Publıc Polıcy (ENG) - Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

think tanks
governments
non governmental organizations

Which of the above are among the public policy actors?

I and II

I, II, and III

II and III

Açıklama:

.., public policy actors are also analyzed, including but not limited to governments, private firms, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, think tanks, and citizens. P

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Policy studies are practice/implementation and action-oriented.
Policy studies are multidisciplinary.
Policy studies give more importance to theoretical studies

Which of the above are among the characteristics of policy studies?

I and II

II ve III

Açıklama:

Policy studies are practice/implementation and action-oriented since it aims to provide specific solutions to specific problems. It is multidisciplinary since it benefits from the findings, concepts, and theories of many scientific disciplines.
The expression "Policy studies give more importance to theoretical studies" given in the options is not compatible with being practical.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

List the steps of the policy analysis below, showing the evolution of the analysis.
1. Step 1
2. Step 2
3. Step 3
4. Step 4
5. Step 5
K. Evaluation of the degree of success (or failure) of the implementation
L. List the following steps of policy analysis correctly
M. Identification of problems
N. Implementation of the chosen alternative solution
O. Searching for solutions to problems and clearly identifying the solution options

1-K, 2-L, 3-O, 4-M, 5-N

1-L, 2-M, 3-O, 4-N, 5-K

1-K, 2-M, 3-O, 4-L, 5-N

1-O, 2-K, 3-L, 4-N, 5-M

1-O, 2-N, 3-K, 4-M, 5-L

Açıklama:

Policy analysis steps:
List the following steps of policy analysis correctly.
Identification of problems,
Searching for solutions to problems and clearly identifying the solution options,
Implementation of the chosen alternative solution,
Evaluation of the degree of success (or failure) of the implementation

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following is not among the written policy advice that can be considered as the first sources of policy analysis?

Orkhon Inscriptions

Adaletname

Layiha

Mirrors of kings

Cameralism

Açıklama:

Cameralism was not a written material, it was a movement led by the king (King Frederick I of Prussia) to raise the qualifications of bureaucrats.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

Which of the following is not one of the results that Frederic I expected from the implementation of Cameralism?

to limit the power of the feudal landowners in his country,

to be ready for war at any time by establishing a robust financial system

to prevent the great migration from Prussia to other countries

to create a professional bureaucratic mechanism

to establish a modern administrative system,

Açıklama:

While the Prussian king Frederick I pioneered the creation of cameralism, he did not have a problem with immigration. It targets others offered in the options.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

Which of the following is not a public policy analyst?

Radin

Wildavsky

Dye

Lasswell

Keynes

Açıklama:

Unlike others, Keynes is an economist.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following is not among the reasons that played a role in the development of the field of policy analysis?

Industrial revolution

Mass migration to cities

Founding of the USA

World War I

World War II

Açıklama:

Industrial revolution, mass migration to city and World Wars played an important role in the development of the field of policy analysis.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

The expression "..............." covers the functions performed by all the different advisers to the rulers of countries, kingdoms, and empires throughout human history.
Which of the following expressions correctly fills in the blank in the sentence?

"speaking truth to power"

"personal problems are outside the scope of interest of public policy analysis"

"the root problem"

"choose to do or not to do"

"cameralist policies"

Açıklama:

One of the most used definitions is “speaking truth to power” (Wildavsky, 1979: 1, 12, 126). This definition covers the functions performed by all the different advisers to the rulers of countries, kingdoms, and empires throughout human history.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Prince

Mukaddime

El Medinetül Fazıla

Which of the above books mentions the qualities of a public administrator?

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

All three books describe the qualities of public administrators.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which president's advisor team is called Brain Trust?

Roosevelt

Wilson

Chirchull

Reagan

Keynes

Açıklama:

Roosevelt won the elections three times in a row, and under his leadership, the US emerged as a dominant global power after winning the Second World War. His administration was known for following the public policies produced by his advisors, who were called the “brain trust".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Which of the following option does not provide true and/or valid information?

Public policy analysis is a subset of the public administration discipline.

Public policy analysis includes a series of activities, such as identifying public problems, formulating appropriate solutions to these problems, implementing these solutions, and evaluating the effectiveness of implementation.

The public policy studies borrow heavily from other disciplines such as political science, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and many other scientific areas of study, including social, basic, and applied sciences.

Public policy studies are multidisciplinary.

Public policy studies utilize only qualitative methods in analyzing public policies

Açıklama:

Public policy analysis is, therefore, a subset of the public administration discipline, as it is a series of activities, including identifying public problems, formulating appropriate solutions to these problems, implementing these solutions, and evaluating the effectiveness of implementation. Although the disciplines of public administration and public policy analysis go hand in hand, public policy studies borrow heavily from other disciplines such as political science, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and many other scientific areas of study, including social, basic, and applied sciences. Therefore, public policy studies are multidisciplinary. Due to its multi-disciplinary character, it is also multi-method, meaning that both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in public policy analysis

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Which one is a supra-national structure or organization?

World Bank / WB

International Monetary Fund / IMF

United Nations / the UN

the European Union / EU

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization / UNESCO

Açıklama:

At various stages of the process, public policy actors such as the government, private sector, non-governmental organizations, and citizens also affect local, regional, national, and international public policies. From time to time and depending on the nature of the problem, international organizations such as the World Bank, IMF, United Nations, and UNESCO or supra-national structures such as the European Union may join these actors.
At various stages of the process, public policy actors such as the government, private sector, non-governmental organizations, and citizens also affect local, regional, national, and international public policies. From time to time and depending on the nature of the problem, international organizations such as the World Bank, IMF, United Nations, and UNESCO or supra-national structures such as the European Union may join these actors.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

The decisions taken with the help of the public policy analysis process at an individual scale are also under the influence of the limitations in the decisions taken at the public level. The concept of ............... Herbert Simon (1947) used to express the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision.
What does come the best to the given blank space?

Network analysis

Primeval soup

Bounded rationality

Rational decision making

Tragedy of commons

Açıklama:

The decisions taken with the help of the public policy analysis process at an individual scale are also under the influence of the limitations in the decisions taken at the public level. The concept of bounded rationality Herbert Simon (1947) used to express the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

The decisions taken with the help of the public policy analysis process at an individual scale are also under the influence of the limitations in the decisions taken at the public level. The concept of bounded rationality is used to express the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision.
Who does coin and use intentionally the major concept of bounded rationality?

Deborah Stone

Herbert Simon

Harold Laswell

Thomas R. Dye

Anthony Downs

Açıklama:

The decisions taken with the help of the public policy analysis process at an individual scale are also under the influence of the limitations in the decisions taken at the public level. The concept of bounded rationality is used to express by Herbert Simon (1947) the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

One of the explanations for the emergence of public policy analysis is that these studies began to appear on the stage of history after the Industrial Revolution. The introduction of machines in agriculture made many agricultural workers redundant. The mechanization of agriculture pushed agricultural laborers away from rural areas. Simultaneously, the mechanization of production in the factories located in the cities pulled these former agricultural laborers into the cities as factory workers. These developments resulted in mass migration to cities from rural/agricultural areas.
Which explanation about the emergence of public policy analysis is provided and stated in the above-mentioned text?

First explanation

Second explanation

Third explanation

Fourth explanation

Fifth explanation

Açıklama:

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
After introducing the context and definitions of public policy studies, examining when, where, and why they emerged in the world is necessary. There are three different explanations regarding the emergence of public policy studies.
First Explanation: Organized Society
The first explanation for the emergence of public policy analysis is that these studies began to appear on the stage of history after the Industrial Revolution. The introduction of machines in agriculture made many agricultural workers redundant. The mechanization of agriculture pushed agricultural laborers away from rural areas. Simultaneously, the mechanization of production in the factories located in the cities pulled these former agricultural laborers into the cities as factory workers. These developments resulted in mass migration to cities from rural/agricultural areas.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

The Prince

The Education of a Christian Prince

Tractatus de Regimine Principuin

Ashby's Active Policy of a Prince

The Boke of Noblesse

Açıklama:

Advisory books generally constitute a type of literature that tells the ruler how to act or what to refrain from in order to be a just and, therefore, successful ruler and what administrative, political, economic, and moral principles he should follow. While this is the purpose of such books of advice, there are also less normative and more realistic advisory books that describe what happens in the real world rather than what should happen in an ideal world.
Such written policy advice came from statesmen, the people around the rulers, and even the rulers themselves. For example, King James I of England wrote down his royal experiences and counsel for his son. Again, the famous Dutch scholar Erasmus wrote a book entitled “The Education of a Christian Prince” (Dunn, 2004).
For more extensive and detailed information on British case: 1) https://oro.open.ac.uk/57024/1/DX080723_1.pdf Kekewich, Margaret Lucille (1987). Books of advice
Advisory books generally constitute a type of literature that tells the ruler how to act or what to refrain from in order to be a just and, therefore, successful ruler and what administrative, political, economic, and moral principles he should follow. While this is the purpose of such books of advice, there are also less normative and more realistic advisory books that describe what happens in the real world rather than what should happen in an ideal world.
Such written policy advice came from statesmen, the people around the rulers, and even the rulers themselves. For example, King James I of England wrote down his royal experiences and counsel for his son. Again, the famous Dutch scholar Erasmus wrote a book entitled “The Education of a Christian Prince” (Dunn, 2004).
For more extensive and detailed information on British case: 1) https://oro.open.ac.uk/57024/1/DX080723_1.pdf Kekewich, Margaret Lucille (1987). Books of advice for princes in fifteenth century England with particular reference to the period 1450-1485. PhD thesis The Open University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21954/ou.ro.0000dec0

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

The concept of ....................... Herbert Simon (1947) used to express the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision. Even if we can collect all the data, we do not have the mental capacity to analyze this data thoroughly. These limitations are also valid in the process of resolving individual problems.
What does to come the best to the above given blank space?

Practical rationality

Bounded rationality

Theoretical rationality

Substantive rationality

Formal rationality

Açıklama:

Figure 1.8 The global water inventory
The concept of bounded rationality Herbert Simon (1947) used to express the problems experienced in the human decision-making process states that we cannot collect all the data about a desired decision. Even if we can collect all the data, we do not have the mental capacity to analyze this data thoroughly. These limitations are also valid in the process of resolving individual problems.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

It should be emphasized that .............. problems are outside the scope of interest of public policy analysis.
What does come the best to the above given blank space?

Regional

Communal

National

Personal

International

Açıklama:

Can Public Policy Analysis Be Conducted at the Personal Level for Personal Problems?
Although public policy analysis aims to diagnose, analyze and solve public problems, it has the feature of being easily applied to problems at the individual level as an analytical analysis and decision-making technique (cited in Lasswell, 1951: 5; Smith and Larimer, 2009: 9). However, it should be emphasized that personal problems are outside the scope of interest of public policy analysis.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

At the Graduate School of Public Policy in Berkeley, I discouraged discussions on the meaning of policy analysis. Hundreds of conversations on this slippery subject had proven futile, even exasperating, possibly dangerous. For whenever my colleagues and I began our courses by asking “What is a policy analysis?” or, a choice that proved to be worse, “What is a problem?” student
anxiety rose alarmingly. The classroom crackled with tension. It was as if students felt the faculty were withholding something vital - the strange and simple secret of analysis (which we must have
known because students couldn’t learn it). … Yet our promise of pie in the sky by-and-by, though designed of course, to soothe the raging beast, was proved by experience. Students did learn to
do analysis; and if our observation and their job experience were any guide, students not only felt but were more competent.
Whose exact wording is given above?

Deborah Stone

Aaron Wildavsky

Paul A. Sabatier

Christopher M. Weible

Jale Tosun

Açıklama:

How, then, should we define public policy analysis? Aaron Wildavsky, one of the prominent academics working on this subject, admitted to the complexity and even impossibility of defining
what public policy analysis is. While explaining how he defined the subject and taught public policy analysis to his students, he emphasized the nature of policy analysis as a craft, something that
can be perceived and learned best by observing, doing, and retrospection rather than classroom instruction (Wildavsky, 1979: 2):
At the Graduate School of Public Policy in Berkeley, I discouraged discussions on the meaning of policy analysis. Hundreds of conversations on this slippery subject had proven futile, even exasperating, possibly dangerous. For whenever my colleagues and I began our courses by asking “What is a policy analysis?” or, a choice that proved to be worse, “What is a problem?” student
anxiety rose alarmingly. The classroom crackled with tension. It was as if students felt the faculty were withholding something vital - the strange and simple secret of analysis (which we must have
known because students couldn’t learn it). … Yet our promise of pie in the sky by-and-by, though designed of course, to soothe the raging beast, was proved by experience. Students did learn to
do analysis; and if our observation and their job experience were any guide, students not only felt but were more competent.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

One of the explanations is that the modern version of public policy analysis emerged in the United States during the 20th Century, especially during and after the Second World War. The complicated data analysis techniques, which were used successfully during the war and brought victory to the USA, emerged due to intensive data collection efforts and processing of these data with the help of statistical and mathematical models. These advanced techniques, such as operations research and cost-benefit analysis, were also applied after the Second World War to civilian areas such as education, health, and infrastructure and gradually spread from the United States to the rest of the World.
Which explanation is defined in the above-given text?

First explanation

Second explanation

Third explanation

Fourth explanation

Fifth explanation

Açıklama:

The third and final explanation is that the modern version of public policy analysis emerged in the United States during the 20th Century, especially during and after the Second World War. The complicated data analysis techniques, which were used successfully during the war and brought victory to the USA, emerged due to intensive data collection efforts and processing of these data with the help of statistical and mathematical models. These advanced techniques, such as operations research and cost-benefit analysis, were also applied after the Second World War to civilian areas such as education, health, and infrastructure and gradually spread from the United States to the rest of the World.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the below is the concern of Public Policy?

The depth of an individual

The education level of an individual

The drinking problem of an individual

the rate of interest

The rate of domestic violence

Açıklama:

All the other options are related to an individual. Option E concerns the public.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

which of the below actors is not always affective in public policy making?

governments

citizens

international organizations

non-governmental organizations

private sector

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Who wrote “The Public Policy Theory Primer”?

Smith & Larimer

Lasswell Geva-May

Tribe

Geva-May

Parsons

Açıklama:

Smith & Larimer (2009) wrote a book entitled “The Public Policy Theory Primer” to compile and systematically present the current theories and approaches of public policy analysis. They could neither determine the exact definitions and disciplinary limits nor confidently say how this study area can be described.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

Which of the below is not one of the root problems to be solved by the public analysts?

unemployment

poverty

inequality in income distribution

lack of education

inadequacy of schools

Açıklama:

The root problem that causes violence can be unemployment, poverty, inequality in income distribution, or lack
of education.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Who defined public policy as “the policy sciences of democracy”?

Tribe

Lasswell

Geva-May

Parsons

Güler

Açıklama:

This is why Lasswell defined public policy as “the policy sciences of democracy”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which of the following options shows the correct order of the public policy analysis process?
I- clearly defining the problem
II- analysis process
III-making a decision
IV- Implementation
V- evaluation

I-III-V-IV-II

II-III-IV-V-I

I-II-III-IV-V

V-IV-III-II-I

III-II-IV-I-V

Açıklama:

Correct order is:
I- clearly defining the problem
II- analysis process
III-making a decision
IV- Implementation
V- evaluation

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which of the below shows the origin of Confucius?

China

Greece

India

Mezopotamia

Babylonia

Açıklama:

Confucius is a Chinese philosopher.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Who wrote “El Medinetül Fazıla”

İbn-i Haldun

Farabi

Alexander the Great

Plato

Hammurabi

Açıklama:

Similar examples can also be found in Middle Eastern civilizations. Desired qualifications for public administrators are listed in Farabi’s book “El
Medinetül Fazıla”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Who wrote "Mukaddime"?

İbn-i Haldun

Farabi

Plato

Confucius

Hammurabi

Açıklama:

There is information concerning both public administration and public policy, such as the theory of the state and the classification of services
in Ibn-i Haldun’s Mukaddime.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

What does politia mean?

city

execution of public affairs

state

administration of the government

politicians

Açıklama:

It comes from the ancient Sanskrit words “pur,” meaning “city”, and the Latin “politia,” meaning “state.” It has been determined that these words have evolved from the word “policie,” which means “execution of public affairs” or “administration of the government” in Middle English

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 2

Soru 1

There are multiple ways to categorize theories related to the policy process, including factors like the time of their development, their direct or indirect impact, international relevance, frequency of appearance in textbooks, their application in scientific policy analysis, their analytical tools, global presence, and their ability to reflect real-world situations. Evangelia Petridou (2014) discusses Institutional Analysis and Development, Advocacy Coalition Framework, Social Construction and Design, Punctuated Equilibrium, Policy Diffusion, and Multiple Streams as ....... theories of the policy process. For the second group of theories, she uses “....... ” instead of “emergent” theories because these theories have been developed by teams of researchers for some time. The Narrative Policy Framework, Institutional Grammar, the Collective Learning Framework, and the Policy Regimes Perspective are in this second, evolving category.
What are the concepts of categorization utilized and preferred by Evangelia Petridou (2014) for the sake of public policy process theories?

Pioneering - recent

Primeval - strong

Classical - modern

Old - emergent

Established - evolving

Açıklama:

There are multiple ways to categorize theories related to the policy process, including factors like the time of their development, their direct or indirect impact, international relevance, frequency of appearance in textbooks, their application in scientific policy analysis, their analytical tools, global presence, and their ability to reflect real-world situations. Evangelia Petridou (2014) discusses Institutional Analysis and Development, Advocacy Coalition Framework, Social Construction and Design, Punctuated Equilibrium, Policy Diffusion, and Multiple Streams as established theories of the policy process. For the second group of theories, she uses “evolving” instead of “emergent” theories because these theories have been developed by teams of researchers for some time. The Narrative Policy Framework, Institutional Grammar, the Collective Learning Framework, and the Policy Regimes Perspective are in this second, evolving category.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

A well-known definition of public policy is articulated to characterize it as “anything a government chooses to do or not to do.”
Who does articulate this short and influential definition of public policy during the 1970s?

Thomas R. Dye

Aaron Wildavsky

Christopher Jones

Deborah Stone

Harold Lasswell

Açıklama:

Policy, Public Policy, Policymaking, and (Public) Policy Process
A common and fundamental aspect in the way most authors employ the term policy is its inherent purposefulness, as highlighted by Parsons (1995: 13-16). Policy serves as a broad framework for defining specific objectives or a desired state of affairs, while acknowledging the constraints posed by existing legacies and future prospects.
A well-known definition of public policy, as articulated by Thomas R. Dye (1972: 2), characterizes it as “anything a government chooses to do or not to do.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Who are the most important and earlier representatives of political systems approach?

Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible

Daniel C. McCool and Paul Cairney

Thomas R. Dye and David Easton

Ann O’M. Bowman and Arnold Vedlitz

B. Guy Peters and Russel Ayres

Açıklama:

Models are more detailed and concrete than approaches.
• Behavioral Approach (Ostrom, 1998).
• Stages Approach (deLeon, 1999),
Heuristic Approach (Hendrick, 1994),
• Institutional Approaches (Kiser, and Ostrom, 1982),
• Systems Approach (Dye, 1987; Easton, 1953, 1957; 1966),
• Discursive approaches (Durnova, and Zittoun, 2013).
Models are more detailed and concrete than approaches.
• Behavioral Approach (Ostrom, 1998).
• Stages Approach (deLeon, 1999),
Heuristic Approach (Hendrick, 1994),
• Institutional Approaches (Kiser, and Ostrom, 1982),
• Systems Approach (Dye, 1987; Easton, 1953, 1957; 1966),
• Discursive approaches (Durnova, and Zittoun, 2013).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Who are the author of the famous and influential book titled the A Preview of Policy Science (1971)?

Harold D. Lasswell

Anthony Downs

Paul A. Sabatier

Charles O. Jones

Herbert Simon

Açıklama:

Policy Sciences
Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (Lasswell, 1951; Lasswell & Kaplan, 1950) developed the policy sciences and emphasized how policy sciences play a significant role in contributing to democratic
values and the political system. According to Lasswell (1951), policy sciences aimed at providing knowledge to enhance democratic practices. Since then, the use of the policy sciences has become
more widespread, but it has not always been used in the way that Lasswell and Kaplan envisioned.
Later, in A Preview of Policy Science (1971: 13), Laswell defined the policy scientist as one who was “concerned with mastering the skills appropriate to enlightened decision in the context of public and civic order”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Some social and behavioral scientists (1994) who -although they are sympathetic to the policy sciences- wrote that policy analytic movement begun by Harold Laswell (1951; 1956; 1971) in the early 1950s, has largely failed.
Who are these authors against the ideas and movement established by Harold Laswell?

Kevin B. Smith, Christopher W. Larimer

Werner Jann and Kai Wegrich

M. Ramesh and Michael P. Howlett

Donald Schön and Martin Rein

L. L. Kiser and Elinor Ostrom

Açıklama:

Donald Schön and Martin Rein (1994: xvi), who -although they are sympathetic to the policy sciences- wrote that policy analytic movement begun by Harold Laswell (1951; 1956; 1971) in the early 1950s, has largely failed (deLeon, 1999: 19-20). Policy theory “field is populated by multiple theories that have relatively well-developed research agendas associated with them” (Meier, 2009: 5).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

John Kingdon (1995) proposed that an issue found its way onto the policy agenda when, during periods of opportunity, the three streams were linked by policy entrepreneurs. Subsequently, the very famous framework of the Kingdon has undergone substantial theoretical development and has been extended to encompass other phases of the policy process, including policy adoption and implementation.
What is the public policy process theory or framework of John Kingdon?

Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)

The Multiple Streams Framework (MSF)

Political Systems Theory (PST)

Public Choice Theory (PCT)

Funnel of Causality

Açıklama:

John Kingdon (1995) proposed that an issue found its way onto the policy agenda when, during periods of opportunity, the three streams were linked by policy entrepreneurs. Subsequently, the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) has undergone substantial theoretical development and has been extended to encompass other phases of the policy process, including policy adoption and implementation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Besides United States of America (USA) with 50 states, which country is the most eligible and suitable for the large-N comparative public policy analysis for the late 2010s and all of 2020s?

Canada

Germany

Brazil

The United Kingdom

Türkiye

Açıklama:

After more reliable, long-term, standardized, open, easily-available, detailed data on Turkish metropolitan municipalities, large-N comparative public policy analysis will be more meaningful,
possible, and influential, considering Türkiye has 30 metropolitan municipalities since 2014 and large-N comparative studies need 20 or more comparable observations, cases, states, countries,
universities, or municipalities. Although the US has the most suitable country with 50 states, Türkiye also presents a base for large-N comparative public policy studies with her 30 greater municipalities.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

John W. Kingdon (1984; 1995) views the policy process as composed of three streams of actors and processes in a presidential system, which is the U.S.A.
Who does extend Kingdon's his framework and policy making under ambiguity conditions of “orderly” parliamentary systems?

Nikolaos Zahariadis

Paul Cairney

Charles O. Jones

Aaron Wildawsky

Jale Tosun

Açıklama:

John W. Kingdon (1984; 1995) views the policy process as composed of three streams of actors and processes in a presidential system, which is the U.S.A., and Nikolaos Zahariadis (1999/2003) extends his framework and policy making under ambiguity conditions of “orderly” parliamentary systems

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Who is the mother of the institutional analysis and development framework (IAD) utilized as one of the theories of the public policy process?

Jale Tosun

Elinor Ostrom

Tanja Klenk

Iris Geva-May

Catherine Marshall

Açıklama:

Mark Considine (2005), in his book titled Making Public Policy, is a follower of institutionalism, especially new institutionalism as a starting point for building a theory for this textbook; however,
the mother or father of the institutional analysis and development framework is Elinor Ostrom with some inspirations from Kiser during early 1980s.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

One of the theories within the realm of public policy process studies offers a unique and valuable framework for understanding how policies are formulated, implemented, and maintained over time. This approach, theory, framework or perspective does not primarily aim to gauge policy change; instead, it focuses on the dynamic interaction between policies and politics. Going beyond specific subsystems, it is defined as the overarching systems used to tackle policy issues, encompassing elements like institutional structures, alignments of interests, and shared concepts.
Which public policy process theory is defined in the above given text?

Narrative Policy Framework (NPF)

Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework

Multiple Streams Framework (MSF)

Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)

Policy Regime Perspective (PRP)

Açıklama:

The policy regime perspective (PRP) is a theory within the realm of public policy process studies that offers a unique and valuable framework for understanding how policies are formulated, implemented, and maintained over time. The policy regime approach or perspective does not primarily aim to gauge policy change; instead, it focuses on the dynamic interaction between policies and politics. Going beyond specific subsystems, policy regimes are defined as the overarching systems used to tackle policy issues, encompassing elements like institutional structures, alignments of interests, and shared concepts.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following best defines a 'framework' in public policy analysis?

A specific set of variables tested through experimentation

A guideline for choosing policy alternatives
c) A shared orientation for studying phenomena
d) A model used for normative evaluation
e) A heuristic shortcut for decision making

A shared orientation for studying phenomena
d) A model used for normative evaluation
e) A heuristic shortcut for decision making

A model used for normative evaluation

A heuristic shortcut for decision making

Açıklama:

According to Ostrom (2014), frameworks offer a meta-theoretical structure that enables scholars to identify universal elements for theory development. They organize inquiry by offering consistent vocabulary and measurement tools but do not explain specific outcomes themselves.
Frameworks provide a broad and shared structure to guide policy analysis. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which paradigm emphasizes gradual, small-scale changes rather than major shifts in policymaking?

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Network Governance Paradigm

Açıklama:

The incrementalism paradigm assumes policymakers operate under bounded rationality and constrained information, resulting in policy changes that build slowly upon existing policies. It is especially helpful in explaining policy stability over time.
Incrementalism sees policy change as occurring in small, manageable steps. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

What is the main criticism of the stages model in public policy analysis?

It integrates too many actors.

It oversimplifies institutional structures.

It lacks causal mechanisms.

It ignores agenda setting.

It overemphasizes external validity.

Açıklama:

Critics like Sabatier argue that while the stages model is useful for organizing understanding of the policy process, it fails to provide scientific explanations or causal mechanisms. It presents stages as linear rather than interactive or recursive, which limits its explanatory power.
The stages model does not explain why or how policy changes occur.The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

Which contributor is considered the originator of the 'policy sciences' concept?

Harold D. Lasswell

Paul A. Sabatier

David Easton

Christopher M. Weible

B. Guy Peters

Açıklama:

Harold Lasswell conceptualized policy sciences in the 1950s, advocating for a multidisciplinary, value-oriented, and problem-focused approach to support democratic decision-making and enhance civic order. His framework remains foundational in the field.
Lasswell introduced the idea of using interdisciplinary methods to improve democratic governance. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following is a key feature of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)?

b) Use of cost-benefit analysis

Policy learning through coalition competition

Bureaucratic hierarchy focus

Disregard for belief systems

Short-term decision-making

Açıklama:

The ACF posits that actors with shared beliefs form coalitions and compete within policy subsystems. Over time, policy learning occurs through these interactions, making it a valuable framework for explaining sustained policy evolution.
ACF emphasizes long-term policy change through coalition-driven learning. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which paradigm focuses on socially constructed meanings and policy discourse?

Rational Choice

Incrementalism

Institutionalism

Public Choice

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

In contrast to paradigms based on rationality or institutional rules, the Constructivist Paradigm sees policy as shaped by subjective understandings, discourse, and ideational factors. It is particularly useful in analyzing normative and cultural influences in policy design.
The Constructivist Paradigm highlights the importance of language, norms, and identity in policymaking. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

According to Dye’s definition, what does public policy fundamentally involve?

Redistribution of resources

Bureaucratic discretion

Ethical deliberation

Government decision-making and non-action

Budgetary constraints

Açıklama:

Thomas Dye's classic definition characterizes public policy as "anything a government chooses to do or not to do." This highlights the intentional nature of inaction in policy and emphasizes that decisions not to act are still policy choices.
Public policy includes both what governments choose to do and not to do. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Which concept best describes a simplified representation used to analyze policy dynamics?

Model

Theory

Framework

Paradigm

Heuristic

Açıklama:

Models are specific constructs that help to analyze and explain policy problems, decisions, and outcomes. They typically include variables, assumptions, and categories that support empirical research and theory development.
Models simplify complex policy processes for better understanding. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which approach focuses on language, meaning, and subjectivity in policy research?

Behavioral Approach

Heuristic Approach

Discursive Approach

Systems Approach

Group Model

Açıklama:

Discursive approaches emerged as a counter to positivist traditions, emphasizing the importance of language, narrative, and subjective interpretations in understanding policy processes. They are aligned with constructivist and qualitative methodologies.
Discursive approaches emphasize policy meaning and interpretation. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Why are multiple theories recommended when analyzing policy processes, according to Sabatier and Weible?

To promote cost-efficiency

Because no single theory offers a complete explanation

To achieve statistical accuracy

To reduce political influence

To ensure legal compliance

Açıklama:

Sabatier and Weible argue that the policy process is too complex to be fully captured by any single theory. Using multiple theoretical lenses provides a more holistic and nuanced understanding of how policies are formed, implemented, and changed.
Each theory offers a partial lens on policy processes. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 21

Who is one of the main contributors to the theories of the policy process?

Paul A. Sabatier

Peters and Pierre

Hupe and Hill

Anderson

Evangelia Petridou

Açıklama:

One of the main contributors to the theories of the policy process is Paul A. Sabatier, the editor of the book with this same name, The Theories of the Policy Process.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the below is in the evolving category rather than the emergent category according to Evangelia
Petridou?

Institutional Analysis

Development

Advocacy Coalition Framework,

The Narrative Policy Framework

Social Construction and Design

Açıklama:

The Narrative Policy Framework, Institutional Grammar, the Collective Learning Framework, and the Policy Regimes Perspective are in this second, evolving category.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which paradigm assumes that individuals and policymakers are rational actors who seek to maximize their utility when making decisions?

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

The Rational Choice Paradigm (RCP) assumes that individuals and policymakers are rational actors who seek to maximize their utility when making decisions.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

Which paradigm suggests that policymaking is characterized by small, incremental changes to existing policies rather than dramatic shifts?

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

Incrementalism suggests that policymaking is characterized by small, incremental changes to existing policies rather than dramatic shifts. It assumes that policymakers are constrained by limited information and resources, leading to gradual policy adjustments.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which paradigm suggests that policy change is characterized by long periods of stability followed by immediate, disruptive shifts?

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm suggests that policy change is characterized by long periods of stability followed by immediate, disruptive shifts.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which paradigm emphasizes the role of institutions, rules, and norms in shaping policymaking?

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

Institutionalism Paradigm or Institutionalism emphasizes the role of institutions, rules, and norms in shaping policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which paradigm emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and discourses in policymaking?

Rational Choice Paradigm

Incrementalism Paradigm

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Açıklama:

Constructivist Paradigm emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and discourses in policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Which paradigm emphasizes the role of inter-organizational networks and collaborations in policymaking?

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Network Governance Paradigm

Public Choice Theory/Paradigm

Açıklama:

Network Governance Paradigm emphasizes the role of inter-organizational networks and collaborations in policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which paradigm applies economic principles to the analysis of policymaking?

Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm

Institutionalism Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

Network Governance Paradigm

Public Choice Theory/Paradigm

Açıklama:

Public Choice Theory/Paradigm applies economic principles to the analysis of policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

What does ACF stand for?

Advocacy Coalition Framework

Apolitic Coalition Framework

Advocacy Compelling Framework

Advocacy Coalition False

Advocate Coarse Framework

Açıklama:

Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) proposes that the policymaking process comprises alliances of interest groups and individuals who hold similar convictions and principles. These coalitions compete and cooperate to influence policy outcomes over extended periods.

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Which of the following actor groups are considered as official actors?

Executive

Interest Groups

Think tanks

Political Actors

Printed media

Açıklama:

Official Actors
Official actors consist of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. In simpler terms, official actors are parliamentarians, executives, administrators, and judiciary members. These actors within
or affiliated with the state operate within the institutional environment of the policy process. The powers they use within this institutional environment are derived from the constitution and
laws (Theodoulou & Kofinis, 2004: 56). Therefore, these actors exercise legitimate authority.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

To support agricultural and rural development in developing countries. To finance agricultural and rural development projects to combat hunger. To contribute to the preparation of strategic plans of
countries and ensure the implementation of agricultural projects.
Which international organization is defined in the above-given tasks?

World Food Program

International Fund for Agricultural Development

World Meteorological Organization

World Tourism Organization

UN Industrial Development Organization

Açıklama:

Appendix 1 International Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations
International Fund for Agricultural Development
To reduce poverty in rural areas
• To support agricultural and rural development in developing countries.
• To finance agricultural and rural development projects to combat hunger.
• To contribute to the preparation of strategic plans of countries and ensure the implementation of agricultural projects.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Inspire Others Initiative

FOSTER Creativity Initiative

COVAX initiative

Conquer Fear Initiative

SMART initiative

Açıklama:

It collaborates with other organizations to take various preventive and improvement measures when necessary. In this sense, the most recent example is the COVID-19 pandemic. During this process, the WHO, UNICEF, CEPI, and GAVI established the COVAX initiative with global cooperation to accelerate the development, production, and fair access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and
vaccines.
It collaborates with other organizations to take various preventive and improvement measures when necessary. In this sense, the most recent example is the COVID-19 pandemic. During this process, the WHO, UNICEF, CEPI, and GAVI established the COVAX initiative with global cooperation to accelerate the development, production, and fair access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and
vaccines.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

When the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is established?

1932

1943

1960

1976

1991

Açıklama:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), established in 1943 and becoming a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946, is an international organization that fights hunger.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in the US in 1944 to address international economic issues and began working in 1947. Currently, it is managed by 190 countries. From a public policy perspective, the IMF proposes policies to ensure growth and financial stability.

The development of airlines

Providing food support

Supporting tourism

Combatting poverty

Financial stability

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established to protect universal human and labor rights. It was established under an very important Treaty or Act in 1919 and became part of the UN’s founding in 1946.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established under/with which international treaty or act?

Potsdam Conference

Yalta Conference

Versailles Treaty

The Treaty of San Francisco

Treaty of Tordesillas

Açıklama:

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established to protect universal human and labor rights. It was established under the Versailles Treaty in 1919 and became part of the UN’s founding in 1946.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

The first International Labour Organization (ILO) Office is opened in Türkiye in Istanbul?

1952

1961

1974

1988

2003

Açıklama:

Türkiye also became a member of the ILO in 1932. The first ILO Office in Türkiye was opened in Istanbul in 1952.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

What are the organizations that generally provide advice to policymakers, collect information and data through their various experts, conduct analyses, and help educate the public by publishing various reports or holding conferences?

Network groups

Venue shopping

Think tanks

Tank production

Holding companies

Açıklama:

Think Tanks
Think tanks are organizations that generally provide advice to policymakers, collect information and data through their various experts, conduct analyses, and help educate the public by publishing various reports or holding conferences. The emergence of complex issues and the increasing need for governments to have more analytical policies have led to the growth of think tanks (Birkland, 2010: 143).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

In terms of public policy making in the modern world, international civil society organizations are the most essential in which topics among the given choices below?

Car production

Environmental policies

Building kayaking centers

Furniture standards

Exploration of outer space policies

Açıklama:

National civil society organizations, as well as international civil society organizations, are effective in the public policy process. For example, international civil society organizations are essential in environmental policies. Similarly, civil society organizations protect human rights more effectively than many other actors (Babaoğlu, 2013: 176-177). Furthermore, international civil society organizations play a very active role in bringing structural adjustment policies to the agenda in Türkiye (Biçer and Yılmaz, 2009: 55).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

In modern Türkiye, the establishment, functioning, activities, and supervision of political parties are regulated by the Political Parties Law adopted
When the recent Political Parties Law is adopted?

1966

1983

1999

2004

2020

Açıklama:

In modern Türkiye, the establishment, functioning, activities, and supervision of political parties are regulated by the Political Parties Law adopted in 1983.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which actor is primarily responsible for turning public demands into authoritative policy decisions?

Interest groups

Bureaucrats

The legislature

Political parties

Academics

Açıklama:

Legislatures are central to the policymaking process. As elected bodies, they represent the public and enact legislation that shapes public life. They institutionalize the demands of citizens by turning them into formal policies.
The legislature transforms societal demands into binding laws and policies. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which of the following is an informal actor in the public policy process?

Media

Judiciary

Bureaucracy

President

Parliament

Açıklama:

Informal actors like the media shape public discourse and influence which issues gain attention. Although they lack formal decision-making authority, they significantly affect public opinion and political priorities.
The media is not formally part of government but plays a crucial agenda-setting role. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following best describes the main role of the judiciary in public policymaking?

Interpreting and enforcing the law

Drafting legislation

Representing political parties

Allocating public resources

Managing public enterprises

Açıklama:

The judiciary reviews legislation and executive actions to ensure they conform with constitutional principles. Through judicial review and interpretation, it can influence the development and limits of public policy.
Courts ensure that laws comply with constitutions and legal norms. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which actor is most likely to influence policy outcomes through technical expertise and implementation?

Legislators

Bureaucrats

Judges

Media

Lobbyists

Açıklama:

Bureaucracies are responsible for implementing laws, and their discretion and technical know-how often affect how policies are applied. They can influence outcomes by interpreting unclear laws or adapting to practical constraints during implementation.
Bureaucrats carry out and often shape policy through administrative expertise. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following best explains the role of interest groups in policymaking?

Issuing decrees

Adjudicating disputes

Representing specialized interests

Enacting legislation

Allocating budgets

Açıklama:

Interest groups advocate on behalf of specific sectors, professions, or social groups. By lobbying policymakers, conducting campaigns, and supplying information, they aim to shape public decisions in favor of their constituencies.
Interest groups represent organized groups aiming to influence policy. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

Which of the following is a common criticism of the role of interest groups in the policy process?

They lack technical expertise.

They are too democratic.

They are slow to mobilize.

They operate only at the local level.

They may create unequal influence.

Açıklama:

While interest groups increase participation, critics argue that those with greater resources-such as money or access-may exert disproportionate influence, skewing policy away from equity or the needs of underrepresented communities.
Powerful groups may dominate policymaking at the expense of broader public interest. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Which actor is particularly influential during the agenda-setting stage of the policy process?

Media

Judiciary

Bureaucracy

Parliament

Local government

Açıklama:

Through framing, repetition, and visibility, the media determines which issues gain salience in public discourse. This significantly affects which problems are prioritized by formal actors like legislatures or executives.
The media shapes which issues are seen as important by both public and politicians. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following best reflects the dual role of political parties in policymaking?

Only advocate for citizens' rights

Only mediate legal conflicts

Represent interests and compete for political power

Administer budgets and fiscal policy

Focus solely on foreign affairs

Açıklama:

Political parties serve as a bridge between citizens and the state. They aggregate interests, propose platforms, and compete in elections to shape governance. Once in power, they influence policy priorities and legislative output.
Political parties channel citizen demands and shape government agendas. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

What is one key reason why non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are important in the policy process?

They have legislative power.

They enforce court decisions.

They draft the national budget.

They advocate for marginalized groups.

They lead parliamentary sessions.

Açıklama:

NGOs provide a voice to communities and individuals who might otherwise be excluded from policy debates. They collect data, lobby for change, and ensure that decision-making is inclusive, particularly in areas like human rights, health, and environment.
NGOs often represent groups without strong political power. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is true about local governments in the public policy process?

They set national foreign policy.

They have no role in implementation.

They are only symbolic institutions.

They often implement and adapt national policies.

They operate completely independently of national laws.

Açıklama:

While national actors draft policies, local governments are often tasked with their practical application. They adapt broad policies to suit local contexts and manage public services such as education, health, and transportation, ensuring responsiveness at the community level.
Local governments are key in applying public policies to local needs. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which of the following is one of the official actors in the public policy process in Türkiye?

Media

Civil society organizations

Judiciary

Interest groups

Think tanks

Açıklama:

Official actors consist of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. In simpler terms, official actors are parliamentarians, executives, administrators, and judiciary members.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

In Türkiye, legislative power belongs to:

Council of Ministers

President

Grand National Assembly of Türkiye

Constitutional Court

Court of Cassation

Açıklama:

In Türkiye, legislative power is held by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye. The Assembly comprises six hundred members elected by general vote, and elections are held every five years. Members of the Assembly represent the entire nation, not just the region or the voters who elected them.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Policy councils in the public policy process were established as a result of which system change?

1982 Constitution

European Union membership process

Presidential Government System

1961 Constitution

Transition to multi-party system

Açıklama:

With the new system, new units have been established to fulfill various tasks ranging from developing and implementing public policies to researching and raising policies to the agenda. Therefore, new actors, namely policy boards and offices, have been added to the public policy process. In accordance with Article 22 of Presidential Decree No. 1, the following policy boards have been established: (In the statement made by President Erdoğan on March 04, 2023, he announced that a new policy committee would be formed under the name of Disaster Management and Policies, but it has not been officially established yet.)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which of the following is one of the unofficial actors?

Ministries

Parliament

Judiciary

Civil society organizations

Presidential offices

Açıklama:

Due to the countries’ unique political, social, economic, and societal structures, unofficial actors involved in the public policy analysis cycle may vary. This chapter considers unofficial actors as political parties, citizens, civil society organizations, interest groups, and think tanks.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

What is the main role of the IMF in the public policy process?

Establish international human rights standards

Implement global health programs

Propose policies to ensure economic stability

Regulate education policies

Increase agricultural production

Açıklama:

Similarly, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in the US in 1944 to address international economic issues and began working in 1947. Currently, it is managed by 190 countries. From a public policy perspective, the IMF proposes policies to ensure growth and financial stability.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which of the following has increased citizens’ influence in the public policy process?

Military coups

Use of e-government and social media

Removal of judicial independence

Strengthening of a single-party system

International sanctions

Açıklama:

The proliferation of social media has led to discussions on democracy, participation, collective decision making, overall information flow, and the construction of a new public sphere. With social media, people can communicate with each other without time and space constraints. Online social networking sites, in particular, offer users the opportunity to interact with many people and share their ideas beyond geographical boundaries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following is among the United Nations’ 2030 goals?

Global disarmament

Sustainable development

Space mining

Free trade zones

Energy independence

Açıklama:

Sustainable development goals have been set for 2030 to achieve a more sustainable future, and climate action has been adopted among member states to limit global warming.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

One of the contributions of interest groups to the public policy process is:

Approving laws

Conducting constitutional review

Providing expertise

Signing international treaties

Approving the official budget

Açıklama:

Also, interest groups organized around specific interests are based on expertise. Especially in large groups, expertise-based organizations emerge.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

The main reason the European Union can influence the public policies of member and candidate countries is:

Its undemocratic structure

Its supranational nature

Providing only economic aid

Running agricultural production projects

Working solely in the health sector

Açıklama:

Generally, these actors can influence the policy process through diplomacy, aid and assistance, and economic agreements. International organizations can also provide technical expertise and support for policy development and implementation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

The role of the Constitutional Court in Türkiye in the public policy process is to:

Implement international treaties

Appoint policy councils

Make policy recommendations

Review the constitutionality of laws

Create public opinion

Açıklama:

The primary task of the Constitutional Court is to examine the conformity of laws, presidential decrees, and the Parliament’s Internal Regulations with the constitution in terms of form and content, and also to make decisions on individual applications.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 4

Soru 1

John W. Kingdon (2003) sees ............... as a list of subjects, issues, needs, problems and/or demands that are available for discussion, and considered important at any given time by a society, government or other actors with direct or indirect influence on policy making.
What does come the best to the given blank space?

Network

Stream

Process

Agenda

Argument

Açıklama:

John W. Kingdon (2003) sees agenda as a list of subjects, issues, needs, problems and/or demands that are available for discussion, and considered important at any given time by a society, government or other actors with direct or indirect influence on policy making.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

A model advocates market-oriented, decentralized, autonomous, and pluralistic policy making and local government structures. Therefore, this model is a fragmented, market-oriented, and pluralistic approach. According to this approach, centralized decision and policy-making structures lead to monopolistic service delivery, reduced diversity, competition, and freedom of
choice in service or policy options even though they may help reduce coordination problems and service duplications (Tiebout, 1956).
Which model or approach is defined in the above given text?

Growth coalition model

The public choice model

Garbage can model

Bounded rationality model

Incremental model

Açıklama:

The public choice model advocates market-oriented, decentralized, autonomous, and pluralistic policy making and local government structures. Therefore, this model is a fragmented, market-oriented, and pluralistic approach. According to this approach, centralized decision and policy-making structures lead to monopolistic service delivery, reduced diversity, competition, and freedom of
choice in service or policy options even though they may help reduce coordination problems and service duplications (Tiebout, 1956).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

According to the group model, public policy making is an intense and constant interaction among social, lobbyist, and pressure groups with a goal to safeguard and realize their respective interests by getting their issues on the agenda and/or the related policies adopted.
What is the other name of the group model?

Equilibrium

Network

Garbage can

Policy Stream

Chaos

Açıklama:

Group (Equilibrium) Model
According to the group model, public policy making is an intense and constant interaction among social, lobbyist, and pressure groups with a goal to safeguard and realize their respective interests by getting their issues on the agenda and/or the related policies adopted.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

What does NIMBY stand for?

Not in my backyard

Non of the Instruments by the Youngs

Never take risk of majority vote

Non governmental organizations

Say No to the Strong Mayoral Leardership

Açıklama:

This may be seen in the cases of NIMBY (not in my backyard) when local groups oppose public houses, cell phone towers, shopping centers, coal- or nuclear-powered power plants, and the like in their neighborhoods.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

What is called if a single organization exerts significant influence or control over what problems or items are subject to consideration for policy making or government regulation?

Policy actors

Policy monopoly

Policy network

Policy streams

Policy failure

Açıklama:

Policy Monopolies
Baumgartner and Jones (1993), and True, Jones and Baumgartner (2007) attempted to explain how policy agendas stay stable for long periods of time and how they change. The authors proposed
to explain agenda stability and change through the concept of “policy monopolies.” Policy monopolies may arise in situations where a single organization exerts significant control or influence over what items or problems will be subject to consideration for policy making or government regulation. They can have both positive and negative implications, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the entity holding the monopoly. Organizational settings with policy monopoly traits may have strong stability producing capacity, and thus preventing change as a negative consequence.
Policy Monopolies
Baumgartner and Jones (1993), and True, Jones and Baumgartner (2007) attempted to explain how policy agendas stay stable for long periods of time and how they change. The authors proposed to explain agenda stability and change through the concept of “policy monopolies.” Policy monopolies may arise in situations where a single organization exerts significant control or influence over what items or problems will be subject to consideration for policy making or government regulation. They can have both positive and negative implications, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the entity holding the monopoly. Organizational settings with policy monopoly traits may have strong stability producing capacity, and thus preventing change as a negative consequence.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

Which of the following is one of the ways or intervention to advance issues on the political agenda?

Advocacy coalitions

Positive externalities

Complex uncertainties

Predictable events

Diversifying pressures

Açıklama:

Coalescing by getting organized and establishing advocacy coalitions or civic organizations strengthens the power of the general public in policy making processes. The proliferation of civic groups and interest groups within recent decades has resulted in greater opportunities for coalition building and has created far greater resources for countervailing and breaking down the influence of economically powerful groups.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Governors

Mayors

City council members

Members of the Parliament

Mukhtars

Açıklama:

Political parties or some semi-public or influential civic organizations (chambers of architects, bar associations, or chambers of commerce) may not only advocate some public issues to be on the political agenda, but also seek to take part in the processes of problem definition and policy formation. Mukhtars, as elected public officials in Türkiye, play a role in bringing some neighborhood issues and problems to the attention of the local elected or appointed governmental bodies such as mayors, governors, or city councils.
Political parties or some semi-public or influential civic organizations (chambers of architects, bar associations, or chambers of commerce) may not only advocate some public issues to be on the political agenda, but also seek to take part in the processes of problem definition and policy formation. Mukhtars, as elected public officials in Türkiye, play a role in bringing some neighborhood issues and problems to the attention of the local elected or appointed governmental bodies such as mayors, governors, or city councils.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

Baumgartner and Jones (1993: 31) argue that the less advantaged social groups may also attempt to gain a hearing at local councils for their ideas and grievances against existing policy. Such attempts are called “venue shopping.”

Shopping center

Shopping festival

Venue shopping

Shopping addict

Aggressive shopping

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Advancing problems and issues on the public or government agendas in the hope of achieving policy change is not always opposed by elite groups. Cobb and Elder (1983) asserted that ........ elites might also try to mobilize groups to get public support for an issue that they wanted to promote, and to push the issue further up on the government agenda.
What does come the best to the above given blank space?

Media

Intellectual

Bureaucratic

Political

Corporate

Açıklama:

Advancing problems and issues on the public or government agendas in the hope of achieving policy change is not always opposed by elite groups. Cobb and Elder (1983) asserted that political elites might also try to mobilize groups to get public support for an issue that they wanted to promote, and to push the issue further up on the government agenda.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which of the following is not true about agenda setting process?

The first stage of a usual public policy making process or cycle, at either national or local levels, involves agenda setting, agenda access/success, problem definition and policy initiation.

Agenda setting involves efforts to ensure that a public problem is taken into account by the relevant governmental policy making bodies with the goal of developing a solution or policy

Agenda setting is a process of determining which issues, problems or topics deserve public or government attention and consideration in the policy making process.

Various factors influence agenda setting, including public opinion, media coverage, interest groups, expert opinions, and political dynamics.

The poorest people plays a significant role in agenda setting by highlighting certain issues and framing them in a way that captures public attention.

Açıklama:

The poorest people plays a significant role in agenda setting by highlighting certain issues and framing them in a way that captures public attention.
The media (not the poor people) plays a significant role in agenda setting by highlighting certain issues and framing them in a way that captures public attention.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following is considered a basic function of public administration?

Formulating party ideologies

Managing public affairs and services

Overseeing international trade

Electing public officials

Drafting corporate business plans

Açıklama:

As described in the chapter, public administration focuses on executing laws, delivering public services, and managing resources effectively to meet societal needs. It is essential in translating government decisions into actions.
Public administration deals with implementing public policy and managing public programs. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which characteristic distinguishes modern public administration from its earlier forms?

Focus on religious authority

Dependence on military enforcement

Professionalization and merit-based recruitment

Dominance of aristocratic elites

Limited specialization of functions

Açıklama:

Over time, public administration has evolved to embrace principles like neutrality, specialization, and professionalism. Civil servants are now selected based on qualifications and skills rather than political or familial connections, ensuring more efficient governance.
Modern systems value expertise and objective qualifications. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which of the following best explains Max Weber's concept of bureaucracy?

Informal collaboration among political actors

Arbitrary decision-making based on tradition

A rational-legal authority system structured by rules

A system based on hereditary power

A democratic organization with no hierarchy

Açıklama:

Max Weber defined bureaucracy as a hallmark of modern organization, emphasizing clearly defined roles, hierarchical authority, written rules, and impersonal relationships. This structure ensures predictability and efficiency in administrative functions.
Weber viewed bureaucracy as structured, rule-bound, and rational. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which key concept in New Public Management (NPM) focuses on results and performance?

Traditional authority

Rule-bound procedures

Output-oriented governance

Collective bargaining

Feudal obligations

Açıklama:

New Public Management, emerging in the 1980s-90s, shifts the focus from bureaucratic input and processes to outcomes and efficiency. It promotes decentralization, privatization, and performance metrics to make public services more like private enterprises.
NPM emphasizes results, customer service, and performance evaluation. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a principle of classical bureaucracy?

Informal decision-making

Hierarchy of authority

Clear division of labor

Rule-based procedures

Impersonality

Açıklama:

Classical bureaucracy is rooted in formal systems of authority and accountability. Informal practices are discouraged to maintain objectivity and prevent favoritism, ensuring consistent service and adherence to legal norms.
Bureaucracy relies on formal procedures, not informality. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following is a key criticism of Weberian bureaucracy in practice?

Excessive adaptability

Too little standardization

Inadequate separation of powers

Lack of legal legitimacy

Overemphasis on hierarchy and rigidity

Açıklama:

While Weberian bureaucracy ensures order and efficiency, its strict hierarchy and emphasis on rules can lead to inefficiencies, slow decision-making, and lack of innovation. These criticisms inspired reforms such as New Public Management.
Critics argue Weberian models are too inflexible. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Which development led to the shift toward New Public Management?

The rise of absolute monarchies

Technological regression

Expansion of feudal systems

Globalization and demands for efficiency

Decrease in public participation

Açıklama:

Global economic pressures and citizen expectations in the late 20th century led many governments to adopt NPM practices. These reforms emphasized cost-cutting, accountability, privatization, and service quality to make governance more competitive and flexible.
Governments sought to be more efficient and responsive. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Which approach emphasizes decentralization and competition in delivering public services?

Classical bureaucracy

Feudal administration

New Public Management

Legal positivism

Old Public Administration

Açıklama:

New Public Management encourages breaking up large bureaucracies into smaller, performance-based units and encourages competition among providers, whether public or private. It aims to increase effectiveness and responsiveness in public service delivery.
NPM promotes decentralization and performance contracts. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following best reflects the concept of accountability in public administration?

Informal leadership structures

Responsibility to the public and oversight bodies

Personal discretion in policy implementation

Unlimited decision-making authority

Centralized power without supervision

Açıklama:

Accountability in public administration means that civil servants must justify their decisions to the public and institutions like courts, legislatures, or audit agencies. This principle upholds transparency, prevents abuse of power, and fosters trust.
Accountability ensures that public officials answer for their actions. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

What does the principle of meritocracy in public administration ensure?

Hiring based on political loyalty

Promotion through family ties

Recruitment based on competence and qualifications

Equal distribution of power among citizens

Elimination of all public examinations

Açıklama:

The principle of meritocracy was introduced to eliminate favoritism and corruption in public appointments. It ensures that positions are filled by individuals with the required skills and knowledge, improving service quality and administrative performance.
Meritocracy values ability over connections. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the following best defines “policy implementation” in the public policy process?

Deciding on alternative policy options

Putting adopted policies into action

Evaluating policy outcomes

Setting the policy agenda

Creating public opinion

Açıklama:

According to p. 92, policy implementation refers to carrying out the decisions made in earlier policy stages.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which institution is primarily responsible for implementing national education policies in Türkiye?

Ministry of Health

Ministry of National Education

Council of Higher Education

Presidency

Parliament

Açıklama:

The text states that the Ministry of National Education (MoN is the main authority for implementing national education policies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge in policy implementation?

Lack of resources

Poor coordination

Political instability

Overstaffing of public institutions

Bureaucratic resistance

Açıklama:

Page 96 lists Lack of resources, poor coordination, political instability, and bureaucratic resistance, but not overstaffing.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

“Top-down” and “bottom-up” refer to:

Policy evaluation techniques

Policy implementation approaches

Methods of public consultation

Political ideology types

Legislative processes

Açıklama:

On p. 97, the text defines “top-down” and “bottom-up” as two different approaches to policy implementation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

In the “top-down” approach, policy control is mainly in the hands of:

Local authorities

Civil society

Central government

International organizations

The judiciary

Açıklama:

Page 97 explains that in the top-down approach, the central government plays the dominant role in implementation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which of the following is an example of “bottom-up” implementation?

Policies designed and enforced solely by the central government

Decisions made by local actors based on community needs

International organizations imposing policies on member states

Legislation passed without public consultation

National security decisions by the presidency

Açıklama:

P. 98 describes bottom-up implementation as involving local actors adapting policies to local needs.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which factor can significantly improve the success of policy implementation?

Ambiguous goals

Adequate resources and trained staff

Political instability

Lack of communication

Ignoring local needs

Açıklama:

The text on p. 99 states that adequate resources and trained personnel are key to effective implementation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

According to the text, policy implementation is closely linked to:

International law

Policy evaluation

Electoral campaigns

Foreign policy

Media coverage

Açıklama:

The text says implementation and evaluation are interconnected stages in the policy cycle.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

According to the unit, what is a common reason for failure in policy implementation?

Overfunding of programs

Unrealistic policy goals

Excessive decentralization

Too much citizen involvement

Weak judiciary

Açıklama:

The unit notes that unrealistic and unclear goals often undermine policy implementation success.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Why is flexibility important in policy implementation?

It allows policy-makers to avoid evaluation

It reduces the need for skilled staff

It helps adapt to changing circumstances and needs

It guarantees complete public support

It limits the role of local actors

Açıklama:

Page 101 emphasizes that flexibility enables policies to respond to unforeseen challenges and changing conditions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 5

Soru 1

What is the critical value built upon constitutions, laws, rules, and principles that protect citizens against arbitrary governance?

Freedom

Rule of law

Equality

Security

Responsibility

Açıklama:

-
The rule of law is a critical value built upon constitutions, laws, rules, and principles and protects citizens against the arbitrary whim of the rulers or governments.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Which of the following is NOT considered an important value or criterion in public policy?

Efficiency

Equity

Secularism

Economy

Diversity

Açıklama:

-
Secularism is NOT considered an important value or criterion in public policy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

What principle guides public administration and policy making, emphasizing the separation of politics and administration?

Administrative neutrality

Political interference

Bureaucratic dominance

Partisan politics

Ideological alignment

Açıklama:

-
Administrative neutrality in policy making and implementation processes has been widely acknowledged due to the separation of powers in democratic systems.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

What does the assessment of alternative policies help to facilitate?

Ignorance of policy outcomes

Rational and data-driven decision making

Promotion of subjective preferences

Delay in policy implementation

Disregard for public values

Açıklama:

Weimer and Vining (1999: 282) argue that the assessment of policy alternatives helps facilitate rational and data-driven decision making of policy makers.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

What refers to the creation of capacity to act by bringing together necessary resources and actors and providing systematic steering and direction in public decision and policy making processes?

Political power

Governance

Public administration

Bureaucracy

Pressure group

Açıklama:

-
Governance refers to the creation of capacity to act by bringing together necessary resources and actors and providing systematic steering and direction in public decision and policy making processes.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

What is the primary goal of redistributive policies?

Maintaining wealth inequality

Providing public services efficiently

Achieving a just society

Promoting market competition

Achieving a rich society

Açıklama:

-
Redistributive policies have the goal of achieving a just society via wealth and income redistribution.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

Which stage of the policy-making process involves the assessment of alternative policy
choices based on the analysis of identified problems?

Policy adoption

Policy implementation

Policy evaluation

Agenda setting

Policy formation

Açıklama:

-
Dye (1987: 24) calls this stage “the formation of policy alternatives”, which involves the assessment of alternative policy choices based on the analysis of identified
problem(s).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

__________________ refers to the structured comparison of policy applications and implementations against higher performance and standard measures?
Which of the following best complete the sentence above?

Political neutrality

Political interference

Strategy

Benchmarking

Quantitative analysis

Açıklama:

-
Benchmarking is a method of structured comparison of policy applications and implementations against higher performance and standard measures.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 9

What does the iron law of oligarchy suggest?

There is no link between organizational growth and management structure.

Organizations tend to become more democratic over time.

An increase in participation causes problems in public organizations.

Organizations become more hierarchical and less responsive over time.

Power is evenly distributed among all organizational members.

Açıklama:

Democratic organizations may become anti-democratic over time due to the “iron law of oligarchy” that governs all democracies and organizations.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 10

What may lead to ineffectiveness in reaching out to all needy people and inefficiency in spending public resources?

Overlapping policies from multiple sectors

Lack of interest from the general society

Duplication and overlap in providing social aid

Decreasing size and influence of the public sector

Centralization of public good and services

Açıklama:

-
Duplication and overlap in providing social aid to needy people create ineffectiveness in reaching out to all the needy people and inefficiency in spending public resources.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Which of the below is one of the Policy Specific Principles?

prevention at the source

freedom

peace

justice

equality

Açıklama:

General values and principles concerning all public policies: Some general values and principles include, but not limited to, freedom, peace, justice, equality, efficiency, economy, effectiveness, the rule of law, dignity, participation, transparency, accessibility, accountability, individualism, tolerance, diversity, and sustainability.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the below is the most basic principle guiding environmental policies?

equality

sustainability

efficiency

economy

dignity

Açıklama:

The most basic principle guiding environmental policies is sustainability. Sustainability requires that a balanced combination of needs (especially those of the poor) with human opportunities and environmental capacity be ensured.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the below is the third step in the Cycle of Public Policy Process?

Policy Adoption and Legitimation

Policy Formation

Policy Monitoring and Evaluation

Agenda Setting

Policy Change or Termination

Açıklama:

Policy adoption stage is followed by policy implementation. It is the third step in the cycle.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

What is the aim of Distributive Policies?

Achieving a just society

wealth and income redistribution

meeting basic demands of societal groups

provide a minimum living standard

fine tune and protect market

Açıklama:

Distributive policies aim at meeting some basic demands of societal groups, and they deliver public services, goods, and infrastructure.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

How many stages are there in Public Policy Formation?

Açıklama:

There are seven stages in Public Policy Formation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

What does NPM stand for?

Now Public Management

Net Public Management

New Public Move

New Public Management

Now Public Move

Açıklama:

As a result, market-based approaches such as the new public management (NPM) paradigm or public choice theory have become dominant.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

Which one is an NGO?

Public Schools

Municipalities

Hospitals

Charities

Governorship

Açıklama:

There are always some readily available policy options on the table proposed by relevant public agencies, interest groups, think-thanks, universities, NGOs, private actors, or citizen groups.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

`Policy processes and analyses intrinsically involve estimation and prediction since the world is complex and not readily and easily comprehensible.`
Which of the following category does the above statement explain?

Dilemma of Equality

Shortcomings in Administrative Capacity

Dilemma of Uniformity and Diversity

Resource Deficiencies

Uncertainty, Errors, and Externalities

Açıklama:

Uncertainty, Errors, and Externalities:
Policy processes and analyses intrinsically involve estimation and prediction since the world is complex and not readily and easily comprehensible.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

An ____________ refers to particular mutually beneficial relationships between legislative committees or subcommittees, executive branches and government agencies, and interest groups in the private (or civic) sector.
Which of the following does the explanation refer to?

Iron

iron Man

Iron Rectangle

Iron Triangle

Iron Circle

Açıklama:

An Iron Triangle refers to particular mutually beneficial relationships between legislative committees or subcommittees, executive branches and government agencies, and interest groups in the private (or civic) sector.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

What can cause some controversy in policy making and formation rocess?
Selection and adoption of goals, values, and
policies in policy making and formation
process may cause some controversy

Selection of goals, values and policies

Adoption of goals, values and policies

Selection and adoption of goals

Selection and adoption of policies

Selection and adoption of goals, values and policies

Açıklama:

Selection and adoption of goals, values, and policies in policy making and formation process may cause some controversy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following best explains the role of public administration in the public policy process?

It only provides financial resources for private policy initiatives.

It functions purely as an implementation body without any policy influence.

It formulates policies without engaging in implementation.

It facilitates both policy formation and implementation through a structured network.

It operates independently from political actors in governance.

Açıklama:

Public administration does not act merely as a passive executor of decisions but plays a central role in both forming and implementing public policies. It involves decision-making, coordination, and administrative action, engaging multiple actors from frontline bureaucrats to top-level officials. This interconnected structure ensures the alignment of policy decisions with actual practice.
Public administration plays a dual role in both policy formulation and implementation through a structured administrative network. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

What distinguishes policy analysts from policy researchers, according to Weimer and Vining?

Policy analysts only work on theoretical frameworks.

Policy researchers provide direct advice to government.

Policy analysts are more involved in real-time policy design and assessment.

Policy researchers focus on public participation in decision making.

Policy analysts rely solely on historical case studies.

Açıklama:

According to Weimer and Vining, policy analysts are deeply embedded in the actual policy-making process, providing beneficiary-oriented advice and predictions. They assist in the evaluation and design of policy alternatives, whereas policy researchers tend to focus on broader social science inquiries and are often more distanced from political decision-making environments.
Policy analysts are engaged in designing and evaluating policy alternatives, unlike researchers who are more academically focused. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the following is considered a substantive goal of public policy?

Budget availability

Bureaucratic feasibility

Gender equality

Resource constraints

Agency capacity

Açıklama:

Substantive goals are those that represent values and ideals such as equity, justice, or human dignity, which societies aim to realize for their own sake. Gender equality, as a societal value, fits into this category, unlike instrumental goals which are more technical or means-oriented, like budget or capacity.
Gender equality is an example of a value pursued for its intrinsic social benefit. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

According to the policy cycle model, which stage involves identifying the problem and setting the agenda?

Policy implementation

Policy evaluation

Policy adoption

Policy termination

Agenda setting

Açıklama:

Agenda setting is crucial in the policy cycle, as it determines which issues receive public and political attention. During this phase, problems are identified, and policy actors begin to define and prioritize them. This sets the groundwork for subsequent policy formulation and decision-making activities.
Agenda setting is the initial stage where public problems are recognized and brought into the decision-making spotlight. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Incremental Model in policy formation?

Decision-making based on complete information

Radical restructuring of existing policies

Small, gradual changes to existing policies

Exclusive reliance on expert opinion

Ignoring previous policy outcomes

Açıklama:

The Incremental Model, also known as "muddling through," acknowledges that policymakers have limited time, resources, and information. Therefore, they tend to build on existing policies by making small, manageable changes rather than pursuing comprehensive reform. This model is especially prevalent in budgetary decisions and complex policy areas.
Incrementalism focuses on marginal changes rather than comprehensive overhauls. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

What is a key feature of participatory governance in public policy formation?

Exclusive reliance on top-level bureaucrats for decision making

Elimination of all private actors from the policy process

Collaboration between public, civic, and private sectors

Isolation of policy design from public opinion

Centralization of all decisions within national parliaments

Açıklama:

Participatory governance is characterized by collaboration across government agencies, civil society, private sectors, and citizens. This multi-actor structure fosters transparency, legitimacy, and more responsive policymaking by incorporating a broad range of perspectives, interests, and expertise into the policy formation process.
Participatory governance brings together diverse actors to ensure inclusive and democratic decision making. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which of the following actors typically aims to influence public policy without holding official decision-making power?

Pressure groups

Cabinet ministers

Policy researchers

Local councils

Elected representatives

Açıklama:

Pressure groups, including advocacy organizations, unions, and lobbying entities, are external actors who seek to sway public policy in favor of specific interests. While they cannot enact policies themselves, they play a significant role in shaping public discourse and influencing policymakers through campaigns, research, or lobbying efforts.
Pressure groups try to influence policy outcomes without having formal decision-making authority. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

What is the main purpose of establishing policy evaluation criteria during the policy formation process?

To prioritize economic goals over social needs

To measure progress toward established goals and values

To provide legal authority to policy makers

To avoid citizen participation in decision making

To guarantee support from international organizations

Açıklama:

Defining clear evaluation criteria is essential for assessing the effectiveness and relevance of policy alternatives. These criteria-based on values like equity, efficiency, or sustainability - offer benchmarks for measuring policy success. Without them, it becomes difficult to judge whether a policy is achieving its intended goals or needs to be revised.
Evaluation criteria help track how well a policy meets its goals. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which of the following methods can help in developing innovative policy alternatives?

Avoiding input from external actors

Relying solely on historical precedents

Focusing only on the cost-effectiveness

Applying a bottom-up problem analysis

Limiting options to politically popular solutions

Açıklama:

By examining problems from the grassroots level and analyzing them in context, policymakers can generate unique and responsive policy alternatives. This approach values creativity, stakeholder participation, and contextual understanding, leading to more adaptable and innovative policy designs suited to complex public issues.
A bottom-up approach encourages creative, tailored policy solutions. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

What is the key distinction between cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis in policy assessment?

Only cost-effectiveness includes public feedback

Cost-benefit focuses solely on administrative efficiency

Cost-effectiveness avoids evaluating future projections

Cost-benefit analysis excludes monetary evaluation

Cost-effectiveness involves unquantifiable social outcomes

Açıklama:

While cost-benefit analysis monetizes all costs and benefits, cost-effectiveness analysis is applied when certain outcomes like improved public health or equity cannot be easily quantified financially. This method allows for the comparison of alternatives based on their social value, even when monetary valuation is limited or inappropriate.
Cost-effectiveness is used when benefits cannot be fully expressed in monetary terms. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 6

Soru 1

Which stage of the policy-making process encompasses all efforts to mobilize political support for specific policy proposals?

Policy Adoption

Policy Formation

Policy Implementation

Policy Legitimation

Policy Evaluation

Açıklama:

The policy legitimation stage of the policy-making process encompasses all of the efforts to mobilize political support on behalf of one or another of the proposals to address the problem.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

According to Brewer and deLeon (1983), what is the most overtly political stage of the policy process?

Policy Formation

Policy Legitimation

Policy Evaluation

Problem identification

Policy Selection

Açıklama:

-
Selection Stage of Policy Cycle/ Process According to Brewer and deLeon is the most overtly political stage insofar as the many potential solutions to a given problem must somehow be winnowed down and but one or a select few picked and readied for use.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

According to James E. Anderson, what role does legitimacy play in public support for policies?

It fosters acceptance and support in policies.

It enhances the transparency of policy-making.

It ensures the efficiency of governmental actions.

It determines the effectiveness of policy implementation.

It influences the procedural approach to policy formulation.

Açıklama:

-
Legitimacy is an important factor in developing public support and acceptance for both government and the policies that it adopts.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

According to Stone (1997), what is the defining characteristic of modern policy analysis?

Emphasis on intuitive feelings in making decisions

Concentration on logical techniques for making decisions

Focus on casual and irrational methods for making decisions

Reliance on consensus-based decision-making

Prioritization of social customs in decision-making

Açıklama:

-
The defining characteristic of modern policy analysis lies in its concentration on logical techniques for making decisions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

What is the primary task of parliaments in modern democracies?

Enacting legislation

Representing social elites

Avoiding public debate

Rejecting policy proposals

Promoting bureaucratic discretion

Açıklama:

-
The primary task of parliaments in modern democracies is enacting legislation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which of the following is not a primary role of nonprofit agencies in the adoption and legitimation stages of policy-making?

Public Awareness Campaigns

Transparency and Accountability

Data Collection and Analysis

Policy Advocacy and Support

Collaboration and Partnerships

Açıklama:

Data Collection and Analysis is not a primary role of nonprofit agencies in the adoption and legitimation stages of policy-making

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

What is the primary purpose of the evaluation stage in public policy?

To initiate policy proposals

To assess the effectiveness of policies

To select policy alternatives

To terminate policies

To implement policies

Açıklama:

-
The evaluation stage involves assessing the policy’s actual impact, effectiveness, and efficiency in achieving its intended goals.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following is not a category of knowledge utilizers in the policymaking-research relationship?

Legislators

Academic researchers

Program evaluators

Policy analysts

Interest groups

Açıklama:

Interest groups are not among the category of knowledge utilizers in the policymaking-research relationship.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Inclusive research approach emphasizes the importance of actively involving diverse stakeholders.By engaging stakeholders who hold different viewpoints and interests, researchers can counteract _______________________.
Which of the following best complete the sentence above?

Stakeholder engagement

Resource constraints

Policy alternatives

Bias and subjectivity

Policy selection

Açıklama:

-
Inclusive research approach emphasizes the importance of actively involving diverse stakeholders.By engaging stakeholders who hold different viewpoints and interests, researchers can counteract ______Bias and subjectivity_________________.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

How does Ripley (1995) describe the decision-making process in policy adoption?

It involves compromise and negotiation

It is straightforward with no complexities

It is primarily influenced by personal opinions

It relies solely on political opinions

It is a solitary process with no external input

Açıklama:

-
Ripley argues that usually as a result of compromise and negotiation, a decision is reached. If the compromise and negotiation process breaks down, no decision is reached.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

I. Problem formation (public agenda setting)
II. Policy formulation or re-formulation
III. Policy legitimation and adoption
IV. Policy implementation
V. Policy evaluation
Which of the above is/are among the stages of the policy cycle proposed by Kent. E. Portney?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I-III and V

I-II-III-IV and V

Açıklama:

All statements belong to the policy cycle proposed by Kent E. Portney

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Who is the author of the book titled 'Congressmen’s Voting Decisions'?

Kent E. Portney

John W. Kingdon

Sheldon Gen

Amy Conley Wright

Donley T. Studlar

Açıklama:

John W. Kingdon is the author.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Who is the author of the article titled “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches” that makes a significant contribution to the understanding of legitimacy within the realms of managerial and behavioral sciences?

Kent E. Portney

John W. Kingdon

Mark C. Suchman

Donley T. Studlar

Charles O. Jones

Açıklama:

Mark C. Suchman is the author.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

Who is the author of the book titled 'Public Opinion and American Democracy'?

Donley T. Studlar

Simon Matti

Mark C. Suchman

V. O Key

Grace A. Franklin

Açıklama:

V. O Key is the author.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

A (an) ..................... constitutes a decision that effectively quashes or obstructs an underlying or apparent opposition to the beliefs and concerns of the decision-maker.

non-choice

unidentified decision

strategic choice

undisclosed choice

non-linear act

Açıklama:

A non-choice constitutes a decision that effectively quashes or obstructs an underlying or apparent opposition to the beliefs and concerns of the decision-maker.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following is one of the participants in public policy according to Dror?

Academics

Legislatures

Public workers

Military advocates

Social organizations

Açıklama:

Legislatures is one of the participants in public policy according to Dror.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

I. It has limited transparency surrounding its decision-making activities.
II. It consists of high-ranking government officials.
III. It plays a significant role in shaping and implementing policies.
Which of the following is defined above?

Cabinet

Legislator

Public Service Bureau

Parliament

Policy Development Unit

Açıklama:

The Cabinet is described here.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following is among the roles of the parliament members in the adoption process of policy-making?

Stakeholder Engagement

Policy Formulation and Recommendation

Representation of Public Interest

Responding to Critiques

Policy Implementation Oversight

Açıklama:

Representation of Public Interest is among the roles of the parliament members in the adoption process of policy-making.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following is among the roles of political party members in the legitimation process of policymaking?

Policy Evaluation

Responding to Critiques

Amendments and Modifications

Campaigning and Mobilization

Policy Development

Açıklama:

Campaigning and Mobilization is among the roles of political party members in the legitimation process of policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is one of the possible roles of public administration and bureaucrats in the policy adoption stage?

Party Leadership

Public Endorsement

Policy Advocacy

Policy Implementation Planning

Data Collection and Analysis

Açıklama:

Data Collection and Analysis is one of the possible roles of public administration and bureaucrats in the policy adoption stage.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following best describes the concept of "policy adoption" in the public policy process?

The informal mobilization of political support

The implementation of public decisions

The rejection of alternative policy proposals

The budgeting of public programs

The formal selection of one or more policy proposals

Açıklama:

Policy adoption is a critical stage in the policy cycle where official decision-makers-such as legislators or executives-select from various formulated alternatives. This decision often involves legislation or executive orders, marking the government's official response to a societal issue. It is distinct from the stages of formulation or implementation, as it signifies formal commitment to a course of action.
Policy adoption refers to the formal choice of a specific policy alternative from among several options. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Which factor most directly contributes to the legitimacy of a public policy?

The number of policies proposed

The secrecy of decision-making

The public perception of fairness and appropriateness

The cost-efficiency of the policy

The number of stakeholders involved

Açıklama:

A policy may be legal but still lack legitimacy if it contradicts prevailing societal values. Legitimacy emphasizes normative acceptability, which involves public trust, transparency, and procedural fairness. Without this perception, policy adoption and implementation face significant resistance, undermining effectiveness.
Legitimacy depends on whether people perceive a policy as just and appropriate, not merely legal. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

According to Anderson, what is a core feature of decision-making in the policy adoption stage?

It is solely based on economic analysis

It avoids all political influences

It involves the building of majorities to approve alternatives

It relies primarily on judicial interpretation

It excludes public interest concerns

Açıklama:

Policy adoption is inherently political and collective, requiring coalition-building and consensus among decision-makers. The process includes bargaining and negotiations, especially in legislatures, to secure the necessary support for enacting specific policy proposals. Majority approval is essential in democratic contexts.
Anderson emphasizes that adoption involves majority-building for policy decisions. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which group of actors is most directly responsible for policy adoption in democratic systems?

Legislators

Media commentators

Street-level bureaucrats

Academic researchers

Civil society organizations

Açıklama:

In democratic systems, legislatures such as parliaments are formally empowered to adopt public policies. While other actors (e.g., interest groups, NGOs) influence the process, the legal authority rests with legislators. They transform policy proposals into law through formal debate and voting procedures.
Legislators are the main decision-makers in democratic policy adoption. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

What does “nondecision-making” in the policy process primarily aim to do?

Propose alternative policy solutions

Seek legitimacy for popular policies

Suppress emerging policy issues before they reach the agenda

Improve bureaucratic efficiency

Support grassroots policy demands

Açıklama:

Nondecisions are strategies used by powerful actors to prevent controversial or threatening topics from entering the formal policy agenda. This tactic ensures the preservation of status quo benefits for elite groups. It is a form of passive but strategic policymaking, often hidden from public view.
Nondecision-making suppresses issues to protect dominant interests. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which of the following is a key condition for long-term success of an adopted public policy?

Broad legitimation by relevant stakeholders

Rapid formulation by expert committees

International endorsement by peer countries

Bureaucratic independence from political actors

Judicial review at every stage

Açıklama:

Successful policies require more than formal adoption-they need perceived legitimacy among key stakeholders and the public. Legitimation ensures public cooperation and effective implementation. Without it, policies risk being ignored, resisted, or overturned despite being legally valid.
Legitimation is essential for the enduring success of public policies. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which actor group is classified by Dror as having formal authority in policy adoption?

NGOs and advocacy groups

Universities and research institutes

Interest groups and media

Legislators and administrators

Local communities and civil activists

Açıklama:

Dror categorizes actors into formal and informal groups. Formal actors, such as legislators and political administrators, have constitutional or legal authority to make policy decisions. Their actions, unlike those of advisory or advocacy groups, directly result in policy enactment.
Legislators and administrators hold formal authority in adopting policies. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

According to the chapter, what makes legitimacy different from legality in public policymaking?

Legality does not require political support

Legitimacy guarantees policy effectiveness

Legitimacy is only relevant during implementation

Legality cannot be questioned by the public

Legitimacy depends on perceived fairness, not just lawfulness

Açıklama:

While legality refers to compliance with laws, legitimacy pertains to societal acceptance and moral appropriateness. A policy might be legal but still face public resistance if it lacks legitimacy. This distinction underscores the importance of transparent and inclusive policymaking processes.
Legitimacy concerns fairness, beyond legal compliance. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 29

Which factor is emphasized in assessing the political feasibility of policy adoption?

The policy's environmental impacts

The motivations and resources of stakeholders

The involvement of international actors

The consistency of policy language

The speed of legislative approval

Açıklama:

Political feasibility assessments analyze who the key stakeholders are, what they want, and what influence they can exert. This insight helps anticipate the likelihood of adoption and the kinds of compromises required. Ignoring political dynamics reduces the chance of successful policy enactment.
Political feasibility hinges on understanding stakeholder motivations and power. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Which of the following is a main reason that legitimacy plays a pivotal role in policy adoption?

It enhances the legal structure of policies.

It accelerates administrative decision-making.

It ensures financial support from donors.

It fosters public trust and compliance.

It avoids conflicts with foreign governments.

Açıklama:

When policies are seen as legitimate, citizens are more likely to accept and follow them, reducing enforcement costs and political backlash. Legitimacy strengthens the democratic foundation of policies by aligning them with public values, which is crucial for sustainable governance.
Legitimacy encourages public trust and voluntary policy compliance. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 7

Soru 1

What was the focus of the first systematic analysis of the implementation phase in public policy?

Education policies

Healthcare policies

Environmental policies

Unemployment reduction policies

Economic policies

Açıklama:

The systematic analysis of the implementation phase became widespread only during the 1970s. The most well-known of the first studies on this subject is the implementation phase analysis of unemployment reduction policies

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 2

Which of the following considered as equally important as organizational conditions for the success of policy implementation?

Bureaucratic hierarchy

Technological infrastructure

Political conditions

Budget allocation

Public opinion

Açıklama:

-
It is generally accepted that political conditions are as important as organizational conditions for the success of the implementation phase.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

What term refers to the process of translating a legal mandate into appropriate program directives and structures for providing services or creating goods?

Policy Formulation

Policy Termination

Policy Assessment

Policy Implementation

Policy Decision-making

Açıklama:

-
The Dictionary of Public Policy and Administration (Shafritz, 2018, p. 185) defines implementation as:It is the total process of translating a legal mandate, whether an executive order or an enacted statute, into appropriate program directives and structures that provide services or create goods.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

What did Pressman and Wildavsky's (1973) study on unemployment reduction policies in Oakland reveal?

The importance of policy formulation over implementation.

The success of consensus-building in policy implementation.

The effectiveness of governmental oversight in policy implementation.

The importance of organizational rivalries in impeding implementation success.

The role of technological advancements in policy implementation.

Açıklama:

-
The intense organizational rivalries between the institutions participating in the implementation process hindered the success of the implementation phase.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

What is the term used to describe deviations from policy goals due to bureaucratic discretion?

Policy drift

Bureaucratic control

Divergence in execution

Administrative bend

Policy adoption

Açıklama:

-
Some deviations are perceived as unacceptable departures drifting away from intended policies, and thus they are called “policy drift” or, better yet, “bureaucratic drift”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

What term describes public employees who directly interact with the target audiences of public policies?

Top-level bureaucrats

Senior analysts

Policy advisors

Street-level bureaucrats

Administrative managers

Açıklama:

Public employees who directly interact with the target audiences of public policies are called street-level bureaucrats.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

What is the preferred intervention mechanism to solve public policy problems in the 1990s?

State intervention

Market mechanism

International cooperation

Technological innovation

Community-based initiatives

Açıklama:

-
The preferred intervention mechanisms to solve public policy problems: While state intervention in public problems was desired in the 1960s, the market mechanism came to the fore in the 1990s.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 8

Street-level bureaucrats who provided educational services entirely online during the COVID-19 Pandemic were termed as __________.
Which of the following best complete the sentence above?

Virtual administrators

Screen-level bureaucrats

Digital policymakers

Remote implementors

Technological officers

Açıklama:

Street-level bureaucrats who provided educational services entirely online during the COVID-19 Pandemic were termed as __Screen-level bureaucrats________.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

According to Meltsner (1976), what term is used to describe an analyst with high analytical skills but low political skills?

Technician

Politician

Entrepreneur

Pretender

Analyst

Açıklama:

-
An analyst with high analytical skills but low political skills is called Technician.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 10

Which term refers to the scenario where government regulatory institutions are controlled by the interest groups they oversee?

Regulatory dominance

Policy collusion

Interest groups scenario

Regulatory capture

Stakeholder alignment

Açıklama:

-
Regulatory capture, where the government institutions which are supposed to regulate a specific sector are controlled by the interest groups in the sector they are supposed to be regulating.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Whyich concept(s) below is/are related to Top-Down model?
I-reconciliation
II-bargaining
III-policy drift
IV-compromise

I-II

III

III-IV

I-III

Açıklama:

The bottom-up model acknowledges street-level bureaucrats’ significant influence and impact in the implementation phase. Some other deviations, however, are perceived as unacceptable departures drifting away from intended policies, and thus they are called “policy drift” or, better yet, “bureaucratic drift”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

The success and sustainability of policy implementation depend on how many groups?

Açıklama:

The success and sustainability of policy implementation depend, above all, on three groups of people. The first group is the policy analysts, who design policies to be implemented. The second group is the street-level bureaucrats, whose job is to
ensure that the policy is implemented as intended. The third group is the target populations, the attitudes or behaviors of which are expected to be changed by the implementation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which of the below is a characteristic of an analyst in 1960's?

State intervention

Market mechanism

Analysts considered numerous political actors and factors.

Employed in the public sector, with the status of a civil servant

A more participatory, pluralistic, open, and transparent policy-making process

Açıklama:

The answer choice is A. See Table 7.3 on page 219.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the below is considered new policy actors?

Bureaucrats

Politicians

Analysts

Entrepreneurs

Citizens

Açıklama:

First, new policy actors, such as citizens, are becoming more active in policy implementation. The information and communication technologies in general, and social media platforms and new opportunities in particular, such as crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and crowd-legislation, enable the citizens to transform themselves from passive recipients of public policy implementation to being its active participants and even coproducers

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

Which crisis greatly impacted how policy implementation is understood and applied?

World War I

World War II

9/11 attack

COVID-19 Pandemic

Israeli attacks on Palestine

Açıklama:

A second overarching theme for current and future trends in public policy analysis is the impact of small and large crises on policy implementation. The experiences of governments and bureaucrats during the COVID-19 Pandemic is a case in point. This crisis greatly impacted how policy implementation is understood and applied.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Why is policy implementation important?

to know its effect on target groups and society.

to know how to organize public policy

to show people the importance of public policy

to clear the way to implementing other important policies

to explore new ways of implementing public policy

Açıklama:

Unless a policy is implemented, there is no way to know its effect on target groups and society. Similarly, with the implementation, one can understand if it is a success or failure; thus, policy evaluation is possible.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

When did the systematic analysis of the implementation phase become widespread?

1960's

1970's

1980's

1990's

2000's

Açıklama:

The systematic analysis of the implementation phase became widespread only during the 1970s.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Why is the implementation phase considered as a Black Box?

Because people who are not seen implements it.

Because no one knows how to do it.

Because what happens in the implementation phase is not well known.

Because who implements id not well known.

Because implementation phase is not known.

Açıklama:

Parsons calls the implementation phase the “disconnected part” of the analysis process and states that what happens in the implementation phase is not well known, and this phase is treated as a “black box” whose content is almost unknowable.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

who resembled implementation phase to Game Theory?

Bardach

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Parsons

Elmore

Geva-May

Açıklama:

Bardach who claims that the implementation process is an “implementation game,” stated that the players in this game are various public policy actors who try to gain and maintain as much power and resources as possible over the implementation process and its results.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

What is the main strategy that Street-Level Bureaucrats develop?

Living Strategies

Survival Strategies

Money-Making Strategies

Moving Strategies

Pulling Strategies

Açıklama:

The main ones of these strategies are “coping strategies” and “survival strategies”

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 8

Soru 1

How does Dye define policy evaluation?

Learning about the processes of public policy

Determining the consequences of policy selection

Assessing the efficiency of policy adoption

Evaluating the quality of policy alternatives

Judging the effectiveness of policy makers

Açıklama:

-
For Dye (2017: 53) policy evaluation is “learning about the consequences of public policy”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

What is the main focus of ex ante evaluation in policy analysis?

Assessing the past performance of policies

Making retrospective judgments about program effectiveness

Determining the financial implications of proposed policies

Evaluating the long-term impacts of implemented policies

Conducting assessments before policies are introduced

Açıklama:

-
Ex ante evaluation is referred to as policy appraisal, and it is conducted before a policy is introduced.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

What was the focus of policy evaluation in its early years?

Measuring program outputs and outcomes

Predicting future policy impacts

Assessing political ideologies

Quantifying social inequalities

Evaluating bureaucratic performance

Açıklama:

-
The measuring of program outputs and outcomes was the focus in the early years of policy evaluation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

What principle is summarized in the motto "You cannot manage what you cannot measure"?

The necessity of qualitative measurement in policy analysis

The value of subjective assessments in public management

The importance of intuition in decision-making

The prioritization of policy implementation over management

The significance of measurement in effective management

Açıklama:

-
You cannot manage what you cannot measure emphasizes on the significance of measurement in effective management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

According to Dunn's typology, which evaluation methodology aims to ensure that assessments of worth or value are self-evident?

Pseudo-evaluation

Formal evaluation

Decision-theoretic evaluation

Impact evaluation

Judicial evaluation

Açıklama:

Pseudo-evaluation’s main premise is that assessments of worth or value are self-evident or uncontroversial (Dunn, 2018: 334).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

__________ evaluation goes beyond those initial achievements and aims to assess broader and longer-term impacts of the policy and program under consideration on target populations.
Which of the following best complete the sentence above?

Administrative

Output

Outcome

Process

Judicial

Açıklama:

___Outcome_______ evaluation goes beyond those initial achievements and aims to assess broader and longer-term impacts of the policy and program under consideration on target populations.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Qualitative evaluations emphasize the importance of ________ and observation.
Which of the following best complete the sentence above?

numerical analysis

statistical modeling

local-level knowledge

quantitative data

experimental design

Açıklama:

Qualitative evaluations emphasize the importance of __local-level knowledge______ and observation.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 8

What is one of the reasons policies might not change even after a negative evaluation?

Lack of political support

Positive evaluation results

High funding

Stakeholder dissatisfaction

Ethical concerns

Açıklama:

-
If the evaluation results are positive and favorable, policies do not change. Even if there is a negative evaluation, the existence of high political support overcomes negative evaluations and policy does not change.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

According to Anderson, which of the following is not among the problems faced in policy evaluation?

Uncertainty over policy goals

Difficulties in determining causality

Intense citizen involvement

Difficulties in data acquisition

Official resistance

Açıklama:

Anderson identifies several problems and obstacles to successful policy evaluation in determining the performance level of a public policy or program; uncertainty over policy goals, difficulties in determining causality, diffuse policy impacts, difficulties in data acquisition, official resistance, and a limited time perspective (Anderson, 2011: 287-292).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

What is the role of the "State Supervisory Council" in Turkey regarding policy evaluation?

Conducting experimental studies

Providing financial assistance

Investigating public entities upon request

Promoting policy continuity

Supporting performance of public entities

Açıklama:

-
The State Supervisory Council is authorized by the Constitution of Türkiye to inquire into, investigate, and inspect all public entities upon the request of the President of the Republic.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

what does ex ante evaluation mean?

policy appraisal

policy making

policy claims

policy interrogation

policy assessment

Açıklama:

In policy analysis, there are two forms of evaluation with reference to the period of evaluation. Ex ante evaluation is also referred to as policy appraisal, and it is conducted before a policy is introduced.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the below is a characteristic of policy evaluation?

Ongoing (leading to operational decision-making)

Episodic (leading to strategic decision making) and differs from audit

Attribution is generally assumed.

Measures are developed, and data is usually gathered through routinized processes

The use of the information can evolve over time to reflect changing information needs and priorities.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is B. See Table 8.1 on page 230.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the below is a characteristic of policy monitoring?

Episodic (leading to strategic decision making) and differs from audit

Measures are usually customized for each policy evaluation.

Ongoing (leading to operational decision-making)

Issue-specific

Targeted resources are needed for each policy evaluation.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is C. See Table 8.1 on page 230.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

when did policy evaluation start in the USA?

1940's

1950's

1960's

1970's

1980's

Açıklama:

In fact, certain programs developed in the US throughout the 1960s have been closely associated with the policy evaluation.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

When did the analytical capacities of the public agencies for evaluating programs and policies in a more systematic and comprehensive way expand since Congressional legislative enactments legally mandated program evaluations?

1940's

1950's

1960's

1970's

1980's

Açıklama:

In the 1970s, the analytical capacities of the public agencies for evaluating programs and policies in a more systematic and comprehensive way expanded since Congressional legislative enactments legally mandated program evaluations.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 16

Which of the below is a methodology that employs descriptive techniques to generate accurate and
valid information regarding policy outcomes without seeking to call into question the importance or
value of these results to specific individuals, social groups, or the whole society.

Formal evaluation

Outcome evaluation

Administrative evaluation

Pseudo-evaluation

Process evaluation

Açıklama:

Pseudo-evaluation is a methodology that employs descriptive techniques to generate accurate and
valid information regarding policy outcomes without seeking to call into question the importance or
value of these results to specific individuals, social groups, or the whole society.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

Which type of evaluation typically takes place within governmental organizations and looks at how services are provided?

Administrative evaluation

The impact evaluation

Pseudo-evaluation

Formal evaluation

Outcome evaluation

Açıklama:

Administrative evaluation typically takes place within governmental organizations and looks at how services are provided.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which type of evaluation is not an evaluation activity in the traditional sense but rather a tool for presenting public policy in a favorable or unfavorable light?

Political evaluation

Scientific evaluation

Judicial evaluation

The impact evaluation

Process evaluation

Açıklama:

Political evaluation is not an evaluation activity in the traditional sense but rather a tool for presenting public policy in a favorable or unfavorable light.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

What does NGO stand for?

Non-Gathering Organizations

Not Good Organizations

Non-Governmental Organizations

Never Goal Organizations

Not-Given Organizations

Açıklama:

NGO stand for Non-Governmental Organization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which of the below are the problems in Policy Evaluation?
I- uncertainty over policy goals
II- difficulties in determining causality
III- diffuse policy impacts
IV- difficulties in data acquisition
V- official resistance
VI- a limited time perspective

II-IV-V

I-III-V-VI

III-IV-V-VI

I-II-III-IV-V-VI

I-V-VI

Açıklama:

Anderson identifies several problems and obstacles to successful policy evaluation in determining the performance level of a public policy or program: uncertainty over policy goals, difficulties in determining causality, diffuse policy impacts, difficulties in data acquisition, official resistance, and a limited time perspective

Doğru Cevap: D

Publıc Polıcy (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

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