Prior to the 16th century, emperors, kings, and princes predominated far more than sovereign nation states, while the Catholic Church was also central to determining the European feudal order. Indeed, ideas such as state sovereignty,
independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.

In the field of International Relations, the concept of the state system refers to the relationships between politically organized groups that have distinctive territories, are not influenced by higher authorities, and exercise a measure of
independence from one another.

To be sure, states existed in the Middle Ages, but their power was determined by different characteristics than modern states. For one, they had neither sovereignty nor independence in the modern term of the word because two kinds of hierarchy prevailed-the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

There were also semi-autonomous local rulers such as lords and knights who were not fully independent either.

Niccolò Machiavelli was great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles. Freedom was given by feudal rulers to their followers and clients to the degree that they determined, while keeping the general order was the responsibility of the emperor, albeit in a limited way. Justice was ensured by political and religious rulers alike, but also in an unequal way, being far more skewed in favor of the upper classes.

The Thirty Years’ War started in Bohemia as an uprising of Protestants against the Spanish authorities.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites, a replica of which stands on the wall of the United Nations in New York today.

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”

The Peace of Utrecht (1713) formally ended the war and codified this “just equilibrium of power” as the “best and most solid basis of mutual friendship and durable harmony”. The Peace of Utrecht refers to a series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state has three additional characteristics:
First, a modern state has a definite territory with boundaries.
Second, a modern state has exclusive control over that territory (sovereignty).
Third, a modern state is the superior political actor (hierarchy).
Therefore, all the characteristics given in the question are correct.

The Reformation first started in the German lands in 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.

John Calvin was the person who organized the first ‘reformed’ church, later known as Calvinist, in Geneva in 1536. Calvin believed that the sovereignty of people was supreme and that they had a right to revolt against bad government.

Almost every European power took part in the Thirty Years' War, including the German principalities, France, Sweden, Spain, Bohemia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. However, Japan is not one of the countries involved.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites.

Diplomacy means the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means with several ends in mind:
First, it facilitates communication between political leaders or states and other entities of world politics.
Second, it facilitates the negotiation of agreements.
Third, it serves to gather intelligence or information from host countries.
Fourth, it minimizes the effects of frictions in international relations.
Fifth, it symbolizes the concrete existence of international society.
Therefore, among the given information, Number IV is wrong, others are correct.

Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people".
Absolutism refers to a “political doctrine and the practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty of a monarch".
Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means".
Balance of power refers to "a state of affairs in which no state predominates over others".
Therefore, the correct answer is "B".

Feudalism represents "a pyramidal social formation built upon personal ties of loyalty in which power holders at any level depend on their capacity to mobilize resources, including military power".
Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means".
Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people".
Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”.
Therefore, the correct answer is "D".

During the reign of Louis XIV, royal government became more centralized and bureaucratic. All departments of government were relocated to Versailles, which became the headquarters of state administration, thus replacing Paris. The palace there became the center of Louis XIV’s absolutist empire. Seen as a continuation of Italy’s Renaissance, French artists and scientists were as effective and popular as Louis XIV’s armies, and the French language and thought were transmitted to every corner of the continent.
Therefore, the information given in Option E is wrong.

The Peace of Utrecht refers to a series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. These were:
Utrecht
11 April 1713 - Treaty between France, Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy
13 July 1713 - Treaty between Spain and Great Britain
13 August 1713 - Treaty between Spain and Savoy
26 June 1714 - Treaty between Spain and Holland
Rastad and Baden
6 March / 7 September 1714 - Treaty between France and Austria
Madrid
6 February 1715 - Treaty between Spain and Portugal
15 November 1715 - Barrier Treaty between Holland, France and Austria
(Spain and Austria finally concluded a treaty at The Hague in February 1720)

Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state has three additional characteristics:

• First, a modern state has a definite territory with boundaries.


• Second, a modern state has exclusive control over that territory (sovereignty).


• Third, a modern state is the superior political actor (hierarchy)

Greek state system was based on a shared language, culture, and common religion.

In the Middle Ages, two kinds of hierarchy prevailed-the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles.

People from different regions came together in the Italian city-states to exchange culture, ideas, beliefs, and intellectual accumulation. Another critical link in this development was the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, which encouraged many Eastern scholars to flee to the Italian peninsula, bringing with them vast collections of ancient books and manuscripts.

During The Renaissance many political thinkers counseled local political leaders, of which Niccolò Machiavelli was one of the most prominent. Machiavelli, who has often been dubbed “the first truly modern political thinker,” was a bureaucrat and diplomat who served in the government of Florence.

In 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.

The congresses of Münster and Osnabrück, the first of their kind, led to the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, the first multilateral diplomatic gathering in Europe to end a regional war and build a new order. The Peace of Westphalia is considered the starting point of the international system because modern International Relations derived its core principles from the peace settlements that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648.

Diplomacy simply means the conduct of relations between states by official agents through peaceful means.

Prior to the 16th century, emperors, kings, and princes predominated far more than sovereign nation states, while the Catholic Church was also central to determining the European feudal order. In fact, ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.
Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law began in the 17th century. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

After the separation of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern (Byzantine) halves, the empire was attacked by the northern tribes, and at this point many communities such as the Celts of Britain revolted. The center could not hold, and Rome itself was eventually invaded and sacked by Visigoths in 476 AD.
After the defeat of the Western Roman Empire by the Visigoths, a feudal state system came to dominate Western Europe until the 16th century. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles. Freedom was given by feudal rulers to their followers and clients to the degree that they determined, while keeping the general order was the responsibility of the emperor, albeit in a limited way. Justice was ensured by political and religious rulers alike, but also in an unequal way, being far more skewed in favor of the upper classes. The Pope, for his part, was not only the highest religious authority over the clergy but also a political figure who often had to deal with political disputes between kings and other rulers.
In Medieval Europe the Pope was a political figure who often had to deal with political disputes between kings and other rulers. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

The economic developments led to increasing urbanization, weakened the power of the nobility, and increased the influence of townsmen. Dynamic urban societies and new urban elites were more open to new ideas because of traders and immigrants. People from different regions came together in the Italian city-states to exchange culture, ideas, beliefs, and intellectual accumulation. Another critical link in this development was the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, which encouraged many Eastern scholars to flee to the Italian peninsula, bringing with them vast collections of ancient books and manuscripts. This in turn led to the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman political and philosophical approaches.
The Renaissance began in the city-states of the Italian peninsula in the 15th century which had an important role in the emergence of modern state because it brought about a hugely renewed interest in classical political ideas such as Athenian democracy and Roman law and started a passion for learning that affected numerous cultural and technological breakthroughs. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

There were many effects of the Renaissance; a new class of urban patriarch came to dominate the cities in the Italian peninsula with power and patronage. Rather than invade neighboring states and amass new territories, however, they used their wealth to encourage new arts, technologies, and political theories.
There were many consequences of this approach: first, the city-states struggled to establish their independence from both the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th through the 16th centuries; second, Italian political philosophers such as Marsiglio of Padua and Dante rediscovered many of the old Roman and Greek texts. These texts helped them intellectually shake the power of the papacy by arguing that the secular authorities not only ought to be separate from spiritual ones, but also reign supreme.
Italian political philosophers such as Marsiglio of Padua and Dante rediscovered many of the old Roman and Greek texts. These texts helped them intellectually shake the power of the papacy by arguing that the secular authorities not only ought to be separate from spiritual ones, but also reign supreme. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Machiavelli, who has often been given the name “the first truly modern political thinker,” was a bureaucrat and diplomat who served in the government of Florence. According to Machiavelli, religion and religious morals were fine insofar as they helped to reinforce a common moral code and keep the social peace. However, religion and religious morals should not prevent a prince from exercising his authority or acting in the interests of the state.
Niccolò Machiavelli was a great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The Reformation was a religious, political, and cultural revolution that shattered the Catholic world in the 16th century. It first started in the German lands in 1517 when Martin Luther who published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.
Though the theological doctrines he proposed would later be known as “Lutheranism” in much of Germany (and Scandinavia and eventually North America), other Protestant doctrines opposed to Catholic teaching soon emerged in the form of Calvinism in France, Switzerland, Holland, Hungary, and Scotland, among others, and Anglicanism in England.
'The Reformation was a religious, political, and cultural revolution that shattered the Catholic world in the 16th century' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The Peace of Westphalia changed the nature of the international state system. This new system introduced new features: first, it consisted of states whose legitimacy and independence were mutually recognized. Second, the recognition of mutual legitimacy was only for European powers; it did not extend to outside the European continent, whose systems were seen as alien and open to subordination by European powers. Third, international law and diplomatic practices started to be used. Fourth, the balance of power was a key result of Westphalia.
The Peace of Westphalia ended the religious wars called the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. It has nothing to do with the wars between the Ottoman Empire and the countries in Europe. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites.
The Treaty of Kadesh was signed between the Egyptians and the Hittites. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state as three additional characteristics:
• First, a modern state has a definite territory with boundaries.
• Second, a modern state has exclusive control over that territory (sovereignty).
• Third, a modern state is the superior political actor (hierarchy)

Ancient Greece (500 BC-100 BC demonstrated an early example of a state system, when many small Greek city-states such as Athens, Sparta, Corinth, or Ephesus established extensive relations and an informal means of discussing the
major issues of the day. With small populations and territories and a lack of institutions such as international law, diplomacy, or international organization, the Greek state system was instead based on a shared language, culture, and common religion (Jackson and Sorensen, 2013: 12). These are the basic features that most distinguish it from the modern international system established after the Peace of Westphalia.

After the defeat of the Western Roman Empire, a feudal state system came to dominate Western Europe until the 16th century. The traditional tribute-taking empire based on coercive means and devoted more to expansion than governance, so typical of ancient Rome or China, finally gave way to a system of divided authority characterized by feudal relations, city-states with much
independence, and urban alliances in which the Papacy played a leading role (Held, 1995: 78-79). This system was embodied in the Holy Roman Empire for centuries

In partitioning much of the Spanish Empire, Britain stood to gain the most from the treaty, starting with the annexation of Gibraltar and the island of Minorca, but also strengthening its own constitutional system and ensuring only a Protestant would take the throne in the process. Spain lost the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) as well as Milan, Sicily, and Naples to the Austrian Habsburgs. The Dutch guaranteed there remained a ‘Dutch Barrier’ in Belgium pointing toward France, the Duke of Savoy gained the island of Sardinia. Likewise, two small states that sided with the victors were also recognized as ‘kings’: the Duke of Savoy would become the King of Sicily (and Savoy), while the Princes of Brandenburg became the King of Prussia. Philip V of Spain, the grandson of Louis XIV, was allowed to remain the king of Spain provided the crowns of France and Spain never united.
One of the outcomes of the Utrecht Peace was the exclusive access Holland and Great Britain received to trade with certain Spanish ports and territories. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

In the beginning of the 13th century, there were hundreds of city-states on the Italian peninsula. Gradually absorbed by the more powerful ones, by the 14th century more than twenty cities had populations over 20,000 people (Merriman, 2010: 45). Since urban areas were far more prone to the spread of ideas, the Renaissance kicked off in cities such as Florence, Venice, Siena, and Milan. What
made it possible was the economic prosperity and social dynamism of city-states, polities that had grown rich and independent from trade in the Mediterranean and Black Sea since the 11th century (Merriman, 2010: 46). These trade routes increased international trade in the region and helped citystates create small-scale manufacturing. As a result, Italian merchants grew very wealthy. This also helped develop a sophisticated banking system in the city-states in the 14th and 15th centuries, thus further financing internal trade and international commerce (Merriman, 2010: 46). The most prominent among them, such as Florence, soon became central to financing monarchies and even
the papacy (Merriman, 2010: 46). These developments led to increasing urbanization, eroded the power of the nobility, and increased the influence of townsmen. Before long urban merchants enriched by commerce had become important to local political life and soon joined the ruling elite (Merriman, 2010: 49). These dynamic urban societies and new urban elites were more open to new ideas because of traders and immigrants. People from different regions came together in the Italian city-states to exchange culture, ideas, beliefs, and intellectual accumulation. Another critical link in this development was the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, which encouraged many Eastern scholars to flee to the Italian peninsula, bringing with them vast collections of ancient books and manuscripts. This in turn led to the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman political and philosophical approaches (Merriman, 2010: 56).

A new class of urban patriarch also came to dominate these cities with power and patronage. Rather than invade neighboring states and amass new territories, however, they used their wealth to encourage new arts, technologies, and political theories. There were many consequences of this approach: first, the city-states struggled to establish their independence from both the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th through the 16th centuries; second, Italian political philosophers such as Marsiglio of Padua and Dante rediscovered
many of the old Roman and Greek texts. These texts helped them intellectually undermine the power of the papacy by arguing that the secular authorities not only ought to be separate from spiritual ones, but also reign supreme (Hinsley, 1986: 82-88; Skinner, 1978: 8-22).

Sovereignty a condition necessary for states in that they are not subject to any higher authority… Internally governments have been subject to conventional standards, and externally conditions may mean that governments are more or less free to act independently. A sovereign government is free to choose within the framework of these conventions and standards. The correct answer is B.

In feudal Europe, there were two types of peasants. Serfs were semi-free peasants, while there were completely free peasants. The correct answer is E.

Machiavelli believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. According to him, religion and religious morals were fine insofar as they helped bolster a common moral code and keep the social peace. However, religion and religious morals should not prevent a prince (i.e. sovereign or ruler) from exercising his authority or acting in the interests of the state. Though he prescribed religion for the masses as a healthy thing, he proscribed it for princes. The correct answer is C.

The Reformation was a religious, political, and cultural revolution that shattered the Catholic world in the 16th century. It first started in the German lands in 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe. The correct answer is B.

Luther also translated the Bible into German, which also helped rapidly spread his ideas given the huge recent gains in the development of the printing press (Alcock, 2002: 126), which rapidly led to further divisions. Between 1517 and 1520, Luther’s followers printed over 300,000 of his writings, and his pamphlets were read in universities and by clerics who went on to spread his ideas to even larger audiences across Germany (Philpott, 2000: 226). By the mid-16th century, Lutheranism was firmly established in northern and eastern Germany (Alcock, 2002: 127).

What did Westphalia result in? How did it influence the international political system? First, it led to a modicum of religious toleration by reiterating the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, first annunciated at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Principalities and other states now had jurisdiction over issues related to religion, and no longer took their cues from the Holy Roman Empire on these matters (Holsti, 1991: 34). More importantly, Europe’s internal wars of religion were by and large over (excepting those against the Ottoman Empire) (Holsti, 1991: 38). Second, and more importantly, the Habsburg family which united Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and many territories in Italy was now divided, as the emperor renounced his right to provide support to Spain (Holsti, 1991: 34-35). It also spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a foreign policy-making body. According to these treaties, “the pattern of international relations in Europe was drastically changed: over three hundred political entities were now entitled to conduct foreign relations (make alliances), and the Holy Roman Emperor could not employ force in the conduct of foreign policy, or even make alliances, without the consent of the individual members of the Empire” (Holsti, 1991: 35). These formed the bedrock of European diplomacy until the French Revolution (Holsti, 1991: 38; Merriman, 2010: 145).

Under the guidance of Gustav Adolph, Cardinal Richelieu, and Jules Mazarin, a peace was finally negotiated. The congresses of Münster and Osnabrück, the first of their kind, led to the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, the first multilateral diplomatic gathering in Europe to end a regional war and build a new order. Among those present were “145 delegates representing 55 jurisdictions, including the Holy Roman Empire and all the major kingdoms except Great Britain, as well as significant duchies, margraves, landgraves, bishoprics, free cities, and imperial cities. The correct answer is A.

“The [Westphalian] model covers the period of international law from 1648 to 1945 (and some would say it still holds today). It depicts the emergence of a world community consisting of sovereign states which settle their differences
privately and often by force; which engage in diplomatic relations, but otherwise have minimal cooperation; which seek to place their own national interest above all others; and which accept the logic of the principle of effectiveness, that is,
the principle that might eventually makes right in the international world-where appropriation becomes legitimation” (Held, 1995: 86).

Hedley Bull explains international law as the body of binding rules between states and other actors in world politics (Bull, 2012: 122). However, without any sanctions or coercive power, international law is often suspected of not being effective. As Thomas Hobbes argued, “[w]here there is no common power, there is no law”

Diplomacy means the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means with several ends in mind: • First, it facilitates communication between political leaders or states and other entities of world politics. • Second, it facilitates the negotiation of agreements. • Third, it serves to gather intelligence or information from host countries. • Fourth, it minimizes the effects of frictions in international relations. • Fifth, it symbolizes the concrete existence of international society.

The international system in the 17th and 18th centuries followed upon gains made in previous centuries. These were the increasing importance of state sovereignty and authority, the emergence of mechanisms such as the permanent
diplomatic representation, an increasing reference to international law, and the idea of striking a ‘balance of power’. In these centuries, the modern state system of today was being consolidated, and states tended not only to engage in conflicts but also to cooperate through increasing trade or by allying against common threats.

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”. As a policy, it was developed in Western Europe between the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution and holds that states should increase their exports and decrease their imports. It was closely related to the evolution of the state-system of Europe insofar as it advanced a state-centered structure of international relations.

The age of absolutism is generally between 1660 and 1789, starting with the restoration of the English monarchy after the English Civil War and the personal rule of Louis XIV of France until the French Revolution.

An absolute ruler or monarch in the 17th and 18th century could make “law, dispense justice, create and direct a bureaucracy, declare war, and levy taxation according to his or her own will, without needing the formal approval of any other governing authorities” . As French King Louis XIV (1643-1715), the symbolic figure of absolutism, famously put it, “I am the state.”

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers” (“Mercantilism,” 2019). As a policy, it was developed in Western Europe between the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution and
holds that states should increase their exports and decrease their imports. It was closely related to the evolution of the state-system of Europe insofar as it
advanced a state-centered structure of international relations (Evans and Newnham, 1998: 321). Wallerstein argues that mercantilism in the 17th century was a policy of economic nationalism centered on strong trade balances and the acquisition of bullion (Wallerstein, 2011: 37-38). Implemented to establish strong and self-sufficient economies, the goal was to maximize exports and minimize the import of raw materials (Sander,2001: 94).

In the field of International Relations, the concept of the state system refers to the relationships between politically organized groups that have distinctive territories, are not influenced by higher authorities, and exercise a measure of independence from one another.The correct answer is "A".

Sovereignty is a condition necessary for states in that they are not subject to any higher authority. It was not possible to talk about sovereign states before the 17th century, since no state met these criteria of modern statehood.The correct answer is "B".

Their power was determined by different characteristics than modern states, two kinds of hierarchy prevailed-the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority. In addition to these, there were also semi-autonomous local rulers such as lords and knights who were not fully independent either.The correct answer is "E".

The Renaissance, which means rebirth, is one of the most important developments in Europe when it comes to understanding the changing nature of the state system. The correct answer is "C".

It first started in the German lands in 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe. The correct answer ia "D".

"The sovereignty of people was supreme and that they had a right to revolt against bad government" is John Calvin's arguement. The correct answer is "A".

The Thirty Years’ War started in Bohemia as an uprising of Protestants against the Spanish authorities. However, underlying these were non-religious issues, such as “the relationship between the Holy Roman Emperor and the electors, princes, free cities, and other political units of the Empire; the struggle for independence by the United Provinces against Spanish rule; the extent and shape of Sweden’s Baltic Empire; and the search for hegemony throughout Europe by the Habsburg family complex”. The correct answer is "E".

It minimizes (not maximizes) the effects of frictions in international relations.The correct answer is "D".

Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people. The purposes of colonialism include economic exploitation of the colony’s natural resources, the creation of new markets for the colonizer, and the extension of the colonizer’s way of life beyond its national borders. The correct answer is "B".

Britain stood to gain the most from the treaty, starting with the annexation of Gibraltar and the island of Minorca, but also strengthening its own constitutional system and ensuring only a Protestant would take the throne in the process. Spain lost the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) as well as Milan, Sicily, and Naples to the Austrian Habsburgs. The Dutch guaranteed there remained a ‘Dutch Barrier’ in Belgium pointing toward France, the Duke of Savoy gained the island of Sardinia. Likewise, two small states that sided with the victors were also recognized as ‘kings’: the Duke of Savoy would become the King of Sicily (and Savoy), while the Princes of Brandenburg became the King of Prussia. Philip V of Spain, the grandson of Louis XIV, was allowed to remain the king of Spain provided the crowns of France and Spain never united. The correct answer is "E".

State sovereignty, nation states and international law are the concepts of modern international system.

Having a definite territory with boundaries, exclusive control over that territory
and being the superior political actor are the features of modern states

The states in the Middle Ages were not independent of the papacy or the Holy Roman Empire

Economic prosperity and social dynamism of city-states made Renaissance possible.

Secularism is the prominent consequence of the Renaissance

The Reformation emerged in Germany

The Thirty Years’ War took place between Catholics and Protestants

The Peace of Westphalia is considered as the starting point of the international sytem.

The dominance of the Papacy is not one of the characteristics of international system of modern states.

Utrecht, Rastad and Baden and Madrid are the treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession