenekler
A
It is considered as the first document about human rights in the world.
B
It was a turning point for human rights.
C
It was a turning point for all successor governments of France.
D
It is harmonic with the modern human rights theories.
E
It made an emphasis on "common good" for the first time.
Açıklama:
On the 26th of August in 1789, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens was announced in the National Assembly. This declaration has been a turning point not only for human rights, but also for all successor governments. The articles of this Declaration of rights were well prepared and also harmonic with modern human rights theories. That what makes this declaration unique was its emphasis on the term “common good” instead of natural law. The term “common good” has begun to be a basis for human rights and for justifying human rights, and it lasted till today. The correct answer is E.
Soru 27
I. Equality
II. Common good
III. Animal rights
IV. Rights as a citizen
Which of the issues listed above were mentioned in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
II. Common good
III. Animal rights
IV. Rights as a citizen
Which of the issues listed above were mentioned in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
II, III and IV
D
I and III
E
I and II
Açıklama:
Like the United States Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens also started with the emphasis on the equal rights at birth: “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789) With this article, this declaration stressed distinctness between the rights as a citizen and rights which comes with the birth, as all modern human rights articles. However, the rights of animals were not mentioned there. The correct answer is B.
Soru 28
Which of the following documents related to human rights was released the latest?
Seçenekler
A
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B
The French Revolution and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
C
United States Declaration of Independence
D
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
E
Magna Carta Libertatum
Açıklama:
The documents of human rights in the history are as folllowing with the dates they were released :
Magna Carta Libertatum (1215), The English Bill of Rights (1689) Fundamental Human Rights Documents from USA: Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776) and United States Declaration of Independence (1776) The French Revolution and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens (1789) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
The correct answer is A.
Magna Carta Libertatum (1215), The English Bill of Rights (1689) Fundamental Human Rights Documents from USA: Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776) and United States Declaration of Independence (1776) The French Revolution and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens (1789) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
The correct answer is A.
Soru 29
It was not a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents. But if we take the political conditions of the 13th century into consideration , it can be seen as a milestone in the human rights history.
Which of the following documents is described above?
Which of the following documents is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta Libertatum
B
the English Bill of Rights
C
the Code of Hammurabi
D
Greek Rules
E
King John's Rules
Açıklama:
Magna Carta Libertatum was not a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents. But if we take the political conditions of the 13th century into consideration , it can be seen as a milestone in the human rights history. The correct answer is A.
Soru 30
Which of the following can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta Libertatum
B
the English Bill of Rights
C
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
D
United States Declaration of Independence
E
The French Revolution and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
Açıklama:
English Bill of Rights can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts. “That election of members of Parliament ought to be free.” (English Bill of Rights, 1689) Free election for the parliament - also it is still one of the core political values- was secured in this document. “That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious and That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law” (English Bill of Rights, 1689). The correct answer is B.
Soru 31
I. Magna Carta Libertatum was signed in 1512.
II. Magna Carta is a milestone in the human rights history.
III. It was the most common demarcated agreement which put limits the authority of the King of England.
IV. Magna Carta Libertatum was a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents.
Which statements are correct about Magna Carta Libertatum?
II. Magna Carta is a milestone in the human rights history.
III. It was the most common demarcated agreement which put limits the authority of the King of England.
IV. Magna Carta Libertatum was a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents.
Which statements are correct about Magna Carta Libertatum?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I and III
D
I, II and III
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
In this chapter, Magna Carta Libertatum (1215) will be considered as the first human rights document, as this was the most common demarcated agreement which put limits the authority of the King of England. Notwithstanding that the impacts of Magna Carta were not available for all communities but only for all rebellious Barons, this agreement restricted King John’s authority over the society.
As stated above, Magna Carta Libertatum was not a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents. But if we take the political conditions of the 13th century into consideration , it can be seen as a milestone in the human rights history.
The correct answer is B.
As stated above, Magna Carta Libertatum was not a human rights document in the sense of modern human rights documents. But if we take the political conditions of the 13th century into consideration , it can be seen as a milestone in the human rights history.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 32
When was the English Bill of Rights declared?
Seçenekler
A
1489
B
1589
C
1689
D
1789
E
1889
Açıklama:
The English Bill of Rights was declared in 1689.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 33
I. Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
II. US Declaration of Independence
III. the US Bill of Rights
IV. the French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
Which of the documents below are from the eighteenth century?
II. US Declaration of Independence
III. the US Bill of Rights
IV. the French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
Which of the documents below are from the eighteenth century?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I and III
D
I, II and III
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Four major revolutionary documents of the eighteenth century, i.e. Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776), US Declaration of Independence (1776), the US Bill of Rights (1791), and the French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (I789) have been addressed generally as milestones in the history of human rights and its cradle of modernity.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 34
I. The American Bills of Rights was declared in 1791.
II. It mainly attempted to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization.
III. According to them the individual is the possessor of rights through the state.
Which statement(s) above is(are) true for the American Bills of Rights?
II. It mainly attempted to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization.
III. According to them the individual is the possessor of rights through the state.
Which statement(s) above is(are) true for the American Bills of Rights?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
II and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
The American Bills of Rights (1791) do not attempt merely to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization, but they seek above all to draw the boundary line between state and individual. According to them the individual is not the possessor of rights through the state, but by his own nature he has inalienable and indefeasible rights.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 35
Which document below is considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta Libertatum
B
The English Bill of Rights
C
Virginia Declaration of Rights
D
United States Declaration of Independence
E
The American Bills of Rights
Açıklama:
But before the United States Declaration of Independence, we should mention the Virginia Declaration of Rights published just a month before it, in the year 1776. Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents: “That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” (Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776) This article triggered not only the United States Declaration of Independence, but also all other modern human rights legal writings. That is the reason of its being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human being, not only from rights of some people as barons.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 36
I. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens was announced in the National Assembly in 1879.
II. This declaration has been a turning point for human rights and for all successor governments.
III. What makes this declaration unique was its emphasis on the term “common good” instead of natural law.
Which statement(s) above is(are) true about The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
II. This declaration has been a turning point for human rights and for all successor governments.
III. What makes this declaration unique was its emphasis on the term “common good” instead of natural law.
Which statement(s) above is(are) true about The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
II and III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
On the 26th of August in 1789, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens was announced in the National Assembly. This declaration has been a turning point not only for human rights, but also for all successor governments. The articles of this Declaration of rights paved the way for, and are also harmonic with modern human rights theories. What makes this declaration unique was its emphasis on the term “common good” instead of natural law. The term “common good” has begun to be a basis for human rights and for justifying human rights, and it has lasted till today.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 37
I. Equal rights at birth
II. Freedom of speech
III.Taxation and the inviolability of domicile
IV. The principle of separation of powers
Which topics are highlighted in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
II. Freedom of speech
III.Taxation and the inviolability of domicile
IV. The principle of separation of powers
Which topics are highlighted in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I and III
D
I, II and III
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Like the United States Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens also started with the emphasis on the equal rights at birth: “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789)
Freedom of speech was another important issue that stressed by French Declaration. “The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789).
What conducted the French people to the rebellion was the poor life of the French people and the unequal taxation. Therefore, the articles related to the taxation and the inviolability of domicile constituted another part of this declaration.
Even though it is not directly related to human rights, the principle of separation of powers was also articulated in it; and by Article 16 constitutional law was transmogrified so far. Thereafter constitutional law has been the core legislative instrument in protecting human rights of all people. Article 16 stressed the same concerns and paved the way to legislate a consensus based constitution. “A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789)
The correct answer is E.
Freedom of speech was another important issue that stressed by French Declaration. “The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789).
What conducted the French people to the rebellion was the poor life of the French people and the unequal taxation. Therefore, the articles related to the taxation and the inviolability of domicile constituted another part of this declaration.
Even though it is not directly related to human rights, the principle of separation of powers was also articulated in it; and by Article 16 constitutional law was transmogrified so far. Thereafter constitutional law has been the core legislative instrument in protecting human rights of all people. Article 16 stressed the same concerns and paved the way to legislate a consensus based constitution. “A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 1789)
The correct answer is E.
Soru 38
When was Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1908
B
1918
C
1948
D
1968
E
1978
Açıklama:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948, and this day is declared as Human Rights Day and is celebrated annually across the world on 10 December every year.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 39
I. First two articles of the declaration stressed the equality of every single human being from birth on.
II. Article 5 differs from them for laying emphasis on the ban of torture or cruel, inhuman treatment to protect human dignity
III. With the Article 13 there are clauses related to freedom of speech, free will on marriage, religious freedom, property rights and benefiting from the public services
IV. Right to education and its regulations are mentioned in Article 26.
Which ones above are true about the Articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights ?
II. Article 5 differs from them for laying emphasis on the ban of torture or cruel, inhuman treatment to protect human dignity
III. With the Article 13 there are clauses related to freedom of speech, free will on marriage, religious freedom, property rights and benefiting from the public services
IV. Right to education and its regulations are mentioned in Article 26.
Which ones above are true about the Articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights ?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I and III
D
I, II and III
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
First two articles of the declaration stressed the equality of every single human being from birth on. We see also some expressions about equality in the previous human rights documents, but Article 5 differs from them for laying emphasis on the ban of torture or cruel, inhuman treatment to protect human dignity “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 5)
With the Article 13 there are several other clauses related to freedom of speech, free will on marriage, religious freedom, property rights and benefiting from the public services.
Right to education and its regulations are mentioned in Article 26. Strengthening the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and admitting of the human personality for his/her full development are emphasised as the main goals of an education.
The correct answer is E.
With the Article 13 there are several other clauses related to freedom of speech, free will on marriage, religious freedom, property rights and benefiting from the public services.
Right to education and its regulations are mentioned in Article 26. Strengthening the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and admitting of the human personality for his/her full development are emphasised as the main goals of an education.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 40
I. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid
II. Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
III.Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
IV. Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
V. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families
Which ones above are among the conventions that UN system includes?
II. Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
III.Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
IV. Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
V. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families
Which ones above are among the conventions that UN system includes?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
I, II and III
C
I, III and V
D
II, III,III, IV and V
E
I, II, III, IV and V
Açıklama:
The UN system includes more than above mentioned conventions related to the protection of human rights. Others are below.
• Convention Related to the Status of Refugees (1951)
• Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1953)
• International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid (1973)
• Declaration on the Protection from Torture (1975)
• Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)
• Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981)
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families (1990).
The correct answer is E.
• Convention Related to the Status of Refugees (1951)
• Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1953)
• International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid (1973)
• Declaration on the Protection from Torture (1975)
• Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)
• Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981)
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families (1990).
The correct answer is E.
Soru 41
When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights accepted?
Seçenekler
A
1948
B
1750 BC
C
1215
D
1688
E
1789
Açıklama:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, accepted in 1948, has been the prime source for the following documents of human rights. It has been foremost the most common compromise after the both political and ideological conflicts lasting through the centuries.
Soru 42
- There is still an intense debate about whether this code should be called a human rights document or it is just an example of a criminal justice article.
- It was declared about 1750s BC.
- This code is composed of 282 articles.
- It was declared by the Babylonian Kingdom.
Seçenekler
A
Magna Cartum Libertatum
B
The Code of Hammurabi
C
The English Bill of Rights
D
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
E
Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen
Açıklama:
Even though we consider the Magna Carta Libertatum as the first example of the human rights documents, it is also important to search the previous documents that could be seen as human rights documents. There are several documents on human rights which were declared before the Magna Carta Libertatum. One - probably the most important one of them - was the Code of Hammurabi which had been declared about 1750s BC by the emperor of Babylonian Kingdom, Hammurabi. There is still an intense debate about whether this code should be called a human rights document or it is just an example of a criminal justice article. Since this code is composed of 282 articles, many varied postulates were mentioned in this subjected code.
Soru 43
When was Magna Carta Libertatum declared?
Seçenekler
A
1689
B
1789
C
1215
D
1945
E
1776
Açıklama:
King John (1166-1216) - King of England during that period - had several dissensions with the barons, just because of the protracted wars and high taxation that drive the society into a corner. Besides that, English army under the King John’s rule lost many lands to France. These pressures paved the way to an inner resistance and ended up with an agreement called the Magna Carta in 1215.
Soru 44
When was the English Bill of Rights declared?
Seçenekler
A
1215
B
1789
C
1689
D
1776
E
1948
Açıklama:
English Bill of Rights can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts. “That election of members of Parliament ought to be free.” (English Bill of Rights, 1689) Free election for the parliament - also it is still one of the core political values- was secured in this document. “That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious and That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law” (English Bill of Rights, 1689).
Soru 45
When did Virgina Declaration of Human Rights take place?
Seçenekler
A
1776
B
1789
C
1689
D
1215
E
1948
Açıklama:
But before the United States Declaration of Independence, we should mention the Virginia Declaration of Rights published just a month before it, in the year 1776. Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents: “That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” (Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776) This article triggered not only the United States Declaration of Independence, but also all other modern human rights legal writings. That is the reason of its being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human being, not only from rights of some people as barons.
Soru 46
When did United States Declaration of Independence take place?
Seçenekler
A
1789
B
1689
C
1776
D
1215
E
1948
Açıklama:
After a long period of colonial wars and sufferings, a new state was established on July 1776. Just a month after the Virginia Declaration of Rights, United States gained his independence from England with the Declaration of Independence.
Soru 47
When did the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens take place?
Seçenekler
A
1689
B
1789
C
1215
D
1948
E
1776
Açıklama:
Another momentous document in human rights history is the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens declared on August 26 by the French Constituent Assembly, in 1789. The declaration ‘the rights of man and of citizens” is one of the most significant results of the French Revolution. It has been also criticised from different points of view by different thinkers. The political scientists and the historians, thoroughly appreciating its importance, have repeatedly come to the conclusion that the Declaration had no small part in the anarchy with which France was visited soon after the storming of the Bastille. They point to its abstract phrases as ambiguous and therefore dangerous, and as void of all political reality and practical statesmanship. Its empty pathos, they say, confused the mind, disturbed calm judgment, aroused passions, and stifled the sense of duty, -for of duty there is not a word. On the contrary, others especially Frenchmen, have exalted it as a revelation in the world’s history, as a catechism of the “principles of 1789” which form the eternal foundation of the state’s structure, and they have glorified it as the most precious gift that France has given to mankind (Jellinek, 1901, 1-2).
Soru 48
Which human rights document can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts?
Seçenekler
A
Magna Carta Libertatum
B
English Bill of Rights
C
Virginia Declaration of Rights
D
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
English Bill of Rights can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts. “That election of members of Parliament ought to be free.” (English Bill of Rights, 1689) Free election for the parliament - also it is still one of the core political values- was secured in this document. “That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious and That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law” (English Bill of Rights, 1689).
Soru 49
Which human rights document is considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense because it talks about equal rights of every human being?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Rights
B
English Bill of Rights
C
Magna Carta Libertatum
D
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
E
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
But before the United States Declaration of Independence, we should mention the Virginia Declaration of Rights published just a month before it, in the year 1776. Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents: “That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” (Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776) This article triggered not only the United States Declaration of Independence, but also all other modern human rights legal writings. That is the reason of its being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human being, not only from rights of some people as barons.
Soru 50
Which document does not attempt merely to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization, but seeks above all to draw the boundary line between state and individual?
Seçenekler
A
English Bill of Rights
B
American Bill of Rights
C
Manga Cartum Libertatum
D
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
E
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
Açıklama:
The American Bills of Rights do not attempt merely to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization, but they seek above all to draw the boundary line between state and individual. According to them the individual is not the possessor of rights through the state, but by his own nature he has inalienable and indefeasible rights.
Soru 51
Which of the following is a significant and leading document written in 1750s BC but cannot be called a pure human rights document?
Seçenekler
A
Code of Hammurabi
B
Magna Carta Libertatum
C
The English Bill of Rights
D
United States Declaration of Independence
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
As it is seen above, especially the article 282, it is difficult to call these codes as a human rights document, looking from our modern human rights perspective. However, if we are able to understand the Zeitgeist of that era, the Code of Hammurabi can be considered a significant and leading document
for its own epoch.
All declarations or any written statements before the 13th century, until the Magna Carta Libertatum, cannot be regarded as pure human rights documents as it was in the case of the Code of Hammurabi.
for its own epoch.
All declarations or any written statements before the 13th century, until the Magna Carta Libertatum, cannot be regarded as pure human rights documents as it was in the case of the Code of Hammurabi.
Soru 52
Which of the following is also known as 'the Articles of Barons'?
Seçenekler
A
United States Declaration of Independence
B
The English Bill of Rights
C
Magna Carta Libertatum
D
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
As stated above, Magna Carta Libertatum, also known as the Articles of Barons, is far away from the current human rights thought from which we deduce the modern law practices.
Soru 53
Which article of the Magna Carta guarantees that the government will not act against its citizens except in accordance with the law?
Seçenekler
A
article 27
B
article 29
C
article 37
D
article 39
E
article 44
Açıklama:
The article 39 of the Magna Carta states that ‘No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or deprived of his freehold or outlawed or banished or in any way ruined, nor will we take or order action against him, except by the lawful judgment of his equals and according to the law of the land’ and guarantees that the government will not act against its citizens except in accordance with the law. (Sol,2016, 67).
This article demonstrates the end of the unlimited authority of King, which might be called a revolution in the history of rights discourse as well.
This article demonstrates the end of the unlimited authority of King, which might be called a revolution in the history of rights discourse as well.
Soru 54
Which of the following articles of Magna Carta caused the King to loose his impunity and ensured that the King’s decisions and actions were overseen by barons?
Seçenekler
A
article 17
B
article 60
C
article 66
D
article 71
E
article 61
Açıklama:
With this agreement - according to Article 61 - the system of checks and balances was created. As of Magna Carta agreement, the King’s decisions and actions were began to overseen by barons and the King lost his impunity.
Soru 55
Who classified law in four forms as eternal law, natural law, divine law and human law?
Seçenekler
A
Hugo Grotius
B
St. Thomas Aquinas
C
St. Augustine
D
George Washington
E
Costas Douzinas
Açıklama:
Aquinas classifies four forms of law as eternal law, natural law, divine law and human law. These are the basic parts of law and related to human beings; namely their doing good and avoiding evil in their actions.
Soru 56
When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights accepted?
Seçenekler
A
1928
B
1938
C
1948
D
1958
E
1968
Açıklama:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, accepted in 1948, has been the prime source for the following documents of human rights. The correct answer is Choice C.
Soru 57
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was accepted in 1958.
- Almost all human rights documents after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were final whistles for their previous epoch.
- Whether natural law theories of ancient Greeks, Hammurabi’s Codes for ancient Babylon and religious orders can be considered a kind of human rights document is controversial.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, accepted in 1948, has been the prime source for the following documents of human rights. Almost all human rights documents till the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were final whistles for their previous epoch, and have been a fire starter for a new world. Whether natural law theories of ancient Greeks, Hammurabi’s Codes for ancient Babylon and religious orders can be considered a kind of human rights document is controversial, though they all were aiming to create or to reach a common and/or individual “good”. The correct answer is Choice E.
Soru 58
When was Magna Carta Libertatum accepted?
Seçenekler
A
1212
B
1213
C
1214
D
1215
E
1216
Açıklama:
Magna Carta Libertatum was accepted in 1215.
Soru 59
Which of the following is also known as the Articles of Barons?
Seçenekler
A
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B
Natural law theories of ancient Greeks
C
Hammurabi’s Codes for ancient Babylon
D
Magna Carta Libertatum
E
English Bill of Rights
Açıklama:
Magna Carta Libertatum is also known as the Articles of Barons. The correct answer is Choice D.
Soru 60
Which of the following is regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts?
Seçenekler
A
United States Declaration of Independence
B
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
C
Magna Carta Libertatum
D
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights
E
The English Bill of Rights
Açıklama:
English Bill of Rights can be regarded as the first document on the right of individuals about their life and religious thoughts.
Soru 61
- It is very similar to the current human rights thought from which we deduce the modern law practices.
- In that period there were two bodies or persons which have value among the residents of the empires.
- It was declared in the period of King John (King of England).
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Magna Carta Libertatum, also known as the Articles of Barons, is far away from the current human rights thought from which we deduce the modern law practices. During the late 12th and at the beginning of the 13th century, there was no mention of the value of a human being, but there were only two bodies or persons which have value among the residents of the empires: King and the Church. Infinite authority of these two bodies could not be probed or opposed in that times according to Zeitgeist of the era. They had unlimited sovereignty over the society. They did not have to respect any of the human values in their ruling practice. The rebellion movements of the Barons were a result of the repression of the king and the authority of the King began to erode. King John (1166-1216) - King of England during that period - had several dissensions with the barons, just because of the protracted wars and high taxation that drive the society into a corner. Besides that, English army under the King John’s rule lost many lands to France. These pressures paved the way to an inner resistance and ended up with an agreement called the Magna Carta in 1215. The correct answer is Choice E.
Soru 62
Which of the following is not one of the classifications of St. Thomas Aquinas?
Seçenekler
A
eternal law
B
external law
C
natural law
D
divine law
E
human law
Açıklama:
St. Thomas Aquinas has been one of the philosophers who contributed to these developments. “Aquinas produced a systematic introduction to theology, including the definition and classification of kinds of law. Aquinas defines law in general as a role of human action determined by reason, directed towards the common good shared by all humans.” (Hayden, 2001, 43). Aquinas classifies four forms of law as eternal law, natural law, divine law and human law. These are the basic parts of law and related to human beings; namely their doing good and avoiding evil in their actions. The correct answer is Choice B.
Soru 63
Which of the following is being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human being, not only from rights of some people or barons?
Seçenekler
A
The English Bill of Rights
B
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
C
The Virginia Declaration of Rights
D
United States Declaration of Independence
E
The French Revolution and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
Açıklama:
But before the United States Declaration of Independence, we should mention the Virginia Declaration of Rights published just a month before it, in the year 1776. Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents: “That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” (Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776)
This article triggered not only the United States Declaration of Independence, but also all other modern human rights legal writings.
That is the reason of its being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human
being, not only from rights of some people as barons.
This article triggered not only the United States Declaration of Independence, but also all other modern human rights legal writings.
That is the reason of its being considered as the first human rights document in the modern sense, because of its talking about equal rights of every human
being, not only from rights of some people as barons.
Soru 64
Which document was largely written by Thomas Jefferson and influenced by liberal thinkers like Locke and Paine?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Rights
B
United States Declaration of Independence
C
The English Bill of Rights
D
Magna Carta Libertatum
E
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
Açıklama:
“Building on the English Bill of Rights, the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) announced the secession of the thirteen American colonies from England. Largely written by Thomas Jefferson, and influenced by liberal thinkers like Locke and Paine, the declaration advanced a conception of the social contract based on a doctrine of fundamental natural rights. The notion that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” had an electrifying effect far beyond the thirteen colonies.” (Ishay, 2007, 488).
Soru 65
- It proclaimed the “ancient rights and liberties” as English legal practices.
- It was published after a month of the United States Declaration of Independence.
- Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
While the English Bill of Rights proclaimed the “ancient rights and liberties” as English legal practices; United States Declaration of Independence as well as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, defended and stressed “equality, universality and freedom”. We witness these heirships between the consecutive documents on human rights. As of the Declaration of Independence, individual rights began to take place in the significant legal articles. But before the United States Declaration of Independence, we should mention the Virginia Declaration of Rights published just a month before it, in the year 1776. Especially the first article of this declaration might have been the cradle of thought behind all human rights documents. The correct answer is Choice C.
Soru 66
When did the United States gained his independence from England with the Declaration of Independence?
Seçenekler
A
1773
B
1774
C
1775
D
1776
E
1777
Açıklama:
After a long period of colonial wars and sufferings, a new state was established on July 1776. Just a month after the Virginia Declaration of Rights, United States gained his independence from England with the Declaration of Independence. The correct answer is Choice D.
Soru 67
Which term was emphasized in 'the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens' and therefore made it unique?
Seçenekler
A
common good
B
natural law
C
human law
D
eternal law
E
divine law
Açıklama:
On the 26th of August in 1789, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens was announced in the National Assembly. This declaration has been a turning point not only for human rights, but also for all successor governments. The articles of this Declaration of rights paved the way for, and are also harmonic with modern human rights theories. What makes this declaration unique was its emphasis on the term “common good” instead of natural law. The term “common good” has begun to be a basis for human rights and for justifying human rights, and it has lasted till today.
Soru 68
- It was a result of the French Revolution.
- It has been also criticised from different points of view by different thinkers.
- It was suggested that it was quite different from the American Declaration of Independence.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Another momentous document in human rights history is the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens declared on August 26 by the French Constituent Assembly, in 1789. The declaration ‘the rights of man and of citizens” is one of the most significant results of the French Revolution. It has been also criticised from different points of view by different thinkers. The political scientists and the historians, thoroughly appreciating its importance, have repeatedly come to the conclusion that the Declaration had no small part in the anarchy with which France was visited soon after the storming of the Bastille. The debate on the relation of the French Declaration with the American Declaration of Independence goes beyond the discussion about the influence of Contract Social in the French Declaration. Jellinek asserted that the French Declaration was substantially a nearly copy of the American Declaration of Independence. Te correct answer is Choice D.
Soru 69
- It was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
- It contains only the civil and political rights traditionally advocated by Western liberal-capitalist democracies.
- Every nation accepted this declaration.
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I-II
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948, and this day is declared as Human Rights Day and is celebrated annually across the world on 10 December every year. “Although not legally binding, it was to serve as a set of guidelines for nation-states to follow, drawn from shared moral principles. Indeed, despite being promoted primarily by the United States and its Western allies, UDHR contains not only the civil and political rights traditionally advocated by Western liberal-capitalist democracies, but economic, social and cultural rights as well. Despite the abstentions of Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the Soviet Union, and the other five states, there was surprisingly little disagreement on the construction of the Declaration. The correct answer is Choice A.
Soru 70
When did the General Assembly of the United Nations adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
Seçenekler
A
1945
B
1948
C
1952
D
1956
E
1960
Açıklama:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948, and this day is declared as Human Rights Day and is celebrated annually across the world on 10 December every year.
Soru 71
Which of the following is seen as the first example of the human rights documents?
Seçenekler
A
English Bill of Rights
B
Code of Hammurabi
C
Magna Carta Libertatum
D
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
E
Zeitgeist
Açıklama:
Even though we consider the Magna Carta Libertatum as the first example of the human rights documents, it is also important to search the previous documents that could be seen as human rights documents.
Soru 72
Which article of Magna Carta Libertatum is about fair trial of citizens and seen as revolutionist compared to the conditions of its time?
Seçenekler
A
1
B
23
C
39
D
48
E
61
Açıklama:
If it is compared with the current law practices, some articles as the article 39 may be seen the root of modern legal perspective. The article 39 of the Magna Carta states that ‘No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or deprived of his freehold or outlawed or banished or in any way ruined, nor will we take or order action against him, except by the lawful judgment of his equals and according to the law of the land’ and guarantees that the government will not act against its citizens except in accordance with the law. (Sol, 2016, 67). This article demonstrates the end of the unlimited authority of King, which might be called a revolution in the history of rights discourse as well. There has been a broad spectrum of amendments for over 800 years since this agreement, but the root of the fair trial thought was the article 39 of Magna Carta Libertatum. This article impeded the extrajudicial execution of the King, which expresses the main idea of the releasing trail in the current legal system.
Soru 73
Which of the following is not one of the four forms of law classified by St. Thomas Aquinas?
Seçenekler
A
International law
B
Human law
C
Divine law
D
Natural law
E
Eternal law
Açıklama:
After the Magna Carta Libertatum, legal and juridical concepts had started to change. St. Thomas Aquinas has been one of the philosophers who contributed to these developments. “Aquinas produced a systematic introduction to theology, including the definition and classification of kinds of law. Aquinas defines law in general as a role of human action determined by reason, directed towards the common good shared by all humans.” (Hayden, 2001, 43). Aquinas classifies four forms of law as eternal law, natural law, divine law and human law. These are the basic parts of law and related to human beings; namely their doing good and avoiding evil in their actions.
Soru 74
The demands and rebellions of which social class led to the English Bill of Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Workers
B
Religious people
C
Noble people
D
Peasants
E
Merchants
Açıklama:
The first legal document Magna Carta and its amendments, with the philosophical account of right in it, have become a source of fire for the coming human rights legal documents. With the rebellion movements against the English parliament and monarch, claims for life, property and religious freedom became louder in England. Peasants and their demands about their basic needs triggered the human rights movements, even if there was nothing about them in any articles of the charter. Different classes of society were not represented in the parliament equally, and they were anxious for their rights. With the monarchical restoration, human rights thought that had been released by the English tradition was terminated. Yet the revolutionary spirit was still alive amidst peasants’ grief and despair. With the Great Revolution 1688, they fought for parliamentary and civil rights - later embraced by the English Bill of Rights
Soru 75
Which of the following is not one of the four major revolutionary milestones in the history of human rights in the 18th century?
Seçenekler
A
The French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (I789)
B
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1748)
C
The US Bill of Rights (1791)
D
US Declaration of Independence (1776)
E
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776)
Açıklama:
Four major revolutionary documents of the eighteenth century, i.e. Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776), US Declaration of Independence (1776), the US Bill of Rights (1791), and the French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (I789) have been addressed generally as milestones in the history of human rights and its cradle of modernity. Greek legal Philosopher and human rights lecturer Costas Douzinas has pointed out the evolution of the human rights through these documents:
Soru 76
Which of the documents mainly seeks to draw the boundary line between state and individual?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776)
B
US Declaration of Independence (1776)
C
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens (I789)
D
The US Bill of Rights (1791)
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Açıklama:
The American Bills of Rights do not attempt merely to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization, but they seek above all to draw the boundary line between state and individual. According to them the individual is not the possessor of rights through the state, but by his own nature he has inalienable and indefeasible rights
Soru 77
Which document quotes the terms “born equally” which comprises the main idea of respecting and protecting human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Virginia Declaration of Rights
B
United States Declaration of Independence
C
US Bill of Rights
D
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
E
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Açıklama:
Another significant expression of this document was the article: “He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.” (United States Declaration of Independence, 1776) This article also exemplifies the liberal influence on the theory of human rights. With these articles, on the 4th of July in 1776, the United States of America was declared as de facto. Even though this article might have been seen as a declaration of independence, United States Declaration of Independence was more than the establishment of a state. Since, with this declaration as well as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, deliberation on human rights moved to another stage which was absolutely unfamiliar with previous ones. As of this declaration, all human rights documents have started with the quote “born equally” which comprises the main idea of respecting and protecting human rights.
Soru 78
Which of the following is not one of the four freedoms constituted the very core of new human rights declaration, and human rights theory?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom from fear
B
Freedom from want
C
Freedom of every person to worship God
D
Freedom of trans-gender issues
E
Freedom of speech and expression
Açıklama:
Despite the efforts of the League of Nations and several other human rights declarations, human rights violations were at every corner of the world. That forced the world community to go further and to establish a new international body named United Nations, and to prepare a new declaration of human rights. President Franklin Roosevelt talked about four freedoms in his message to Congress. These four essential human freedoms that must be secured worldwide were freedom of speech and expression, freedom of every person to worship God, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. These four freedoms constituted the very core of new human rights declaration, and human rights theory.
Soru 79
Which offspring of UDHR puts emphasis on the bearer of rights?
Seçenekler
A
The twin covenants, namely International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
B
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
C
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid
D
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
E
Declaration on the Protection from Torture
Açıklama:
The twin Covenants put emphasis on the right of self-determination for any people or minority and tried to set a road map for on-going - and of course, future - assertions. Even though, selfdetermination right may be seen as a group right, it is considered as a substantial human rights. Although the bearer of rights was different from the Universal Declaration, fundamental rights as right to life and liberty, freedom from pain and poverty, the right to fair trial, freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman treatments have kept to constitute the core of the twin Covenants.
Soru 80
Which of the following quotes highlights equality and is about how individuals should treat each other?
Seçenekler
A
“Non esse lex quae justa non ferit.” (Unfair law is not a law at all) (St. Augustine)
B
“Silent enim leges inter arma” (Laws are silent when arms are raised.) (Marcus Tullius Cicero)
C
“If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.” (George Washington)
D
“The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.” (John F. Kennedy)
E
“Law without justice is like a body without a soul.” (Costas Douzinas)
Açıklama:
“In the Universal Declaration human rights appear as principles or demands concerning a special treatment of the individuals belonging to the human species. The 26 articles of this Declaration are attempts to word such principles and some of their implications in the existing conditions of world -viewed from a Western perspective in the middle of our century” (Kuçuradi, 1995, 5-6). Human rights in the Universal Declaration are conceived mainly as principles of action which articulates how human beings should treat others, so that they “can afford the possibility to develop their human potential, and consequently some of them carry out the human activities that constitute what we call ‘human dignity’”.
Ünite 4
Soru 1
Which of the following means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group?
Seçenekler
A
Murder
B
Genocide
C
Suicide attack
D
Discrimination
E
Hate crime
Açıklama:
B
Soru 2
Which of the following became the earliest human rights treaty agreed by the UN General Assembly?
Seçenekler
A
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
B
The League of Nations
C
Universal Declaration of Human Righs
D
Twin Covenants
E
United Nations Charter
Açıklama:
a
Soru 3
As can be understood from Article 1(1) of the UN Charter, what is the primary purpose of the UN?
Seçenekler
A
To refrain in international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity
B
To provide political independence of any state
C
To intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state
D
To maintain international peace and security
E
to ensure components of economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security
Açıklama:
D
Soru 4
According to the Commission on Human Security (2003, 4), the term refers to “protecting fundamental freedoms".
Which of the following is not among the applications to ensure fundemental freedoms?
Which of the following is not among the applications to ensure fundemental freedoms?
Seçenekler
A
Protecting people from critical (severe and pervasive (widespread) threats and
situations
situations
B
Using processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations
C
Creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems
D
Giving people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity
E
Including complete or partial interruption of economic relations
Açıklama:
E
Soru 5
Which of the following country is not among the cases that led to scholarly and political debates on the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian interventions in the 1990s?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey
B
Liberia
C
Northern Iraq
D
The Former Yugoslavia
E
Somalia
Açıklama:
a
Soru 6
In which year, to take up on the challenge raised at the UN General Assembly by the Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the ICISS was established as an independent commission, and it produced the Report on the Responsibility to Protect in order to shift the terms of the debate on the right to intervene towards the assumption of a responsibility to protect?
Seçenekler
A
1998
B
2000
C
2002
D
2004
E
2006
Açıklama:
B
Soru 7
Which of the following can not be considered as one of the actions from which sovereign states posist to protect their populations according to the ICISS Report on the Responsibility to Protect?
Seçenekler
A
From avoidable catastrophe
B
From mass murder
C
From mass rape
D
From starvation
E
From corruptions
Açıklama:
E
Soru 8
Which of the following crime is among the paragraph 138 of 2005 World Summit Outcome Document on R2P that Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from?
Seçenekler
A
War crimes
B
Hate speech
C
Discrimination
D
Prejudices
E
Stereotypes
Açıklama:
A
Soru 9
The third pillar for for implementing R2P aims for a “...” as enshrined under Paragraph 139.
Fill in the blank with the right term below.
Fill in the blank with the right term below.
Seçenekler
A
State responsibility
B
Timely and decisive response
C
Individual responsibility
D
International assistance
E
National assistance
Açıklama:
B
Soru 10
What is a forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state called?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights
B
Humanitarian aid
C
Humanitarian intervention
D
Peacemaking
E
Peacekeeping
Açıklama:
Humanitarian intervention and humanitarian aid are not the same concepts and cannot be used interchangeably. The latter as an action is peaceful in character, and it is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty as its deployment is based on the consent of the host state. On the other hand, humanitarian intervention is a forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state (Griffiths and O’Callaghan, 2002, 145-147). It is also important to note that humanitarian intervention is not a synonym for peacemaking or peacekeeping, which are conducts involving measures short of use of force and essentially carried out by UN-authorised missions (or missions of regional organisations). The correct answer is C.
Soru 11
When was “Sovereignty as responsibility” understanding first introduced ?
Seçenekler
A
1930s
B
1950s
C
1960s
D
1980s
E
1990s
Açıklama:
“Sovereignty as responsibility” understanding was first introduced in the 1990s by Francis Deng and his colleagues. Based on this, the ICISS (2001a, p. 13) argues that “sovereignty as responsibility” also implies that national authorities have the responsibility to protect their populations and that they are accountable for their acts of commission and omission". The correct answer is E.
Soru 12
What does the abbreviation "R2P" stand for?
Seçenekler
A
Ready to Protect
B
Responsibility to Protect
C
Responsibility to Prevent
D
Ready to Prevent
E
Risky to Protect
Açıklama:
In its report, the ICISS introduced the concept of the Responsibility to Protect, which is commonly abbreviated as “R2P” (and also as “RtoP” in the literature). The main aim of the Commission was to shift the terms of the debate from the existence of a “right to intervene” towards establishing a “responsibility to protect”. The correct answer is B.
Soru 13
In which article of the UN Charter are the intervening states based their unilateral uses of military force on the inherent right of self-defence established?
Seçenekler
A
39
B
42
C
46
D
51
E
59
Açıklama:
The intervening states based their unilateral uses of military force on the inherent right of self-defence as established under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, specifically Article 51. Their main argument was that the internal situation in their neighbouring countries constituted a threat to their security and territorial integrity:
Article 51 of the UN Charter “Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security” (UN, 1945).
The correct answer is D.
Article 51 of the UN Charter “Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security” (UN, 1945).
The correct answer is D.
Soru 14
Which of the following terms refers to “protecting fundamental freedoms- freedoms that are the essence of life[;] … protecting people from critical (severe) and pervasive (widespread) threats and situations[;] …using processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations[;] … creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights
B
Human security
C
Human intervention
D
Human aid
E
Human dignity
Açıklama:
Human security: According to the Commission on Human Security (2003, 4), the term refers to “protecting fundamental freedoms- freedoms that are the essence of life[;] … protecting people from critical (severe) and pervasive (widespread) threats and situations[;] …using processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations[;] … creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”. The correct answer is B.
Soru 15
In the three-pillar strategy for implementing R2P, what is the first pillar about?
Seçenekler
A
state responsibility
B
international assistance
C
capacity-building
D
timely response
E
decisive response
Açıklama:
The three-pillar strategy took up on the two responsibilities-prevention and reaction-that were reflected in Paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Summit Outcome Document. Accordingly, in line with Paragraph 138, the first pillar focuses on “state responsibility”, while the second is concerned about “international assistance and capacity-building”. On the other hand, the third pillar aims for a “timely and decisive response” as enshrined under Paragraph 139.
Soru 16
When was the ICISS established as an independent commission?
Seçenekler
A
1980
B
1990
C
2000
D
2007
E
2011
Açıklama:
In 2000, to take up on the challenge raised at the UN General Assembly by the Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the ICISS was established as an independent commission, and it produced the Report on the Responsibility to Protect in order to shift the terms of the debate on the right to intervene towards the assumption of a responsibility to protect.
Soru 17
According to Paragraphs 138 and 139, in which of the cases below can R2P not be invoked?
Seçenekler
A
Genocide
B
War crimes
C
Epidemic
D
Ethnic cleansing
E
Crimes against humanity
Açıklama:
R2P was introduced into the agenda of the General Assembly in 2004 by then Secretary-General Kofi Annan. On the way to its adoption with the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, the limits and contents of R2P were redefined and some restrictions were imposed. Accordingly, different from the ICISS’s report, as defined under Paragraphs 138 and 139, R2P can only be invoked in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.
Soru 18
I. Killing members of the group
II.Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
III. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
IV. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
Which of the situations listed above are considered as genocide according to the Article II of the Genocide Convention?
II.Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
III. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
IV. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
Which of the situations listed above are considered as genocide according to the Article II of the Genocide Convention?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
I, II and III
C
I,II and IV
D
I,III and IV
E
I,II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Genocide is defined under Article II of the Genocide Convention as follows: “In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (UN, 1948).
Soru 19
Which of the following is false considering humanitarian aid?
Seçenekler
A
It is peaceful in character.
B
It is a forceful measure generally without the content of the host state.
C
It is not a synonym with peacemaking.
D
It is based on the consent of the host state.
E
It is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty.
Açıklama:
Humanitarian intervention and humanitarian aid are not the same concepts and cannot be used interchangeably. The latter as an action is peaceful in character, and it is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty as its deployment is based on the consent of the host state. On the other hand, humanitarian intervention is a forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state (Griffiths and O’Callaghan, 2002, 145-147). It is also important to note that humanitarian intervention is not a synonym for peacemaking or peacekeeping, which are conducts involving measures short of use of force and essentially carried out by UN-authorised missions (or missions of regional organisations). The correct answer is B.
Soru 20
"In the present Convention, ............... means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such killing members of the group".
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Genocide
B
Suicide
C
Homicide
D
Destruction
E
Murder
Açıklama:
In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such killing members of the group. The correct answer is A.
Soru 21
In which of the following years was the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (UDHR) ratified?
Seçenekler
A
1923
B
1945
C
1948
D
1955
E
1987
Açıklama:
In 1948, two milestones took place a day apart. On 9 December 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”, which codified the crime of genocide and became the earliest human rights treaty agreed by the UN General Assembly (UNOGPR2P, n.d.). The next day, the General Assembly ratified the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (UDHR). The correct answer is C.
Soru 22
In which report was the focus placed on the people-centred approach of human security, and basically defined it as “freedom from fear and want”?
Seçenekler
A
Health Report
B
Human Development Report
C
Education Report
D
Equal Rights Report
E
Ethic Report
Açıklama:
In its 1994 Human Development Report, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) placed the focus on the people-centred approach of human security, and basically defined it as “freedom from fear and want” (King and Murray, 2001-02, 585) in relation to the main components of economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security (Kaldor, 2008, 182). The correct answer is B.
Soru 23
"............. is an action that is peaceful in character, and it is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty as its deployment is based on the consent of the host state."
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian invention
B
Peacemaking
C
Security Council
D
Humanitarian aid
E
Human Development Report
Açıklama:
Note that humanitarian intervention and humanitarian aid are not the same concepts and cannot be used interchangeably. The latter as an action is peaceful in character, and it is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty as its deployment is based on the consent of the host state. On the other hand, humanitarian intervention is a forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state (Griffiths and O’Callaghan, 2002, 145-147). The correct answer is D.
Soru 24
".............. refers to an external use of military force with the aim of stopping mass atrocities already happening on the territory of a third state."
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian intervention
B
Humanitarian aid
C
Human Development Report
D
Commission
E
Report of the ICISS
Açıklama:
When we look at the definition of humanitarian intervention more closely, we see that it refers to an external use of military force with the aim of stopping mass atrocities already happening on the territory of a third state. It can be undertaken unilaterally or collectively, with or without a Security Council authorisation, or the consent of the state that is subjected to the intervention. The correct answer is A.
Soru 25
Which one of the followings introduced the "Sovereignty as responsibility” understanding with his colleagues?
Seçenekler
A
Kofi Annan
B
Francis Deng
C
Ban ki-mun
D
Butros Butros-Gali
E
Efua Atta
Açıklama:
“Sovereignty as responsibility” understanding was first introduced in the 1990s by Francis Deng and his colleagues. Based on this, the ICISS (2001a, p. 13) argues that “sovereignty as responsibility” also implies that national authorities have the responsibility to protect their populations and that they are accountable for their acts of commission and omission”. The correct answer is B.
Soru 26
Which one of the followings focuses on the "state responsibility" in the three-pillar strategy for implementing R2P?
Seçenekler
A
Pillar 1
B
Pillar 2
C
Pillar 3
D
Pillar 4
E
Pillar 5
Açıklama:
The first pillar focuses on “state responsibility”, while the second is concerned about “international assistance and capacity-building”. On the other hand, the third pillar aims for a “timely and decisive response”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 27
"Reflecting on the case of Syria, Hollande considered the veto as the core of the problem, and urged the permanent members to adopt “................”, which meant that on a voluntary basis the permanent members would commit themselves to not to cast the veto while considering mass atrocity crime situations (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 122)."
Which of the followings is stated above?
Which of the followings is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
"code of honour"
B
"code of behaviour"
C
"code of conduct"
D
"code of dress"
E
"code of virtue"
Açıklama:
Reflecting on the case of Syria, Hollande considered the veto as the core of the problem, and urged the permanent members to adopt “a code of good conduct”, which meant that on a voluntary basis the permanent members would commit themselves to not to cast the veto while considering mass atrocity crime situations (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 122). The correct answer is C.
Soru 28
"Paragraph 138: Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity."
In the quote above, some part is stated from the World Summit Outcome Document on R2P. In which year was this document adopted?
In the quote above, some part is stated from the World Summit Outcome Document on R2P. In which year was this document adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1990
B
2000
C
2001
D
2005
E
2010
Açıklama:
Paragraph 138 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document on R2P: “138: Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. This responsibility entails the prevention of such crimes, including their incitement, through appropriate and necessary means. We accept that responsibility and will act in accordance with it." The correct answer is D.
Soru 29
In the 2005 report, R2P was introduced under the title of “the Rule of .........", in connection with the “freedom to live in dignity” while the criteria for intervention were dropped and the scope for invoking R2P was narrowed down (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 62).
Which of the following terms was stated above?
Which of the following terms was stated above?
Seçenekler
A
Game
B
Home
C
House
D
Law
E
Power
Açıklama:
In the 2005 report, R2P was introduced under the title of “the Rule of Law”, in connection with the “freedom to live in dignity” while the criteria for intervention were dropped and the scope for invoking R2P was narrowed down (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 62). The correct answer is D.
Soru 30
- The responsibility to protect belongs to the international community when a state is unwilling or unable to protect its population.
- R2P refers to the responsibility to prosecute.
- R2P was first introduced by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.
- According to R2P states are untouchable in their internal affairs.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
I, III and IV
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Paragraph 201 introduces R2P as follows: “[…] There is a growing recognition that the issue is not the “right to intervene” of any State, but the “responsibility to protect” of every State when it comes to people suffering from avoidable catastrophe-mass murder and rape, ethnic cleansing by forcible expulsion and terror, and deliberate starvation and exposure to disease. And there is a growing acceptance that while sovereign Governments have the primary responsibility to protect their own citizens from such catastrophes, when they are unable or unwilling to do so that responsibility should be taken up by the wider international community-with it spanning a continuum involving prevention, response to violence, if necessary, and rebuilding shattered societies. The primary focus should be on assisting the cessation of violence through mediation and other tools and the protection of people through such measures as the dispatch of humanitarian, human rights and police missions. Force, if it needs to be used, should be deployed as a last resort” (UNGA, 2004).
Soru 31
- It is a part of the responsibility to prevent.
- It is a part of the responsibility to react.
- The Security Council can authorize legal humanitarian interventions.
- It is not a legal exception to the prohibition of the threat and use of force.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
II, III and IV
C
I, II and IV
D
I, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Humanitarian intervention “the use of military means ‘across state borders’ by a state, a group of states, or an international and/or regional organisation (Abiew, 1998, 18) in order to prevent or halt ‘widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than [… the intervener(s)’s] own citizens’, (Holzgrefe, 2003, 18) with or without the consent of the target state that is subjected to the use of force in its own territory as a result of the intervention” (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 18-19).
Soru 32
- The right to intervene is a legal exception to the prohibition of the use of force.
- Genocide and crimes against peace are reasons to invoke R2P.
- The United Nations Security Council can authorize the use of force under R2P.
- Sovereignty as responsibility covers only the protection of the citizens of the concerned state.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
II, III and IV
D
I, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Pillar one is about states’ responsibility to protect their populations from the commission and incitement of the four atrocity crimes, which is summed up with the notion of sovereignty as responsibility. Pillar two is about the international assistance to be provided to states to enable them in fulfilling their responsibility to protect their populations. Pillar three is about devising a collective, “timely and decisive response” in the case of the failure of a state, which can be delivered through measures ranging from peaceful to coercive. Within this pillar, the use of force can be utilised only as a last resort with the authorisation of the Security Council under the mandate of Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Soru 33
- Genocide
- Crimes against humanity
- War crimes
- Ethnic cleansing
- Crimes against peace
Seçenekler
A
I, II, III and IV
B
I, II, IV and V
C
I, III, IV and V
D
II, III, IV and V
E
I, II, III, IV and V
Açıklama:
Accordingly, at the state level sovereignty as responsibility understanding was embraced, while at the international level the international community was deemed responsible for the protection of populations when states are unable. Under the separate heading of the “Responsibility to Protect Populations from Genocide, War Crimes, Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity,” Paragraph 138 defined states’ own responsibility to protect their populations from the four grave crimes of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity” (hereinafter, mass atrocity crimes), and includes the prevention of these crimes as well as their incitement (UNGA, 2005b). While the international community’s responsibility to assist states in fulfilling their individual responsibility was referred to in Paragraph 138, Paragraph 139 urged for collective action on a case-by-case basis. Such action is to be undertaken with the mandate of the Security Council, first through means pertaining to Chapter VI and Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. The Paragraph also noted that in grave circumstances the use of force can be carried out only as a last resort by the sanctioning of the Security Council under the mandate of Chapter VII.
Soru 34
- R2P is legal rule that legalises humanitarian interventions.
- R2P aims to stop mass atrocity crimes and does not contain preventive measures.
- Pillar 3 of R2P comprises not only of coercive measures but also peaceful ones including those enlisted in Chapter VI of the UN Charter.
- Humanitarian intervention takes places after mass atrocities are committed whereas R2P also aims to prevent them.
Seçenekler
A
III and IV
B
I and II
C
I and III
D
II and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Pillar one is about states’ responsibility to protect their populations from the commission and incitement of the four atrocity crimes, which is summed up with the notion of sovereignty as responsibility. Pillar two is about the international assistance to be provided to states to enable them in fulfilling their responsibility to protect their populations. Pillar three is about devising a collective, “timely and decisive response” in the case of the failure of a state, which can be delivered through measures ranging from peaceful to coercive. Within this pillar, the use of force can be utilised only as a last resort with the authorisation of the Security Council under the mandate of Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Soru 35
- Ensuring protection of populations from mass atrocities.
- Responding to human-made disasters.
- Legalising the right to intervene as an exception to the prohibition of the threat and use of force.
- Creating a conceptual framework for humanitarian uses of force.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
II, III and IV
C
I, II and IV
D
I, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
In its report, the ICISS introduced the concept of the Responsibility to Protect, which is commonly abbreviated as “R2P” (and also as “RtoP” in the literature). The main aim of the Commission was to shift the terms of the debate from the existence of a “right to intervene” towards establishing a “responsibility to protect”. Especially in the post-Cold War era, pro-intervention states have interpreted humanitarian intervention as a “right to intervene”, which meant that they could intervene if and whenever they wanted. Such approach is highly problematic from human security and international law perspectives. First, the acceptance of a right to intervene does not assure that there will be a timely response to mass atrocities. When humanitarian intervention is perceived as a right, it means that states are not obliged to take action but can or may do so if they want to. This, in return, as it was experienced in Rwanda in the 1990s, may result in inaction even when an intervention is obviously necessary to protect populations. Moreover, it does not include in its toolkit measures for enabling prevention or post-intervention reconstruction. Second, from a legal perspective, the interveners are not obliged to obtain the Security Council’s authorisation as humanitarian interventions can be carried out by a variety of actors (such as but not limited to a willing state, a coalition of states, a regional and/or international organisation) without an obligation to acquire consent or authorisation. Hence, as it was the case in the Cold War era examples, it makes unilateral interventions much easier and abuses of the doctrine more likely. Overall, such shortcomings constitute a challenge to the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of the targeted state, as well as to the prohibition of threat and use of force (ICISS, 2001a, 16).
Soru 36
Which concept means “the use of military means ‘across state borders’ by a state, a group of states, or an international and/or regional organisation (Abiew, 1998, 18) in order to prevent or halt ‘widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than [… the intervener(s)’s] own citizens’, (Holzgrefe, 2003, 18) with or without the consent of the target state that is subjected to the use of force in its own territory as a result of the intervention”?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian intervention
B
Humanitarian aid
C
Responsibility to protect
D
Human security
E
Genocide
Açıklama:
Humanitarian intervention “the use of military means ‘across state borders’ by a state, a group of states, or an international and/or regional organisation (Abiew, 1998, 18) in order to prevent or halt ‘widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than [… the intervener(s)’s] own citizens’, (Holzgrefe, 2003, 18) with or without the consent of the target state that is subjected to the use of force in its own territory as a result of the intervention” (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 18-19).
Soru 37
Which term the term refers to “protecting fundamental freedoms- freedoms that are the essence of life[;] … protecting people from critical (severe) and pervasive (widespread) threats and situations[;] …using processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations[;] … creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”?
Seçenekler
A
Human security
B
Peacekeeping
C
Humanitarian aid
D
Humanitarian intervention
E
Responsibility to protect
Açıklama:
Human security According to the Commission on Human Security (2003, 4), the term refers to “protecting fundamental freedoms- freedoms that are the essence of life[;] … protecting people from critical (severe) and pervasive (widespread) threats and situations[;] …using processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations[;] … creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”.
Soru 38
- States’ responsibility to protect their populations from the commission and incitement of the four atrocity crimes, which is summed up with the notion of sovereignty as responsibility.
- International assistance to be provided to states to enable them in fulfilling their responsibility to protect their populations.
- Devising a collective, “timely and decisive response” in the case of the failure of a state, which can be delivered through measures ranging from peaceful to coercive.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I and II
C
I and III
D
II and III
E
None
Açıklama:
A Three Pillar Strategy for Implementing R2P In the report, based on the consensus of 2005, Ban focused on devising a three-pillar strategy directed towards tackling issues related to R2P’s implementation. The three-pillar strategy took up on the two responsibilities-prevention and reaction-that were reflected in Paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Summit Outcome Document. Accordingly, in line with Paragraph 138, the first pillar focuses on “state responsibility”, while the second is concerned about “international assistance and capacity-building”. On the other hand, the third pillar aims for a “timely and decisive response” as enshrined under Paragraph 139.
Soru 39
- Killing members of the group
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I and II
C
I, II and III
D
I, II, III and IV
E
I, II, III, IV and V
Açıklama:
Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group;b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. The answer is E.
Soru 40
Which of the following placed human rights at the top of the developmental agenda relating to international law?
Seçenekler
A
The Napoleonic Wars
B
The Balkan Wars
C
The First World War
D
The Second World War
E
The Cold War
Açıklama:
The devastation caused by the Second World War placed human rights at the top of the developmental agenda relating to international law in the immediate post-war period. The answer is D.
Soru 41
Which of the following is a soft law document in human rights lacking binding effect over the state parties, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948?
Seçenekler
A
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
C
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
D
International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
E
Human Development Report
Açıklama:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a soft law document in human rights lacking binding effect over the state parties, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. The answer is A.
Soru 42
Which of the following concepts is defined as “freedom from fear and want"?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian intervention
B
Self-defense
C
Human security
D
Military security
E
Responsibility to protect
Açıklama:
Human security is defined as “freedom from fear and want”. The answer is C.
Soru 43
Which of the following concept was introduced by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian intervention
B
Genocide
C
Human security
D
Human development
E
Responsibility to protect
Açıklama:
The ICISS introduced the concept of the Responsibility to Protect, which is commonly abbreviated as “R2P” (and also as “RtoP” in the literature). The answer is E.
Soru 44
According to the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, which of the following is not one of the international crimes that invoke the responsibility to protect (R2P)?
Seçenekler
A
human smuggling
B
genocide
C
war crimes
D
ethnic cleansing
E
crimes against humanity
Açıklama:
According to the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The answer is A.
Soru 45
Which of the following was first introduced in the 1990s by Francis Deng and his colleagues?
Seçenekler
A
Absolute sovereignty
B
Sovereignty as responsibility
C
Human security
D
Responsibility to protect
E
Humanitarian intervention
Açıklama:
“Sovereignty as responsibility” understanding was first introduced in the 1990s by Francis Deng and his colleagues. The answer is B.
Soru 46
Which UN Secretary-General focused on devising a three-pillar strategy directed towards tackling issues related to R2P’s implementation?
Seçenekler
A
Javier Perez de Cuellar
B
Boutros Boutros Ghali
C
Kofi Annan
D
Ban Ki-moon
E
Antonio Guterres
Açıklama:
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon focused on devising a three-pillar strategy directed towards tackling issues related to R2P’s implementation. The answer is D.
Soru 47
Which pillar of R2P is about devising a collective, “timely and decisive response” in the case of the failure of a state, which can be delivered through measures ranging from peaceful to coercive?
Seçenekler
A
Pillar One
B
Pillar Two
C
Pillar Three
D
Pillar Four
E
Pillar Five
Açıklama:
Pillar Three is about devising a collective, “timely and decisive response” in the case of the failure of a state, which can be delivered through measures ranging from peaceful to coercive. The answer is C.
Soru 48
Which of the following was the first test case of R2P's implementation?
Seçenekler
A
South Ossetia
B
Guinea
C
Kenya
D
Libya
E
Darfur
Açıklama:
Darfur was the first test case of R2P's implementation. The answer is E.
Soru 49
Which of the following does not exist the "genocide" definition of U.N.?
Seçenekler
A
Psychologically attacking and bullying members of a group
B
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
C
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
D
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
E
Killing members of the group
Açıklama:
Genocide is defined under Article II of the Genocide Convention as follows: “In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (UN, 1948).
Soru 50
Which article of the UN Charter protects fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”
Seçenekler
A
Article 1(3) of the UN Charter
B
Article 55(c) of the UN Charter
C
Article 51 of the UN Charter
D
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter
E
Article 2(7) of the UN Charter
Açıklama:
Article 55(c) of the UN Charter:
“The United Nations shall promote […] universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion” (emphasis added, UN, 1945).
“The United Nations shall promote […] universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion” (emphasis added, UN, 1945).
Soru 51
Which approach considers humanitarian intervention as a violation of international law?
Seçenekler
A
Restrictionist Approach
B
Counter-Restrictionist Approach
C
Natural Law Traditional Approach
D
International Community Approach
E
Civil Rights Approach
Açıklama:
The approaches to the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian interventions can be classified into two main groups as the restrictionist approach and the counter-restrictionist approach (which covers the natural law tradition as well as the international community approach). On the one hand, restrictionists consider humanitarian intervention a violation of international law, mainly “a violation of the territorial integrity and political independence of the state”. On the other hand, counter-restrictionists argue that humanitarian interventions are permissible under customary international law and the provisions of the UN Charter promoting and protecting human rights. Moreover, they also emphasise that when a humanitarian intervention is undertaken as a collective conduct, it “expresses the will of the international community” (Duke, 1994, 33-35).
Soru 52
Which three articles of Un Charter are about maintaining or restoring international peace and security?
Seçenekler
A
24, 27, 33
B
31, 33, 35
C
36, 37, 38
D
39, 41, 42
E
41, 42, 44
Açıklama:
Article 39 of the UN Charter “The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security”
Soru 53
Which of the following can be shown as the most controversial example intervention which ignited the debates on the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian interventions?
Seçenekler
A
NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999
B
India’s intervention in East Pakistan in 1971
C
Vietnam’s intervention in Cambodia in 1978
D
Tanzania’s intervention in Uganda in 1979
E
United States's intervention in Panama in 1989
Açıklama:
In the post Cold War era, although states claimed that they had a right to intervene in situations of mass atrocities and humanitarian justifications were granted international recognition, it is hard to say that a “right to intervene” was established under international law. As the most controversial example of the 1990s, NATO’s Kosovo intervention ignited the debates on the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian interventions and challenged the understanding that there exists a “right to intervene”.
Soru 54
Which of the following refers to "forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state"?
Seçenekler
A
Humanitarian Aid
B
Humanitarian Intervention
C
Peacemaking
D
Peacekeeping
E
Humanitarian Protection
Açıklama:
Please note that humanitarian intervention and humanitarian aid are not the same concepts and cannot be used interchangeably. The latter as an action is peaceful in character, and it is not in conflict with the notion of state sovereignty as its deployment is based on the consent of the host state. On the other hand, humanitarian intervention is a forceful measure that can be undertaken with or (most commonly) without the consent of the host state (Griffiths and O’Callaghan, 2002, 145-147). It is also important to note that humanitarian intervention is not a synonym for peacemaking or peacekeeping, which are conducts involving measures short of use of force and essentially carried out by UN-authorised missions (or missions of regional organisations).
Soru 55
By which organ of UN is R2P particularly carried out?
Seçenekler
A
Executive Management Office
B
Headquarters
C
Security Council
D
General Assembly
E
Parliament of Representatives
Açıklama:
According to the ICISS (2001a, 47) the “right authority” has the right “to determine, in any particular case, whether a military intervention for human protection purposes should go ahead”. In this vein, the Commission posits that R2P should be carried out by the UN, and in particular the Security Council. When and if there is a deadlock in the Security Council, then the issue may be transferred to the General Assembly. The Commission also talks about the possibility of collective intervention by regional or sub-regional organisations (ICISS, 2001a, 53).
Soru 56
I. Genocide
II. War crimes
III. Religious attacks
III. Ethnic cleansing
Which of the crimes above are protected by the article on 2005 World Summit Outcome Document on R2P?
II. War crimes
III. Religious attacks
III. Ethnic cleansing
Which of the crimes above are protected by the article on 2005 World Summit Outcome Document on R2P?
Seçenekler
A
I, II
B
II, III
C
II and IV
D
I, II, IV
E
II, III, IV
Açıklama:
Two paragraphs of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document on R2P: “138. Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.This responsibility entails the prevention of such crimes, including their incitement, through appropriate and necessary means. We accept that responsibility and will act in accordance with it
Soru 57
From which perspectives is R2P approached?
Seçenekler
A
International and collective
B
Economical and political
C
Cultural and sociopolitical-based
D
Humanistic and freedom-based
E
National and sovereignty-based
Açıklama:
As mentioned previously, while some states of the global south have considered R2P as a version of humanitarian intervention and approached it with caution, some others wanted to avoid the acceptance of a legal duty to act in the face of mass atrocity crimes. Regardless of the reiterated commitment to “no more Rwandas”, there seems to be a tendency to approach R2P from a mainly national interest and sovereignty-based perspective
Soru 58
Which of the following refers to "on a voluntary basis the permanent members would commit themselves to not to cast the veto"?
Seçenekler
A
The stumbling blocks
B
A code of good conduct
C
Collective intervention
D
Conceptual Turntaking
E
International Responsibility
Açıklama:
In October 2013, in his address at the 68th Session of the General Assembly French President Francois Hollande stated that “the most serious threat of all was inaction; the worst decision was no decision; and the worst danger was to see no danger. Every time the United Nations did not act, peace suffered”. Reflecting on the case of Syria, Hollande considered the veto as the core of the problem, and urged the permanent members to adopt “a code of good conduct”, which meant that on a voluntary basis the permanent members would commit themselves to not to cast the veto while considering mass atrocity crime situations (Gözen Ercan, 2016, 122).
Ünite 5
Soru 1
When did the United Nations (UN) made the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms one of the rocks that the new world organization was built upon?
Seçenekler
A
After the Second World War
B
After the First World War
C
After the Cold War
D
After the American Civil War
E
After the Gulf War
Açıklama:
a
Soru 2
Since when has the issue of human rights emerged more and more as one of the subjects to which member states give greater attention and striking institutional and procedural changes has occurred?
Seçenekler
A
Since 1939
B
Since 1941
C
Since 1945
D
Since 1950
E
Since 1954
Açıklama:
c
Soru 3
When was the Universal Declaration adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1935
B
1938
C
1940
D
1943
E
1948
Açıklama:
E
Soru 4
Which of the following covenant was signed in 1966?
Seçenekler
A
International Covenant on Public Rights
B
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
C
Iınternational Covenant on People's Free Movement
D
International Covenant on Economic Freedom
E
International Covenant on Free Speech
Açıklama:
B
Soru 5
Which of the following convention has the article as, "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on races, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social cultural or any other field of public life"?
Seçenekler
A
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
B
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
C
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
D
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
E
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Açıklama:
D
Soru 6
Which of the following convention has the article as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity”?
Seçenekler
A
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
B
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
C
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
D
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
E
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Açıklama:
c
Soru 7
Which of the following term has the definition as "(...) is considered to be the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law.”
Seçenekler
A
Enforced Disappearance
B
Enforced Arrest
C
Deprivation of Liberty
D
Concealment of the Fate
E
Enforced Deprivation
Açıklama:
A
Soru 8
Which one of the following committees was created before 2000?
Seçenekler
A
Committee on Migrant Workers
B
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
C
Committee on Enforced Disappearances
D
The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture
E
Human Rights Committee
Açıklama:
E
Soru 9
Which of the following was established together with the Universal Periodic Review?
Seçenekler
A
The Security Council
B
The Economic and Social Council
C
The Trusteeship Council
D
The Human Rights Council
E
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
Açıklama:
D
Soru 10
Which of the following is a State-driven process which provides the opportunity for each State to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfil their human rights obligations?
Seçenekler
A
Working Group on Situations
B
The Universal Periodic Review
C
The 1503 procedure
D
Directory of Special Procedures
E
Coordination Committee
Açıklama:
b
Soru 11
After which of the following did the United Nations (UN) made the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms one of the rocks that the new world organization was built upon.
Seçenekler
A
World War I
B
World War II
C
The Renaissance
D
The French Revolution
E
The American Civil War
Açıklama:
After the Second World War, the United Nations (UN) made the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms one of the rocks that the new world organization was built upon. Preamble of the Charter speaks of reaffirming the “faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small”.
Soru 12
Which one of the following replaced the Commission on Human Rights in 2006?
Seçenekler
A
the Human Rights Council
B
the Human Rights Committee
C
the Human Rights Senate
D
the Human Rights Parliament
E
the Human Rights Foundation
Açıklama:
Special procedures established by the Commission on Human Rights (replaced by the Human Rights Council in 2006) provided a second supervisory mechanism for all members of the UN.
Soru 13
When was the Secretariat's relevance was heightened?
Seçenekler
A
1990
B
1991
C
1992
D
1993
E
1994
Açıklama:
On the other hand, the Secretariat’s relevance was heightened when the position of the High Commissioner for Human Rights was created in 1993 under the Secretariat.
Soru 14
Which of the following articles states that the UN will promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
Seçenekler
A
51
B
52
C
53
D
54
E
55
Açıklama:
Articles 55 and 56 go under the heading of “International Economic and Social Co- Operation”. Article 55 states that the UN will promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
Soru 15
Which of the following articles suggests that all Members promise to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization?
Seçenekler
A
54
B
55
C
56
D
57
E
58
Açıklama:
According to Article 56, all Members promise to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55.
Soru 16
When did the General Assembly adopt the bill of rights?
Seçenekler
A
1946
B
1947
C
1948
D
1949
E
1950
Açıklama:
General Assembly approved the ECOSOC’s proposal for the Commission on Human Rights to prepare an international bill of rights (GA Res. 43(I), Dec. 11,1946). Universal Declaration was adopted two years later, at 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly with 48 votes and 8 abstentions.
Soru 17
How many conventions does the UN system include related to protection of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
15
B
16
C
17
D
18
E
19
Açıklama:
The UN system includes fifteen conventions related to the protection of human rights in total, nine of them as ‘core’. Two of the nine are 1966 International Covenants.
Soru 18
"The Convention is applicable to all migrant workers and members of their families without distinction of any kind such as sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth or other status." Which convention is described above?
Seçenekler
A
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
B
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
C
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
D
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
E
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities states that persons with disabilities
Açıklama:
1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families defines the term “migrant worker” as a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national. The Convention is applicable to all migrant workers and members of their families without distinction of any kind such as sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth or other status.
Soru 19
Which of the following conventions is the most universally ratified human rights convention?
Seçenekler
A
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
B
Convention on the Rights of the Child
C
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
D
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
E
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Açıklama:
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most universally ratified human rights convention. It describes child as “every human being below the age of eighteen years”. According to Article 3, in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
Soru 20
When was the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) created?
Seçenekler
A
1991
B
1992
C
1993
D
1994
E
1995
Açıklama:
UNHCHR was a post created in 1994 fulfilling a long-hoped expectation. General Assembly Resolution 48/141 mandated this position in 1993. The appointment is made by the General Assembly for a four-year term.
Soru 21
Which of the following bodies within the UN structure replaced the Commission on Human Rights that was abolished in 2006?
Seçenekler
A
General Assembly.
B
Economic and Social Council.
C
High Commissioner for Human Rights.
D
Human Rights Council.
E
International Trusteeship System.
Açıklama:
Page 113.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which was the other main organ beside the General Assembly, entrusted with the promotion of human rights lost most of its relevance when the Commission on Human Rights was abolished in 2006 and a new sub-organ, Human Rights Council was established under the General Assembly. Therefore, the correct option is D.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which was the other main organ beside the General Assembly, entrusted with the promotion of human rights lost most of its relevance when the Commission on Human Rights was abolished in 2006 and a new sub-organ, Human Rights Council was established under the General Assembly. Therefore, the correct option is D.
Soru 22
" Universal Declaration was adopted two years later, at 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly with 48 votes and 8 abstentions."
Which of the followings was among the abstaining states?
Which of the followings was among the abstaining states?
Seçenekler
A
People's Republic of China.
B
South Africa.
C
India.
D
Macedonia.
E
Bulgaria.
Açıklama:
Page 115.
General Assembly approved the ECOSOC’s proposal for the Commission on Human Rights to prepare an international bill of rights (GA Res. 43(I), Dec. 11,1946). Universal Declaration was adopted two years later, at 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly with 48 votes and 8 abstentions. The abstaining states were Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Ukrainian SSR, Yugoslavia, and USSR. Therefore, the correct option is B.
General Assembly approved the ECOSOC’s proposal for the Commission on Human Rights to prepare an international bill of rights (GA Res. 43(I), Dec. 11,1946). Universal Declaration was adopted two years later, at 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly with 48 votes and 8 abstentions. The abstaining states were Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Ukrainian SSR, Yugoslavia, and USSR. Therefore, the correct option is B.
Soru 23
Which of the followings is incorrect concerning Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
The member states have to abide by the decisions of General Assembly.
B
The right to asylum is universally guaranteed under the Charter.
C
Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding for the member states.
D
None of the rights it presented has become customary international law.
E
The Declaration does not provide an authoritative guide to the interpretation of the relevant Charter provisions.
Açıklama:
Page 115.
Since General Assembly cannot take binding decisions for the member states, but only recommendations according the Article 10 of the Charter, Declaration is not a binding document. Some of its provisions, for example the reference to a right to asylum, could hardly be said to represent legal rules. On the other hand, some of it constitutes general principles of law. Its greatest significance is that it provides an authoritative guide to the interpretation of the relevant Charter provisions (Brownlie, 1993, 570). Moreover, it propounds the principles upon which binding conventions were based and rights which were going to be provided with binding power. In addition, many rights it presented have become customary international law and binding on all states. It is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the Human Rights Day all over the world. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Since General Assembly cannot take binding decisions for the member states, but only recommendations according the Article 10 of the Charter, Declaration is not a binding document. Some of its provisions, for example the reference to a right to asylum, could hardly be said to represent legal rules. On the other hand, some of it constitutes general principles of law. Its greatest significance is that it provides an authoritative guide to the interpretation of the relevant Charter provisions (Brownlie, 1993, 570). Moreover, it propounds the principles upon which binding conventions were based and rights which were going to be provided with binding power. In addition, many rights it presented have become customary international law and binding on all states. It is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the Human Rights Day all over the world. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Soru 24
"Rights covered by Universal Declaration of Human Rights are mostly of the first generation."
Which of the followings is among the first generation rights?
Which of the followings is among the first generation rights?
Seçenekler
A
Civil and political rights.
B
Cultural rights.
C
Right to a standard of living.
D
Right to education.
E
Right to leisure.
Açıklama:
Page 115.
Rights covered by the Declaration are mostly of the first generation, namely civil and political rights. Besides them, it covers some second generation economic, social and cultural rights like right to leisure, right to a standard of living, right to education, etc. It was right to own property, which has caused extensive debates and abstention of the Soviet Union and its allies. Therefore, the correct option is A.
Rights covered by the Declaration are mostly of the first generation, namely civil and political rights. Besides them, it covers some second generation economic, social and cultural rights like right to leisure, right to a standard of living, right to education, etc. It was right to own property, which has caused extensive debates and abstention of the Soviet Union and its allies. Therefore, the correct option is A.
Soru 25
"In 1966, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) were signed."
Which of the followings is the point that both covenants had in common?
Which of the followings is the point that both covenants had in common?
Seçenekler
A
Right of self-determination for all peoples.
B
Right to life and to protection against the arbitrary deprivation of life.
C
Right to work.
D
Right to recognition as a person before the law and to equality before the law.
E
Right to form and join trade unions.
Açıklama:
Page 116.
These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples. It also includes the right to dispose of their natural resources freely. This common article was the center of a most heated argument. Many Western states also belonging to rich North debated whether the Covenants were a proper place for this right, since individuals use the human rights per se, on the other hand, the right of self-determination is a groups’ right. Nevertheless, majority of the member states were the newly-independent states from colonialism and they argued that if there is no self-determination there would not be human rights as well, since individuals would be deprived of the most basic human need and right. Latter states’ argumentation won this debate and the right of self-determination has taken its place in both covenants. Therefore, the correct option is A.
These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples. It also includes the right to dispose of their natural resources freely. This common article was the center of a most heated argument. Many Western states also belonging to rich North debated whether the Covenants were a proper place for this right, since individuals use the human rights per se, on the other hand, the right of self-determination is a groups’ right. Nevertheless, majority of the member states were the newly-independent states from colonialism and they argued that if there is no self-determination there would not be human rights as well, since individuals would be deprived of the most basic human need and right. Latter states’ argumentation won this debate and the right of self-determination has taken its place in both covenants. Therefore, the correct option is A.
Soru 26
Which of the followings is among the rights included in International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom from slavery.
B
Right of detainees to be treated with dignity.
C
Freedom of thought.
D
Right to safe working conditions.
E
Right of minorities to enjoy their own culture.
Açıklama:
Page 116.
Rights included in the ICESPR, inter alia: the right to work and to have the opportunity to choose work freely; the right to just and favorable conditions of work including equal pay for equal work, safe working conditions, and equality of opportunity; the right to form and join trade unions; the right to receive social security; the right to an adequate standard of living; the right to education; and the right to participate in cultural life. Therefore, the correct option is D.
Rights included in the ICESPR, inter alia: the right to work and to have the opportunity to choose work freely; the right to just and favorable conditions of work including equal pay for equal work, safe working conditions, and equality of opportunity; the right to form and join trade unions; the right to receive social security; the right to an adequate standard of living; the right to education; and the right to participate in cultural life. Therefore, the correct option is D.
Soru 27
Which of the followings is among the rights included in International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)?
Seçenekler
A
Right to receive social security.
B
Right to participate in cultural life.
C
Freedom from torture or cruel.
D
Right to education.
E
Opportunity to choose work freely.
Açıklama:
Page 116.
Rights included in the ICCPR, inter alia: the right to life and to protection against the arbitrary deprivation of life; freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; freedom from slavery; the right to liberty and security of person; the prohibition against arbitrary arrest or detention the right to a fair and public trial; the right of detainees to be treated with dignity; the prohibition against imprisonment for debt; freedom of movement and residence including the right to leave any country; protection for aliens lawfully within a state’s territory against arbitrary expulsion; the prohibition against retroactive punishment; the right to recognition as a person before the law and to equality before the law; freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion, expression, association, and peaceful assembly; the prohibition of discrimination; the right of minorities to enjoy their own culture. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Rights included in the ICCPR, inter alia: the right to life and to protection against the arbitrary deprivation of life; freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; freedom from slavery; the right to liberty and security of person; the prohibition against arbitrary arrest or detention the right to a fair and public trial; the right of detainees to be treated with dignity; the prohibition against imprisonment for debt; freedom of movement and residence including the right to leave any country; protection for aliens lawfully within a state’s territory against arbitrary expulsion; the prohibition against retroactive punishment; the right to recognition as a person before the law and to equality before the law; freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion, expression, association, and peaceful assembly; the prohibition of discrimination; the right of minorities to enjoy their own culture. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Soru 28
Which of the followings is the main organ which had principal responsibility for the work aimed promoting and protecting human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Commission on Human Rights.
B
Commission on Women’s Condition.
C
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
D
International Court of Justice.
E
Economic and Social Council.
Açıklama:
Page 118.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the main organ which had principal responsibility for the work aimed promoting and protecting human rights. The Commission on Human Rights was established under the ECOSOC and member states were chosen by it. Although the Human Rights Council established under the General Assembly, the ECOSOC’s mandate working for the protection of human rights still continues. Therefore, the correct option is E.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the main organ which had principal responsibility for the work aimed promoting and protecting human rights. The Commission on Human Rights was established under the ECOSOC and member states were chosen by it. Although the Human Rights Council established under the General Assembly, the ECOSOC’s mandate working for the protection of human rights still continues. Therefore, the correct option is E.
Soru 29
Which of the followings is the term for UN High Commissioner for Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
2 years.
B
4 years.
C
5 years.
D
8 years.
E
10 years.
Açıklama:
Page 120.
UNHCHR was a post created in 1994 fulfilling a long-hoped expectation. General Assembly Resolution 48/141 mandated this position in 1993. The appointment is made by the General Assembly for a four-year term. Therefore, the correct option is B.
UNHCHR was a post created in 1994 fulfilling a long-hoped expectation. General Assembly Resolution 48/141 mandated this position in 1993. The appointment is made by the General Assembly for a four-year term. Therefore, the correct option is B.
Soru 30
Which of the followings is correct concerning the 1503 Procedure?
Seçenekler
A
It was the first of its kind.
B
Under 1503 Procedure, the Commission focused solely on racial discrimination and colonialism.
C
Before complaining under 1503 procedure, all local remedies must be exhausted.
D
After 1970, its focus shifted to political developments in Latin America.
E
It allowed the Commission on Human Rights to create an ad hoc working group of its own members.
Açıklama:
Page 131.
Before complaining under 1503 procedure, all local remedies must be exhausted and complaint must be made in a reasonable time after exhaustion. It also should not be under consideration in any other procedure in the UN system and should not use abusive or insulting language. Lastly, no complaint should be politically motivated or run counter to the principles of the United Nations. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Before complaining under 1503 procedure, all local remedies must be exhausted and complaint must be made in a reasonable time after exhaustion. It also should not be under consideration in any other procedure in the UN system and should not use abusive or insulting language. Lastly, no complaint should be politically motivated or run counter to the principles of the United Nations. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Soru 31
What was established instead of the Commission on Human Rights in 2006 as a new sub-organ?
Seçenekler
A
Human Rights Council
B
UN Charter
C
General Assembly
D
The Economic and Social Council
E
Secretariat
Açıklama:
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which was the other main organ beside the General Assembly, entrusted with the promotion of human rights lost most of its relevance when the Commission on Human Rights was abolished in 2006 and a new sub-organ, Human Rights Council was established under the General Assembly.
Soru 32
"The Declaration is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the ............... Day all over the world."
Which of the following is stated above?
Which of the following is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
World Order
B
Human Rights
C
Gender Equality
D
World Race
E
Human Health
Açıklama:
The Declaration is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the Human Rights Day all over the world. The correct answer is B.
Soru 33
"In 1960, ............... wrote that “For the time being and for the foreseeable future, the role of the United Nations in promoting respect for human rights will need to be a more limited one”.
Which of the followings said the quote above?
Which of the followings said the quote above?
Seçenekler
A
Stan Lee
B
Edward Hambro
C
Leland Goodrich
D
Antonio Guterres
E
Mona Juul
Açıklama:
In 1960, Leland Goodrich wrote that “For the time being and for the foreseeable future, the role of the United Nations in promoting respect for human rights will need to be a more limited one” (Goodrich, 1960, 259). Five years later, it is observed that since members took an obligation to advance human rights, they agreed that they might discuss violations and even appoint committees of investigation (Eichelberger, 1965, 83). The correct answer is C.
Soru 34
When was "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)" signed?
Seçenekler
A
1920
B
1923
C
1938
D
1966
E
1980
Açıklama:
Two covenants were signed in 1966: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The correct answer is D.
Soru 35
What does "the Universal Declaration and International Covenants" make together?
Seçenekler
A
The International Bill of Rights
B
The International Peoples Day
C
The International Humanity Day
D
The International Health Day
E
The International Day
Açıklama:
Universal Declaration and International Covenants together make the International Bill of Rights.
Soru 36
Which of the following conventions takes "measures for the advancement and empowerment of women in private and public life"?
Seçenekler
A
1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
B
1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
C
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
D
1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
E
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Açıklama:
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women specifies measures for the advancement and empowerment of women in private and public life, particularly in the areas of education, employment, health, marriage and family. It is often described as an international bill of rights for women. The correct answer is E.
Soru 37
In which of the following conventions is its Article 1 described as “any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on races, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social cultural or any other field of public life”?
Seçenekler
A
1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
B
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
C
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
D
1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
E
2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Açıklama:
1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination describes racial discrimination in its Article 1 as “any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on races, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social cultural or any other field of public life”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 38
"There are 14 country offices with a mandate of human rights observation, protection, technical cooperation activities and public reporting."
Which one of the following countries are not included to the statement above?
Which one of the following countries are not included to the statement above?
Seçenekler
A
Burundi
B
Cambodia
C
Chad
D
Guatemala
E
Gabon
Açıklama:
There are 14 country offices with a mandate of human rights observation, protection, technical cooperation activities and public reporting. These countries are Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Republic of Korea, Mauritania, Mexico, State of Palestine, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. The correct answer is E.
Soru 39
"The Human Rights Committee is a body of .. independent experts."
How many experts are stated above?
How many experts are stated above?
Seçenekler
A
10
B
12
C
15
D
18
E
25
Açıklama:
The Human Rights Committee is a body of 18 independent experts. The correct answer is D.
Soru 40
" ............ states that persons with disabilities include those who have longterm physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others."
Which of the followings is stated above?
Which of the followings is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
B
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
C
2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
D
1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
E
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
Açıklama:
2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities states that persons with disabilities include those who have longterm physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The correct answer is C.
Soru 41
Which of the following articles of law is not one of the United Nations regulations on protection of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
13
B
55
C
62
D
68
E
75
Açıklama:
After determining the promotion of human rights as one of the organization’s purposes in Article 1/3, UN Charter gives place to human rights in its articles 13, 55, 56, 62, 68, and 76. The correct answer is E
Soru 42
Commission on Women’s Condition are just two examples of it. The UN Permanent Forum on....................... which is a sub-organ of the ECOSOC has a mandate to discuss indigenous issues including human rights
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Peacekeeping
B
Peacebuilding
C
Racial discrimination
D
Indigenous Issues
E
Self-determination
Açıklama:
Commission on Women’s Condition are just two examples of it. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues which is a sub-organ of the ECOSOC has a mandate to discuss indigenous issues including human rights. The correct answer is D
Soru 43
The Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the................... in 2006
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Human Right Commission
B
Human Rights Council
C
Human Right General Assembly
D
Security Council
E
OHCHR
Açıklama:
Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the Human Rights Council in 2006. The correct answer is B
Soru 44
Which of the following is one of the two United Nations bodies promoting human rights?
Seçenekler
A
General Assembly
B
ICESPR
C
Security Cauncel
D
Directorate General
E
Human Rights Council
Açıklama:
Two main organs of the UN, General Assembly and the ECOSOC were given the task of promoting human rights generally. The correct answer is A
Soru 45
These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both
begin with a common article that sets forth the right of...................... for all peoples
Which of the following concepts should be brought into the space above?
begin with a common article that sets forth the right of...................... for all peoples
Which of the following concepts should be brought into the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Self-conception
B
Self-determination
C
Self-conscious
D
Self-indulgent
E
Self-employed
Açıklama:
These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both
begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples. The correct answer is B
begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples. The correct answer is B
Soru 46
I. religion
II. language
III. sex
IV. race
Which of the above are the core distinctions that the Charters seeks no discrimination at?
II. language
III. sex
IV. race
Which of the above are the core distinctions that the Charters seeks no discrimination at?
Seçenekler
A
I, II
B
II, III, IV
C
I, III, IV
D
I, II, III
E
I, II, III, IV
Açıklama:
It can be discerned from the relevant articles that the Charter’s main concern was the discrimination based on race, sex, language or religion. This concern was also reflected in the Preamble in the formula of the “faith in the equal rights of men and women”.
Soru 47
What is the core emphasis of two covenants: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)?
Seçenekler
A
Self-regulation
B
Self-confidence
C
Self-determination
D
Self-protection
E
Self-consciousness
Açıklama:
Two covenants were signed in 1966: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples.
Soru 48
Which of the following is the most universally ratified (approved by all) convention?
Seçenekler
A
1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
B
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
C
1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
D
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
E
1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Açıklama:
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most universally ratified human rights convention. It describes child as “every human being below the age of eighteen years”. According to Article 3, in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
Soru 49
Which body of UN is mainly responsible for peacebuilding and peacemaking?
Seçenekler
A
Security Council
B
General Assembly
C
Human Rights Council
D
The Secretariat
E
Commission of Representatives
Açıklama:
Security Council is in the context of the postconflict UN peacebuilding support activities. Many United Nations peacekeeping operations and political and peacebuilding missions also cover human rights-related mandates aimed at contributing to the protection and promotion of human rights through both immediate and longterm action; empowering the population to assert and claim their human rights; and enabling State and other national institutions to implement their human rights obligations and uphold the rule of law.
Soru 50
What creates a confusion about a certain body of UN is called?
Seçenekler
A
Number of member states
B
Principles of the UN
C
Abundance of bodies
D
Unclarity of terminology
E
Disagreement on naming
Açıklama:
There are many committees, commissions, councils, working groups, etc. with the purpose of promoting human rights. This abundance of bodies creates confusion about how a certain body is called. All bodies established under conventions are called ‘committee’. The ECOSOC’s subsidiary body was ‘The Commission’. The General Assembly’s subsidiary body is ‘The Council’. Working groups are mainly established under these principal subsidiary bodies. Still, giving name to these bodies is made in a haphazard way, and there is not any certain rule about it
Soru 51
Which of the following is not among the countries which have offices with a mandate of human rights observation?
Seçenekler
A
Uganda
B
Yemen
C
Tunisia
D
Iraq
E
Brundi
Açıklama:
There are 14 country offices with a mandate of human rights observation, protection, technical cooperation activities and public reporting. These countries are Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Republic of Korea, Mauritania, Mexico, State of Palestine, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen.
Soru 52
Which of the committees below is founded later than others?
Seçenekler
A
The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture
B
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
C
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
D
Committee on Migrant Workers
E
Committee on the Rights of the Child
Açıklama:
1966 Human Rights Committee (CCPR), • 1985 The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), • 1965 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), • 1979 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), • 1984 Committee Against Torture (CAT), • 1989 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), • 2004 Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW), • 2006 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), • 2006 Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED), • 2007 The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT).
Soru 53
What powers the UN to examine any member state under special procedures even though it has never been a party to any convention?
Seçenekler
A
The power of Human Rights Committee
B
The power of International Court of Human Rights
C
The power of the Representative Council
D
Artificial powers
E
Implied powers
Açıklama:
Any member state can be examined under special procedures even though it has never been a party to any convention made under the auspice of the UN. They are created according to the implied powers of the UN whose purposes include the protection of human rights. Under implied powers, an international organization can create necessary means to achieve its purpose, even though a certain means is not mentioned in its founding treaty.
Soru 54
What is the name of the procedure that allowed the Commission to examine communications and replies of governments if they appear to reveal a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
The 1235 Procedure
B
1503 Procedure
C
The Universal Periodic Review
D
Special Procedures
E
Committee of Regional Groups
Açıklama:
In 1970, the ECOSOC allowed the Commission to examine communications and replies of governments if they appear to reveal a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights. Commonly referred as 1503 procedure, it was considered as a major step forward. Governments concerned were somewhat compelled to do something about them, as no country wished to be put under spotlight for violating human rights (Matiya, 2010, 315).
Soru 55
What provides the opportunity for each State to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfil their human rights obligations?
Seçenekler
A
1235 Procedure
B
1503 Procedure
C
Working Group on Situations
D
Non-Aligned Movement
E
The Universal Periodic Review
Açıklama:
The Universal Periodic Review was set up in 2006 together with the establishment of the Human Rights Council. It is a State-driven process which provides the opportunity for each State to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfil their human rights obligations.
Soru 56
When was the Human Rights Committee established?
Seçenekler
A
1979
B
1984
C
1989
D
1966
E
2006
Açıklama:
1966 Human Rights Committee (CCPR). The correct answer is D
Soru 57
How many independent experts is the Human Rights Committee?
Seçenekler
A
16
B
18
C
9
D
10
E
12
Açıklama:
The Human Rights Committee is a body of 18 independent expert
Soru 58
The Universal Periodic Review was set up in......... together with the establishment of the...............
Which of the following options should be brought to the spaces above?
Which of the following options should be brought to the spaces above?
Seçenekler
A
2005-Human Rights Committee
B
2006-The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
C
2006-Human Rights Councel
D
1984-Committee Against Torture
E
2006-Committee on Enforced Disappearances
Açıklama:
The Universal Periodic Review was set up in 2006 together with the establishment of the Human Rights Council. The correct answer is C
Soru 59
In 1970, the.............. allowed the Commission to examine communications and replies of governments if they appear to reveal a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Which of the following options should be brought into the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Assembly General
B
Security Counsel
C
ECOSOC
D
CESCR
E
UNHCHR
Açıklama:
In 1970, the ECOSOC allowed the Commission to examine communications and replies of governments if they appear to reveal a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights. The correct answer is C
Soru 60
How many body of independent experts in The Committee on Enforced Disappearances ?
Seçenekler
A
9
B
10
C
5
D
12
E
8
Açıklama:
The Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED) is a body of 10 independent experts. The correct answer is B
Ünite 6
Soru 1
Which of the following is touched upon by the 7th Article of the Charter?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom of religion and conscience, right to assembly and right to property.
B
Right to fair trial and that ever-significant presumption of innocence.
C
Prohibition of all kinds of exploitation, degrading and inhuman punishments
and treatments.
and treatments.
D
Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person.
E
Every individual is entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms without
distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political.
distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political.
Açıklama:
Right to fair trial and that ever-significant presumption of innocence are among the rights and freedoms touched upon by the 7th Article of the Charter. Thus, the answer is B.
Soru 2
Which of the following is one of the obligations and responsibilities of the Commission according to the 45th Article of the Charter?
Seçenekler
A
Co-operate with other African and international institutions concerned with the promotion and protection of human and peoples’ rights.
B
Observe the duty to serve the national community by placing physical and intellectual abilities at its service.
C
Establish lofty legal rules that deal with thorny issues that may arise especially within the wider context of governments that have no respect for real persons and their inherent and unalienable rights.
D
Establish freedom of religion and conscience, right to assembly and right to
property.
property.
E
Improve living standards of people in real life situations.
Açıklama:
According to the 45th Article of the Charter, co-operating with other African and international institutions which are concerned with the promotion and protection of human and peoples’ rights is one of the obligations of the Commision. Therefore, the answer is A.
Soru 3
Which of the following is not a criterion of admissibility for individual communications regarding Article 56?
Seçenekler
A
If they are based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media.
B
If they do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
C
If they are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted.
D
If they are sent after exhausting local remedies.
E
If they are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity.
Açıklama:
To reach a conclusion of admissibility regarding the communications, they should not be based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media. Thus, the answer is A.
Soru 4
When did the African Court adopted its Final Rules of Court?
Seçenekler
A
April 2010
B
June 2008
C
April 2008
D
June 2010
E
April 2006
Açıklama:
Between 2006 and 2008, the Court dealt principally with operational and administrative
issues, and in June 2010, the Court adopted its Final Rules of Court. Thus, the answer is D.
issues, and in June 2010, the Court adopted its Final Rules of Court. Thus, the answer is D.
Soru 5
Which of the following is taken into consideration by the Protocol regarding the selection of judges?
Seçenekler
A
Nominees should be selected from EU citizens.
B
While selecting judges, their socio-economic status should be considered.
C
Nominees should have at least five years of experience.
D
The election should be made mainly from male judges.
E
Nominations should be made from academically successful individuals with high moral values.
Açıklama:
The Court is composed of 11 Judges, who are expected by the Protocol to have high moral values, high professional recognition and experience. It is another expectation of the Protocol that the nominations should be made from among such a group of individuals, who are either academically successful or who have great practice-oriented careers. Therefore, the answer is E.
Soru 6
When and where was 'The Organization of American States (OAS)' signed?
Seçenekler
A
30th of June, 1948 in Karakas, Venezuela
B
30th of April, 1938 in Bogota, Colombia
C
30th of April, 1948 in Bogota, Colombia
D
30th of June, 1948 in Bogoto, Columbia
E
30th of April, 1948 in Karakas, Venezuela
Açıklama:
The Organization of American States (OAS) was established by the Charter of OAS signed in Bogota, Colombia in 30 April 1948. Thus, the answer is C.
Soru 7
What does NOT The African Charter consist of?
Seçenekler
A
Economic rights
B
Ecological rights
C
Social rights
D
Cultural rights
E
Civil rights
Açıklama:
The Charter consists of economic, social, cultural rights as well as those civil and political rights.
Soru 8
What does Article 5 stress?
Seçenekler
A
human dignity
B
human beings are inviolable
C
right to fair trial
D
arbitrary detention and arrest
E
the equality before the law principle
Açıklama:
Article 5 stresses the human dignity.
Soru 9
Which article states "every individual shall have the right to receive information"?
Seçenekler
A
Article 3
B
Article 5
C
Article 6
D
Article 7
E
Article 9
Açıklama:
Article 9
Soru 10
Which article describes the family as the “natural unit and basis of society”?
Seçenekler
A
Article 16
B
Article 17
C
Article 18
D
Article 19
E
Article 20
Açıklama:
Article 18 describes the family as the “natural unit and basis of society”.
Soru 11
Which Article defines the duty of an individual towards one’s “family and society, the State and other legally recognized communities and the international community”?
Seçenekler
A
Article 24
B
Article 25
C
Article 26
D
Article 27
E
Article 28
Açıklama:
Article 27 defines the duty of an individual towards one’s “family and society, the State and other legally recognized communities and the international community”.
Soru 12
Which of the below is NOT true about Banjul Commission?
Seçenekler
A
It consists of 10 members.
B
The members are elected by the African Union Assembly.
C
The Assembly considers equitable geographical and gender representation in electing the members of the Commission.
D
Members of the Commission are elected for a six-year term and are eligible for reelection.
E
Commission are expected to preserve their independence from their own States.
Açıklama:
It consists of 11 members.
Soru 13
When was the African court on human and peoples' rights harmonized?
Seçenekler
A
1994
B
1998
C
2004
D
2006
E
2010
Açıklama:
2010
Soru 14
Following the ending of the completion of the deliberations phase, the Court has ____ day duration to render its decision.
Seçenekler
A
45
B
50
C
60
D
72
E
90
Açıklama:
Following the ending of the completion of the deliberations phase, the Court has a 90-day duration to render its decision.
Soru 15
Which of the below is Not true about The Organization of American States (OAS)?
Seçenekler
A
It was signed in 1948.
B
It was signed in America.
C
Articles 20, 21 and 22 of the Charter of OAS refer in general terms to peace.
D
The Charter of OAS stresses the principle of equality.
E
The main objective is to provide cooperation and coordination in different areas and to become a platform that gets its members to apply peaceful methods for the settlement of disputes among them.
Açıklama:
It was signed in Colombia.
Soru 16
Which of the below is NOT true about the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
It was established as foreseen by the Convention.
B
The Court consists of seven members.
C
The members are elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected twice.
D
No two judges may be nationals of the same state.
E
A judge elected to replace a judge whose term has not expired yet, has to complete the term of the latter.
Açıklama:
The members are elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected only once.
Soru 17
"The ............ Charter was adopted in 1981 by the then operative The Organization of African Unity."
Which of the followings is stated above?
Which of the followings is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
African
B
Asian
C
Turkish
D
Japanese
E
Korean
Açıklama:
The African Charter was adopted in 1981 by the then operative The Organization of African Unity. The Charter entered into effect in 1986 (Buergenthal, 1995, 228). The correct answer is A.
Soru 18
"1960’s was an era of decolonization. Many peoples having suffered from the rampant imperialism and colonialism were keen on the idea of establishing their own states. .............. was the political outcome of this larger trend and was founded in 1963 by those recently-established African States."
Which of the followings is stated in the blank above?
Which of the followings is stated in the blank above?
Seçenekler
A
OAU
B
UN
C
Asian Charter
D
OED
E
FSM
Açıklama:
1960’s was an era of decolonization. Many peoples having suffered from the rampant imperialism and colonialism were keen on the idea of establishing their own states. OAU was the political outcome of this larger trend and was founded in 1963 by those recently-established African States. The correct answer is A.
Soru 19
"The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the so-called ............. Commission."
Which of the followings is explained above?
Which of the followings is explained above?
Seçenekler
A
Serekunda
B
Banjul
C
Brikama
D
Pirang
E
Kafula
Açıklama:
The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the so-called Banjul Commission. The Commission consists of 11 members. The correct answer is B.
Soru 20
Which of the followings elects the members of the Banjul Commission?
Seçenekler
A
UN
B
African Charter
C
UK
D
African Union Assembly
E
Parliament
Açıklama:
The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the so-called Banjul Commission. The Commission consists of 11 members. These members are elected by the African Union Assembly. The correct answer is D.
Soru 21
Where was the African Court originally established?
Seçenekler
A
Sudan
B
Tanzania
C
Ethiopia
D
Cambodia
E
Zimbabwe
Açıklama:
The Court was originally established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in November 2006, but then moved to Arusha. The correct answer is C.
Soru 22
"The Organization of American States (OAS) was established by the Charter of OAS signed in .................. in 30 April 1948."
In which of the following countries was it signed?
In which of the following countries was it signed?
Seçenekler
A
Brazil
B
Costa Rica
C
Ecuador
D
Venezuela
E
Colombia
Açıklama:
The Organization of American States (OAS) was established by the Charter of OAS signed in Bogota, Colombia in 30 April 1948. The correct answer is E.
Soru 23
When was the “American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man” signed?
Seçenekler
A
1900
B
1910
C
1920
D
1930
E
1948
Açıklama:
It is the “American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man”, signed on May 2, 1948, i.e. only two days after the signing of the Charter. The correct answer is E.
Soru 24
Where was the American Convention on Human Rights in November 1969 adopted?
Seçenekler
A
Costa Rica
B
Cambodia
C
Venezuela
D
Brazil
E
Chile
Açıklama:
In November 1969, this Convention was adopted in San José, Costa Rica, where, the InterAmerican Specialized Conference on Human Rights was held, in which the representatives of the member States of the OAS adopted it. The correct answer is A.
Soru 25
"........... is also prohibited by the Convention. Every person has the right to have his physical, mental, and moral integrity respected. No one shall be subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment or treatment."
Which of the followings is stated above?
Which of the followings is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
Praise
B
Torture
C
Compliment
D
Love
E
Bond
Açıklama:
Torture is also prohibited by the Convention. Every person has the right to have his physical, mental, and moral integrity respected. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment or treatment. The correct answer is B.
Soru 26
"The Inter-American Court of Human Rights consists of .......... members (judges) each elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected only once."
Which of the followings is stated above?
Which of the followings is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
2
B
3
C
5
D
7
E
10
Açıklama:
The Court consists of seven members (judges) each elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected only once. The correct answer is D.
Soru 27
Among the list of human rights mentioned in the 27th Article of the American Human Rights Convention, which cannot be suspended or deviated from even in the wake of “war, public danger, or other emergency that threatens the independence or security of a State Party”?
Seçenekler
A
Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws
B
Right to change name
C
Right to vote
D
Freedom of expression
E
Right to discriminate
Açıklama:
Article 9 (Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws) cannot be suspended or deviated from even in the wake of “war, public danger, or other emergency that threatens the independence or security of a State Party”. Thus, the answer is A.
Soru 28
Which of the following is true about The American Convention of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
If a state becomes a party, personal applications can be made possible via the States concerned of the jurisdiction of the Commission.
B
If a state becomes a party, intra-state applications automatically becomes possible.
C
There is no need for the exhaustion of local remedies before applying to the Commission
D
One condition of admissibility is that the subject of the petition or communication cannot be pending in another international proceeding.
E
There is no criterion as regards the time limit of application.
Açıklama:
If a State becomes a Party to the Convention, this automatically paves the way for personal applications whereas intra-state applications can be made possible via the recognition by the States concerned of the jurisdiction of the Commission in this respect (Bozkurt, 2006, 136; Buergenthal, 1995, 199). There are some prerequisites of admissibility sought after by the Commission. The first one is the exhaustion of all local remedies. Article 46 seeks that “the remedies under domestic law have been pursued and exhausted in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law. In addition; “the petition or communication is lodged within a period of six months from the date on which the party alleging violation of his rights was notified of the final judgement ” . Thus, the correct answer is D.
Soru 29
Which of the following is true about the doings of Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
The Commission may request the states concerned to furnish any pertinent information and, if so requested, shall hear oral statements or receive written statements from the parties concerned
B
The Commission shall request information from the people indicated as being responsible for the alleged violations and shall furnish the applicant a transcript of the pertinent portions of the petition or communication.
C
After the information has been received, or after the period established has elapsed and the information has not been received, the Commission shall ascertain whether the applicant is telling the truth by contacting local poliçe force.
D
If the record has been closed, the Commission shall, with the knowledge of the parties, terminate the matter set forth in the petition or communication.
E
The Commission shall sustain itself regardless of the disposal of the parties concerned even though they reach a friendly settlement of the matter on the basis of respect for the human rights recognized in this Convention
Açıklama:
The Commission may request the states concerned to furnish any pertinent information and, if so requested, shall hear oral statements or receive written statements from the parties concerned. Thus, the correct answer is A.
Soru 30
Which of the following is true according to Article 50 of the American Convention on Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Even if a settlement is reached, the Commission shall still draw up a report setting forth the facts and stating its conclusions
B
If the report, in whole or in part, does not represent the unanimous agreement of the members of the Commission, any member may attach to it a separate opinion
C
The oral statements made by the parties in accordance with paragraph 1.e of Article 48 shall be invalid.
D
The report shall be kept away from the states concerned, which shall not be at liberty to publish it.
E
In publishing the report, the States may make such proposals and recommendations as they see
Açıklama:
If a settlement is not reached, the Commission shall, within the time limit established by its Statute, draw up a report setting forth the facts and stating its conclusions. If the report, in whole or in part, does not represent the unanimous agreement of the members of the Commission, any member may attach to it a separate opinion. The written and oral statements made by the parties in accordance with paragraph 1.e of Article 48 shall also be attached to the report. 2. The report shall be transmitted to the states concerned, which shall not be at liberty to publish it. 3. In transmitting the report, the Commission may make such proposals and recommendations as it sees fit. Thus, the correct answer is B.
Soru 31
Which one of the following was established first in African setting?
Seçenekler
A
The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights
B
The Organization of African Unity
C
The African Charter
D
African Union
E
UN Charter
Açıklama:
The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963 in African setting. The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights (The African Charter) was adopted in 1981. UN Charter was not established in African setting.
Soru 32
Which of the following is one of the distinctive features of African Charter?
Seçenekler
A
The Charter consists of economic rights.
B
The Charter includes cultural rights.
C
The Charter incorporates civil and political rights.
D
The Charter consists of third generation human rights.
E
The charter includes social rights.
Açıklama:
The Charter consists of economic, social, cultural rights as well as those civil and political rights. One of the distinctive feature of the Charter is that it includes some those rights that are called “third generation human rights”, which are specifically dubbed by the Charter as “the peoples’ rights”
One of the distinctive feature of the Charter is that it includes some those rights that are called “third generation human rights”.
One of the distinctive feature of the Charter is that it includes some those rights that are called “third generation human rights”.
Soru 33
Which African Charter article explicitly refers to the right to education?
Seçenekler
A
Article 3
B
Article 6
C
Article 17
D
Article 18
E
Article 11
Açıklama:
Article 17 of the African Charter explicitly refers to the right to education and right to a free participation in the cultural life of her community. Article 3 foresees the equality before the law principle. Article 6 of the Charter bans arbitrary detention and arrest. According to Article 11 every individual shall have the right to assemble freely with others, and Article 18 describes the family as the natural unit and basis of society.
Soru 34
Which of the following is not an expected qualification of the Judges of the Court?
Seçenekler
A
Judges are expected to have international reputation.
B
Judges are expected to have high moral values.
C
Judges are expected to have high professional recognition.
D
Judges are expected to have high professional experience.
E
Judges are expected to have high academic success.
Açıklama:
The Court is composed of 11 Judges, who are expected by the Protocol to have high moral values, high professional recognition and experience. It is another expectation of the Protocol that the nominations should be made from among such a group of individuals, who are either academically successful or who have great practice-oriented careers. Therefore, the answer in A, having international reputation, is not one of the expected qualifications of the Judges.
Soru 35
Which of the following defines the protection of human rights on an international level ?
Seçenekler
A
The Organization of American States
B
Organization of African Unity
C
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
D
The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights
E
The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
Açıklama:
The organizations in the other options do not refer to human rights on an international level, whereas the answer in option D includes international aspect. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man define the protection of human rights on an international level as “the guiding principle” of American legal systems.
Soru 36
Which of the following gives the correct chronological order of the actions took place for the protection of human rights on American continent.
Seçenekler
A
The Organization of American States- The American Convention of Human Rights-Inter-American Human Rights Commission
B
Inter-American Human Rights Commission-The American Convention of Human Rights-The Organization of American States
C
The Organization of American States-Inter-American Human Rights Commission-The American Convention of Human Rights
D
The American Convention of Human Rights-The Organization of American States-Inter-American Human Rights Commission
E
Inter-American Human Rights Commission-The Organization of American States-The American Convention of Human Rights
Açıklama:
The dates when these actions took place are as follow: The Organization of American States (30 April 1948) -Inter-American Human Rights Commission (in the year 1959)-The American Convention of Human Rights (in November 1969). This makes option C the correct answer.
Soru 37
Which of the following pair of human rights actions share the same clause on freedoms recognized and guaranteed without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion and social origin ?
Seçenekler
A
The African Charter-The Commission
B
The African Court- The Organization of American States Charter
C
The Organization of American States Charter-The African Charter
D
The American Convention of Human Rights-The Inter-American Human Rights Commission
E
The African Charter-The American Convention of Human Rights
Açıklama:
The African Charter Article 2 comes up with a serious non-discrimination clause. According to this Article “(e)very individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.” Similarly, in the 27th Article of The American Convention on Human Rights discrimination on the ground of race, color, sex, language, religion, or social origin is prohibited.
Both The African Charter and The American Convention of Human Rights share the same clause focusing on freedoms recognized and guaranteed without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion and social origin.
Both The African Charter and The American Convention of Human Rights share the same clause focusing on freedoms recognized and guaranteed without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion and social origin.
Soru 38
Which of the following completes The American Convention on Human Rights' clause below:
"Capital punishment shall not be imposed upon persons who, at the time the crime was committed, were under ..... years of age or over 70 years of age; nor shall it be applied to pregnant women
"Capital punishment shall not be imposed upon persons who, at the time the crime was committed, were under ..... years of age or over 70 years of age; nor shall it be applied to pregnant women
Seçenekler
A
18
B
17
C
16
D
21
E
20
Açıklama:
The clause in related to punishment states "Capital punishment shall not be imposed upon persons who, at the time the crime was committed, were under 18 years of age or over 70 years of age; nor shall it be applied to pregnant women." Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Soru 39
How many members does Banjul Commission consist?
Seçenekler
A
10
B
11
C
9
D
12
E
14
Açıklama:
The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the so-called Banjul Commission. The Commission consists of 11 members.
Soru 40
Who selected the first Judges of The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Organization of African Unity
B
The Protocol
C
the African Charter
D
The African Union
E
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Açıklama:
The Protocol came into force on 25 January 2004. Following its entry into force, the first judges of the Court was elected in 2006 by the African Union. D is the correct answer.
Soru 41
By which organization was The African Charter adopted in 1981?
Seçenekler
A
The Organization of African Unity
B
United Nations
C
European Union
D
NATO
E
American Convention on Human Rights
Açıklama:
The African Charter was adopted in 1981 by the then operative The Organization of African Unity.
Soru 42
When was The African Charter adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1979
B
1980
C
1981
D
1983
E
1988
Açıklama:
The answer is c.
Soru 43
How many judges are there in the African Court on Human and People's Rights?
Seçenekler
A
7
B
9
C
10
D
11
E
13
Açıklama:
The answer is D
Soru 44
When was the Inter-American Human Rights Commission (IACHR) founded?
Seçenekler
A
1958
B
1960
C
1961
D
1965
E
1969
Açıklama:
Answer is B.
Soru 45
How many judges are there in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
5
B
7
C
9
D
10
E
11
Açıklama:
Answer is 7.
Soru 46
What is the duration of duty for the judges in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
4 years
B
5 years
C
6 years
D
7 years
E
8 years
Açıklama:
The answer is 6 years.
Soru 47
Which one of the following is a distinctive feature of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights?
Seçenekler
A
That it has no claim of universality.
B
That it envisages some bodies and/or institutions for its own implementation.
C
That it contains some human rights.
D
That it contains some duties for persons.
E
That it is meant to be implemented in a certain region only.
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Soru 48
Which one of the following is not among those different tasks undertaken by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Promotional Tasks
B
Informative Tasks
C
Legislative Tasks
D
Law Enforcement Tasks
E
Review Tasks
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Soru 49
I. To promote Human and Peoples’ Rights
II. Ensure the protection of human and peoples’ rights
III. Interpret all the provisions of the present Charter at the request of a State party
IV. Perform any other tasks which may be entrusted to it by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government
Which ones of the above are among the functions of Banjul Commission?
II. Ensure the protection of human and peoples’ rights
III. Interpret all the provisions of the present Charter at the request of a State party
IV. Perform any other tasks which may be entrusted to it by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government
Which ones of the above are among the functions of Banjul Commission?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I, II and III
D
I, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Soru 50
How many members are there in the Banjul Commission?
Seçenekler
A
5
B
7
C
9
D
11
E
13
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Soru 51
When was the Organization of American States (OAS) established by the signing of the Charter of OAS in Bogota, Colombia?
Seçenekler
A
1948
B
1950
C
1951
D
1953
E
1954
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 52
Where was the seat of Organization of African Unity?
Seçenekler
A
Nairobi
B
Addis Ababa
C
Cairo
D
Banjul
E
Cape Town
Açıklama:
The Organization of African Unity was founded in 1963 and Addis Ababa was the seat of OAU.
Soru 53
I. A peace-oriented and blocsfree politics on international fora
II. Development of solidarity and cooperation among the African nations
III. Safeguarding of the independence of the member-states
IV. To eliminate each and every kind of colonizational practices and policies
Which of the above are among the Organization of African Unity’s foundational objectives?
II. Development of solidarity and cooperation among the African nations
III. Safeguarding of the independence of the member-states
IV. To eliminate each and every kind of colonizational practices and policies
Which of the above are among the Organization of African Unity’s foundational objectives?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
III and IV
C
I, II and III
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
As noted by Bozkurt, “OAU’s foundational objectives were; among others, a peace-oriented and blocsfree politics on international fora, development of solidarity and cooperation among the African nations, safeguarding of the independence of the member-states, to eliminate each and every kind of colonizational practices and policies as well as their remnants, to coordinate and to harmonize the policies of the Member-States in those areas of economy, diplomacy, education, health, welfare, science and defence, in accordance with the UN Charter and The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”
Soru 54
When the Organization of African Unity was annulled in 2002, which organization was established?
Seçenekler
A
NATO
B
United Nations
C
African Union
D
European Union
E
Organization of American States
Açıklama:
In 2002, the Organization of African Unity was annulled and African Union was established.
Soru 55
I. Economic rights
II. Civil rights
III. Cultural rights
IV. Political rights
Which of the above are among the rights which the African Charter consists of?
II. Civil rights
III. Cultural rights
IV. Political rights
Which of the above are among the rights which the African Charter consists of?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
III and IV
C
I, II and III
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
The Charter consists of economic, social, cultural rights as well as those civil and political rights.
Soru 56
How many members does the Commission (Banjul Commission) have?
Seçenekler
A
7
B
9
C
11
D
13
E
15
Açıklama:
The Commission consists of 11 members.
Soru 57
Who elects the 11 members of The Commission (Banjul Commission)?
Seçenekler
A
European Union
B
Organization of African Unity
C
NATO
D
African Union Assembly
E
United Nations
Açıklama:
The Commission consists of 11 members. These members are elected by the African Union Assembly.
Soru 58
I. The members of the Commission are expected to preserve their independence from their own States
II. The members of the Commission are eligible for reelection.
III. The members of the Commission are elected for a six-year term.
Which of the above can be said about the members of The Commission?
II. The members of the Commission are eligible for reelection.
III. The members of the Commission are elected for a six-year term.
Which of the above can be said about the members of The Commission?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only III
C
I and II
D
II and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
Members of the Commission are elected for a six-year term and are eligible for reelection (The Commission Website). Given the delicate nature of their task, the members of the Commission are expected to preserve their independence from their own States.
Soru 59
Where is the seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Arusha
B
Johannesburg
C
Cairo
D
Nairobi
E
Johannesburg
Açıklama:
The first judges of the Court was elected in 2006 by the African Union. In the following year the Court assumed its work with its seat in Arusha, Tanzania.
Soru 60
When was The American Convention on Human Rights adopted in San Jose, Costa Rica?
Seçenekler
A
1959
B
1960
C
1961
D
1965
E
1969
Açıklama:
In November 1969, this Convention was adopted in San José, Costa Rica, where, the InterAmerican Specialized Conference on Human Rights was held, in which the representatives of the member States of the OAS adopted it. It took a rather long time for this Convention to enter into force. This was only managed in 1978, when a member State deposited the eleventh document of ratification. The Convention is defined as the most important human rights treaty among the American States. It had an undeniable influence received from The European Convention on Human Rights (de Schutter, 27). By means of the Convention, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights was also established. The correct answer is E.
Soru 61
Which of the following is the first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter?
Seçenekler
A
Banjul Commission
B
African Union Assembly
C
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
D
American Convention on Human Rights
E
The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Açıklama:
The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the socalled Banjul Commission. The Commission consists of 11 members. These members are elected by the African Union Assembly. The Assembly considers equitable geographical and gender representation in electing the members of the Commission. Members of the Commission are elected for a six-year term and are eligible for reelection (The Commission Website). Given the delicate nature of their task, the members of the Commission are expected to preserve their independence from their own States. They are expected to discharge their obligations in their personal capacity and not as representatives of their respective countries (Robertson & Merrills, p. 260). As the Commission reminds, “(p)reviously, some members of the Commission held high political offices at the national level, which affects the Commission’s independence. The AU in April 2005 issued a note verbale to member states prescribing guidelines for nomination of members to the Commission which excluded senior civil servants and diplomatic representatives”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 62
What is Article 8 expressis verbis in the African Charter about?
Seçenekler
A
It foresees the equality before the law principle.
B
It explicitly states that “Human beings are inviolable.".
C
It deals with the freedom of religion and conscience.
D
It prohibits all kinds of exploitation, degrading and inhuman punishments and treatments.
E
It bans arbitrary detention and arrest.
Açıklama:
The civil and political rights are to be found between the third and the sixteenth Articles of the Charter. Article 3 foresees the equality before the law principle. Article 4 explicitly states that “Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right”, whereas Article 5 stresses the human dignity. Article 5 also prohibits all kinds of exploitation, degrading and inhuman punishments and treatments. Article 6 of the Charter bans arbitrary detention and arrest. Right to fair trial and that ever-significant presumption of innocence are among the rights and freedoms touched upon by the 7th Article of the Charter. Freedom of religion and conscience, right to assembly and right to property are among other classical rights enshrined in the mentioned section of the Charter. Article 8 expressis verbis deals with the freedom of religion and conscience.The correct answer is C.
Soru 63
Which article of the African Charter comes up with a serious non-discrimination clause?
Seçenekler
A
the first Article
B
the second Article
C
the third Article
D
the sixth Article
E
the eleventh Article
Açıklama:
According to the first Article of the African Charter, States parties thereto pledge to recognize the rights, duties and freedoms set forth therein and undertake to take all measures related to legislation or of other nature, with a view to increasing the effectivity of the Charter (Robertson & Merrills, p. 249). The second Article comes up with a serious non-discrimination clause. According to this Article “(e)very individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.” The correct answer is B.
Soru 64
What was the main objective of IACHR ?
Seçenekler
A
to promote and protect human rights in the American hemisphere
B
to promote and protect human rights in the USA
C
to promote and protect human rights in Africa
D
to promote and protect human rights in Asia
E
to promote and protect human rights all over the world
Açıklama:
In the year 1959, steps were taken to establish an Inter-American Human Rights Commission (IACHR). This was followed by the conclusion of the legal arrangements providing a mechanism for the operation of this IACHR in 1960 and thus the IACHR was established. The main objective of the Commission was to promote and protect human rights in the American hemisphere. The correct answer is A.
Soru 65
Following the entry into force of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established as foreseen by the Convention (Opitz, 2002, 210). The Court consists of seven members (judges) each elected by secret ballot for a duration of _____ years and may be reelected only ______.
Which of the following completes the blanks above?
Which of the following completes the blanks above?
Seçenekler
A
two / once
B
three / once
C
six / once
D
six / twice
E
three / twice
Açıklama:
Following the entry into force of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established as foreseen by the Convention (Opitz, 2002, 210). The Court consists of seven members (judges) each elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected only once. The correct answer is C.
Soru 66
Only the States Parties to the Convention and___________ shall have the right to submit a case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Which of the following options completes the sentence above?
Which of the following options completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
the African Charter
B
the Commission
C
the IACHR
D
the Charter of OAS
E
The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Açıklama:
Following the entry into force of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established as foreseen by the Convention (Opitz, 2002, 210). The Court consists of seven members (judges) each elected by secret ballot for a duration of six years and may be reelected only once. The judges must be elected “in an individual capacity from among jurists of the highest moral authority and of recognized competence in the field of human rights, who possess the qualifications required for the exercise of the highest judicial functions in conformity with the law of the state of which they are nationals or of the state that proposes them as candidates” (Art. 52). According to the Convention, “no two judges may be nationals of the same state”. A judge elected to replace a judge whose term has not expired yet, has to complete the term of the latter (Art. 54). Only the States Parties to the Convention and the Commission shall have the right to submit a case to the Court. The correct answer is B.
Soru 67
Which of the following is the foremost legal instrument when one is determined to elaborate human rights issue on an African setting?
Seçenekler
A
the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights
B
the Commission
C
Organization of African Unity
D
the American Convention on Human Rights
E
the Charter of OAS
Açıklama:
The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights (The African Charter) is the foremost legal instrument when one is determined to elaborate this issue on an African setting. That the Charter stipulates not only human rights but also peoples’ rights is one the most striking of these distinctive features. In addition, the Charter has some regulations on the obligations of persons. The main reason for this rather unusual regulation is the African understanding of human rights which is the backbone of the Charter. The Charter consists of economic, social, cultural rights as well as those civil and political rights. The civil and political rights are to be found between the third and the sixteenth Articles of the Charter. One of the distinctive features of the African Charter is that it has defined some concrete duties for the nationals of the States Parties to itself. Article 27, for example, defines the duty of an individual towards one’s “family and society, the State and other legally recognized communities and the international community”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 68
How many judges are to be found in African Court on Human and Peoples’ Right?
Seçenekler
A
Five
B
Six
C
Eight
D
Eleven
E
Thirteen
Açıklama:
In 1998 the OAU adopted the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The Protocol came into force on 25 January 2004. The Court is composed of 11 Judges, who are expected by the Protocol to have high moral values, high professional recognition and experience. The correct answer is D.
Soru 69
By which of the following entities are the members of Banjul Comission elected?
Seçenekler
A
the African Charter
B
African Union Assembly
C
the IAHRC
D
the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
E
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Açıklama:
The first actor created for the better execution of the rules available in the African Charter is the so-called Banjul Commission. The Commission consists of 11 members. These members are elected by the African Union Assembly. The Assembly considers equitable geographical and gender representation in electing the members of the Commission. The correct answer is B.
Ünite 7
Soru 1
At what date was the Council of Europe established as a result of what agreement?
Seçenekler
A
5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London
B
4 April 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C
14 May 1955 Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
D
1919 Versailles Peace Conference
E
2 August 1945 Postdam Conference
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as the continent’s leading human rights organisation was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London. Correct answer is A
Soru 2
Which of the following is not one of the first 10 countries to sign the Council of Europe agreement?
Seçenekler
A
Belgium
B
Spain
C
Denmark
D
France
E
Netherlands
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. Correct answer is B
Soru 3
..................... who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly
Which of the bodies of the Council of Europe should be brought into the gap above?
Which of the bodies of the Council of Europe should be brought into the gap above?
Seçenekler
A
Committee of Ministers
B
Parliamentary Assembly
C
Venice Commission
D
Secretary-General
E
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Açıklama:
The Secretary-General, who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly. Correct answer is D
Soru 4
Which of the following bodies of the council is the main decision and policy authority?
Seçenekler
A
Parliamentary Assembly
B
Committee of Ministers
C
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
D
Secretary-General
E
Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The main decision and policy making body of the Council is the Committee of Ministers. Correct answer is B
Soru 5
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
Which is generally seen as the "public face" and even the "motor" of the Council
B
The Assembly consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member
C
47 member States representing some 800 million people
D
Assembly members are not directly elected by the peoples of the members but are rather delegations assigned from among the national parliamentarians of member States
E
It is expected to strengthen participatory democracy and governance at local,
national and international levels, as it works in full cooperation with the local and regional authorities,national governments and the Committee of Ministers
national and international levels, as it works in full cooperation with the local and regional authorities,national governments and the Committee of Ministers
Açıklama:
It is the task of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe to promote local and regional participatory democracy.Correct answer is E
Soru 6
what other name is the "European Commission for Democracy through Law"
Seçenekler
A
Parliamentary Assembly
B
Committee of Ministers
C
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
D
Venice Commission
E
The Council of Europe
Açıklama:
The European Commission for Democracy through Law, generally known as the Venice Commission as it meets in Venice. Correct answer is D
Soru 7
Which city is hosting the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
Paris
B
Lahey
C
Berlin
D
Venedik
E
Strasbourg
Açıklama:
The Court is made up of full-time professional judges resident in Strasbourg.Correct answer is E
Soru 8
Which of the following is introduced by Protocol 14?
Seçenekler
A
Plenary Chamber
B
Three-judge committee
C
Grand Chamber
D
Single-judge formation
E
Chamber
Açıklama:
Single-judge formation is introduced by protocol 14. Correct answer is D
Soru 9
qqqqqqqq
Seçenekler
A
qqqqqqqq
B
qqqqqqqqqq
C
qqqqqqqqq
D
qqqqqqqqqqqqqq
E
qqqqqqqqqq
Açıklama:
qqqqqqqqqqq
Soru 10
When did the Statute of the CoE sign?
Seçenekler
A
in 1980
B
in 1990
C
in 1949
D
in 2003
E
in 1845
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States
Soru 11
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States. So which one is not one of these 10 States?
Seçenekler
A
Norway
B
Sweden
C
Italy
D
Cyprus
E
France
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 12
Which organization introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organization” ?
Seçenekler
A
UNİCEF
B
UNESCO
C
UN
D
UNEVOC
E
CoE
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organisation”
Soru 13
Although the official languages of the Court are .................. and ...................., applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the States Parties. Fill the blanks with correct words?
Seçenekler
A
English and French
B
English and Spanish
C
Italian and French
D
Turkish and French
E
Russian and Franch
Açıklama:
Although the official languages of the Court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the States Parties. However, the proceedings are conducted, and the decisions and judgements are published, in English and/or French.
Soru 14
Which ones are the ECHR's Protocols prohibits?
Seçenekler
A
the right to vote and to stand for election.
B
death penalty;
C
torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
D
slavery and forced labour;
E
all
Açıklama:
The ECHR and its Protocols prohibits the following:
- the right to vote and to stand for election.
- death penalty;
- torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
- slavery and forced labour;
- the right to vote and to stand for election.
- death penalty;
- torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
- slavery and forced labour;
Soru 15
in cases where a single judge cannot decide whether to declare the application (in)admissible, what shall happen?
Seçenekler
A
s/he shall forward it to a committee or to a Chamber for further examination.
B
s/he shall reconsider himself/herself
C
s/he shall delay it to next week
D
s/he shall fully cancel it
E
none of them
Açıklama:
in cases where a single judge cannot decide whether to declare the application (in)admissible, s/he “shall forward it to a committee or to a Chamber for further examination” (Article 27, ECHR)
Soru 16
The Court may not examines the cases only where......
Seçenekler
A
domestic remedies are exhausted.
B
the complete application is lodged with the Court within six months from the final domestic decision.
C
the complaints in question have already been examined 5 times by the ECrtHR or another international body.
D
the complaints are based on solid evidence;
E
the right to life;
Açıklama:
The Court examines only cases where
- the right to life;
- one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated;
- the complaints are based on solid evidence;
- the complaints are directed against a State that ratified the Convention or the Protocol in question;
- the responsibility of a public authority (legislature, administrative body, the court of law and so on) is at stake, not that of private individuals or private organizations;
- acts or events subject to the complaint occurred after the date of ratification by the concerned State of the Convention or the Protocol in question;
- the applicant is personally and directly affected by the breach of a fundamental right;
- domestic remedies are exhausted;
- the complete application is lodged with the Court within six months from the final domestic decision.
- the complaints in question have not already been examined by the ECrtHR or another international body
- the right to life;
- one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated;
- the complaints are based on solid evidence;
- the complaints are directed against a State that ratified the Convention or the Protocol in question;
- the responsibility of a public authority (legislature, administrative body, the court of law and so on) is at stake, not that of private individuals or private organizations;
- acts or events subject to the complaint occurred after the date of ratification by the concerned State of the Convention or the Protocol in question;
- the applicant is personally and directly affected by the breach of a fundamental right;
- domestic remedies are exhausted;
- the complete application is lodged with the Court within six months from the final domestic decision.
- the complaints in question have not already been examined by the ECrtHR or another international body
Soru 17
Which Protocol that entered into force in 2018 in respect of the States which have signed and ratified it, has extended the jurisdiction of the ECrtHR ?
Seçenekler
A
protocol 26
B
protocol 16
C
protocol 234
D
protocol 32
E
protocol 173
Açıklama:
Protocol 16, which entered into force in 2018 in respect of the States which have signed and ratified it, has extended the jurisdiction of the ECrtHR.
Soru 18
When are Various human rights protection systems developed in Europe?
Seçenekler
A
After World War I
B
After World War II
C
Before World War II
D
During World War I.
E
Before World War I
Açıklama:
Various human rights protection systems are developed in Europe especially in the wake of World War II.
Soru 19
Where is The ECrtHR originally set up in 1959 and has started operating as a full-time permanent court?
Seçenekler
A
London
B
Moscow
C
Atina
D
Strasbourg
E
New Mexico
Açıklama:
The ECrtHR is originally set up in 1959. It has started operating as a full-time permanent court based in Strasbourg
Soru 20
The ............ has a much-praised mechanism that obliges States to secure fundamental rights of not only their own citizens but also of everyone within their jurisdiction.
Which one of the followings is explained above?
Which one of the followings is explained above?
Seçenekler
A
Council of Europe
B
Ministry of Education
C
Ministry of Health
D
Council of Elders
E
Council of Economic Advisors
Açıklama:
The CoE has a much-praised mechanism that obliges States to secure fundamental rights of not only their own citizens but also of everyone within their jurisdiction.All of its members are parties the ECHR and most of its Protocols, which are put into force to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The mechanism is maintained by the ECrtHR, which has delivered more than 10.000 judgments since it was first established in 1959. The correct answer is A.
Soru 21
When was the Council of Europe founded?
Seçenekler
A
1923
B
1938
C
1945
D
1949
E
1955
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organisation” was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London that officially “constitute the Statute of the Council of Europe”. The correct answer is D.
Soru 22
Where is the Council of Europe based?
Seçenekler
A
Strasbourg
B
Porto
C
Madrid
D
Barcelona
E
Berlin
Açıklama:
Based in Strasbourg, it is one of the leading intergovernmental bodies founded in Europe in the wake of the World War II. The correct answer is A.
Soru 23
Which one of the following states did not sign the Statute of the CoE on 5 May 1949?
Seçenekler
A
Italy
B
Belgium
C
Switzerland
D
UK
E
Ireland
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly. The correct answer is C.
Soru 24
Which one of the followings is "elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly, leads and represents the Council. S/he is expected to supervise the routine operation of the organisation."?
Seçenekler
A
Parliamentary Assembly
B
Venice Commission
C
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
D
The European Court of Human Rights-ECrtHR
E
Secretary- General
Açıklama:
The Secretary-General, who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly, leads and represents the Council. S/he is expected to supervise the routine operation of the organisation. Yet the main decision and policy making body of the Council is the Committee of Ministers. The correct answer is E.
Soru 25
Which one of the followings "is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council. It consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member States representing some 800 million people."
Seçenekler
A
Secretary- General
B
Parliamentary Assembly
C
Council of Europe
D
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
E
Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council. The Assembly consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member States representing some 800 million people. The correct answer is B.
Soru 26
The plenary court has administrative and judicial bodies. The administrative ones are called ..............
Which of the followings is defined above?
Which of the followings is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Chamber
B
Secretary-General
C
Section
D
Admissibility
E
Protocol
Açıklama:
The plenary court has administrative and judicial bodies. The administrative ones are called Section. There are five sections, each of which has its own president, vice-president and a number of judges selected in a way that gender-balance is ensured. The correct answer is C.
Soru 27
Which one of the followings is not prohibited by ECHR?
Seçenekler
A
the right to vote and to stand for election.
B
death penalty
C
torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
D
slavery and forced labour
E
obtaining credit from bank
Açıklama:
Obtaining credit from bank is not prohibited by ECHR. The correct answer is E.
Soru 28
"............. is the only member who withdrew from the CoE in 1969 before the Committee of Ministers voted for its suspension due to the military coup of 1967."
Which of the following states is stated above?
Which of the following states is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
Greece
B
Italy
C
Spain
D
Germany
E
France
Açıklama:
Greece is the only member who withdrew from the CoE in 1969 before the Committee of Ministers voted for its suspension due to the military coup of 1967. The correct answer is A.
Soru 29
"................ was suspended from the Assembly in 1981 in response to the 1980 military coup and regained its right to vote in 1984 following the democratic elections of 1983."
Which of the following states is stated above?
Which of the following states is stated above?
Seçenekler
A
Italy
B
Turkey
C
Spain
D
France
E
Germany
Açıklama:
Turkey was suspended from the Assembly in 1981 in response to the 1980 military coup and regained its right to vote in 1984 following the democratic elections of 1983. The correct answer is B.
Soru 30
Which of the following lies at the heart of the human rights protection system in Europe?
Seçenekler
A
The Council of Europe
B
The Committee of Ministers
C
The Parliamentary Assembly
D
The Venice Commission
E
Grand Chamber
Açıklama:
For not only all members of the EU are subject to the competence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR), all candidate States are also required to do so. Therefore, it would not be wrong to conclude that it is the CoE that lies at the heart of the human rights protection system in the continent.
Soru 31
When was the ECrtHR established?
Seçenekler
A
1920
B
1935
C
1956
D
1959
E
1960
Açıklama:
The CoE has a much-praised mechanism that obliges States to secure fundamental rights of not only their own citizens but also of everyone within their jurisdiction. All of its members are parties the ECHR and most of its Protocols, which are put into force to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The mechanism is maintained by the ECrtHR, which has delivered more than 10.000 judgments since it was first established in 1959.
Soru 32
When was the council of Europe founded?
Seçenekler
A
1940
B
1950
C
1955
D
1949
E
1962
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organisation” was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London that officially “constitute the Statute of the Council of Europe.
Soru 33
Where is the Council of Europe based in?
Seçenekler
A
Paris
B
Stuttgart
C
London
D
Madrid
E
Strasbourg
Açıklama:
Based in Strasbourg, it is one of the leading intergovernmental bodies founded in Europe in the wake of the World War II. The preamble of its statute announces that the Parties are “convinced that the pursuit of peace based upon justice and international co-operation is vital for the preservation of human society and civilisation”.
Soru 34
How many members does the council of Europe have?
Seçenekler
A
10
B
25
C
45
D
47
E
57
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 35
Which of the following countries is not among the founding members of the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
Israel
B
France
C
Belgium
D
Denmark
E
Italy
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 36
Which of the following is the main decision and policy making body of the Council?
Seçenekler
A
Secretary- general
B
Committee of ministers
C
Diplomatic representatives
D
Associate members
E
Public face
Açıklama:
The main decision and policy making body of the Council is the Committee of Ministers. It officially comprises the ministers of foreign affairs of the member States who are ordinarily represented by their accredited permanent diplomatic representatives based in Strasbourg.
Soru 37
How often does the Council of Europe meets at the ministerial level?
Seçenekler
A
Once in a week
B
Once in a month
C
Twice in a month
D
Once in a year
E
Every two years
Açıklama:
The main decision and policy making body of the Council is the Committee of Ministers. It officially comprises the ministers of foreign affairs of the member States who are ordinarily represented by their accredited permanent diplomatic representatives based in Strasbourg. Presided by each member for a period of six months on a rotating basis in alphabetical order, the Committee meets weekly, whereas meetings at ministerial level are convened once a year.
Soru 38
I- the right to life
II- the right to a fair trial
III- the right to respect for private and family life
Which of the following are among the basic rights protected by the ECHR and its protocols?
II- the right to a fair trial
III- the right to respect for private and family life
Which of the following are among the basic rights protected by the ECHR and its protocols?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
I and II
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
Some of the basic rights protected by the ECHR and its Protocols are: - the right to life;
- the right to a fair trial;
- the right to respect for private and family life;
- freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
- freedom of expression;
- the right to freedom of assembly and association;
- the right to an effective remedy;
- the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions; and - the right to vote and to stand for election.
- the right to a fair trial;
- the right to respect for private and family life;
- freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
- freedom of expression;
- the right to freedom of assembly and association;
- the right to an effective remedy;
- the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions; and - the right to vote and to stand for election.
Soru 39
I- the right to life
II- one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated
III- the complaints are based on solid evidence
Which of the above are among the cases where the European Court of Human Rights examines?
II- one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated
III- the complaints are based on solid evidence
Which of the above are among the cases where the European Court of Human Rights examines?
Seçenekler
A
I
B
II and III
C
I and II
D
III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
Admissibility Conditions
The Court examines only cases where - the right to life;
-one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated;
The Court examines only cases where - the right to life;
-one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated;
- - the complaints are based on solid evidence;
- - the complaints are directed against a State that ratified the Convention or the Protocol in question;
- - the responsibility of a public authority (legislature, administrative body, court of law and so on) is at
stake, not that of private individuals or private organisations; - - acts or events subject to the complaint occurred after the date of ratification by the concerned State of
the Convention or the Protocol in question; - - the applicant is personally and directly affected by the breach of a fundamental right;
- - domestic remedies are exhausted;
- - the complete application is lodged with the Court within six months from the final domestic decision.
- - the complaints in question have not already been examined by the ECrtHR or another international
body
Soru 40
- The right to life
- Death penalty
- The right to respect for private and family life
- Freedom of expression
- The right to an effective remedy
Seçenekler
A
I, II, III and IV
B
I, II, III and V
C
I, II, IV and V
D
I, III, IV and V
E
II, III, IV and V
Açıklama:
Some of the basic rights protected by the ECHR and its Protocols are: - the right to life; - the right to a fair trial; - the right to respect for private and family life; - freedom of thought, conscience and religion; - freedom of expression; - the right to freedom of assembly and association; - the right to an effective remedy; - the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions; and - the right to vote and to stand for election. The ECHR and its Protocols prohibits the following: - the right to vote and to stand for election. - death penalty; - torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; - slavery and forced labour.
Soru 41
- Freedom of thought
- Slavery and forced labour
- The right to a fair trial
- Torture
- Inhuman or degrading treatment
Seçenekler
A
I, III and IV
B
II, IV and V
C
II, III and IV
D
I, II and IV
E
II, III and V
Açıklama:
The ECHR and its Protocols prohibits the following: - the right to vote and to stand for election. - death penalty; - torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; - slavery and forced labour;
Soru 42
Which treaty has founded the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
Treaty of Lisbon
B
Treaty of Brussels
C
Treaty of Paris
D
Treaty of Strasburg
E
Treaty of London
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organisation” was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London that officially “constitute the Statute of the Council of Europe”
Soru 43
- Parliamentary Assembly
- The European Court of Justice
- The Committee of Ministers
- The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
I, III and IV
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Organs As all international organisations, the CoE has its own authorities and organs. The principal ones that play a role in the human rights protection mechanism are the Secretary-General, the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, the Venice Commission and, above all, the European Court of Human Rights-ECrtHR.
Soru 44
- Applications lodged by the European Union
- Inter-State applications by States Parties
- Applications lodged by individuals
- Advisory opinions lodged by the Committee of Ministers
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
I, III and IV
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
Admissibility Conditions The Court examines only cases where - the right to life; - one or more of the rights set out in the Convention and its Protocols are alleged to be violated; - the complaints are based on solid evidence; - the complaints are directed against a State that ratified the Convention or the Protocol in question; - the responsibility of a public authority (legislature, administrative body, court of law and so on) is at stake, not that of private individuals or private organisations; - acts or events subject to the complaint occurred after the date of ratification by the concerned State of the Convention or the Protocol in question; - the applicant is personally and directly affected by the breach of a fundamental right; - domestic remedies are exhausted; - the complete application is lodged with the Court within six months from the final domestic decision. - the complaints in question have not already been examined by the ECrtHR or another international body.
Soru 45
- Ratione loci
- Ratione temporis
- Ratione juridique
- Ratione materiae
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, III and IV
C
II, III and IV
D
I, II and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
The case must be compatible with the requirements of ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae or ratione loci. That is to say, the subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols (ratione materiae), the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State (ratione temporis), and the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it (ratione personae).
Soru 46
Which of the principles adopted by the European Court of Human rights explains that the subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols?
Seçenekler
A
Ratione materiae
B
Ratione temporis
C
Ratione personae
D
Ratione loci
E
Ratione juridique
Açıklama:
The case must be compatible with the requirements of ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae or ratione loci. That is to say, the subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols (ratione materiae), the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State (ratione temporis), and the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it (ratione personae)
Soru 47
Which of principles adopted by the European Council of Human Rights explains that the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State?
Seçenekler
A
Ratione materiae
B
Ratione temporis
C
Ratione personae
D
Ratione loci
E
Ratione juridique
Açıklama:
The subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols (ratione materiae), the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State (ratione temporis), and the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it (ratione personae).
Soru 48
Which of the principles adopted by the Europen Court of Human Rights explains that the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it?
Seçenekler
A
Ratione juridique
B
Ratione temporis
C
Ratione loci
D
Ratione personae
E
Ratione materiae
Açıklama:
The subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols (ratione materiae), the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State (ratione temporis), and the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it (ratione personae)
Soru 49
Who elects the judges of the European Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
B
The Venice Commission
C
The Court itself
D
Parliamentary Assembly
E
The Committee of Ministers
Açıklama:
The Court is made up of full-time professional judges resident in Strasbourg. They are elected for a non-renewable term of nine years by the PACE with respect to each member “by majority of votes cast from a list of three candidates nominated by” it (Articles 22 and 23, ECHR). Member states do not necessarily nominate their citizens
Soru 50
When was the Council of Europe established?
Seçenekler
A
1 Jan 1945
B
2 Feb 1946
C
3 Mar 1947
D
4 Apr 1948
E
5 May 1949
Açıklama:
Brief History The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organization” was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London that officially “constitute the Statute of the Council of Europe”.
Soru 51
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States founder countries and then some countries joined the original signatories within a year.
Which of the following is not one of these countries?
Which of the following is not one of these countries?
Seçenekler
A
Unites Kingdom
B
West Germany
C
Iceland
D
Greece
E
Turkey
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 52
Which of the following is not one of the observer states of the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
United States
B
United Kingdom
C
Canada
D
Vatican
E
Japan
Açıklama:
The Council of Europe has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly
Soru 53
Which of the following is the observer country of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey
B
Canada
C
Vatican
D
Japan
E
Israel
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as founding members. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 54
Which of the following elects the Secretary-General, of the European Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
The Committee of Ministers
B
The Court itself
C
Parliamentary Assembly
D
The Venice Commission
E
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Açıklama:
The Secretary-General, who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly, leads and represents the Council.
Soru 55
Which of the following is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
The Committee of Ministers
B
The Parliamentary Assembly
C
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
D
The European Court of Human Rights-ECrtHR
E
The Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The Parliamentary Assembly (PACE), which is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council. The Assembly consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member States representing some 800 million people. Unlike the Parliament of the EU, these members are not directly elected by the peoples of the members but arerather delegations assigned from among the national parliamentarians of member States.
Soru 56
Which of the following is the main organ of the Council of Europe in terms of human rights protection?
Seçenekler
A
The Committee of Ministers
B
The Parliamentary Assembly
C
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
D
The European Court of Human Rights-ECrtHR
E
The Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) is undoubtedly the main organ of the CoE in terms of human rights protection.
Soru 57
What innovation was introduced to the European Court of Human Right by the Protocol 14?
Seçenekler
A
Secretary-General
B
Committee of Ministers
C
Parliamentary Assembly
D
Single-judge formation
E
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Açıklama:
There are also three-judge formations. Their previous role to give the admissibility decision is cut down with Protocol 14 which has entered into force in 2010. For Protocol 14 has introduced a new body, namely single-judge formations (Article 6, Protocol 14), that primarily give the admissibility decisions.
Soru 58
In which languages are the European Court of Human Rights' decisions and judgements published?
Seçenekler
A
English and/or French
B
German and/or French
C
Turkish and/or French
D
Spanish and/or French
E
Italian and/or French
Açıklama:
Although the official languages of the Court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the States Parties. However, the proceedings are conducted, and the decisions and judgements are published, in English and/or French.
Soru 59
A State found guilty of a violation of human rights is generally under an obligation to take two kinds of remedial measures. They are ..................... and ....................... measures.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Individual and national measures
B
Individual and general measures
C
Individual and vital measures
D
Individual and administrative measures
E
Individual and international measures
Açıklama:
A State found guilty of a violation of human rights is generally under an obligation to take two kinds of remedial measures. Whereas “individual measures” require repairing the wrong by compensating the victim, “general measures” are intended to improve the legal situation at the domestic level so that similar violations are not repeated in the future and further violations are prevented (Kicker, 2010, 50).
Soru 60
Which of the following countries joined the original ten signatories of the 'Council of Europe' one year later?
Seçenekler
A
Greece
B
Belgium
C
Denmark
D
France
E
Sweden
Açıklama:
The Statute of the CoE is signed on 5 May 1949 by ten States, namely Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Iceland, Greece, West Germany and Turkey joined the original signatories within a year and therefore regarded by some as foundingmembers. The Council has 47 members as of 2019. Canada, Vatican, Japan, Mexico and the US are Observer States, whereas Israel is Observer to the Parliamentary Assembly.
Soru 61
When was the 'European Court of Human Rights' first established?
Seçenekler
A
1949
B
1954
C
1959
D
1963
E
1964
Açıklama:
The CoE has a much-praised mechanism that obliges States to secure fundamental rights of not only their own citizens but also of everyone withi their jurisdiction. All of its members are parties the ECHR and most of its Protocols, which are put into force to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The mechanism is maintained by the ECrtHR, which has delivered more than 10.000 judgments since it was first established in 1959.
Soru 62
Which of the following organs decides whether to accept a new member to the Council of Europe?
Seçenekler
A
the Secretary-General
B
the Committee of Ministers
C
the Parliamentary Assembly
D
the Venice Commission
E
the European Court of Human Rights
Açıklama:
The Committee (Committee of Ministers) has a crucial role in monitoring the practices of States regarding the protected rights and values. In that vein, it supervises the execution of the judgments of the ECrtHR. It has the responsibility and duty to “consider the action required to further the aim of the CoE, including the conclusion of conventions or agreements and the adoption by Governments of a common policy with regard to particular matters.” (Article 15). Finally, it is the body that decides whether to accept (“invite”) a new member to the CoE.
Soru 63
Which organ of the Council of Europe elects the Secretary-General of the Council as well as the judges of the European Court of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
the Venice Commission
B
the European Court of Human Rights
C
the Committee of Ministers
D
the Parliamentary Assembly
E
the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Açıklama:
This “governmental” body sustains a close dialogue with the Parliamentary Assembly (PACE), which is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council. The Assembly consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member States representing some 800 million people. Unlike the Parliament of the EU, these members are not directly elected by the peoples of the members but are rather delegations assigned from among the national parliamentarians of member States. However, the delegations must reflect the political spectrum of their respective national parliaments. Albeit being a debate forum that keeps an eye on current issues and particularly human rights related ones, the Assembly holds influential means and instruments. The resolutions and recommendations to governments are quite important in this context. In addition to special reports prepared by the members mandated, it elects the Secretary-General of the Council, as well as the judges of the ECrtHR.
Soru 64
Thanks to which of the following agreements are the universal rights and freedoms of the European citizens under the juridical guarantee of the European Court of Justice of the EU?
Seçenekler
A
Copenhagen Criteria
B
Treaty of London
C
Judgments of Chambers
D
The Venice Commission
E
The Treaty of Lisbon
Açıklama:
So, although the universal rights and freedoms of the European citizens are -in principle- under the juridical guarantee of the European Court of Justice of the EU thanks to the 2009 Lisbon Treaty (Article 6/1) that acknowledged fundamental rights as “general principles of the Union’s law”, the EU has not developed a particular legal competence in human rights protection. Bearing also in mind the membership conditions (“Copenhagen Criteria”) for candidate states, this attitude of the EU might be seen as a bit confusing and even challenging. Yet this is mostly because the EU basically relies on the mechanism generated and developed by the Council of Europe (CoE).
Soru 65
Which agreement indicates that “any European State” which accepts “the principles of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms” may be invited to become a Member of the CoE?
Seçenekler
A
The Treaty of Lisbon
B
The Venice Commission
C
The Treaty of London
D
The Copenhagen Criteria
E
The Judgments of Chambers
Açıklama:
The membership admission procedure of the CoE is not a very common one. The Treaty of London indicates that “any European State” which accepts “the principles of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms” may be invited to become a Member of the CoE by the Committee of Ministers (Articles 3 and 4).
Soru 66
Which of the following is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council?
Seçenekler
A
the Secretary-General
B
the Venice Commission
C
the Committee of Ministers
D
the Parliamentary Assembly
E
the European Court of Human Rights
Açıklama:
This “governmental” body sustains a close dialogue with the Parliamentary Assembly (PACE), which is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council.
Soru 67
What is the other name for 'the European Commission for Democracy through Law'?
Seçenekler
A
Venice Commission
B
Treaty of Lisbon
C
Treaty of London
D
Plenary Chamber
E
Treaty of Brussels
Açıklama:
The European Commission for Democracy through Law, generally known as the Venice Commission as it meets in Venice, is an advisory body of the CoE on constitutional matters.
Soru 68
How many judges used to give the admission decision until 2010?
Seçenekler
A
a five-judge committee
B
a one-judge committee
C
a two-judge committee
D
a four-judge committee
E
a three-judge committee
Açıklama:
The admissibility decision used to be given unanimously by a three-judge committee up until 2010. This effectively meant that even in cases where only one of the three judges had seen some merits in it unlike the other two, the application was declared admissible. Thus the Court was ensuring everyone that even a slight probability of abuse was taken seriously and scrutinised.
However, Protocol 14 that entered into force in 2010 in the of reducing the workload of the Court has made a dramatic, and in fact controversial, change in the admissibility process. The applications are now being examined by a single-judge formation. “A single judge may declare inadmissible or strike out of the Court’s list of cases” and “the decision shall be final”.
However, Protocol 14 that entered into force in 2010 in the of reducing the workload of the Court has made a dramatic, and in fact controversial, change in the admissibility process. The applications are now being examined by a single-judge formation. “A single judge may declare inadmissible or strike out of the Court’s list of cases” and “the decision shall be final”.
Soru 69
Which two countries were suspended from the Council of Europe in the past and later readmitted?
Seçenekler
A
Turkey-Greece
B
Greece-Norway
C
Italy-Ireland
D
Turkey-Russia
E
West-Germany-Norway
Açıklama:
Greece is the only member who withdrew from the CoE in 1969 before the Committee of Ministers voted for its suspension due to the military coup of 1967. It was readmitted in 1974 following the fall of the junta. Turkey was suspended from the Assembly in 1981 in response to the 1980 military coup and regained its right to vote in 1984 following the democratic elections of 1983. Russia is another member who was suspended from the Assembly from 2000 to 2001 due to its Chechnya policy
Soru 70
When was the Council of Europe founded?
Seçenekler
A
1941
B
1945
C
1949
D
1953
E
1958
Açıklama:
The CoE, which introduces itself as “the continent’s leading human rights organisation” was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London that officially “constitute the Statute of the Council of Europe”.
Soru 71
Which of the following below refers to the main decision and policy making body of the CoE?
Seçenekler
A
The Secretary-General
B
Committee of Ministers
C
Parliamentary Assembly
D
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
E
Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The Secretary-General, who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly, leads and represents the Council. S/he is expected to supervise the routine operation of the organisation. Yet the main decision and policy making body of the Council is the Committee of Ministers. It officially comprises the ministers of foreign affairs of the member States who are ordinarily represented by their accredited permanent diplomatic representatives based in Strasbourg.
Soru 72
Which organ of CoE is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council?
Seçenekler
A
Secretary-General
B
Committee of Ministers
C
Parliamentary Assembly
D
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
E
Venice Commission
Açıklama:
This “governmental” body sustains a close dialogue with the Parliamentary Assembly (PACE), which is generally seen as the “public face” and even the “motor” of the Council. The Assembly consists of 324 members of parliament from the 47 member States representing some 800 million people.
Soru 73
In which of the organs of CoE, all local and regional authorities in the member states are represented?
Seçenekler
A
Secretary-General
B
Committee of Ministers
C
Parliamentary Assembly
D
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
E
Venice Commission
Açıklama:
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (also known as the Congress of the Council of Europe) is created in 1994 as a consultative body in line with increasing importance of regional and local participation and governance. All local and regional authorities in the member states are represented in the Congress.
Soru 74
Which of the following does the ECHR not prohibit?
Seçenekler
A
Abuse of rights
B
Death penalty
C
Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
D
Slavery and forced labour
E
The right to freedom of assembly and association
Açıklama:
Some of the basic rights protected by the ECHR and its Protocols are: - the right to life; - the right to a fair trial; - the right to respect for private and family life; - freedom of thought, conscience and religion; - freedom of expression; - the right to freedom of assembly and association; - the right to an effective remedy; - the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions; and - the right to vote and to stand for election.
The ECHR and its Protocols prohibits the following: - the right to vote and to stand for election. - death penalty; - torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; - slavery and forced labour.
The ECHR and its Protocols prohibits the following: - the right to vote and to stand for election. - death penalty; - torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; - slavery and forced labour.
Soru 75
Which of the terms below is about "the application's requirement to meet certain criteria"? for ECHR?
Seçenekler
A
Individual Application
B
Admissibility
C
Single-judge System
D
Inter-State Applications
E
Advisory Opinions
Açıklama:
Once registered, the application becomes subject to the admissibility decision. In other words, the merits of a case is not heard and judged straight after the application. For being declared admissible, the application must meet certain criteria. First of all, the application form must have been filled in accurately and meticulously
Soru 76
Which of the terms below is about "the subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols"
Seçenekler
A
Ratione Materiae
B
Ratione Temporis
C
Ratione Personae
D
Victim Status
E
Potential Victim
Açıklama:
Furthermore, the case must be compatible with the requirements of ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae or ratione loci. That is to say, the subject matter of the application should be about a right protected under the Convention and its Protocols (ratione materiae), the alleged violation must have occurred after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State (ratione temporis), and the alleged violation must have been committed by the respondent State or must be attributable to it (ratione personae). So, the so-called victim status condition should also be met (Article 34, ECHR). Accordingly, the application must be lodged either directly by the victim or, in cases where the victim died or disappeared, by his/ her heirs or close relatives that are accepted by the Court to be indirect victims.
Soru 77
Which of the terms explains “applications concerning similar issues, also known as ‘systemic issues’
Seçenekler
A
Ratione loci
B
Legal space (espace juridique)
C
Ratione personae
D
Pilot Case Procedure
E
Grand Chamber
Açıklama:
Aiming to solve its workload problem, the Court has developed a new procedure regarding “applications concerning similar issues, also known as ‘systemic issues’ - i.e. those that arise from non-conformity of domestic law with the Convention”. It examines “one or more applications of this kind, whilst its examination of a series of similar cases is adjourned (in other words, postponed).” Once a judgement is given in a so-called “pilot case”, the Court “calls on the Government concerned to bring the domestic legislation into line with the Convention and indicates the general measures to be taken. It will then proceed to dispose of the other similar cases.
Soru 78
What is the ratio that defines the majority of the “political” representatives entitled to sit on the committee?
Seçenekler
A
Two third
B
Three fifth
C
Three fourth
D
Four sixth
E
Five seventh
Açıklama:
In short, bearing in mind that all these “legal” decisions require a majority vote of two-thirds of the “political” representatives entitled to sit on the committee, going through such a complicated and time-consuming process, convincing two-thirds of the members to antagonise one another and securing an expected result is not that easy.
Soru 79
Which of the following statements about advisory opinions is false?
Seçenekler
A
The Court has in fact been assigned to give advisory opinions by Protocol 2 in 1970.
B
Protocol 16 has extended the jurisdiction of the ECrtHR.
C
Advisory opinions are non-binding.
D
An individual application is necessary.
E
There are legitimate concerns regarding the motivation and consequences of this new procedure.
Açıklama:
National courts will give decisions in line with the advices of the ECrtHR so that an individual application would not be necessary at all.
Soru 80
How many years is the Council of Europe Secretary General elected by which body of the council?
Seçenekler
A
Four years by the Secretary-General
B
Two years by the The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
C
Four years by the Committee of Ministers
D
Five years by the Parliamentary Assembly
E
Six years by the Committee of Ministers
Açıklama:
The Secretary-General, who is elected for a term of five years by the Parliamentary Assembly, leads and represents the Council. The correct answer is D
Ünite 8
Soru 1
Which of the following is not among the conceptual objections of human rights mostly directed to?
Seçenekler
A
Universality
B
Neglect of solidarity
C
Abstractness
D
Vagueness
E
Concreteness
Açıklama:
E
Soru 2
Which of the following is not true about theoretical objections to the idea of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Misgivings about rights are not a new phenomenon.
B
The critiques of human right theories appeared as old as the theory's itself.
C
Almost all of the objections are relatively new
D
Some of these misgivings were framed by E. Burke, Bentham and Marx.
E
The critiques of those theories that appeared in that period are the starting-point of
modern misgivings.
modern misgivings.
Açıklama:
C
Soru 3
“From real law come real rights; but from
imaginary laws . . . come imaginary rights”
Who does the above statement belong to?
imaginary laws . . . come imaginary rights”
Who does the above statement belong to?
Seçenekler
A
J. Bentham
B
K. Marks
C
E. Burke
D
Derrida
E
M. Walzer
Açıklama:
A
Soru 4
“No degree of progress allows one to ignore that never before in absolute figures, have so many men, women and children been subjugated, starved or exterminated on earth”
Who does the above statement belong to?
Who does the above statement belong to?
Seçenekler
A
Marks
B
Derrida
C
Rorty
D
Brown
E
Walzer
Açıklama:
B
Soru 5
"The theory of human rights has led to various objections questioning both the theoretical foundations of human rights and the success of human rights movements."
Which of the following is not among the book titles of some critics regarding the above statement?
Which of the following is not among the book titles of some critics regarding the above statement?
Seçenekler
A
The Last Utopia
B
The End of Human Rights
C
Can Human Rights Survive?
D
The Endtimes of Human Rights
E
The Emergence of Human Rights
Açıklama:
E
Soru 6
Which of the following can be seen as a problem regarding the practice of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
The relativity of human rights
B
The effectiveness of international human rights documents
C
The effectiveness of human rights movement
D
The decrease of human rights abuses
E
The gap between the idea of human rights and its practice
Açıklama:
E
Soru 7
Which of the following concept is included in the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Capabilities
B
Human nature
C
Cynicism
D
Potentialities of man
E
Liberal humanism
Açıklama:
B
Soru 8
Which of the following is an objection to equating human rights with liberal democratic and modern social-welfare rights?
Seçenekler
A
Critique of Cultural Relativism
B
Critique of Individualism
C
Critique of Neglecting Community
D
Critique of Deviation from its Utopian and Revolutionary Core
E
Practical Objections
Açıklama:
A
Soru 9
Which of the following person talked about dilemmas, dark sides, and disappointments of human rights as a tool of governance and claimed that human rights today is at once more powerful and less innocent, urgent and compelling?
Seçenekler
A
Kennedy
B
Hunt
C
Douzinas
D
Hegel
E
Nietzsche
Açıklama:
A
Soru 10
“Human rights today remain the only proven effective means to assure human dignity in societies dominated by ...” (Donnelly)
Fill in the blank with the right term/terms.
Fill in the blank with the right term/terms.
Seçenekler
A
Invidiuals
B
Universities
C
Markets and states
D
Public
E
Legal entities
Açıklama:
C
Soru 11
Whic of the following statements is incorrect?
Seçenekler
A
The critiques of the idea of human rights are as old as the idea itself
B
Natural rights and of the rights of man that developed in the eighteenth and ninehteenth centuries are the ancestors of the modern idea of human rights
C
Misgivings about rights are not a new phenomenon
D
Burke’s and Marx’s reflections on the French Revolution are the foundational critiques of rights
E
Some objections have based on the practical failures or the huge gap between theory and practice of human rights movement
Açıklama:
natural rights and of the rights of man that developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are the ancestors of the modern idea of human rights. That's why correct answer is B
Soru 12
The first Marxist critique of human rights as a response to the French Declaration was given by..............in 1843, in his essay ‘On the Jewish
Question’
Which of the following options should be placed in the space above?
Question’
Which of the following options should be placed in the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Karl Marx
B
Jeremy Bentham
C
Edmund Burke
D
Hannah Arrendt
E
Thomas Hobbes
Açıklama:
The first Marxist critique of human rights as a response to the French Declaration was given by Karl Marx in 1843, in his essay ‘On the Jewish
Question’
Question’
Soru 13
There is a continuous, developing notion of human rights running through this history-call it the ................
Which of the following options should be placed in the space above?
Which of the following options should be placed in the space above?
Seçenekler
A
Human Right
B
Concept of Human Rights
C
Modern Human Rights
D
Historical Notion
E
Human Rights Law
Açıklama:
There is a continuous, developing notion of human rights running through this history-call it the ‘historical notion. Correct answer is D
Soru 14
Which of the following statements does not qualify the concept of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Liberalism
B
Capitalism
C
İndividualism
D
Hypocrisy
E
Social justice
Açıklama:
Human rights are used as a symbol or synonym for liberalism, capitalism or individualism by some and for development, social justice. Correct answer is D
Soru 15
Whic one is among the philosophers who remind us that talking about human nature is nonsense?
Seçenekler
A
Karl Marx
B
Micheal Foucault
C
J.J Rousseau
D
E.Burke
E
J.Ortega Gasset
Açıklama:
Philosophers like M. Foucault remind us that talking about human nature is nonsense. Correct answer is B
Soru 16
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of İonna Kucuradi's understanding of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Human rights as norms derived from the knowledge of the value of these characteristics and potentialities
B
Human rights norms present the conditions considered necessary for the humankind to fulfill its potentialities special only to the human species
C
When we talk about the nature of human rights, we can say that human nature is nonsense
D
To put into practice potentialities of man we need the systematic knowledge of potentialities and conditions of a human being where with we can create a concept and criteria human rights
E
Human rights indicating the human phenomena as properties and potentialities of man
Açıklama:
While philosophers like M. Foucault remind us that talking about human nature is nonsense, M. Nussbaum and I. Kuçuradi consider a concept of
human necessary for human rights. Correct answer is C
human necessary for human rights. Correct answer is C
Soru 17
Which of the following is one of the thinkers critical of the liberal understanding of humanism?
Seçenekler
A
F. Nietzsche
B
J.Rawls
C
J.Bentham
D
J.Stuart Mill
E
K.Popper
Açıklama:
The highly influential thought of Marx, Nietzsche and Freud and their followers, the great philosophers of ‘suspicion’ according to Paul Ricoeur, successfully challenged the assumptions of liberal humanism.Correct answer is A
Soru 18
According to humanism,Which of the following is one of humanity's two unique characters?
Seçenekler
A
Jelaous
B
Self confident
C
Self observation
D
Eager
E
Freedom
Açıklama:
According to humanism, humanity has two unique characteristics, it candetermine its own destiny and, secondly, it is fully conscious of itself transparent to itself through selfobservation and reflection. Correct answer is C
Soru 19
What progress has the universality of human rights been recognised since?
Seçenekler
A
Since the end of the first World War with the Treaty of Versailles 1919
B
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the UN in 1948
C
Since the French Revolution 1789 , with the French Declaration of the rights of Man and citizen
D
Since the end of the Second World War, with the Postdam conference 1945
E
Since the American Constitution 1787 came into force
Açıklama:
The universality of human rights has been a concern for a wide group of intellectuals and scholars since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the UN in 1948. Correct answer is B
Soru 20
Which of the following books is not one of the books critical to Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
The Last Utopia
B
Who believes in Human Right
C
Can Human Rights Survive
D
Universal Human Rights
E
Endtimes of Human Right
Açıklama:
Adı geçen kitap insan hakları kavramına olumsuz açıdan bakmamaktadır.
Soru 21
In which year was Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1948
B
1950
C
1952
D
1954
E
1956
Açıklama:
The idea of human rights, as a kind of universal
moral rights that belong equally to all human beings
only in virtue of being human, has been one of the
prominent ideas in the second half of the 20th Century.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted
by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 have
constituted a milestone in the history of human rights
moral rights that belong equally to all human beings
only in virtue of being human, has been one of the
prominent ideas in the second half of the 20th Century.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted
by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 have
constituted a milestone in the history of human rights
Soru 22
Which of the following(s) represent the main lines of conceptual
critiques regarding human rights?
I- the concept of human rights is wrongly presented as universal
II- Human rights concept change from person to person
III- It neglects solidarity and other social values
IV- The concept might change in time in terms of meaning
critiques regarding human rights?
I- the concept of human rights is wrongly presented as universal
II- Human rights concept change from person to person
III- It neglects solidarity and other social values
IV- The concept might change in time in terms of meaning
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-III
C
II-III-IV
D
III-IV
E
II-III-IV
Açıklama:
Conceptual objections are mostly directed either
to the vagueness and abstractness of the concept
of human rights, and of human nature on which
the idea of human rights supposed to be to rest,
and of the claim of universality. Dembour tries to
summarize these in the following three propositions
which represents the main line of the conceptual
critiques, “(1) the concept of human rights is
wrongly presented as universal; (2) it pertains of
a logic which focuses on the individual to the
neglect of solidarity and other social values; (3) it
derives from a reasoning which is far too abstract”
(Dembour, 2006, 6).
to the vagueness and abstractness of the concept
of human rights, and of human nature on which
the idea of human rights supposed to be to rest,
and of the claim of universality. Dembour tries to
summarize these in the following three propositions
which represents the main line of the conceptual
critiques, “(1) the concept of human rights is
wrongly presented as universal; (2) it pertains of
a logic which focuses on the individual to the
neglect of solidarity and other social values; (3) it
derives from a reasoning which is far too abstract”
(Dembour, 2006, 6).
Soru 23
Which of the following is the main basis of Burke's criticism of human rights declaration?
Seçenekler
A
not being a modern idea
B
not being suitable for everybody
C
metaphysical idealism
D
difficulty in defining the concepts
E
not having a clear foundation
Açıklama:
According to Burke, rights discourse of his
century suffers from metaphysical idealism and
rationalism. The proponents of rights follow a
clumsy metaphysical theory; they are metaphysical
rationalists or “speculatists”, the worst insult
in Burke’s rich vocabulary of abuse. For Burke,
therefore, the standpoint of the absolute and
universal discourse seems to blind the politicians
to the realities of the particular and concrete and
turns them into metaphysicians and prophets
(Douzinas, 2000, 148-151).
century suffers from metaphysical idealism and
rationalism. The proponents of rights follow a
clumsy metaphysical theory; they are metaphysical
rationalists or “speculatists”, the worst insult
in Burke’s rich vocabulary of abuse. For Burke,
therefore, the standpoint of the absolute and
universal discourse seems to blind the politicians
to the realities of the particular and concrete and
turns them into metaphysicians and prophets
(Douzinas, 2000, 148-151).
Soru 24
Which of the following is not a criticism of human rights in modern times?
Seçenekler
A
failure in actions
B
gap between practice and theory
C
abstraction
D
neglecting the discourse of rebellion
E
lack of intercultural validity
Açıklama:
The new objections to human rights are more
radical and harsh, but mostly directed to the
failure of human rights movement and the gap
between the idea of human rights and its practice
more than the idea itself. Though some critiques
originate from postmodern thinkers who consider
a transformation from grant narratives to small
narratives, from human rights to the rights of
children, to the rights of immigrants necessary
and unavoidable; the others esteeming the idea of
human rights in itself criticize the practice of human
rights which seems them far from securing human
rights to all members of the world community,
referring especially the huge gap between the idea
of human rights and its practice.
On the other hand, the concept of “the right to
have rights” introduced by H. Arendt triggered a
chain of challenges to human rights as we observe
in the accounts of scholars as Balibar, Agamben,
Douzinas, Dembour and Rancière. Samuel Moyn
decided to label human rights as The Last Utopia.
Even though all of those scholars are partly
sympathetic to the idea of human rights in principle
and believe still its potential in creating a more
human world, some argue that it has deviated its
initial revolutionary discourse; and today “human
rights have been turned from a discourse of
rebellion and dissent into that of state legitimacy”
(Douzinas, 2000, 7). M. Ignatieff identifies the
crisis that human rights face today as a spiritual
and cultural crisis related to both ‘intercultural
validity of human rights norms’ and ‘the ultimate
metaphysical grounding for these norms’ (Pedersen
and Murray, 2012, 6). Many believe that human
rights are in crisis in the beginning of 21th Century
and the idea of human rights either will face an
end or have to undergo some transformations to
survive.
radical and harsh, but mostly directed to the
failure of human rights movement and the gap
between the idea of human rights and its practice
more than the idea itself. Though some critiques
originate from postmodern thinkers who consider
a transformation from grant narratives to small
narratives, from human rights to the rights of
children, to the rights of immigrants necessary
and unavoidable; the others esteeming the idea of
human rights in itself criticize the practice of human
rights which seems them far from securing human
rights to all members of the world community,
referring especially the huge gap between the idea
of human rights and its practice.
On the other hand, the concept of “the right to
have rights” introduced by H. Arendt triggered a
chain of challenges to human rights as we observe
in the accounts of scholars as Balibar, Agamben,
Douzinas, Dembour and Rancière. Samuel Moyn
decided to label human rights as The Last Utopia.
Even though all of those scholars are partly
sympathetic to the idea of human rights in principle
and believe still its potential in creating a more
human world, some argue that it has deviated its
initial revolutionary discourse; and today “human
rights have been turned from a discourse of
rebellion and dissent into that of state legitimacy”
(Douzinas, 2000, 7). M. Ignatieff identifies the
crisis that human rights face today as a spiritual
and cultural crisis related to both ‘intercultural
validity of human rights norms’ and ‘the ultimate
metaphysical grounding for these norms’ (Pedersen
and Murray, 2012, 6). Many believe that human
rights are in crisis in the beginning of 21th Century
and the idea of human rights either will face an
end or have to undergo some transformations to
survive.
Soru 25
According to the critics of human rights concept, which of the following content was abandoned in the previous centuries?
Seçenekler
A
Linguistic content
B
Economic content
C
Social content
D
Ethical content
E
Theological content
Açıklama:
Although
the theological content of the term was abandoned,
the ethical content was not. From time to time in
the course of the history one encounters the idea
that human rights are protections of our human
status and that the human status in question is our
rational or, more specifically, normative agency”
the theological content of the term was abandoned,
the ethical content was not. From time to time in
the course of the history one encounters the idea
that human rights are protections of our human
status and that the human status in question is our
rational or, more specifically, normative agency”
Soru 26
Which of the following concepts claim that conduct, therefore it would be nonsense to speak of universal values or principles and of human nature valid for all cultures?
Seçenekler
A
Cultural Relativism
B
Cultural Integration
C
Cultural Exchange
D
Intercultural Communication
E
Cultural Cynicism
Açıklama:
Cultural relativists claim
that every person lives in a specific culture and each
culture possesses its own values and principles of
conduct, therefore it would be nonsense to speak of
universal values or principles and of human nature
valid for all cultures.
that every person lives in a specific culture and each
culture possesses its own values and principles of
conduct, therefore it would be nonsense to speak of
universal values or principles and of human nature
valid for all cultures.
Soru 27
Which of the following is a unique characteristics of humanity according to humanism?
Seçenekler
A
Humanbeings are born with inborn abilities
B
it can determine its own destiny.
C
it deliberately avoids self-observation and reflection
D
Humanbeings are superior to other creatures
E
It follows a cycle of transition through different periods
Açıklama:
According to humanism, humanity has two unique characteristics, it can
determine its own destiny and, secondly, it is fully conscious of itself transparent to itself through self-observation and reflection.
determine its own destiny and, secondly, it is fully conscious of itself transparent to itself through self-observation and reflection.
Soru 28
Who asserts that human rights norms might be asserted as universal because of their epistemological and axiological specificity?
Seçenekler
A
Donnelly
B
Karl Marx
C
Kuçuradi
D
Immanuel Kant
E
Nietzsche
Açıklama:
Kuçuradi asserts that human rights norms might be asserted as universal because of their epistemological and axiological specificity,
Soru 29
Which of the following is not one of the philosophers who are skeptical to the human rights claiming its deviation from its original utopian and revolutionary nature?
Seçenekler
A
Douzinas
B
Demboor
C
Gearty
D
Kuçuradi
E
Baxi
Açıklama:
Critique of Deviation from its Utopian
and Revolutionary Core
Some social scientists and philosophers of our
era as Douzinas, Demboor, Gearty and Baxi are
skeptical to the human rights claiming its deviation
from its original utopian and revolutionary
nature.
and Revolutionary Core
Some social scientists and philosophers of our
era as Douzinas, Demboor, Gearty and Baxi are
skeptical to the human rights claiming its deviation
from its original utopian and revolutionary
nature.
Soru 30
Which of the following philosophers treated criticism as an instrument to return to
ideals or to perfect the assessment of consequences?
ideals or to perfect the assessment of consequences?
Seçenekler
A
Gearty
B
Hunt
C
Dembour
D
Douzinas
E
Kennedy
Açıklama:
Kennedy has expressed that has not been critical
to human rights, though he used criticism. He has
treated criticism as an instrument to return to
ideals or to perfect the assessment of consequences.
He argues for human rights not as a codification
of what we know justice to be, but as a lexicon for
criticizing the pretenses of justice as it is. He lines up
with a human rights training in critical reasoning,
with treaty instruments reminding us to ask again
what justice requires; with a humanitarianism
that invigorated our political life for heterodoxy
(Kennedy, 2004, 20).
to human rights, though he used criticism. He has
treated criticism as an instrument to return to
ideals or to perfect the assessment of consequences.
He argues for human rights not as a codification
of what we know justice to be, but as a lexicon for
criticizing the pretenses of justice as it is. He lines up
with a human rights training in critical reasoning,
with treaty instruments reminding us to ask again
what justice requires; with a humanitarianism
that invigorated our political life for heterodoxy
(Kennedy, 2004, 20).
Soru 31
Which philosopher thinks that rights discourse of his century suffers from metaphysical idealism and rationalism?
Seçenekler
A
Burke
B
Jeremy Bentham
C
Waldron
D
Karl Marx
E
M. Ignatieff
Açıklama:
According to Burke, rights discourse of his century suffers from metaphysical idealism and rationalism. The proponents of rights follow a clumsy metaphysical theory; they are metaphysical rationalists or “speculatists”, the worst insult in Burke’s rich vocabulary of abuse. For Burke, therefore, the standpoint of the absolute and universal discourse seems to blind the politicians to the realities of the particular and concrete and turns them into metaphysicians and prophets
Soru 32
Which philosopher attacked to the 1789 French Declaration with the phrase ‘From real law come real rights; but from imaginary laws . . . come imaginary rights.’ as a reaction the most popular manifesto of his day in his essay “Anarchical Fallacies”?
Seçenekler
A
Jeremy Bentham
B
Karl Marx
C
Waldron
D
Alasdair Macintyre
E
H. Arendt
Açıklama:
Jeremy Bentham, regarded as a realist and utilitarian philosopher, put his reaction to the 1789 French Declaration with the phrase ‘From real law come real rights; but from imaginary laws . . . come imaginary rights.’ Bentham wrote an essay titled “Anarchical Fallacies,” in which he attacked the most popular manifesto of such rights in his day, the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”. He claimed that any doctrine of natural rights is “simple nonsense, natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense,-nonsense upon stilts”
Soru 33
Which philosopher's concept of "the right to have rights" triggered a chain of challenges to human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Samuel Moyn
B
Balibar
C
H. Arendt
D
Dembour
E
Ranciére
Açıklama:
the concept of “the right to have rights” introduced by H. Arendt triggered a chain of challenges to human rights as we observe in the accounts of scholars as Balibar, Agamben, Douzinas, Dembour and Rancière. Samuel Moyn decided to label human rights as The Last Utopia. Even though all of those scholars are partly sympathetic to the idea of human rights in principle and believe still its potential in creating a more human world, some argue that it has deviated its initial revolutionary discourse; and today “human rights have been turned from a discourse of rebellion and dissent into that of state legitimacy” (Douzinas, 2000, 7). M. Ignatieff identifies the crisis that human rights face today as a spiritual and cultural crisis related to both ‘intercultural validity of human rights norms’ and ‘the ultimate metaphysical grounding for these norms’ (Pedersen and Murray, 2012, 6). Many believe that human rights are in crisis in the beginning of 21th Century and the idea of human rights either will face an end or have to undergo some transformations to survive.
Soru 34
Which philosopher identifies the crisis that human rights face today as a spiritual and cultural crisis related to both ‘intercultural validity of human rights norms’ and ‘the ultimate metaphysical grounding for these norms’?
Seçenekler
A
M. Ignatieff
B
Samuel Moyn
C
Waldron
D
Karl Marx
E
H. Arendt
Açıklama:
M. Ignatieff identifies the crisis that human rights face today as a spiritual and cultural crisis related to both ‘intercultural validity of human rights norms’ and ‘the ultimate metaphysical grounding for these norms’ (Pedersen and Murray, 2012, 6). Many believe that human rights are in crisis in the beginning of 21th Century and the idea of human rights either will face an end or have to undergo some transformations to survive.
Soru 35
- The concept of human rights is wrongly presented as universal
- It pertains of a logic which focuses on the individual to the neglect of solidarity and other social values
- It derives from a reasoning which is far too abstract
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I and II
C
II and III
D
I and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
Conceptual objections are mostly directed either to the vagueness and abstractness of the concept of human rights, and of human nature on which the idea of human rights supposed to be to rest, and of the claim of universality. Dembour tries to summarize these in the following three propositions which represents the main line of the conceptual critiques, “(1) the concept of human rights is wrongly presented as universal; (2) it pertains of a logic which focuses on the individual to the neglect of solidarity and other social values; (3) it derives from a reasoning which is far too abstract” (Dembour, 2006, 6). These three objections of human rights, namely the critiques of universality, of abstractness and of neglecting solidarity and other social values consist of the main critiques of human rights that will be elaborated in this chapter.
Soru 36
Which philosopher thinks that not only are there no human rights, the notion of a right itself is not found in every society?
Seçenekler
A
Alasdair Macintyre
B
Dembour
C
Kapur
D
Burke
E
Jeremy Bentham
Açıklama:
Though the objections of Dembour and Kapur portrait the conjuncture well, but do not cover all the critiques of human rights. “A different but complementary argument is developed by Alasdair Macintyre in After Virtue, when discussing the idea of human rights. According to him, not only are there no human rights, the notion of a right itself is not found in every society. After pointing out that claims to the possession of rights presuppose the existence of a set of socially established rules, he goes on, ‘Such sets of rules only come into existence at particular historical periods and in particular social circumstances. They are in no way universal features of the human condition’” (Milne, 1993, 4). Consequently, he comes to the idea that “‘It would of course be a little odd that there should be such rights attaching to human beings simply qua human beings ... .’Referring to the same linguistic facts, he then comments, ‘From this of course it does not follow that there are no natural or human rights, it only follows that no one could have known that there were ... .’ He concludes that there are no such rights’, adding that ‘Every attempt to give good reasons for believing that there are such rights has failed.’ His verdict is that ‘Natural or human rights are fictions’, and that ‘belief in them is at one with belief in witches and unicorns’”
Soru 37
Which philosopher accuses governments of hijacking human rights to legalize their abusive practices?
Seçenekler
A
Douzinas
B
Burke
C
Jeremy Bentham
D
Kapur
E
Dembour
Açıklama:
Some objections have based on the practical failures or the huge gap between theory and practice of human rights movement, and questioned the idea of human rights itself, and have become cynical about the future of it. Some others have criticized human rights movement becoming a tool of government diverging from its revolutionary core. Furthermore, Douzinas accuses governments of hijacking human rights to legalize their abusive practices.
Soru 38
What it the reason cultural relativism criticizes the idea of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
It is an archaic idea.
B
It has a universality claim.
C
It is value neutral.
D
It has a validity claim.
E
It is a moral right.
Açıklama:
“There is another objection to equating human rights with liberal democratic and modern socialwelfare rights. The particular values and institutions which these embody have their roots in the Western tradition of culture and civilisation. But the Western is only one of a number of such traditions. Others are the Islamic, the Hindu and the Buddhist, to name only three, each of which is based upon a great religion” (Milne, 1993, 3). Milne acknowledges this objection that casts doubt upon any idea of human right which presents it as a universal ideal standard, and he believes that such an ideal must be drawn from a particular tradition of culture and civilisation. And the people who do not belong to this culture will have no reason to accept it (Milne, 1993, 4). This objection is known as critique of cultural relativism. The cultural relativists deny the possibility of any universal value and ethical norm, and identify human rights as merely and inherently with western culture (Kao, 2011, 11). American Anthropological Association (AAS) made a statement against the Universal Declaration during the process of drafting, and warned the committee members about the possible negative consequences of a universal declaration
Soru 39
- The Last Utopia
- The End of Human Rights
- Can Human Rights Survive?
- The Endtimes of Human Rights
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, II and IV
C
I, III and IV
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, III and IV
Açıklama:
The theory of human rights has led to various objections questioning both the theoretical foundations of human rights and the success of human rights movements. A rationally defensible idea of human rights must be able to meet all these objections. Some criticisms were so harsh that they have begun to talk about the dark sides of human rights or the end of a human rights utopia. Some express their reaction with the titles of their books as “The Last Utopia”, “The End of Human Rights”, “Who believes in Human Rights?”, “Can Human Rights Survive?” and “The Endtimes of Human Rights”.
Soru 40
What do scholars mean when they talk about the indeterminateness of the concept of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
It is clear.
B
It is definite.
C
It is distinct.
D
It is metaphysical.
E
It is unclear.
Açıklama:
“There is a continuous, developing notion of human rights running through this history-call it the ‘historical notion’. That is the notion with which I want to start. Start, but most likely not finish. I am looking for the notion of human rights that fits into the best ethics that we can establish, and it is unlikely that the notion that history has yielded is already in perfect form for its place in ethics. One of the first things that one notices about the historical notion is that it suffers from no small indeterminateness of sense. When during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the theological content of the idea was abandoned, nothing was put in its place. The term was left with so few criteria for determining when it is used correct, and when incorrectly, that we often have only a tenuous, and sometimes a plainly inadequate, grasp on what is at issue. Its indeterminateness of sense is not something characteristic of ethical terms in general; it is a problem specifically, though perhaps not uniquely, with the term ‘human right’. We today need to remedy its indeterminateness; we need to complete the incomplete notion, and thereby most likely change it” (Griffin, 2008, 2).
Soru 41
When was Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly?
Seçenekler
A
1945
B
1947
C
1948
D
1950
E
1952
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Soru 42
Who wrote "Nonsense upon Stilts"?
Seçenekler
A
Jeremy Bentham
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C
Karl Marx
D
Edmund Burke
E
Jeremy Waldron
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Soru 43
Which one of the following is not among the main objections against human rights?
Seçenekler
A
The critiques of universality
B
The critiques of abstactness
C
The critiques of neglecting solidarity
D
The critiques of neglecting other social values
E
The critiques of the value of human life
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Soru 44
Why does David Kennedy condemn the human rights movement becoming a part of the problem?
Seçenekler
A
Because of its being used to legitimize human rights abuses by states
B
Because of its being ineffective to prevent human right abuses
C
Because of its getting validity all over the world
D
Because it has become a human rights regime
E
Because it has failed in building a human rights friendly society
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 45
According to Rorty, which one of the following statements about human rights is right?
Seçenekler
A
A human rights education is necessary.
B
An education which intends to convince people epistemologically will be more successful.
C
An education which addresses to the feelings of people will have more chance to success.
D
An argumentative discourse of human rights will help to protect human rights.
E
An argumentative discourse of human rights will be effective.
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Soru 46
Who thinks of international human rights as a ‘regime’ than as a movement?
Seçenekler
A
David Kennedy
B
Edmund Burke
C
Karl Marx
D
Jeremy Bentham
E
Jeremy Waldron
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Soru 47
Which one of the following cannot be seen as a problem related to the practice of human rights?
Seçenekler
A
The increase of human rights abuses
B
The huge gap between theory and practice of human rights
C
The ineffectiveness of international human rights documents
D
The relativity of human rights
E
The ineffectiveness of human rights movement
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Soru 48
How are human beings described in the first article of Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Seçenekler
A
Rational animal
B
Equipped with reason and conscience
C
Endowed with reason
D
Social and political animal
E
Endowed with human potentialities
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Soru 49
Which philosopher did not argue against human rights?
Seçenekler
A
Jeremy Bentham
B
Karl Marx
C
Edmund Burke
D
Jean Jacques Rousseau
E
Jack Donnely
Açıklama:
The answer is D
Soru 50
What is the basic foundation for human rights?
Seçenekler
A
That humans deserve the best
B
That humans deserve dignity and equality
C
That humans should not harm each other
D
That governments should not harm humans
E
That humans should seek for wisdom
Açıklama:
The answer is B.