Hudson (2008) defines foreign policy as “the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with
external entities.” (Hudson, 2008, p.12)

Role Conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them

The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989

Globalization Defines the processes whereby state-centric agencies, terms of reference and the state’s ability to control the international processes that are limited in favor of interaction and integration between different actors. As a result of this state sovereignty is significantly challenged

The three images of international relations is an earlier work of Kenneth N. Waltz

Originatingwith the Peace ofWestphalia,ending the 30 Years’Wars, in 1648, sovereignty, or more properly state-sovereignty, is an externally, i.e. by other actors, recognized right of independent, supreme or final decision-making and decision-enforcing authority possessed by the state, generally over given territory.

A proper understanding and determination of foreign policy objectives is carried
out by conducting a three level situational analysis; of the international system, of the capabilities readily available for the state, and the capabilities and intentions of its counterparts.

The first category will be called as constructive power. This is the kind of power a country has when it does have determinative power on the outcome of an issue. In this case, the actor could decisively affect and shape the outcomes according to its desired objectives and goals

Norway has the highest human development rank according 2016 Human Development Index

Finally, there are those issues where the state can exercise veto power. In this case, it can forbid decisions and actions of its counterpart(s). It can deny them the amount of influence they would like to have on its decisions.

Definitions of foreign policy can be listed as follows:

• the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with external entities


• the sum of decisions made on behalf of a given political unit (usually a state) entailing the implementation of goals with direct reference to its external environment. Foreign policy inputs are those many factors that influence decision-making, whilst the observable outputs of foreign policy are a feature of state (and non-state) behavior within the international system


• A set of actions or rules governing the actions of an independent political authority deployed in the international environment


• Foreign policy in its traditional definition is the policy of a state towards external actors and especially other states. In contrast particularly to neorealism, it therefore does not primarily look at the international system as such but offers an ‘inside-out’ perspective to understand the decisionmaking process within a state that produces policies directed beyond the state


• The totality of a country’s policies toward and interactions with the environment beyond its borders


• The totality whereby state actors act, react and interact. Foreign policy has been termed a boundary activity. The term ‘boundary’ implies that those making policy straddle two environments: an internal or domestic environment and an external or global environment. The policy makers and the policy system stand therefore at these junction points and seek to mediate between the various milieu


• Foreign policy is seen usually as the quintessential ‘boundary’ activity, at the interface between the domestic and the external spheres. While these spheres have never been completely separate, the boundary between them seems to have become more porous as a result of globalization - a multidimensional contested process that involves an increasing embedding of political, military, economic, social and cultural activities in politically unified (quasi) global spheres of activity

As can be understood from the information given the definitions which take place in the options I, II, III, IV and V are the definitons of foreign policy, so the correct answer is D. The definition taking place in the option VI is the definition of international relations.

It should be said from the start that, at the first glance, the concept of foreign policy might seem to be elusive. Even though it is a central concept of the discipline of International Relations, at times one can feel to be stranded in the same paradox that St. Augustinus of Hippo (AD 354 - Ad 430) has so eloquently described in his conception of time; “If no one asks me, I know what it is.” Indeed, there exists a multiplicity of definitions, and a consensual definition of foreign policy is somewhat lacking in the literature on the subject. The tools and frameworks utilized in the execution of foreign policy evolve in time. As a result foreign policy is affected by the transformation of the domestic and international contexts. Therefore, the modalities and practices covered by the concept itself remain in a state of“constant mutation”.
As can be understood from the information given the statements which take place in the options II, III and IV can be used to affirm the argument that defines foreign policy as in a state of mutation, so the correct answer is D. The statement which takes place in the option I defines the scope of foreign policy.

This notion is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them. They include perceptions of the general kinds of decisions, rules, commitments, and long term functions associated with these factors. Role conception varies with the perception of status, motivational orientation, and might be related with the particular circumstances surrounding a foreign policy issue. They remain fairly consistent and stable over extended time periods, and therefore, feed into the continuity of particular behaviors on foreign. Thus, they are potentially useful in understanding and explaining patterns of foreign policy actions of a particular state. They are also valuable in understanding idiosyncrasies that might, from the outside, seem like a diversion from what seems to be an “obvious”, “rational” decision, response or behavior to a particular foreign policy situation.
As can be understood from the information given, all of the statements regarding the term “role conception” are correct, so the correct answer is E.

In effect foreign policy involves actors within and outside of state boundaries; organized as different groups with both contradicting and overlapping interests, interacting through differing networks. In essence, the substance of foreign policy is determined by both domestic and international issues, and involves processes of negotiation, bargaining, conflict and compromise. Often, this dual nature of foreign policy issues creates tensions for the actors engaged in the foreign policy decision-making processes, as it generates both domestic and international effects of the said issues. Actors engaging in foreign policy, often, have to manage the tensions that are creating a compressing effect on their priorities forcing them to play a two-level game.
As can be understood from the information given foreign policy involves all processes which take place in the options, so the correct answer is E.

Foreign policy is “the actions of an independent political authority’ because it is reserved to sovereign states.” However, foreign policy decisions are not made in an “international” vacuum. There is a strong domestic dimension of every foreign policy decision. As representatives of different states are displaying foreign policy behavior, they also have to market their “international” decisions and actions to their domestic stakeholders and constituencies. The direct result of this phenomenon is a broader decision-making process. As such “foreign policy-making will not be restricted to “traditional” foreign policy actors only and that other bureaucracies will become involved”, and even “actors from other countries may have an impact on the politics surrounding foreign policy making.” Hence, the study of foreign policy represents a challenge to understand how states, institutions and peoples engage amongst themselves both within, and with, a vibrant and complex international system.
As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the options can be used to affirm the argument “the study of foreign policy represents a challenge to understand how states, institutions and peoples engage amongst themselves both within, and with, a vibrant and complex international system.”

Foreign Policy Behavior This term is the execution of a foreign policy decision in order to influence the behavior of an external actor for securing the interests of the agent. A deeper analysis of the concept requires a realization of the fact that foreign policy behavior “may include behavior that was accidental or unintended by the government, and in addition, decisions to do nothing may not leave any behavioral artifact; thus, there is slippage between the concept of foreign policy and the concept of foreign policy behavior. As can be understood from the definition given, the correct answer is A. The definitions of the other terms as follows:
Two-level Game: Actors engaging in foreign policy, often, have to manage the tensions that are creating a compressing effect on their priorities forcing them to play a two-level game. The politics of many international negotiations can usefully be conceived as a two-level game. At the national level, domestic groups pursue their interests by pressuring the government to adopt favorable policies, and politicians seek power by constructing coalitions among those groups. At the international level, national governments seek to maximize their own ability to satisfy domestic pressures, while minimizing the adverse consequences of foreign developments. Neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign.
Power is a concept that refers to the influence and control exercised by one nation over others. Power is both the means used and the goal sought by states in political, military, economic, and social competition with each other.
Role Conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them.
The term “International Relations” refers to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within the international system.

The traditional assumption on foreign policy has been that states - and actors representing them - think and act in a rational manner. Under this traditional assumption these actors decide in consideration of all present alternatives, through a process that is focused on utility-maximization, while suffering minimum costs, in the best interest of the country and every effort is made to achieve the relevant information on the situation. This idea led to the understanding of the state as a blackbox - a unitary actor of internal differences of which, does not have any relevance pertaining to its foreign policy actions. In other words, regarding their foreign policies all states act upon a certain set of principles, affecting them in similar ways, which stem out of their ontology as states. Such an essentialist approach renders issues like; ideological or psychological predispositions of the decisionmakers, or differences of governmental systems, regime types, ideas or policymaking processes irrelevant. Hence, it takes systemic constrains to the core of foreign policy. It also assumes the existence of a prevailing understanding of the national interest that is mostly static and immune to changes in international politics. The notion “National Interest” is “used generally in two senses in IR: as an analytical tool identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy and as an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences. In both senses, it refers to the basic determinants that guide state policy in relation to the external environment. It applies only to sovereign states and relates specifically to foreign policy: the internal variety usually being characterized as ‘the public interest’
As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the options can be used in order to describe the term “National Interest”.

The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989. The term Cold War itself was first coined by George Orwell in 1945 in order to explain the political and as well as ideological dispute between these two superpowers. During that period, the most ubiquitous fear of the parties of the conflict was nuclear escalation. Basically, nuclear escalation addresses the issue of the rising probability of a thermonuclear war at the end of a nuclear arms race. The emergence of a bipolar world order, (a political system is encompassed by distribution of power between two capable states to the degree of their economic and political resources as well as military facilities) in the international politics marked the period where two competing superpowers dominated world politics. The main characteristics of the Cold War were ideological antagonism, nuclear arms race and global geopolitical rivalry between the parties.
As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the options regarding to Cold War are correct.

As being one of the essential concepts in International Relations, anarchy alludes to the absence of government or the lack of a central authority within the framework of politics. Anarchy derives from the Greek word “anarkhos” which means “without a ruler”. Put simply, states as the dominant actors of international relations have no absolute control over international system. Since states are political entities that recognize no equal domestically and no superior externally there, is no central authority in international relations. This provides an international politics with its anarchical characteristics. Even though they concur on the nature of the international system as anarchic, major theories of international relations treat anarchy in different ways. For example, while neorealists are motivated to work within the limits anarchy imposes structurally on state behavior, neoliberals are striving to ameliorate its effects.
As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is B. Definitions of the other terms in the options are as follows:
Agency: For proponents of a structural approach to international relations, approaches concentrating on unit (actor) level, with their strong focus on the states, are somehow reductionist. That is because, although states are dominant agencies with persuasive power over their peers and other agencies, and with ability to exert consequential, though not definitive, influence on the outcomes, state behavior in and of itself is not enough to analyze either the interaction amongst the actors or the abovementioned outcomes. Point is, the “actions of groups, when aggregated, produce patterns of behavior that may be fundamentally different from the behavior patterns of the individual” agency. “In this sense, the behavioral characteristics and the impact of behavioral patterns, or interactions, of the aggregate are greater than, and differentiated from, those of its individual parts.
Interdependence: Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another. Interdependence is positively correlated with industrialization, modernization, and most importantly globalization.
Sovereignty: Originating with the Peace of Westphalia, ending the 30 Years’ Wars, in 1648, sovereignty, or more properly state-sovereignty, is an externally, i.e. by other actors, recognized right of independent, supreme or final decision-making and decision-enforcing authority possessed by the state, generally over given territory.
Milieu: Milieu represents the visible, more tangible and emotionally laden conceptualization for man’s environment.

National Interest: This notion is “used generally in two senses in IR: as an analytical tool identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy and as an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences. In both senses, it refers to the basic determinants that guide state policy in relation to the external environment. It applies only to sovereign states and relates specifically to foreign policy: the internal variety usually being characterized as ‘the public interest’. The correct answer is C.

Reason d’état (Reason of State) : This term is generally the ultimate reason or purpose for someone or something’s existence. In the case of a sovereign state it represents the goals of the country the most important of which is to survive in the international system. The correct answer is A.

Two-Level Games : “The politics of many international negotiations can usefully be conceived as a two-level game. At the national level, domestic groups pursue their interests by pressuring the government to adopt favorable policies, and politicians seek power by constructing coalitions among those groups. At the international level, national governments seek to maximize their own ability to satisfy domestic pressures, while minimizing the adverse consequences of foreign developments. Neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign.”
The correct answer is D.

The power that a country has to secure desired objectives may fall into one of the three categories. These are defined below according to the potency they provide to influence and shape the outcomes. Hence, it could be said that the typology below is defined and ranked in relation to the outcomes. Other typologies are possible that they are based on the nature of the predominant instruments used (hard power, soft power) or their mix (smart power); according to the nature of the inducement mechanism used (coercive power, persuasive power, reward power) etc. The correct answer is A.

The ‘strength” of power is a function of dimensions of power: the relevancy, domain, weight, strength, means, cost and scale of the power possessed by the actor. These dimensions have a very strong bearing on the actor’s logics of action, consequences and appropriateness. The correct answer is E.

The first category will be called as constructive power. This is the kind of power a country has when it does have determinative power on the outcome of an issue. In this case, the actor could decisively affect and shape the outcomes according to its desired objectives and goals. The second category is comparative power and could be defined as the kind of power states has when it still does possess enough relative power to influence the outcomes according to its priorities and objectives, albeit in a framework defined by comparative advantages. Hence, it can manage to achieve a comparable, convenient outcome. However, in such cases it is beyond the state’s power to definitively shape these outcomes. Despite the fact that it is able to achieve an outcome that does not fit with its ideal targets, it can still exercise certain influence to secure outcomes relatively closer to its objectives and goals than those of its rival(s). Finally, there are those issues where the state can exercise veto power. In this case, it can forbid decisions and actions of its counterpart(s). It can deny them the amount of influence they would like to have on its decisions. As a consequence, it can limit their power on the outcome of the issue in question. The correct answer is D.

Elements of national power are the factors that constitute the actual and potential power of a state. Some of these factors are subject to human impulses, organization and capabilities; some are largely beyond it. A short list of the elements of national power would include: the size of the state; its geopolitical location; the number, technical and intellectual quality of scientific elites; the size of the military forces, their technological level, equipment, firepower, force projection capabilities, training, culture and morale; the fertility of the territory it controls; the abundance and variety of natural resources - including but not limited to energy resources -; the size of the population, its demographics, its level of human development; its level of economic development, including the size of GDP, the per capita distribution of GDP, the quality, extent and diffusion of the infrastructure (system and networks of transportation, energy, communication etc.); the strength and diversity of industrial development; the quality of the educational system; the organizational success, quality and competency of research and development activities (the number of original patents, the commercialization ratio of research and development efforts etc.); the nature and strength of the political, social and economic system and institutions; the quality of its foreign policy and diplomats; the quality of leadership; the national character and morale of the population. The correct answer is D.

The difference between the concepts ‘milieu’ and ‘structure’ While milieu represents the visible, more tangible and emotionally laden conceptualization for man’s environment, structure represents a more abstract world, the underlying forces that effect and shape man’s life.

Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another. Interdependence is positively correlated with industrialization, modernization, and most importantly globalization. It is used to describe a new phase in international relations where states were becoming increasingly interdependent on a vast variety of issues.

Role conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them. They include perceptions of the general kinds of decisions, rules, commitments, and long term functions associated with these factors.

Foreign policy is “the ‘actions of an independent political authority’ because it is reserved to sovereign states. However, foreign policy decisions are not made in an “international” vacuum. There is a strong domestic dimension of every foreign policy decision. As such foreign policy-making will not be restricted to “traditional” foreign policy actors only and that other bureaucracies will become involved”, and even “actors from other countries may have… (an impact) on the politics surrounding foreign policymaking.” (Kirişçi, 2009, p.41). Besides, contemporary literature argues that, “foreign policy, although usually linked to the behavior of a state, can apply to other actors. Thus, it is perfectly possible to speak of companies, regional governments, and nonstate actors having foreign policies.In addition, at least for one particular theory of International Relations, classical realism, foreign policy was a cornerstone in the study of international relations.

'National interest' is used generally in two senses in IR: as an analytical tool identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy and as an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences. In both senses, it refers to the basic determinants that guide state policy in relation to the external environment. It applies only to sovereign states and relates specifically to foreign policy: the internal variety usually being characterized as ‘the public interest’.

Foreign Policy is defined in various way in the literature:
• “the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with external entities.” (Hudson, 2008, p.12) • “the sum of decisions made on behalf of a given political unit (usually a state) entailing the implementation of goals with direct reference to its external environment. Foreign policy inputs are those many factors that influence decision-making, whilst the observable outputs of foreign policy are a feature of state (and non-state) behavior within the international system.” (Smith, Hadfield, and Dunne, 2008, p.392) • “A set of actions or rules governing the actions of an independent political authority deployed in the international environment” (Morin and Paquin, 2018, p.3). • “Foreign policy in its traditional definition is the policy of a state towards external actors and especially other states. In contrast particularly to neorealism, it therefore does not primarily look at the international system as such but offers an ‘inside-out’ perspective to understand the decisionmaking process within a state that produces policies directed beyond the state.” (Diez, Bode, and Costa, 2011, p. 58) • “The totality of a country’s policies toward and interactions with the environment beyond its borders” (Breuning, 2007, p.180). • “The totality whereby state actors act, react and interact. Foreign policy has been termed a boundary activity. The term ‘boundary’ implies that those making policy straddle two environments: an internal or domestic environment and an external or global environment. The policy makers and the policy system stand therefore at these junction points and seek to mediate between the various milieu.” (Evans and Newnham, 1998, p. 179) • “Foreign policy is seen usually as the quintessential ‘boundary’ activity, at the interface between the domestic and the external spheres. While these spheres have never been completely separate, the boundary between them seems to have become more porous as a result of globalization - a multidimensional contested process that involves an increasing embedding of political, military, economic, social and cultural activities in politically unified (quasi) global spheres of activity.” (Alden and Aran, 2017, p.107)
The correct answer is E.

Throughout the city states system of the ancient Greek to the Italian Renaissance city state system philosophers and historians of politics centered their analysis on the state. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) formalized the position of the state as the dominant centric actor and unit of analysis of international relations.

Waltz refers to the three levels of analysis as “images”. In that he explained sources of international behavior, (manifested as foreign policy) in human nature (first image), organizations and structures of the state and struggles among domestic actors (second image), in the structure of the international system, relationships among states and groups of states, alliances etc. (third image).

Originating with the Peace of Westphalia, ending the 30 Years’ Wars, in 1648, sovereignty, or more properly state-sovereignty, is an externally, i.e. by other actors, recognized right of independent, supreme or final decision-making and decision-enforcing authority possessed by the state, generally over given territory. It arose as a defense of the monarchs right of complete authority over their realms against the claims of lesser local princes, and also in opposition to, universal or supreme authorities such as the Papacy and Holy Roman Empire.

For proponents of a structural approach to international relations, approaches concentrating on unit (actor) level, with their strong focus on the states, are somehow reductionist. That is because, although states are dominant agencies with persuasive power over their peers and other agencies, and with ability to exert consequential, though not definitive, influence on the outcomes, state behavior in and of itself is not enough to analyze either the interaction amongst the actors or the abovementioned outcomes.

As no biological organism can efficiently pursue its needs and continue its survival denying the habitat that it lives in, the states will find it extremely hard to survive in the international environment by disregarding the constraints and opportunities presented by the structure of the international system. Furthermore, it would not be entirely correct to say that the agents always exactly and entirely understand their environment. The decision maker perceives the structure in a certain way. Harold and Margret Sprout call this subjective view of the environment as the “psychological milieu”, while the actual environment in which the policy will be carried out is called the “operational milieu”.

Even in a case where the advancement of an ideology becomes the overriding concern of foreign policy, it might only be realized through a process where the decision-makers; thoroughly realize their context defining the environment, understand constrains determining their limits, appreciate means that are available to them and evaluate opportunities they might benefit from. Therefore, they might come up with a proper, realistic framework of action that would manifest itself as behavior aiming to determine and fulfill their goals and reach foreign policy objectives. Only after such part cognitive, part tangible process is realized a state might start to meaningfully, i.e. with a significant probability of success given the limits imposed, pursue an objective that involves ideational, ideological prerogatives. The term used to define this process is logic of consequences, how actors make rationally generated decisions by calculating and choosing the action that maximizes their interest.

The human development approach was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Haq (1934 - 1998). The human development approach focuses on creating fair opportunities and choices for all people. It is based on the notion that economic growth, generally understood as the growth of the GDP of a given country, would not necessarily lead to greater opportunities for the people. It is argued that ultimately enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being by ensuring an “equitable, sustainable and stable planet” is more important than achieving sheer growth of the economy.

The correct answer is E.The term, international relations, refers to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within the international system. These actors are agencies that, through their actions, can create meaningful outcomes within the international milieu and include states, as well as, and non-state actors. Although considered as a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies, it is essentially an interdisciplinary field of a serious academic study of which requires knowledge of international history, law, and economics as well as foreign policy and international politics. It is a comparatively new comer amongst academic disciplines. Its first dedicated university professorship was founded in 1920 at University College of Wales at Aberystwyth. While International Relations (IR) in capital letter is used refer to the discipline, the lower case international relations is frequently used to mean the relations between states, but also between states and non-state organizations, especially in the context of political, economic, or cultural relationships.

The correct answer is C. In his seminal book Politics Among Nations: The Strugglefor Power and Peace, originally published in 1948, Hans J. Morgenthau, one of the great thinkers of the classical realist school of international relations, has placed “interest defined as power” as the “link between reason trying to understand international politics and the facts to be understood” as “statesman think and act in terms of interest defined as power”, (Morgenthau, 1993, p.5)

The correct answer is C.This term is the execution of a foreign policy decision in order to influence the behavior of an external actor for securing the interests of the agent. A deeper analysis of the concept requires a realization of the fact that foreign policy behavior “may include behavior that was accidental or unintended by the government, and in addition, decisions to do nothing may not leave any behavioral artifact; thus, there is slippage between the concept of foreign policy and the concept of foreign policy behavior.”(Hudson, 2008, p.12) Understanding the foreign policy behavior of states, usually, require an analysis of the decision processes. The capabilities of the actors and environmental factors affecting them are absolutely important as they provide the foundations that inform the foreign policy decision. However foreign policy behavior entails a two-way interaction.

The correct answer is D.The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989.

The correct answer is A. Waltz’s three images of international relations meant denote for the three possible sources of war in international relations because Waltz refers to the three levels of analysis as “images”. In that he explained sources of international behavior, (manifested as foreign policy) in human nature (first image), organizations and structures of the state and struggles among domestic actors (second image), in the structure of the international system, relationships among states and groups of states, alliances etc. (third image). He essentially underrated the explanatory power of the first and second images and concentrated on the third as the main level of analysis to understand causes of war, and international relations as such. As it focused on the systemic sources Waltz’s argument is structural.

The correct answer is E.The rise of multinational corporations; increase in the speed, and transformation in the form, of transnational capital flows; the growing importance of international institutions (both governmental and non-governmental); the accelerated advent of technology, including but not limited to the information technologies; and the growing permeability of borders have all contributed to the momentum of growing interdependence.

The correct answer is E.Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another. Interdependence is positively correlated with industrialization, modernization, and most importantly globalization. It is used to describe a new phase in international relations where states were becoming increasingly interdependent on a vast variety of issues. In other words, as the complexity and global characteristics of problems increased, so did the need for globally coordinated efforts for solutions. This strengthened not only the interrelatedness of issues but also the interdependency of the actors. This is because the vulnerabilities of the states to these problems were on the rise, while, the ability of states to individually influence the global outcomes were decreasing. The increasing interrelatedness of issues means that independent of wherever on the globe they might be taking place they have profound potential affects on the states. It is an environment where ‘global problems needed global solutions’. These issues encompassed economy, climate change and migration to name a few.

The correct answer is D.As being one of the essential concepts in International Relations, anarchy alludes to the absence of government or the lack of a central authority within the framework of politics. Anarchy derives from the Greek word “anarkhos” which means “without a ruler”. Put simply, states as the dominant actors of international relations have no absolute control over international system. Since states are political entities that recognize no equal domestically and no superior externally there, is no central authority in international relations. This provides an international politics with its anarchical characteristics. Even though they concur on the nature of the international system as anarchic, major theories of international relations treat anarchy in different ways. For example, while neorealists are motivated to work within the limits anarchy imposes structurally on state behavior, neoliberals are striving to ameliorate its effects.

The correct answer is D. Sovereignty could be limited by entering into the international treaties and agreements. The key here is that the traditional notion of sovereignty assumes that states enter into such obligations on their free will. However, as they do they do surrender a certain measure of sovereignty.

The correct answer is B.The human development approach, developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Haq (1934 - 1998), is based on the work of Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Kumar Sen’s work on human capabilities, “often framed in terms of whether people are able to “be” and “do” desirable things in life”. The human development approach focuses on creating fair opportunities and choices for all people. It is based on the notion that economic growth, generally understood as the growth of the GDP of a given country, would not necessarily lead to greater opportunities for the people. It is argued that ultimately enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being by ensuring an “equitable, sustainable and stable planet” is more important than achieving sheer growth of the economy. The first United Nations Human Development Report was published in 1990.

An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within
the international system refers to International Relations.

Power is a concept that refers to the influence and control exercised by one nation over others. Power is both the means used and the goal sought by states in political, military, economic, and social competition with each other.

The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989. The term Cold War itself was first coined by George Orwell in 1945 in order to explain the political and as well as ideological dispute between these two superpowers.

Role conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them. They include perceptions of the general kinds of decisions, rules, commitments, and long term functions associated with these factors.

The human development approach, developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Haq (1934-1998), is based on thework of Indian economist and philosopher Amartya KumarSen’s work on human capabilities, “often framed in terms ofwhether people are able to “be” and “do” desirable things in life”.

A short list of the elements of national power would include: the size of the state; its geopolitical location;the number, technical and intellectual quality of scientific elites; the size of the military forces, theirtechnological level, equipment, firepower, force projection capabilities, training, culture and morale; the fertility of the territory it controls; the abundance and variety of natural resources-including but not limited to energy resources; the size of the population, its demographics, its level of human development; its level of economic development, including the size of GDP, the per capita distribution of GDP, the quality,extent and diffusion of the infrastructure (system and networks of transportation, energy, communication etc.); the strength and diversity of industrial development; the quality of the educational system; the organizational success, quality and competency of research and development activities (the number of original patents, the commercialization ratio of research and development efforts etc.); the nature and strength of the political, social and economic system and institutions; the quality of its foreign policy and diplomats; the quality of leadership; the national character and morale of the population.

Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another.

I exemplifies constructive power while II exemplifies exemplifies comparative power. III is an example of veto power.

Foreign policy objectives could simply be defined as the ends that foreign policy is designed to achieve. These might involve mostly abstract goals of survival, security, protection and/ or advancement of a particular ideology, well-being of the society, pursuit of power, etc.

Globalization defines the processes whereby state-centric agencies, terms of reference and the state’s ability to control the international processes that are limited in favor of interaction and integration between different actors. As a result of this, state sovereignty is significantly challenged.