Prıncıples of Atatürk and the Hıstory of Turkısh Revolutıon II (ENG) - Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

The Lausanne Peace Conference sped up the abolishment of the Ottoman Sultanate. Which of the following was the reason for this?

Only the Ankara government was invited to the peace talks.

Only the Ottoman government was invited to the peace talks.

Both the Ankara and the Ottoman governments were invited to the peace talks.

The organizers undermined the authority of the Ottoman government.

The Treaty of Sèvres came into effect after the TGNA Armies defeated the Greeks.

Açıklama:

Following the Armistice of Mudanya, a peace conference was held in Lausanne, Switzerland, to discuss the terms and conditions of a new peace treaty which would replace the Treaty of Sèvres. Before the conference, the TGNA convened and adopted a motion to abolish the Ottoman Sultanate on November 1, 1922. One of the main reasons for such a measure stemmed from the fact that the British government had been trying to undermine the authority of the TGNA by inviting the representatives of the Ottoman Government to the peace talks along with the representative of the Ankara Government (Ahmad, 1993, p.50). This action on the part of the British caused concern in Ankara because, beside undermining the authority of the Ankara Government, having two representatives at the peace conference would also cause two different types of discussions: one maintained by the TGNA and the other by the Ottoman government. Moreover, this duality would also undermine the victories of the TGNA armies against the Allied Powers. Therefore, the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate became a necessity for the future and salvation of Anatolia and the Turkish C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which of the following enabled the complete abolishment of capitulations in every respect?

The Treaty of Sévres

The National Pact

The Ankara Treaty

The Armistice of Mudanya

The Lausanne Peace Treaty

Açıklama:

According to Article 28 of the Lausanne Peace Treaty, capitulations were completely abolished “in every respect”. The Ottoman debts were shared among her successor states including Turkey as stated in Articles from 46 through 57. First, the Ottoman debts to the central powers which was about “£170 million sterling was written off…” The remaining debt was shared among the Ottoman successor states including Turkey. Turkey’s share in this debt was determined to be 84.8 million gold Turkish Lira, equaling £78 million sterling. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

Why did the conservative deputies react to the first draft of the 1921 Constitution?

They wanted a populist program.

They were afraid of a change in the regime.

They wanted the constitution to be permanent.

They were against the Sultan.

They were against the Caliphate.

Açıklama:

The Turkish War of Independence was carried out according to the principles of a nation state after the TGNA was opened. Ensuing the election of Mustafa Kemal as the President of the TGNA, a government and a commission was established to prepare a constitution for this nation state. The first draft of the constitution was discussed on September 18, 1920 based on a populist program on the national sovereignty. The conservative deputies in the Assembly reacted to this program since they were afraid of a change in the regime of the country. Accordingly, they demanded that the Parliament had to continue to work only until the country and the Caliphate and Sultanate could be saved from the Allies, and they wanted the constitution to be temporary. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following was included in the 1921 Constitution?

Sections on fundamental rights

Sections on freedoms

Sections on the judicial system

Articles regulating the legislative affairs

Principle of government by a monarch

Açıklama:

The Constitution of 1921 was a revolutionary constitution set in extraordinary circumstances, but it lacked sections substantial to a constitution such as sections on fundamental rights and freedoms and the judicial system. It consisted of six sections, namely; “basic provisions” (Mevâdd-ı Esasiye) and “administration” (idare), “provinces” (Vilâyet), “sub-district” (Kaza) and counties (Nahiye), general inspectorships (umumi müfettişlik) with twenty-three articles additionally one unordered additional substance (madde-i münferide). The first nine articles of the Constitution regulated the legislative and executive affairs, setting forth the formation and authority of the TGNA. The rest of the articles covered the provincial, municipal, administrative and general inspectorate matters. The articles concerning the rule of the Assembly and its responsibilities were covered in the first nine articles. According to Article 1, sovereignty is vested in the nation without condition. Governmental system is based on the principle of self-determination and government by people. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following was included in the 1924 Constitution?
I. national sovereignty
II. one parliament
III. unity of forces
IV. supremacy of the parliament

Only I

Only II

Only III

Only IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

This constitution consisted of six sections and 105 articles. It was based on the principles of “national sovereignty”, “one parliament”, “unity of forces” and “supremacy of the parliament”. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which ideal was initially embraced by the 1924 Constitution before the later amendments?

Laicism

Statism

Republicanism

Reformism

Secularism

Açıklama:

The 1924 Constitution embraced the ideals of republicanism and nationalism and laid out the general characteristics and basic principles of the state (p. 14). The 1924 Constitution prevailed until 1961; however, some important changes were made in this constitution due to the changes that took place in the country toward establishing a modern democracy. For example, on February 5, 1937, Mustafa Kemal’s six principles, namely, nationalism, populism, republicanism, secularism, statism and revolutionism, were ingrained into Article 2 of 1924 Constitution (p. 16). But the question asks about the principles of the constitution before these changes. Therefore, C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which party later became the Republican People’s Party?

The People’s Party

The Green Army

The Turkish Communist Party

The People’s Participation Party

Progressive Republican Party

Açıklama:

When the communists began to attract more people, Mustafa Kemal decided to unite like-minded people in a political party. An important step for the foundation of the party was taken in a meeting with his staff on January 14, 1923, after the Turkish War of Independence. Mustafa Kemal had expressed his wish to establish a political party by the name of the People’s Party based on the ideas of Populism, which later became the Republican People’s Party. A is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

The Caliphate was abolished with the support of _____ .

The People’s Party

Conservatives

The Muslims of British India

The TGNA

The House of Ottoman

Açıklama:

The position of the caliphate emerged again once the regime became republican. The conservatives continued to use it as the symbol of opposition and as a counter-force to the president of the Republic. Then political tension heightened with the involvement of the Muslims of British India provoked by Britain. This unforeseen interference was accepted as an intervention in the internal affairs and was protested by the Republican People’s Party members. Mustafa Kemal abolished the Caliphate with the support of the People’s Party on March 3, 1924 so that Islam could not be used as a political instrument by the supporters of the old regime against the Republican regime. The TGNA deposed the caliph and banished the house of Ottoman from Turkey on November 1, 1922. When the Caliphate was abolished the position of Şeyhülislam, the Ministry of Religious Foundations (Şer’iye ve Evkaf Vekâleti), and religious courts (Şeriat Mahkemeleri) were also abolished. The Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İsleri Başkanlığı) replaced the Ministry of Religious Foundations as well as the Directorate of Religious Foundations (Evkaf Müdürlüğü), and all came under the prime minister’s office. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

What kept together the deputies of the TGNA despite their differences of opinion?

strong belief in Islamism

strong belief in Nationalism

strong belief in Socialism

strong belief in Populism

will to overcome foreign powers

Açıklama:

The deputies in the TGNA shared “a variety of ideologies, ranging from Islamism to populism and from nationalism to socialism. The idea uniting the various groups was the desire to overcome foreign occupation and establish sovereignty over the territory outlined in the National Pact (Misak-ı Milli) as accepted at the Congress of Erzurum.” E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

What did the Menemen Incident show?

strong support for secularism

strong reaction against secularism

strong support for the multi-party regime

strong support for the single-party regime

strong support for Mustafa Kemal

Açıklama:

The Free Republican Party experience showed that although the people were eager to have the conditions become better in the country with a different party than the Republican People’s Party, the Menemen Incident proved that there were still ongoing reactions against the secularization in the country. The FRP was the last trial for the multi-party experience during the lifetime of Atatürk and Turkey had to wait until 1945 for another trial. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

When was the Republican People’s Party established?

1920

1922

1923

1927

1929

Açıklama:

Republican People’s Party (hereafter RPP) was established by Mustafa Kemal on September 9, 1923, and this party ruled Turkey until 1950. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which of the following countries is not one of the participants of The Peace Treaty of Lausanne?

Italy

Finland

Japan

Britain

Romania

Açıklama:

Finland did not participate in The Peace Treaty of Lausanne. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Who was the Head of the Turkish delegation in The Peace Treaty of Lausanne?

Tevfik Pasha

Dr. Rıza Nur

İsmet Pasha

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Hasan Saka

Açıklama:

İsmet Pasha, the Head of the Turkish delegation, left the ground neither to Britain nor to the allies, and this was so from the beginning of the conference. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

Which of the following was not an issue of the "first commission" that was established on the first day of the Lausanne Peace Conference?

Borders

Nationality

Minorities

the Straits

Finance

Açıklama:

The first day of the conference, with all the tension, ended with the establishment of three sub-commissions all of which were to be chaired by the Allies. The first commission was on the territorial (borders, nationality, minorities, the Straits) and military questions and chaired by Lord Curzon; the second commission was on the future of the judicial status of foreigners in Turkey and chaired by the French ambassador Camille Barrère; and the third was on the financial and economic issues and chaired by the Italian Diplomat Marquis Garone (Sosyal, 1989, p.71). E is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

Who were the main supporters of Greece throughout The First Phase of the Lausanne Peace Conference?

France and Britain

Italy and Japan

Serb-Croat-Slovene State and Romania

Soviet Russia and Bulgaria

Belgium and Portugal

Açıklama:

France and Britain were the main supporters of Greece throughout the conference and at the same time guarded their old policies of interests. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

When was the Ottoman Sultanate abolished in Turkey?

October 11, 1922

November 1, 1922

July 24, 1923

September 9, 1923

October 29, 1923

Açıklama:

Prior to the peace conference, the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in Turkey on November 1, 1922 by the TGNA.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which year was the second constitution accepted?

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

Açıklama:

The first constitution was accepted in 1921, and it was replaced by the second one in 1924.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Which country below has participated in Lausanne peace talks as an observer?

Serb-Croat-Slovene State

Japan

Soviet Russia

Portugal

United States of America

Açıklama:

The participants of the Lausanne peace talks were Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Romania, Greece, and Serb-Croat-Slovene State on one side and the representatives of the TGNA government on the other. Additionally, Soviet Russia and Bulgaria participated when the question of the Straits was discussed. Belgium and Portugal participated when trade and settlement agreements were discussed. The United States of America, however, participated as an observer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Who made the welcoming speech in the Lausanne peace talks?

Lord Curzon

Camille Barrere

Marquis Garroni

Eleftherios K. Venizelos

Robert Haab

Açıklama:

The Conference was opened on November 20, 1922 at Casino de Mont Benon with the welcoming speech of Robert Haab, the President of the Swiss Confederation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

The second commission of the peace talks was on the future of the judicial status of foreigners in Turkey. Who was the chair of this commission?

Lord Curzon

Robert Haab

Camille Barrère

Marquis Garone

Eleftherios K. Venizelos

Açıklama:

The second commission was on the future of the judicial status of foreigners in Turkey and chaired by the French ambassador Camille Barrère.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

When was the constitution Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu accepted?

on April 18, 1920.

on September 18, 1920.

on September 25, 1920.

on January 20, 1921.

on November 16, 1922.

Açıklama:

Then, despite the reactions continued for months, the constitution Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu (the Law of Fundamental Organization) was accepted on January 20, 1921.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

Which article of the new 1924 constitution is the following?
"The Grand National Assembly of Turkey is the sole lawful representative of the nation, and exercises sovereignty in the name of the nation."

Article 1.

Article 2.

Article 3.

Article 4.

Article 5.

Açıklama:

Article 4. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey is the sole lawful representative of the nation, and exercises sovereignty in the name of the nation.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which section was Public Law of the Turks in the 1924 constitution?

The fifth

The sixth

The seventh

The eighth

The ninth

Açıklama:

The fifth section, Public Law of the Turks, consisted of the Articles 68-88, explained the rights and freedoms given to the citizens such as freedom of speech, assembly, movement and religion.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

When was the amendments made in the Law on Parliamentary Elections?

November 25, 1922

June 28, 1923

September 9, 1923

March 16, 1923

April 3, 1923

Açıklama:

Meanwhile, the TGNA served out its first term on April 1, 1923, and the elections were held on June 28, 1923 following the amendments made in the Law on Parliamentary Elections (İntihab-ı Mebusan Kanunu) on April 3, 1923.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

What was the name of the party which was established on August 12, 1930 by Fethi Bey?

Republican People’s Party

Free Republican Party

Progressive Republican Party

Turkish Communist Party

People’s Participation Party

Açıklama:

Finally, the planned party was established on August 12, 1930 by Fethi Bey and was named Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası, Free Republican Party, hereafter FRP.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

When was the Lausanne Peace Treaty signed?

1920

1923

1927

1929

1930

Açıklama:

After months of hard discussions, conflicts and debates, the Lausanne Peace Treaty was finally signed on July 24, 1923 (Zürcher, 2004, p.162). B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following islands was left to Italy in the Lausanne Peace Treaty?

Rhodes

Imbros

Tenedos

Rabbit Islands

Santorini

Açıklama:

The issue of the islands bordering Turkey was also resolved through the Treaty. Imbros, Tenedos, and Rabbit islands were given to Turkey. The island of Rhodes, the island of Meis and the Dodecanese Islands, which were under Italian occupation, were left to Italy. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

When was the Ottaman Sultanate officially ended?

November 1, 1922

March 7, 1920

March 18, 1923

April 20, 1924

October 29, 1923

Açıklama:

Following a convincing, decisive, and precise speech made by Mustafa Kemal Pasha addressing the conservative deputies in a secret meeting of the TGNA to accept the existing order based on the nation’s sovereignty, the motion to abolish the sultanate was accepted on November 1, 1922, ending the Ottoman Sultanate officially. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which of the following statements about "1921 Constitution" is not true?

The first draft of the constitution was discussed on September 18, 1920 based on a populist program on the national sovereignty.

This was the first ever constitution of Modern Turkey.

This constitution was adapted from the 1876 Ottoman constitution (Kânûn-ı Esâsî).

The constitution authorized the decisions and acts of the TGNA government.

The first nine articles of the Constitution covered provincial, municipal, administrative and general inspectorate matters.

Açıklama:

The first nine articles of the Constitution regulated the legislative and executive affairs, setting forth the formation and authority of the TGNA. E is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

In which year was April 23 accepted as the Children’s Protection Day?

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Açıklama:

In the ensuing years, April 23 was accepted as the Children’s Protection Day (Himaye-Etfal Günü) in 1925. The proposal was made by Fuat Umay, one of the founders of the Children Protection Society (Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyeti) established in Ankara. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 31

I. It was convened to better the Treaty of Sevres.
II. İsmet Pasha was chosen as the leader of the negotiation team.
III. Soviet Russia and Bulgari attended the conference related to the straits.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Peace Treaty of Lausanne?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Following the Armistice of Mudanya, a peace conference was held in Lausanne, Switzerland, to discuss the terms and conditions of a new peace treaty which would replace the Treaty of Sèvres. İsmet Pasha was chosen to lead the Turkish delegation in honor of his two victories over the Greeks at İnönü, Eskişehir. Additionally, Soviet Russia and Bulgaria participated when the question of the Straits was discussed. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

I. The British wanted to assert their power as the victors of World War I.
II. Turkish government was not readily accepted as the victor of the over the Allied forces.
III. Ismet Pasha's agenda focused mainly on the independence and freedom of the Turks.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Peace Talks of Lausanne?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

From the first moment on, British delegation wanted to assert their power in the peace talks. They were backed by other Allied forces. As a result, the Turkish government was not seen as the victor of the war but they were treated as supplicant in the war against the Greek. However, Ismet Pasha's agenda was determined and he said any other talk other than the independence of the Turks would endanger the peace talks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 33

I. Sandjack of Alexandretta
II. Mosul
III. Orthodox Patriarchate
Which of the above was included in the topics discussed in the Lausanne peace talks?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

During the peace meetings, the participants of both sides discussed the topics concerning the minorities in the Ottoman Empire, borders, the Straits, Thrace, Ottoman debts and capitulations, war compensation, the Sandjak of Alexandretta (İskenderun-Hatay), Mosul, and Orthodox Patriarchate. There was also the discussion about the population exchange between Turkey and Greece as proposed by the Greeks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

I. to determine the economic policies of the country.
II. to send a message to Allied Powers.
III. to settle the dispute between the Turks and Greeks.
Which of the above were the targets of İzmir Economic Congress?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

İzmir Economic Congress started on February 17 and continued until March 14, 1923. İzmir Economic Congress had two targets: one was to determine the economic policies, the other to send a message to the Allied Powers. The dispute between Greeks and Turks was somehow solved with The ConventionConcerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Population in 1923.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

I. Turkey's border with Syria would be the same as the Ankara Treaty.
II. Mosul problem was not still solved.
III. The Western Thrace was left to the Greeks as stated in Armistice of Mudanya.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Lausanne Peace Treaty?

Only II

Only III

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Turkey’s border with Syria was to be the same as was accepted in the Ankara Treaty of October 20, 1921. A solution to the problem of the Iraqi border could not be achieved during the conference since the Mosul-Kirkuk issue needed settlement before any agreement could be reached. The border in Western Thrace was accepted asset out by the Armistice of Mudanya.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

I. Turkish Grand National Assembly declared that it was the only legitimate Turkish government.
II. High Treason Law was accepted to ensure the legitimacy of the newly founded country.
III. The Law on Deserters was ratified to ensure that the number of the deserters would stop decreasing.
Which of the above is the direct consequence of the abolishment of the Sultanate?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

the TGNA, which was opened in Ankara on 23 April, 1920, declared that it was the only legitimate representative of the Turkish Nation, and “all legislation by the Istanbul government after March 16 was officially declared void”. In order to ensure the national sovereignty and prevent any danger to it they decided to pass a resolution called the High Treason Law on April 29, 1920 to prohibit the crimes against the nation
and to condemn to death anyone who betrayed the nation. When the number of deserters from the Army increased, the Law on Deserters. As a result, all three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

I. It was different from 1876 Constitution regarding the elections and rules of provinces.
II. There was a reaction from the Ottoman supporters in fear that there would be a regime change.
III. It was the first accepted law of Modern Turkey.
Which of the above is correct regarding the 1921 Constution?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The conservative deputies in the Assembly reacted to this program since they were afraid of a change in the regime of the country. This was the first ever constitution of Modern Turkey. This constitution was adapted from the 1876 Ottoman constitution (Kânûn-ı Esâsî) but with major changes especially in the articles concerning the elections and the rule of the provinces. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 38

I. Republican People's Party would be based on the ideas of Populism.
II. There would be no class conflict and with a working class similar to that of Europe.
III. There would be a party which would be supportive of classless society.
Which of the above is correct regarding the establishment of parties in the Turkish Grand National Assembly?

Only II

Only III

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal had expressed his wish to establish a political party by the name of the People’s Party based on the ideas of Populism. He hoped to plan a Turkey with no class conflict and with a working class as much similar as to those of Europe. Thus, the political party he planned would be supportive of a classless society in solidarity without a class conflict, which would be the base of the Turkish Republic.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

I. Every man who has completed the age of 18 had the right to vote.
II. The elections would be held in one stage and by the method of absolute majority.
III. Every 20 thousand men would elect a single deputy.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Law on Parliamentary Elections?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Every 20 thousand men would elect a single deputy.
Every man who has completed the age of 18 had the right to vote.
A person needed not be a tax payer to be an eligible primary voter or a secondary one.
The elections would be held in two stages and by the method of absolute majority.

These were the provisions added by the Law. Only first and third sentences are correct.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

I. It was the headquarters of the nationalist movement.
II. It was located in a region strategically important which gave access to people living in other cities.
III. It was linked by railway to other cities and directly to Istanbul.
Which of the above were among the reasons why Ankara was declared as the Capital of Turkey?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Because it became the headquarters of the nationalist movement, Ankara was chosen as the capital city of Turkey by the Heyet-i Temsiliye. Most importantly, Ankara was located in a region strategically important and almost equidistant to all the corners of Anatolia that gave easy access to people living in other cities in Anatolia. Furthermore, Ankara was connected to the Anatolian railway lines in 1892 and was directly linked to İstanbul.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which incident triggered the abolishment of the Sultanate prior to the Lausanne Peace Conference?

Turkey was invited to the peace conference on the condition that the Sultanate would be abolished.

Both the Ottoman Government in Istanbul and the TGNA Government in Ankara were invited to the peace conference.

Only the Ottoman governemnt was invited to the peace conference.

The Ottoman government did not recognize the TGNA Government in Ankara.

The Ottoman government in Istanbul did not want Turkey to join the peace conference

Açıklama:

Both the Ottoman Government in Istanbul and the TGNA Government in Ankara were invited to the peace conference.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

I. Turkey’s borders
II. The Straits
III. Thrace
IV. Ottoman debts and capitulations
V. The Sandjak of Alexandretta
Which of the above are among the topics discussed in Lausanne Peace Conference?

I, II and III

I, III, IV and V

III, IV and V

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

I. Turkey’s borders
II. The Straits
III. Thrace
IV. Ottoman debts and capitulations
V. The Sandjak of Alexandretta

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

Which issue was left unresolved in the Lausanne Peace Treaty?

The position of the Orthodox Patriarchate

The Sandjak of Alexandretta (İskenderunHatay)

Ottoman debts and capitulations

Turkey’s borders

Ottoman debts

Açıklama:

The position of the Orthodox Patriarchate left unsolved.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

When was Republican People’s Party (RPP) was established?

1919

1920

1923

1932

1938

Açıklama:

1923

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

When the first draft of the constitution was discussed in 1920 based on a populist program on the national sovereignty, why did the conservative
deputies in the Assembly react to this program?

They did not want the constitution to be temporary

They were afraid of a change in the regime of the country

They did not want the parliament to help the Caliphate and Sultanate

They demanded more important positions in the parliament for themselves.

They were afraid of of the Sultan

Açıklama:

They were afraid of a change in the regime of the country

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

What was the common goal in the TGNA enough to keep them together despite differences?

Declaring every political opinion would be represented in the TGNA

Making Ankara the capital city

Oppsing the deputies from the former Istanbul Parliament

A good foreign policy

The unity of the people and the establishment of an independent state

Açıklama:

The unity of the people and the establishment of an independent state

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

I. Mustafa Kemal and his friends thought it was a beautiful city
II. Ankara was located in a region strategically important
III. It was almost equidistant to all the corners of Anatolia that gave easy access to people living in other cities
IV. It was connected to the Anatolian railway lines in 1892 and was directly linked to İstanbul
V. It was located in the heart of Anatolia away from immediate enemies
Which of the above were the reasons for choosing Ankara as the capital city of Turkish Republic?

I and II

II and III

II, III, IV and V

I, III, IV and V

IV and V

Açıklama:

II. Ankara was located in a region strategically important
III. It was almost equidistant to all the corners of Anatolia that gave easy access to people living in other cities
IV. It was connected to the Anatolian railway lines in 1892 and was directly linked to İstanbul
V. It was located in the heart of Anatolia away from immediate enemies

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 48

The measures taken to severe the relationship between the army and politics
created mutual distrust between Mustafa Kemal and his rivals some of which were the old comrades in arms with him. Who was the only general who supported Mustafa Kemal on this issue?

Kâzım (Karabekir) Pasha

Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pasha

Refet Pasha

Fevzi (Çakmak) Pasha

Hüseyin Rauf (Orbay)

Açıklama:

Fevzi (Çakmak) Pasha

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

Why did Britain provoke the Sheikh Said Rebellion in Eastern Anatolia in the
1920s?

To use it against Turkey in the Mosul affair

To weaken Turkey in Eastern Anatolia

To create chaos in Turkey

To interfere with Grand National Assembly's affairs

To found a state in Eastern Anatolia

Açıklama:

To use it against Turkey in the Mosul affair

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

What do we learn about the situation in Turkey with the Menemen Incident?

The people were eager to have the conditions become better in the country with a different country

There were still reactions against the secularization in the country.

Turkey was ready for the secularization.

The transition to a multi-party political system was easily accepted by everyone in the country.

The backward regions of the country were not ready yet for the changes.

Açıklama:

There were still ongoing reactions against the secularization in the country.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

When did the Allies first accept the victory of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Army?

on October 11, 1922

on November 1, 1922

on July 24, 1923

on September 9, 1923

on October 29, 1923

Açıklama:

The Turkish Republic was established after the Turkish War of Independence when the Turkish Grand National Assembly Army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) was victorious in 1922. This victory was grudgingly accepted by the Allied Powers first by signing of the Armistice of Mudanya on October 11, 1922. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the following is the abbreviation of TGNA, which means “Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi” in Turkish?

Turkey Grand National Assembly

Turkish Grand National Assembly

Turkish Grand National Army

Turkish Geographical and National Assembly

Turkish Grand Nautical Assembly

Açıklama:

Followed by a peace treaty signed between the Allied Powers and the Turkish Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, hereafter TGNA) in Lausanne (Lausanne Peace Treaty) on July 24, 1923. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 53

Which of the following states was not a participant in the Lausanne peace talks?

Bulgaria

Italy

Japan

Hungary

Greece

Açıklama:

The participants of the conference were Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Romania, Greece, and Serb-Croat-Slovene State on one side and the representatives of the TGNA government on the other. Additionally, Soviet Russia and Bulgaria participated when the question of the Straits was discussed. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

Which of the following states was not in a side in the Lausanne peace talks?

Soviet Russia

Bulgaria

Portugal

U.S.A.

Belgium

Açıklama:

The United States of America, however, participated as an observer in the Lausanne peace talks. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

Who was the Head of the Turkish delegation at the Lausanne peace talks?

Hasan Saka

Rıza Nur

İsmet Pasha (İnönü)

Celal (Bayar)

Kazım Pasha (Karabekir)

Açıklama:

Turkey was represented by İsmet Pasha (İnönü), newly appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs; Hasan Saka, the former Minister of Finance; Dr. Rıza Nur, the Minister of Health, and the officials from various ministries including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. İsmet Pasha was chosen to lead the Turkish delegation in honor of his two victories over the Greeks at İnönü, Eskişehir, during the Turkish War of Independence as well as his success at the Armistice of Mudanya Conference. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

Between which dates did the first phase of the Lausanne Conference take place?

July 10, 1922 - December 7, 1922

November 20, 1922 - February 24, 1923

January 1, 1923 - March 31, 1923

April 23, 1923 - July 24, 1923

May 15, 1923 - August 30, 1923

Açıklama:

The Lausanne peace talks initially started on November 20, 1922 and lasted until February 24, 1923; this was the first phase of the conference. After a break, the second phase of the peace talks started on April 23, 1923 and continued until July 24, 1923. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

Belgium
Netherlands
Portugal
U.S.A.
Italy

Which of the above states participated in the Lausanne Conference when trade and settlement agreements were being discussed?

I, II, III

I, III

II, III

III, IV

IV, V

Açıklama:

Belgium and Portugal participated in the Lausanne Conference when trade and settlement agreements were discussed. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Soviet Russia
Bulgaria
Belgium
Italy
U.S.A.

Which of the above states participated in the Lausanne Conference when the question of the Straits was being discussed?

I, II

I, II, III

II, III

III, IV

IV, V

Açıklama:

Soviet Russia and Bulgaria participated when the question of the Straits was discussed. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

Between which dates did the second phase of the Lausanne Conference take place?

November 20, 1922 - February 24, 1923

January 12, 1923 - March 26, 1923

April 23, 1923 - July 24, 1923

May 5, 1923 - August 20, 1923

June 2, 1923 - September 26, 1923

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Which of the following issues was not discussed in the Lausanne Peace meetings?

Minorities in the Ottoman Empire

Aleppo

Ottoman debts and capitulations

Orthodox Patriarchate

The Sandjak of Novi Pazar (Yenipazar)

Açıklama:

During the peace meetings, the participants of both sides discussed the topics concerning the minorities in the Ottoman Empire, borders, the Straits, Thrace, Ottoman debts and capitulations, war compensation, the Sandjak of Alexandretta (İskenderun-Hatay), Mosul, and Orthodox Patriarchate. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 2

Soru 1

The importance of economic independence was emphasized in _____ .

Sivas

Erzurum

Amasya

Ankara

İstanbul

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal [Atatürk] and his close associates emphasized the importance of economic independence as early as the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. In the resolutions of the Sivas Congress, as well as those of the National Pact, economic independence was clearly stated as the principle means of economic development. Leaders of the Turkish national movement stressed their readiness to welcome scientific, industrial and economic assistance of the Western powers on the condition that they respected the independence of Turkey. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which of the following did the leaders of the Turkish national movement believe?

Negotiating foreign loans

Foreign investment complying with the laws

A regime of capitulations

Commercial privileges for foreign companies

Foreign concession

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal [Atatürk] emphasized that they did not oppose to foreign investment on the condition that the foreign investors complied with the laws of the country and that they did not seek preferential treatment. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

What kind of economic legacy was inherited from the Ottoman Empire?

Industrial

Artisan

Commercial

Technological

Agricultural

Açıklama:

The new Turkish Republic inherited an overwhelmingly agricultural economy from the Ottoman Empire. Industrial investments were few, estimated around 255. They were mostly in İstanbul and its surroundings. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

The Treaty of Lausanne ______ .

disallowed an independent policy for industrialization

allowed import tariffs

allowed protective measures

allowed an influential foreign trade policy

enabled the expansion of the industrial sector

Açıklama:

The constraints brought by the Treaty of Lausanne prevented Turkey from developing an independent policy for industrialization as explained above. Specifically, the Turkish state could not raise import tariffs which, in return, prevented it from developing protective measures and adopting influential foreign trade policy that would enable the expansion of the industrial sector. Nevertheless, the government attempted to develop the industrial base of the country by supporting the private sector. Some measures were taken along with the principles of the industrial activity which had been laid down in the Economic Congress in İzmir in 1923. These principles included promoting legislation for the encouragement of the industry, creating better credit facilities for the industry, and providing instruction, education and training for the engineers in the industry. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following was a measure taken in Turkey against the 1929 crisis?

A protectionist policy

A liberal policy

Import promotion

Export promotion

Devaluation of Turkish Lira

Açıklama:

In developing defensive instruments against the crisis, the state increasingly intervened in the situation, adopted a protectionist policy and import-substitution; that is, it attempted to replace some of the imported goods by local production. In order to stabilize the budget and increase the value of Turkish Lira, the Law on Foreign Exchange Markets (Menkul Kıymetler ve Kambiyo Borsaları Kanunu) was enacted (December 1929) and the Law on the Protection of the Value of Turkish Lira (Türk Parasının Kıymetini Koruma Hakkında Kanun) was introduced in February 1930. These laws enabled the government with instruments ‘to purchase, sell, and export gold and foreign and local currency’. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

What was promoted in 1931 as a solution to the economic crisis?

A new political party

Liberalism

Protectionsim

Ètatism

A new railway system

Açıklama:

Ètatism was promoted as the solution to the existing situation. In May 1931, ètatism was officially adopted as the principle on which the economic policy would be rested in the Third Congress of the Republican People’s Party. In the Congress, a program calling active intervention of the state in agriculture, commerce, and industry was accepted. Yet, the full implementation of the economic policy along with étatism was to take place from mid-1932 onwards. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

Which of the following is true about étatism?
I. The state is the investor.
II. It was liberal.
III. The state is the producer.
IV. It was socialist.

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and III

II and IV

Açıklama:

Ètatism, not clearly defined by the government in its initial phase, came to mean the state’s responsibility for investing in industry, creating and running industries that the private sector could not due to lack of sufficient capital, and supervising the production in these industries. In other words, the state was going to be the leading actor in economic development as an investor and a producer. It was a system specific to Turkey which originated from the principles of private enterprises. Yet, it placed a great role on the state in developing the national economy. Therefore, it was neither socialist nor liberal D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

What policy was promoted by étatism?

It adopted a support policy for agricultural goods.

It allowed the foreign trade unconditionally.

It established the Agricultural Bank to regulate the prices of foreign goods.

An international industry was created.

It promoted the state control of the foreign markets.

Açıklama:

During the étatist period, protective measures which were adopted in the aftermath of the Great Depression to control the foreign trade were maintained. The nationalization of foreign investments, especially in the areas of public utilities, mining and railways, continued. Some further restrictions and controls were put on the foreign capital. Remarkably different from the preceding years, the government tightened its control of the internal markets during the étatist era. It directly or indirectly followed the support policy for a number of agricultural goods. The Agricultural Bank regulated the prices. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which of the following is true about the wartime economic policy?
I. Prices fixed at law values.
II. Rise of the black market.
III. The Wealth Tax
IV. The tax for Agricultural Produce

Only I

Only II

Only III

Only IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

The implementation of the National Protection Law, especially fixing prices at low values, led to the rise of a black market economy. Big farmers, merchants and even some officials who were in a position to exploit the large degree of government intervention in economy made great fortunes. While the big farmers gained enormously from the rise in agricultural prices, the merchants benefited much from having the permit of importing some necessary items that they could sell at high prices. The fortunes that both sectors gained were exempt from taxation or control by the government. As the government needed more income to meet its expenditures, it decided to impose extraordinary taxes through which it would tax such fortunes. The first extraordinary tax in case was the Wealth Tax (Varlık Vergisi). In its implementation, there were no standards. Consequently, the tax was mostly paid by merchants in Istanbul, notably by non-Muslims who were subjected to rates higher than those of the Muslims (Zürcher 1993, p. 208). In June 1943, the government introduced taxes for agriculture products. It aimed to tax especially farmers who accumulated considerable wealth because of the tremendous increase in the prices of agricultural products. However, the government was not successful in collecting the taxes, especially from big landowners who were able to avoid government control. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

The Truman Doctrine and the following Marshall Aid Program led to ______ in the Turkish economy.

étatism

pro-Soviet policices

liberalization

the abolishment of free enterprise

full state control

Açıklama:

The unfavorable economic conditions caused mainly by war mobilization sparked the debate on economic policy within the Republican People’s Party as well. In an effort to respond to the challenge from the Democratic Party domestically and as a way of developing a close relationship with the United States, the majority in the Republican People’s Party favored a departure from ètatism to adopt a more liberal economic policy. In 1947, the declaration of the Truman Doctrine and the following Marshall Aid Program gave impetus to the economic liberalization of Turkey. The American economic missions who came to Turkey mostly recommended the government to curtail ètatism and favor free enterprise. In their reports, they stated that this was a prerequisite for the American aid to Turkey. C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Experts of which country contributed to the first five-year industrial development plan of Turkey?

France

England

USA

Germany

Soviet Russia

Açıklama:

The first five-year industrial development plan was introduced with the contribution of Soviet experts in 1933. Its implementation began in 1934.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

The delegates were divided into four sections to discuss the economic policies at The Economic Congress of Izmir. Which of the following was not one of these sections?

Business

Industry

Agriculture

Labor

Construction

Açıklama:

The delegates were divided into four sections to discuss the economic policies regarding business, industry, agriculture and labor.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Which of the following was the main center of 1929 economic crisis?

United States

England

France

Italy

Germany

Açıklama:

The 1929 economic crisis began when the stock market in the United States crashed in October. Although the United States was the main center, the crisis disseminated to all industrialized countries in a very short time.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following political leaders stated etatism as a policy?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Fethi Okyar

Süleyman Demirel

İsmet İnönü

Turgut Özal

Açıklama:

Ètatism was stated as a policy by İsmet [İnönü] for the first time in August 1930. On the opening of the Sivas railroad, the first successful example of state led enterprise in economy, he defined the railway policy as ètatist.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which of the following was responsible for operating mines during the first five-year-plan?

Etibank

İş Bankası

Ziraat Bankası

Garanti Bankası

Akbank

Açıklama:

In 1935, Sümerbank's mining and power industry responsibilities were transferred to a newly founded institution; namely, Etibank, the second largest state economic enterprise. This bank was initially responsible for operating all mines that had previously been given as concessions to foreign states and nationalized by the Republican regime. Yet, its primary mission was to develop the mining and electric industries.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

In which of the following years did President Truman launch the Truman Doctrine?

1932

1937

1942

1947

1952

Açıklama:

In March 1947, President Truman launched a doctrine named after him: the Truman Doctrine. It declared military and financial aid to Greece and Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

"Marshall Plan" was put into action by the United States against which of the following countries?

England

Italy

Germany

Turkey

Soviet Russia

Açıklama:

Soon after the promulgation of the Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan was put into action. The Marshall Plan envisaged financial support to the European countries to provide them with assistance in their efforts to substantiate their economies. This plan also aimed, besides helping the Europeans, to create lucrative markets for the industrial products of the United States and to remove poverty as a breeding ground for communist ideology.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which of the following was not among the major sectors defined as the important targets for industrialization in the second five-year-plan?

Coal mining

Chemical industry

Marine transportation

Engineering industry

Construction industry

Açıklama:

In order to maintain the industrial development, a committee of experts and technicians drafted the second Five-year plan. In this plan, nine major sectors were defined as the important targets for industrialization. They were:
1. mining, 2. coal mining, 3. regional electricity plants, 4. home fuels industry and trade, 5. earthenware industry, 6. foodstuffs industry, 7. chemical industry, 8. engineering industry, 9. marine transportation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following can be said about the Free Republican Party?

It was in firm support of the government’s railroad policy.

It opposed foreign capital.

It took widespread support in the regions where commercialized agriculture was intensive.

It criticized the Republican People’s Party for not having increased state intervention to economy as a response to the Great Depression.

It advocated a third way between state intervention and liberalism in economic matters.

Açıklama:

The Free Republican Party met with widespread support in various regions of the country, especially, in the rich farming areas of Western Anatolia and in some coastal towns, such as Samsun and İzmir; that is, in regions severely affected from the crisis. Fethi [Okyar], the leader of the Free Republican Party, criticized the economic policies of the Republican People’s Party, especially the policies related to railroads, taxes, and monetary control.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which of the following was the leader of the Free Republican Party?

Fethi Okyar

Adnan Menderes

Süleyman Demirel

Celal Bayar

Rüştü Aras

Açıklama:

The new party met with widespread support in various regions of the country, especially, in the rich farming areas of Western Anatolia and in some coastal towns, such as Samsun and İzmir; that is, in regions severely affected from the crisis. Fethi [Okyar], the leader of the Free Republican Party, criticized the economic policies of the Republican People’s Party, especially the policies related to railroads, taxes, and monetary control.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which of the following statements is true about the implications of 1929 economic crisis in Turkey ?

It succeeded the first five-year development plan

It had practically no effect in Turkey

Etatism was adopted following the crisis

Treaty of Lausanne had ended the year before

Turkey's economy was absolutely devastated

Açıklama:

The Turkish government began to search for a policy that would lessen the negative impacts of the crisis. In 1931, ètatism was officially adopted.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

In which Turkish city, The First Economic Congress was held ?

Sivas

Erzurum

Ankara

İzmir

İstanbul

Açıklama:

The ‘First Turkish Economic Congress’ in İzmir, February 17-March 4, 1923, which took place during the interval between the two sessions of the Lausanne Peace Conference.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which topic did the first part of the Lausanne Conference succeeded in handling ?

Resolution of economic matters

Position of foreigners

Questions on minorities

Financial matters

Territorial problems

Açıklama:

Except for territorial matters, there was no progress for neither the resolution of economic and financial matters nor the position of foreigners and minorities. The negotiations were deadlocked.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which document was adopted at the end of the İzmir Congress ?

Misâk-ı İktisadi

Ten-year development plan

Pact of İzmir

Misak-ı millî

Liberal economy manifest

Açıklama:

At the end of the congress, a document called the Economic Pact (Misâk-ıİktisadi) was adopted.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

What is the name of the resolutions taken during the first economic congress and incorporated intot the program of the Republican People's Party ?

1931 economic resolutions

New economic model decisions

Nine principles

Development aspirations

Three crescents

Açıklama:

Some of the resolutions of the Economic Pact were later incorporated into the
program of the Republican People’s Party called the Nine Principles (Dokuz Umde) and formed the basis of the economic policies of the party as well as the government programs in the 1920s.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

I. Turkey had to agree to the foreign concessions, originating from the capitulatory agreements and rights, until 1929.
II. Turkey could not freely change its customs tariffs.
III. Many of the foreign companies with commercial privileges continued to have them in the 1920s.
Which of the above statements is/are the constraints of Lausanne on Turkey ?

I,II

I,II,III

Only III

I,III

Only I

Açıklama:

All of the above statements are some of the constraints of Lausanne in Turkey

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

I. Industrialization of the country through which one would strengthen the national economy and bourgeoisie.
II. Ensuring a rapid increase in agricultural production.
III. Developping transportation and financial (banking) infrastructure.
Which of the above statements is/are some of th 1920's governments goals ?

Only I

I,II

Only III

II,III

All

Açıklama:

All of them were the government's goals.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

Which of the following agricultural products was the most severely affected by the incessant wars of the early 1900's ?

Nut

Wheat

Raisin

Tobacco

Sunflowers

Açıklama:

The wheat production estimated to decrease by 47 %, tobacco 51 %, raisin 54 % and nut 65 % (Boratav, 2016, p. 34)

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

In which of the following areas did the republican government invested the most ?

Wheat production

Engin industries

Bridges

Railway network

Textile

Açıklama:

The Republican regime gave utmost importance to railroads for strategic and economic reasons.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

Which of the following historic figures did not partake in the cadre movement ?

Şevket Süreyya Aydemir,

İsmail Hüsrev Tekin,

Vedat Nedim Tör

Burhan Belge

Hasan Ali Yücel

Açıklama:

Hasan Ali Yücel is not of the above mentioned people.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 31

The first five-year industrial development plan was introduced with the contribution of experts from which of the following countries?

Soviet Russia

Great Britain

Finland

Germany

France

Açıklama:

The first five-year industrial development plan was introduced with the contribution of Soviet experts in 1933.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which policy was replaced by liberal economic policies based on agriculture in the 1945-1947 period in Turkey?

Nationalist economic policy

Etatist policy

Capitalist policy

Socialist policy

Communist policy

Açıklama:

Turkey’s efforts to cultivate American military, political and financial support after the WWII facilitated the search for a revision in the ètatist policy. This policy was modified and redefined in the 1945-1947 period and it was gradually replaced by liberal economic policies based on agriculture.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

In which of the following cities was the 'First Turkish Economic Congress’ held?

İstanbul

Ankara

İzmir

Bursa

Adana

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

In which year was the first installment of Ottoman debts to be paid by the Turkish Republic?

1918

1923

1929

1934

1940

Açıklama:

Another provision of the Treaty of Lausanne which, would negatively affect economic development was related to the Ottoman debts. These debts were divided between Turkey and the other countries separated from the Ottoman Empire. Turkey’s share was two-thirds of the total debt (84,597,495 Turkish gold pounds). Payments were to be made annually. First installment was to be paid in 1929.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

Which of the following is not among the steps taken in order to improve agriculture during the period from 1923 to 1929?

The abolition of the agricultural tithe

The establishment of cooperative stores in different cities

The organisation of regional advisory offices

The distribution of plants and seeds

The importation of various fruits and vegetables from other countries

Açıklama:

The importation of various fruits and vegetables from other countries is not among the steps taken in order to improve agriculture during the period from 1923 to 1929. Instead, improvement of local production was aimed.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 36

Which of the following goods was excluded from any quotas in the importation process according to the law that was accepted in 1931?

Processed food

Alcoholic beverages

Perfume

Clothes

Medical goods

Açıklama:

A law mandating the government to have quantitative controls and set quotas on imports was accepted in 1931. This law prohibited the importation of goods that could be produced in Turkey. Importation was restricted to the goods which were indispensable to the country. Processed food, alcoholic beverages, perfume, clothes and shoes were not allowed to be imported. The importing of cement was subject to a quota while raw materials and machines used in agricultural and industrial production were categorized as importable. Similarly, medical goods and materials were excluded from any quotas.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

Which of the following stated etatism as a policy for the first time?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

İsmet İnönü

Fethi Okyar

Hasan Ali Yücel

Bülent Ecevit

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which of the following replaced Turkish Industrial Credit Bank and State Office for Industry in July 1933?

İş Bankası

Ziraat Bankası

Etibank

Sümerbank

Vakıflar Bankası

Açıklama:

Business Bank (İş Bankası) began to finance the industries organized by the state in return for shares from the capital of these industries. In addition, Sümerbank replaced Turkish Industrial Credit Bank and State Office for Industry in July 1933.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which model for industrial development was chosen in the first five-year plan by Turkish Republic?

American model

English model

Soviet model

French model

Norwegian model

Açıklama:

İsmet [İnönü], the Prime Minister, and Tevfik Rüştü [Aras], the Minister of Foreign Affairs, made an official visit to the Soviet Union in 1932. Impressed by its economic achievements, they decided to adopt the Soviet model for industrial development.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following was not included in the second five-year plan as an important target for industrialization?

Mining

Chemical industry

Marine transportation

Engineering industry

Hemp industry

Açıklama:

In this plan, nine major sectors were defined as the important targets for industrialization. They were:
1. mining, 2. coal mining, 3. regional electricity plants, 4. home fuels industry and trade, 5. earthenware industry, 6. foodstuffs industry, 7. chemical industry, 8. engineering industry, 9. marine transportation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

To finance the mobilization of the army
To revive agricultural production
To widen the industrial base of the country

Which ones above can be considered at the main aims of etatism as an economic policy during World War II?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Etatism continued to be the official economic policy during World War II. However, in that case, it did not serve to widen the industrial base of the country but to finance the mobilization of the army for war. Implementations of the war economy caused the rise of great discontent in different groups of the society against the government during and after the war. The correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

The resolution of economic matters
Disagreement on the position of foreigners
Deadlocked negotiations

Which ones above can be considered among the results of the Lausanne Conference began on November 21, 1922?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Conference began on November 21, 1922. Except for territorial matters, there was no progress for neither the resolution of economic and financial matters nor the position of foreigners and minorities. e negotiations were deadlocked. As a result, the talks were broken on February 4, 1923. Later, resumed on April 23, 1923. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

What was the first attempt at laying down the principles for economic development by reaching an understanding between the government and traders, landowners, industrialists, and workers?

Treaty of Lausanne

The Economic Congress of Izmir

Law for the Encouragement of Industry

Erzurum Congress

Sivas Congress

Açıklama:

The most noteworthy development which demonstrated the extent to which the leaders of the Turkish War of Independence realized the importance of economic issues was the convention of the ‘First Turkish Economic Congress’ in İzmir, February 17-March 4, 1923, which took place during the interval between the two sessions of the Lausanne Peace Conference. It was the first attempt at laying down the principles for economic development by reaching an understanding between the government and traders, landowners, industrialists, and workers. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 44

Theft, lie, hypocrisy, and laziness were the enemy of the nation
Fervent support of Turks for enlightenment and science
Foreign capital was accepted as long as the institutions adapted to the language and the laws in the country

Which ones above are among the factors listed in the National Pact?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The final document of the Conference was named the National Pact (Misâk-ı Millî) in order to demonstrate that economic independence was equally important as political independence. The document drew upon what the Turkish nation had at its disposal for economic development. Among the factors listed were the rich natural resources; her attempts to produce the goods necessary for consumption, fervent support of Turks for enlightenment and science, their willingness to work free, and their resistance to monopolies in business (Hershlag, 1968, p. 15). eft, lie, hypocrisy and laziness were the enemies of the nation. Regarding foreign capital and investors, the document stated that the Turks were not against foreign capital; nevertheless, they would not have relations with institutions that did not adapt to the language and the laws in the country. The correct option is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Tax exemptions for industries
Privileges for individuals
Grant of 10 hectares land free of charge

Which ones above were accepted efforts with the Law for the Encouragement of Industry?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The most notable development in the e orts for industrialization was the enactment of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu) in May 1927. is law provided tax exemptions and privileges for industrial firms. According to the provisions of the Law, industrial establishments approved by the Government and recommended by the Ministry of Commerce would be granted land up to 10 hectares free of charge; decrees would be issued to exempt enterprises from telegraph or telephone charges and from immovable property tax, land tax, profit tax. In addition, the materials needed for the construction of the enterprises would not be subject to customs duties if they were not obtainable in the country. The correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

What was the most important problem before industrial and agricultural development for the early government?

lack of labour

lack of capital

foreign investment

uneducated people

foreign pressure

Açıklama:

Lack of inadequate capital was the most important handicap before industrial and agricultural development. e early Republican governments attempted to improve the financial infrastructure and extend credit facilities to industrial enterprises and agricultural producers. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

Savings and demand for local goods
The burden put by Ottoman debts
No institutions for the control of credit and monetary transactions

According to İsmet İnönü, which ones above are among the reasons of Turkish Lira's devaluation during the great depression?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II, and III

Açıklama:

According to İsmet [İnönü], then the Prime Minister, Turkish Lira devalued because of the reasons listed below. First, the country was not saving; rather, there was a high demand for imported goods. Secondly, the state budget was running a deficit due to the Ottoman debts; and, finally, there was no national institution controlling credit and monetary transactions. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

What was the institution founded to control credit and monetary operations?

Agriculture Bank

Bussiness Bank

Central Bank

Bank for Industry and Mining

Industrial Credit Bank

Açıklama:

In order to control credit and monetary operations, the Central Bank (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası) was founded in June 1930. is bank was designed to fix the discount rates, regulate the monetary market, and direct the movement of currency. The correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Which person below was not a main figure of the Kadro movement?

Şevket Süreyya Aydemir

Burhan Belge

İsmail Hüsrev Tekin

Celal Bayar

Vedat Nedim Tör

Açıklama:

Early attempts at formulating a definition of ètatism came from a group of intellectuals/writers who gathered around the Kadro (Cadre) journal. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, İsmail Hüsrev Tekin, Vedat Nedim Tör, and Burhan Belge were the main figures of the Kadro movement. Their principal aim was to develop an ideology for the Turkish Revolution. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

General or partial mobilization
Entry to the war
An outbreak of a natural disaster

In which circumstances above can the Council of Ministers take over the control of the economy?

Only I

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The most noteworthy development about the measures that the government took as a remedy for the ensuing problems was the enactment of the National Protection Law in January 1940. It mandated the Council of Ministers to take over control of the economy in case of extraordinary circumstances that were defined as

general or partial mobilization,
entry to the war and,
an outbreak of a war that would directly affect Turkey.

The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

Which of the following put some constraints on the power of the leaders of the Turkish Republic in forming their economic policies, specifically in determining the customs tariffs, until 1929?

The War of Independence

The İzmir Economy Congress

The Treaty of Lausanne

The Great Depression

The World War II

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Lausanne, signed on July 24, 1923, put some constraints on the power of the leaders of the Turkish Republic in forming their economic policies, specifically in determining the customs tariffs, until 1929. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

Which of the following concepts are defined by the resolutions of both the Erzurum Congress (July 23-August 7, 1919) and the Sivas Congress (4-11 September 1919)?

The principles of national economic equality and independence

The negative impacts of ètatism

Financial matters with the foreign countries

The foreign investors complied with the laws of the country

The economic assistance of the Western powers

Açıklama:

The resolutions of both the Erzurum Congress (July 23-August 7, 1919) and the Sivas Congress (4-11 September 1919) defined the principles of economic equality and independence. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which of the following was the the first attempt at laying down the principles for economic development by reaching an understanding between the government and traders, landowners, industrialists, and workers?

The Lausanne Conference

the Erzurum Congress

the Sivas Congress

The Economic Congress of Izmir

the Treaty of Lausanne

Açıklama:

The Economic Congress of Izmir was the the first attempt at laying down the principles for economic development by reaching an understanding between the government and traders, landowners, industrialists, and workers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

Which of the following matters related to one of the provisions of Treaty of Lausanne would negatively affect economic development in Turkey?

Ottoman debts

Unemployment

Agriculture

Foreign relations

Restricted economy policies

Açıklama:

Another provision of the Treaty of Lausanne which, would negatively affect economic development was related to the Ottoman debts. These debts were divided between Turkey and the other countries separated from the Ottoman Empire. Turkey’s share was two-thirds of the total debt (84,597,495 Turkish gold pounds). Payments were to be made annually. First installment was to be paid in 1929. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 55

Which of the following is not one of the efforts that the government spent to stimulate agricultural development and increase agricultural output in the 1920s?

Regional advisory offices were organized in order to assist peasants.

Some legislative measures were taken for the extension of irrigation.

High schools for agriculture and veterinary science opened in Ankara

Cooperative stores were established.

The land-income tax was replaced by tithe.

Açıklama:

Tithe was replaced by a land-income tax, which lessened the tax burden of the peasantry. Tithe, one tenth of the annual produce, It was the symbol of peasant exploitation in the Ottoman Empire. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

What was the aim of the establishment of the Society of National Economy and Savings (Millî İktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti) in December 1929?

To lessen the negative impact of 53

To empower an authoritarian political regime

To reduce the demand for imported goods

To decline the prices for agricultural items

To drop international trade

Açıklama:

As a remedy to the first cause, the government led the establishment of the Society of National Economy and Savings (Millî İktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti) in December 1929. Its aim was to reduce the demand for imported goods by changing the consumption trends of the people in Turkey. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

Which of the following means the state’s responsibility for investing in industry, creating and running industries that the private sector could not due to lack of sufficient capital, and supervising the production in these industries?

Capitalism

Ètatism

industrialism

Protectionism

Liberalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Which of the following was not one of the main figures of the Kadro movement?

Şevket Süreyya Aydemir

İsmail Hüsrev Tekin

Vedat Nedim Tör

Celal Bayar

Burhan Belge

Açıklama:

Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, İsmail Hüsrev Tekin, Vedat Nedim Tör, and Burhan Belge were the main figures of the Kadro movement. Their principal aim was to develop an ideology for the Turkish Revolution. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

Which of the following was not one of the functions of Sümerbank?

Running the factories transferred to it by the State Office for Industry

Preparing projects for new factories, establishing and operating them

Participating in or supporting financially the creation or the enlargement of the industrial establishments

Establishing schools for the training of the personnel and offering scholarships for industrial training in Turkey or abroad

The management of all existing factories and/or the factories to be established as full or partial state enterprises

Açıklama:

State Office for Industry (Devlet Sanayi Ofisi) was responsible for the management of all existing factories and/or the factories to be established as full or partial state enterprises. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

Which of the following was not one of the first Five-year plan, drawn up in 1933?

Basing the industry mainly on foreign raw materials

The dispersal of the industrial centers for strategic and economic reasons

Taking industry to rural sectors in order to provide alternative employment to farmers

The production of consumer goods

The extensive development of the textile industry

Açıklama:

Basing the industry mainly on local raw materials was one of the aims. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Until which year did the Treaty of Lausanne put some constraints on the power of the leaders of the Turkish Republic in forming their economic policies, specifically in determining the customs tariffs?

until 1924

until 1929

until 1939

until 1950

until 2023

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 62

When the étatism was officially adopted in Turkey?

In 1925

In 1929

In 1931

In 1933

In 1936

Açıklama:

In 1931, étatism was officially adopted. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 63

Between which years was the first five-year industrial development plan put into practice?

1923-1928

1926-1931

1929-1934

1932-1937

1924-1929

Açıklama:

The first five-year industrial development plan was introduced with the contribution of Soviet experts in 1933. Its implementation began in 1934. Until 1939, industrial enterprises ranging from textiles to iron and steel, paper, etc. conformed to this plan. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 64

In which period was the policy of étatism modified and redefined, and was gradually replaced by liberal economic policies based on agriculture?

in 1936-1938

in 1939-1942

in 1942-1945

in 1945-1947

in 1948-1950

Açıklama:

The policy of étatism was modified and redefined in the 1945-1947 period and it was gradually replaced by liberal economic policies based on agriculture. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 65

Which of the following is not one of the topics on economic policies discussed by the delegates at the Izmir Economics Congress?

Business

Industry

Minorities

Agriculture

Labor

Açıklama:

The official steering committee of the congress was elected and the delegates were divided into four sections to discuss the economic policies regarding business, industry, agriculture and labor. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 66

According to the Economic Pact (Misâk-ı İktisadî), which of the following was not among the factors to be utilized for economic development?

Attempts to produce the goods necessary for consumption

Fervent support of Turks for enlightenment and science

Willingness of Turks to work free

Being open to all kinds of foreign capital an investors

Resistance of Turks to monopolies in business

Açıklama:

The Economic Pact (Misâk-ı İktisadî) drew upon what the Turkish nation had at its disposal for economic development. Among the factors listed were the rich natural resources; her attempts to produce the goods necessary for consumption, fervent support of Turks for enlightenment and science, their willingness to work free and their resistance to monopolies in business. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 67

Creating a national economy and strengthening the national bourgeoisie were the main goals of the economic policy of which Ottoman party during World War I?

Ottoman Democratic Party (Osmanlı Demokrat Fırkası)

Freedom and Accord Party (Hürriyet ve İtilaf Fırkası)

Committee of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti)

Ottoman Liberty Party (Osmanlı Ahrar Fırkası)

The Comittee of Devotees of the Nation (Fedakarân-ı Millet Cemiyeti)

Açıklama:

Creating a national economy and strengthening the national bourgeoisie had been the major goals of the economic policy of the Committee of Union and Progress during World War I. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 68

Which of the following is not one of the factors that hindered economic development in the last years of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Republic?

Mobilization for war

Recruitment of manpower and their loss in battles

Starvation and disease

Escape of wealthy Turks with capital to abroad

Greek invasion of Anatolia

Açıklama:

Mobilization for war, recruitment of manpower and their loss in battles, starvation and disease, Greek invasion of Anatolia, all hindered economic development. On the other hand, emigration of the Greeks and Armenians came to mean the exodus of the large majority of entrepreneurs and managers. With them, industrial and commercial expertise was lost, too. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 69

Industrialization of the country
Establishment of universities
Ensure a rapid increase in agricultural production
Develop transportation and financial (banking) infrastructure

Which of the above were major goals that governments of the 1920s set for economic development?

I, II, III

I, III, IV

II, IV

II, III, IV

III, IV

Açıklama:

The governments of the 1920s had three major economic goals for economic development under these circumstances. First, they aimed at the industrialization of the country through which they would strengthen the national economy and bourgeoisie. Secondly, they aimed to ensure a rapid increase in agricultural production. This would improve the living conditions of the agricultural population as well as increase the share of agriculture in industrial development. Finally, they aimed to develop transportation and financial (banking) infrastructure. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

Which of the following is not one of the measures taken by governments to develop the agricultural sector in the 1920s?

High schools for agriculture and veterinary science opened in Ankara.

Cooperative stores were established, and regional advisory offices were organized.

Agricultural instructors and specialists were sent to Europe and the USA to learn about the modern agricultural methods.

Business Bank (İş Bankası) was established.

The government founded the Agricultural Bank (Ziraat Bankası).

Açıklama:

The government reorganized the Agricultural Bank (Ziraat Bankası) which had been founded in 1888. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Two major endeavors characterized the 1920s in the Turkish Republic in several respects. Which one below is one of them?

reforms

industrialization

single party rule

nationalism

multi party experiences

Açıklama:

Two major endeavors characterized the 1920s. The first one was the systematic effort of founding a new structure through extensive reforms which generated radical shifts and which were geared towards establishing and strengthening the new system until the end of the decade. The second marker was the elimination and/or suppression of the opposition or any perceived threat.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which one below is not one of the main principles of Kemalism?

republicanism

nationalism

reformism

socialism

statism

Açıklama:

The main principles of Kemalism were defined by the well-known six arrows: republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, statism (etatism), and secularism (laicism).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

When was the Sheikh Sait Rebellion in the South Eastern region of Turkey broke out?

on October 18, 1924.

on December 22, 1924.

on February 13, 1925.

on March 27, 1925.

on May 3, 1925.

Açıklama:

Shortly after the abolishing of the Caliphate, a rebellion broke out in the South Eastern region of Turkey on February 13, 1925. A Kurdish Naqshbandi leader by the name of Sheikh Sait headed the uprising.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which reform/decisive change happened on 20th of April, 1924?

The proclamation of the Republic of Turkey with its capital in Ankara.

Ministries of Agriculture and Trade were established.

Islamic law Sharia was abolished and its courts were eliminated.

The first Turkish bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, was established.

The new Constitution was adopted. (105 articles in six sections).

Açıklama:

2914: April 20: The new Constitution was adopted. (105 articles in six sections).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

Which reform/change has happened on 21st of August 1936?

The Second Turkish Historical Congress convened.

Six principles of Kemalism were written into the Constitution.

The Third Turkish Language Assembly convened - Sun Language Theory.

Etibank, a state bank financing mostly the energy sector, was established.

Sunday was adopted as the legal weekly holiday instead of Friday.

Açıklama:

1936: August 21: The Third Turkish Language Assembly convened - Sun Language Theory.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

When was the Latinization of the alphabet?

in 1928.

in 1926.

in 1924.

in 1922.

in 1920.

Açıklama:

The republican language reform started after lengthy discussions from the early 1920s and continued with the Latinization of the alphabet in 1928.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which institution was established on April 15, 1931?

Turkish History Society

Turkish Language Association

Board for the Research

Society for the Research of Turkish History

Society for the Research of Turkish Language

Açıklama:

Shortly after the closing down of the Turkish Hearths, an heir institution called Society for the Research of Turkish History (Türk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti) was established on April 15, 1931.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

Which institutions were those which were organically tied to the ruling party and fourteen of them were established in urban centers on February 19, 1932?

Turkish Hearths

Village Institutes

Nation Schools

People’s Rooms

People’s Houses

Açıklama:

The People’s Houses (Halkevleri) proved to be the most outstanding vehicle for promoting the core principles of the republican regime among the masses and had the mission of breathing life into the Turkish nation through their activities. As institutions organically tied to the ruling party, fourteen of them were established in urban centers on February 19, 1932.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

How many committees had the People’s Houses?

Açıklama:

Each House was comprised of up to nine committees, including Language, Literature and History, Fine Arts (incl. music), Drama, Sports, Social Assistance, Popular Education and Courses, Library and Publications, Village Welfare and Development,and Museums and Exhibitions

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

When was the adoption of the new Civil Code?

1926

1928

1930

1932

1934

Açıklama:

The adoption of the new Civil Code in 1926 provided the legal backbone for the equality between sexes and took the vital steps for the improvement of the status of women.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

Choose the appropriate term for following definition.
"It is the segment of a given society who, by virtue of position, education or tradition, exercises power in political decision-making processes and oversees the implementation of the policies devised by them. Appointment holders in the government exercise that power directly while some social groups outside of the state structure might also be influential."

The Working Class

The Ruling Elite

The Retired Class

The Army Elite

The Economist Class

Açıklama:

The ruling elite is the segment of a given society who, by virtue of position, education or tradition, exercises power in political decision-making processes and oversees the implementation of the policies devised by them.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

When was the Republican People’s Party founded (under the name of People's Party)?

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

Açıklama:

In 1923 August 9, the People’s Party was founded. As of November 10, 1924, it was renamed the Republican People’s Party.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

When was the new Turkish alphabet adopted?

1923

1924

1925

1927

1928

Açıklama:

November 1, 1928.
A modified Latin script was adopted as the new Turkish alphabet. Nation schools (Millet Mektepleri) were established. Printing in the Arabic script was to end in one year. The school had to use only the new alphabet in education.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

When was the law of surnames passed?

1923

1925

1930

1934

1937

Açıklama:

1934 June 21.
Law of Surnames was passed.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

When was the rise of Turkish "cultural" nationalism as a phenomenon?

1920s

1930s

1940s

1930s and 1940s

1920s and 1940s

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

What was one of the lasting legacies of the Village Institutes?

The rise of intellectuals in provincial regions

The increase in agricultural production

The strengthening of social solidarity

The permanent implantation of tailored
education for rural areas

Prevention of internal migrations

Açıklama:

The short-term result and lingering legacy of this educational experience has been the rise of intellectuals rooted in provincial regions for the first time. These new type of intellectuals added a new genre to Turkish literature, namely the village novel.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following sentences regarding women’s emancipation is a valid claim?

The official iconography concentrated on the peasant woman as the icon of womanhood.

The early Republic did not try to eliminate gender discrimination.

Turkish women were one of the latest groups to receive enfranchisement in the world.

Early Republican policies discouraged the women's education and professionalization.

The official rhetoric claimed that gender equality was an integral part of Turkish culture.

Açıklama:

This notion of a historical rupture led to dichotomy depictions that highlighted the virtues of the present while underlining the deficiencies of the past and thus provided justification and legitimization for the new regime. One of such interpretations which became an integral part of the official rhetoric and the reform activity was related to women.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

When was the office of the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished?

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

Açıklama:

1922, November 1.
The office of the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

When were the women given the right to vote and be nominated in municipal elections?

1923

1925

1930

1931

1938

Açıklama:

1930, April 3.
Women were given the right to vote and be nominated in municipal elections

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which of the following was not one of the goals of the early Turkish Republican modernization project?

Establishing a nation-state and secularization

Building a modern system through westernizing measures

Concentrating on certain fields for reform while leaving others untouched

Creating a homogenous nation and a common national identity

Nationalizing religion

Açıklama:

Changes in the judicial field, the educational arena, and gender relation patterns seem to constitute outstanding categories in early Turkish Republican modernization and nation-building efforts. Establishing a completely new and secular legal framework provided the foothold for the regime’s policies and gave the administration enforcement power. Public education served to raise the new generation with scientific learning and Republican principles, thus providing a significant element in the survival and the reproduction of the system. Adult education functioned to disseminate the official ideology among the masses and helped the citizens to adapt to structural changes as well. Changes in gender relation patterns created an emancipated woman who was educated and active in the public space. These new mothers equipped with the trimmings of modernity would be responsible for bringing up the youth of the country and propagating the Republican vision of a contemporary society.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

In order to eliminate the opposition or any perceived threat against the Turkish Republic in the 1920s and the 1930s, which of the following was issued?

Law for the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu)

The foundation of The People’s Party

Establishing The People’s Houses

The Law for the Unification of Education

Adopting new bodies of laws and codes based on European models

Açıklama:

The 1920s and the 1930s are the formative years of the Turkish Republic in several respects. The implementation of radical reforms and the nationbuilding process hold a significant place in these two decades, respectively. Two major endeavors characterized the 1920s.
The first one was the systematic effort of founding a new structure through extensive reforms which generated radical shifts and which were geared towards establishing and strengthening the new system until the end of the decade.
The second marker was the elimination and/or suppression of the opposition or any perceived threat, especially as of 1925 after the Sheikh Sait Rebellion (Şeyh Sait İsyanı) and the issuing of the Law for the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu) that gave the government extraordinary rights. The ruling elite benefitted from this situation and carried out its envisioned program without serious obstacles.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which feature of the industrialization policy by the Turkish Republic constitutes a drastic break from the economic policies of the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of the 1920s?

Radical and innovative decisions

Being autonomous

Systematic and consistent implementation

Pragmatic evaluations and applications

Nation-building point of view

Açıklama:

Another characteristic of the fearly years of the Turkish Republic was the shift to protectionist-statist industrialization policies. The crisis of the world capitalist economy generated the first period of industrialization in the Turkish Republic.
The government shut the economy out to external influences as much as possible and embarked on a state-initiated and driven national industrialization
process of statism (etatism). Such tendencies had appeared before, but the systematic and consistent implementation of it as a model of a protectioniststatist industrialization policy was the phenomenon of the 1930s. This constitutes a drastic break from the economic policies of the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of the 1920s.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the followings was Turkish identity based on?

Single language and accent

Etnic identity and culture

Liberation and freedom

Religion and nationalism

Common culture and shared past

Açıklama:

The main principles of Kemalism were defined by the well-known six
arrows: republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, statism (etatism), and secularism (laicism). These were regarded as the fundamental and unchanging principles guiding the Republic, and were eventually written into the Constitution.
Thus, the early Turkish Republic expected significant shifts in structure and identities to realize its overarching goal of modernization: from an imperial structure to a nation-sate and from Ottoman identities to a Turkish identity rooted in Turkish nationalism based on a common culture and a shared past in the official rhetoric.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

In order to carry out its modernization program and continue with the reforms to establish a new system, the Turkish Government had some acts against the obstacles to reform. Which of the following act is FALSE in this respect?

Passing the Law for the Maintenance of Order

Forming Independence Tribunals

Execution of Sheikh Sait

Founding a new party before elections

Silencing the press

Açıklama:

In order to carry out its modernization program and continue with the reforms to establish a new system, the government passed the Law for the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu) which enabled the state to act authoritatively.
At the same time, two Independence Tribunals (İstiklal Mahkemeleri) were formed: one for the eastern provinces and one for the rest of the country. In the framework of law enforcement, Sheikh Sait was caught and executed along with the leading figures of the rebellion. The political opposition and the press were silenced. The already dominant People’s Republican Party established a monopoly in government and used that authority to continue the modernization program with new waves of reforms.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which of the following fields were used by the Turkish Republican elite of the 1930s for identity formation?

Geography and language

History and language

History and nationalism

Geography and history

Language and culture

Açıklama:

The two fields of history and language stand out and have been inseparable as fundamental building blocks of Turkish cultural nationalism and nationbuilding efforts in the 1930s as they did in several European and other nations’ implementations. Nationalist ideologies have not regarded nations
as modern constructs, but rather as primordial entities existing since time immemorial. Within that perspective, a common history becomes conceivably of supreme importance for a sense of nationhood and the development of national identity. This implication usually leads to a reshaping of history at the hands of the elite and the creation of a narrative according to which a nation
presupposes a shared past in a certain way. Nationbuilding efforts and collective identity formation attempts turn the preferred representation of the past and its dissemination into an ever more invaluable asset in generating legitimacy for and loyalty to new political structures or even existing systems.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which of the following was created by the Turkish State in accordance with the law to train the religious personnel in 1930's?

Ulama

Madrasa

Preacher Schools

Nation Schools

People's Houses

Açıklama:

With the end of the madrasas, the state created the Preacher Schools (İmam-Hatip Okulları) in accordance with the law to train the religious personnel.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

When did Turkish women acquire political rights through enfranchisement?

1920

1923

1930

1940

1944

Açıklama:

Women acquired political rights in 1930 and 1934 through enfranchisement.
Initially they were granted voting and nomination rights in municipal elections and later at all levels including national general elections. By extending the vote to women, the early Turkish Republic became one of the earliest countries in the world to fully apply the concept of universal suffrage which denotes the voting right of all adult citizens regardless of property ownership, income, ethnicity, or gender.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Regarding the dress code and conduct in early Turkish Republic, which of the following cannot be concluded about giving up the veil?

Women’s emancipation

Women’s modernization

Westernization

Explicit femininity

Return to the roots of Turkish culture

Açıklama:

The new dress code was supposed to prove the nation’s civilizational shift and western attire testified to a historical rupture and a symbolic break with the past. The political and cultural elite attributed great importance to physical appearance as it indicated, in their view, a sign of modernity and ideological transformation.
Women again played a special role here. The regime did not legally ban veiling except on official premises, but vigorous campaigns discouraged wearing it and pressed for modern styles in the western model. Additionally, giving up the veil was regarded as integral part of women’s emancipation and modernization and as a return to the roots of Turkish culture.
Explicit femininity came to be depreciated and discouraged.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

The economic policies of the 1940s were not geared towards industrialization and development as in the 1930s. What was the main reason lying beneath this result?

World War II

Obstacles to reform

Diplomacy

Liberalization

Taxes

Açıklama:

Although Turkey did not actively join World War II, its economy experienced all the hardships that stemmed from the war.
The country reserved a significant portion of its budget for possible war expenses and economic plans along with industrial investment programs had to be postponed. Production decreased substantially since recruitments to the reserve army entailed considerable drops in labor power. Imports and trade, which had already declined due to the 1929 world economic crisis, almost dropped to a half and suffered even further when the Allied Powers forced Turkey to stop any mercantile activity with Germany.
Therefore, the economic policies of the 1940s were not geared towards industrialization and development as in the 1930s.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the followings were established to educate the provincial population of a still predominantly agrarian society on the spot, which would develop, transform, modernize villages and prevent domestic relocations by keeping the population content in their respective provinces?

People’s Houses

Village Institutes

Vocational Schools

Preacher Schools

Primary Schools

Açıklama:

In the 1940s, the Turkish Republic shifted its attention to the specific educational needs in rural areas. This endeavor resulted in the creation of a multi-purpose, tailor-made institution, namely the Village Institutes, which started out in 1940 and were fully terminated by 1954 by the Democrat Party regime.
The overarching motive behind the establishment of these new schools was to educate the provincial population of a still predominantly agrarian society on the spot. This would develop, transform, modernize villages and prevent domestic relocations by keeping the population content in their respective provinces.
From an educational perspective, the Institutes embodied a holistic approach and the basis of their program rested on the school of “learning by doing” theory. They provided both academic and applied instruction to village students: the former was supposed to cultivate their minds and the latter improve their daily lives and districts.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

Which of the following two decades are the formative years of the Turkish Republic?

1900s and 1910s

1910s and 1920s

1920s and 1930s

1930s and 1940s

1940s and 1950s

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which of the following is the first Turkish bank?

Türkiye İş Bankası

Etibank

Sümerbank

Garanti Bankası

Vakıfbank

Açıklama:

The first Turkish bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, was established in 1924.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

Which of the following reforms or changes took place in 1930s?

The Turkish Education Association was established.

The Second Five Year Plan was announced.

The new Constitution was adopted.

Members of the Ottoman dynasty were expelled.

The office of the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished.

Açıklama:

The Second Five Year Plan was announced on January 20th in 1937.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

Which of the following sectors was mostly financed by Etibank, which was established in 1935?

Mining

Agriculture

Business

Energy

Education

Açıklama:

Etibank, a state bank financing mostly the energy sector, was established in 1935.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

In which of the following years was the alphabet Latinized?

1919

1922

1928

1933

1937

Açıklama:

The republican language reform started after lengthy discussions from the early 1920s and continued with the Latinization of the alphabet in 1928. This constituted a major step within the larger framework of the purification and simplification of the Turkish language.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

Which of the following did not take place in "People's Houses" as a committee?

Literature and History

Fine Arts

Sports

Religion

Social Assistance

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which of the following is one of the 14 cities where the first People's Houses were established?

Adana

Mersin

Muğla

Eskişehir

Trabzon

Açıklama:

The first 14 People’s Houses were established in Afyon, Ankara, Aydın, Bolu, Bursa, Çanakkale, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Eminönü, Eskişehir, İzmir, Konya, Malatya, and Samsun. By the end of the decade, their number had reached 373.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

The cultural nationalism of which of the following decades demanded Turkification in all possible fields including the realm of religion?

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

Açıklama:

The cultural nationalism of the 1930s demanded Turkification in all possible fields including the realm of religion. Since the concept and process of nationalization rested on culture as a social trait in which language constituted the fundamentally definitive element, instituting worship practices in Turkish became a crucial pursuit in that decade. In a way, the early Republic attempted to nationalize and appropriate Islam primarily through reflecting the linguistic reform onto it and carrying out modernization in religion through language.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

In which of the following decades did visual elements such as paintings and statues with national themes start burgeoning?

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

Açıklama:

Visual elements such as paintings and statues with national themes started burgeoning during the 1930s. Architectural designs also tried to establish a national style. Along with western tunes, compositions with national melodies interpreted in western musical forms began proliferating.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

Which of the following reforms or changes was carried out in 1920s?

Co-education started in primary schools.

The First Council of National Education convened.

Special courses geared towards raising village teachers were introduced.

Preacher Schools were discontinued.

The terminology pertaining to various aspects of educational matters was Turkified.

Açıklama:

Co-education started in primary schools in 1924.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

After Sheikh Sait Rebellion, which law did the government pass in order to carry out its modernization program and continue with the reforms to establish a new system?

National Protection Law

Law for the Unification of Education

Law for the Maintenance of Order

Civil Law

Law of Surnames

Açıklama:

Regardless of the exact nature of the rebellion, the insurgence constituted a resistance to the political center’s policies by the periphery’s defiance. In order to carry out its modernization program and continue with the reforms to establish a new system, the government passed the Law for the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu) which enabled the state to act authoritatively. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 42

When was The Turkish State Railways established?

1922

1923

1925

1927

1928

Açıklama:

The Turkish State Railways was established on 31 May 1927. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

Which of the following reforms took place in 1924?

The Law for the Unification of Education passed.

The office of the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished.

The proclamation of the Republic of Turkey with its capital in Ankara.

The first radio program was broadcast.

The first systematic census was carried out.

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

Which of the following reforms did not take place in 1928?

The Turkish Education Association was established.

"Citizen, speak Turkish” campaign was launched.

The Turkish state was declared secular.

The international numerical system of measures and digits was adopted.

The first Turkish bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, was established.

Açıklama:

The first Turkish bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, was established on 20 April 1924.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 45

Which of the following concepts explains nation building efforts and collective identity formation in the 1930s?

Westernization

Cultural nationalism

Civilization

Modernization

Laicism

Açıklama:

Cultural nationalism resting on Turkishness gained paramount ascendency to accomplish the goals in the 1930s. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

Which of the following opened up the way to linguistic nationalism as part of Turkish cultural nationalism?

The First Turkish History Congress

The Turkish Hearths

The Research of Turkish History

The Turkish History Thesis

The Second Turkish Language Assembly

Açıklama:

The Turkish History Thesis opened up the way to linguistic nationalism as part of Turkish cultural nationalism. It maintained that Turks had encountered a number of peoples, but the Turkish language had preserved all the elements necessary for making the Turks a nation by providing a shared memory and common cultural traits. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 47

Which of the following launched programs to teach the new Latinized Turkish alphabet and provided a political orientation to the masses?

Primary schools

The Teachers Association

People’s Rooms

The People’s Houses

the Nation Schools

Açıklama:

After the alphabet reform in 1928, the Nation Schools (Millet Mektepleri) appeared on the scene. They launched programs to teach the new Latinized Turkish alphabet and provided a political orientation to the masses. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 48

When did the Law for the Unification of Education pass?

1921

1922

1924

1925

1927

Açıklama:

The Law for the Unification of Education passed on 3 March 1924. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Which of the following refers to the granting of a right or privilege, especially suffrage which is the right to vote in political elections?

Enfranchisement

Legitimization

Nationalization

Emancipation

Adjustment

Açıklama:

The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

When did Turkey experience the end of the single party rule and the transition to multi-party politics?

1928

1930

1935

1940

1946

Açıklama:

Turkey experienced the end of the single party rule and the transition to multi-party politics in 1946.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

In which years was the phenomenon of the systematic and consistent application of etatism as a protectionist-statist industrialization policy model?

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

Açıklama:

The government shut the economy out to external influences as much as possible and embarked on a state-initiated and driven national industrialization process of statism (etatism). Such tendencies had appeared before, but the systematic and consistent implementation of it as a model of a protectionist-statist industrialization policy was the phenomenon of the 1930s. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 52

The manifestation of Kurdish nationalism, which hoped for autonomy within the newly established Unitarian Turkish nation-state.
A religious movement based on the fact that the leader was an Islamic brotherhood sheikh and the rallying cries in the upheaval asked for the re-institution of the Sharia and the Caliphate.
The revolt as a movement geared toward keeping the status quo.

Which of the above is/are the main points of view towards the Sheikh Said Rebellion in historiography?

I, II

I, III

Only II

II, III

I, II, III

Açıklama:

Three different perspectives exist in historiography regarding the nature of the Sheikh Sait Rebellion. The first approach regards it as the manifestation of Kurdish nationalism, which hoped for autonomy within the newly established Unitarian Turkish nation-state. The second viewpoint considers it a religious movement based on the fact that the leader was an Islamic brotherhood sheikh and the rallying cries in the upheaval asked for the re-institution of the Sharia and the Caliphate. The third outlook interprets the revolt as a movement geared toward keeping the status quo. The social texture of the region was predominantly based on tribal understandings and the leaders were anxious that the modernizing policies of the Republic would dissolve this fabric and leave them at a disadvantage. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

When was the office of the Ottoman Sultanate abolished?

1918

1919

1922

1923

1924

Açıklama:

1922 November 1: The office of the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

When were the Capitulations abolished?

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Açıklama:

1923 July 24: The Treaty of Lausanne was secured, Capitulations were abolished. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 55

Since when was the People's Party renamed as the Republican People's Party (CHF/CHP)?

1920

1922

1923

1924

1926

Açıklama:

1923 August 9: The People’s Party was founded. As of November 10, 1924, it was renamed the Republican People’s Party. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 56

While Turkish national culture and regime formulated modernization in the 1930s, the idea that culture is also a part of civilization was put forward. Who is the Turkish thinker had hitherto influential notion that civilization and culture are separate?

Hilmi Ziya Ülken

Ziya Paşa

Namık Kemal

Ziya Gökalp

Yusuf Akçura

Açıklama:

1930s attempted to name its modernizing agenda. Turkish national culture and the regime embarked on formulating it. This re-conceptualization entailed a degree of retreat from Ziya Gökalp’s hitherto influential notion that civilization and culture are separate and introduced the idea that culture is also a part of civilization. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

“According to Turkish History Thesis, the prevailing form of the head of civilized races was classified as .......”
Which of the following would be appropriate to fill in the blank above?

Neanderthal

Brachycephalic

Dolichocephalic

Mesocephalic

Cro-Magnon

Açıklama:

According to Turkish History Thesis, the prevailing form of the head of civilized races was classified as brachycephalic as opposed to dolichocephalic (long-headed) and mesocephalic (medium-headed). The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

When was the first book in the Latinized Turkish alphabet published?

1923

1925

1926

1928

1929

Açıklama:

1929 January 1: The first book in the Latinized Turkish alphabet was published. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 59

When was the first Islamic call to prayer performed in Turkish?

1923

1928

1930

1932

1935

Açıklama:

1932 January 29: The first Islamic call to prayer performed in Turkish at Fatih Mosque. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

The first “The People’s Houses” were established in 14 cities of Anatolia. Which of the following is not one of these cities?

Eskişehir

Çanakkale

Trabzon

Diyarbakır

Konya

Açıklama:

The People’s Houses had the complementary mission of disseminating the Republican principles and the emerging official ideology during the 1930s among the masses. The first 14 People’s Houses were established in Afyon, Ankara, Aydın, Bolu, Bursa, Çanakkale, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Eminönü, Eskişehir, İzmir, Konya, Malatya, and Samsun. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 4

Soru 1

Which of the following dates did Atatürk accept as his birthday?

May 19

April 23

August 30

May 27

October 29

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal did not know his exact birthday since only one’s birth year was recorded in those days. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal chose May 19 as his birthday on his official birth certificate, the day he landed at Samsun. Since this was the starting date of the War of Independence, it was started to be celebrated annually under the name the May 19 Commemoration of Atatürk and Youth and Sports Day (19 Mayıs Atatürk’ü Anma ve Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı). A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Why did Atatürk become a nationalist when he was in the Monastir Military High School?

He wanted to support the Sultan.

He wanted to defend the Turkish villages raided by Serbs.

He was fascinated by the army officers around him.

He hated Namık Kemal and his opinions.

He wanted to distinguish himself from the volunteers for war.

Açıklama:

In 1895, Mustafa Kemal entered the Monastir Military High School (Manastır Askerî İdadîsi) in Monastir, a military town where the headquarters of the Ottoman Third Army located. Mustafa Kemal became a nationalist during that time since gangs of Serbs and Bulgarians raided the Turkish villages and there was also the ongoing Ottoman-Greek war in 1897; indeed, he was eager to join the Turkish volunteers to fight against the Greeks. He was also under the influence of nationalist poets, such as Namık Kemal. Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy as a staff captain (kurmay yüzbaşı) in 1905, when he was 24 years old. Following his graduation from the War Academy, Mustafa Kemal was imprisoned because of his opposing activities and thoughts on the Sultan and his authoritarian rule. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following is a book written by Atatürk?

The Society of Homeland and Freedom

The Ottoman Society of Freedom

The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress

The Combat Drill of the Platoon

The Military Encampment of Cumalı

Açıklama:

From 1905 until 1907, Mustafa Kemal was an intern at the 30th Cavalry Regiment of the Fifth Army in Damascus. While in Damascus, he continued engaging in political activities. With the aid of some of his colleagues and friends, including Dr. Mustafa (Cantekin) and Müfit (Özdeş), he secretly founded the Society. of Homeland and Freedom (Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyeti) to fight against Sultan Abdülhamid II’s despotism. In 1907, he was promoted to Adjutant- Major and sent to the Third Army at Salonika. There, the Society of Homeland and Freedom merged with the Ottoman Society of Freedom (Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti) and the latter joined the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti), which forcefully persuaded Sultan Abdülhamid II to restore the constitution of 1876 and open the parliament. So, choices A, B, C provide the names of these groups. In 1908, in Salonika, Mustafa Kemal translated and published General Litzmann’s book, The Combat Drill of the Platoon, which was about military battle practices. Its second edition came out in Istanbul in 1912. So, choice D provides the name of this book which he did not write but translated. In 1909, he published The Military Encampment of Cumalı and in 1918, A Friendly Talk with the Officer and the Commander. Later, he published his Speech, which he delivered in 1927. During the late 1930s, Mustafa Kemal published a geometry book in which he coined a new terminology for a confusing list of geometric names. He also wrote a civics manual. His memoirs of his days in Karlsbad, where he stayed in a sanatorium; other notes, speeches, declarations, telegrams, correspondences, memoirs, private letters, and conversations have also been published under the name Collected Works of Atatürk. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

What was Mustafa Kemal’s assignment when he was appointed as the Ninth (later Third) Army Inspector in Anatolia?

To implement the terms of the Mudros Armistice

To mobilize the armed forces

To arm the troops

To organize resistance against the occupations

To organize resistance against the Mudros Armistice

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following was mentioned in the Speech?

To demand protection from England

To advocate the mandate rule

To eliminate the foreign elements

To allow regional independence

To remain loyal to the throne

Açıklama:

The Speech started explaining the condition of the country when Mustafa Kemal landed at Samsun on May 19, 1919. In his view, the enemy powers were attacking the Ottoman State and the country itself in order to disintegrate and annihilate both. The Sultan/Caliph wanted to save his life and comfort while the nation was suffering in darkness and uncertainty. There were some who looked for ways to save the country (p.7). The Nation and the Army knew of the Sultan/ Caliph’s treachery. Nevertheless, for those with a fundamentalist, religious outlook and traditional inclinations, their ties remained loyal to the throne. Mustafa Kemal also focused on how he disagreed with those who demanded protection from England and wanted to accept the United States of America as a mandatory power. Those who advocated mandate rule sought to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman state under one single power rather than to allow it to be divided among several states (p. 8-9). Another proposal that he reproached allowed each region to act independently utilizing its own resources either to stay as part of the state or to seek its own safety without the state (p. 9). Mustafa Kemal rejected all three proposals. C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

Mustafa Kemal was against the invitation to the Lausanne Conference because the organizers _____ .

asked the Istanbul government to the Conference

were against the compulsory military service

were hostile to the army

were against the Caliphate

were in favor of the madrasas

Açıklama:

During the preparation for the Lausanne Conference, the organizers -headed by England-asked the Istanbul government to the Conference. On this issue, Mustafa Kemal explained the reasons as to why he argued against this invitation: one being the the Sultan’ s presence at Lausanne. He said that their acceptance to go to the Conference would lessen the advantages, which the nation had gained at the price of so much effort and sacrifice. Furthermore, their presence might even deprive the nation of the importance and significance of their sacrifices. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of Atatürk’s six principles focuses on the popular sovereignty?

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Populism

Statism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which of Atatürk’s six principles is explained by his following words:
“This nation has never lived without independence. We cannot and shall not live without it. Either independence or death!”

Republicanism

Revolutionism

Nationalism

Populism

Statism

Açıklama:

For Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, nationalism meant to have an independent country free from any foreign influence and domination. He said: “This nation has never lived without independence. We cannot and shall not live without it. Either independence or death!”. C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which of Atatürk’s six principles shows that he did not believe in dogmas?

Republicanism

Revolutionism

Nationalism

Populism

Statism

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal defined the Revolutionism as the revolution to break down the institutions that had left the Turkish nation behind in the last few centuries and to put in place new institutions that could lead the Turkish nation to the level of the most civilized nations. The second element of this principle was a constant revolution. This was parallel to the fact that Mustafa Kemal did not leave verses, dogmas, frozen and stereotyped rules as his spiritual heritage. He said that his spiritual heritage was science and reason for those who would follow him. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

Atatürk was admired by the whole world. Which of the following was one of the reasons for this admiration?

He was a pan-Turkist.

He was a pan-Islamis.t

He combatted ignorance.

He combatted state control.

He combatted reason.

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk strove to establish peace at home and peace in the world. In other words, one of his great achievements was to establish the domestic and foreign balance. World War II was approaching and thus Mustafa Kemal took measures. He was not an irredentist, who would pursue a pan-Turkist and/or Pan-Islamist policy (p. 142). Atatürk believed in statism, so he supported the state control in economy (p. 136). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is certain to pave the way for a democratic regime in Turkey. With a genuine parliamentary government whose structure and principles had been drawn during his days, Atatürk left behind a structure of democracy which came to full realization in 1950. Another legacy was the superiority of reason over superstitions. He combatted ignorance and demanded his people to work hard be confident and proud (p. 144). C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Which one is not among the six principles of Republican People’s Party?

Republicanism

Nationalism

Secularism

Populism

Realism

Açıklama:

These principles are Republicanism, Nationalism, Secularism Populism, Statism, and Revolutionism. Realism is not among these. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Although Mustafa Kemal did not know his exact birthday, he chose May 19 as his birthday on his official birth certificate. What's the reason for this?

This was the starting date of the War of Independence.

He entered Salonika Military Preparatory School on that day.

He became an military officer then.

It was his father's birthday as well.

He was promoted to Adjutant-Major on that day.

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal did not know his exact birthday since only one’s birth year was recorded in those days. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal chose May 19
as his birthday on his official birth certificate, the day he landed at Samsun. Since this was the starting date of the War of Independence, it was started to be celebrated annually under the name the May 19 Commemoration of Atatürk
and Youth and Sports Day. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

In April 1919, Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Nineth (later Third) Army Inspector in Anatolia. Which one/s of the following was/were the purpose(s) of that? I. to implement the terms of the Mudros Armistice II. to gather people against Russian attacks III. to demobilize the armed forces that were still intact

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

II and III

Açıklama:

In April 1919, Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Nineth (later Third) Army Inspector in Anatolia with the approval of the British, who at that moment were advising the Sultan on the matters of the state. His assignment was the implementation of the terms of the Mudros Armistice as well as demobilizing the armed forces that were still intact. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of these events occurred earlier than the others chronologically?

Signing of the Amasya Protocol

Electing of Mustafa Kemal for the presidency of the Representative Committee

Mustafa Kemal's resignation from all of his official duties

Adoption of the National Pact by the Ottoman parliament

Seizure of Istanbul by the Allied powers

Açıklama:

On July 9, 1919, Mustafa Kemal decided to resign from all of his official duties, and he declared himself a civilian since he realized that he could not go on with his liberation activities as an Ottoman officer. Then, a representative committee was formed and Mustafa Kemal became its president. Later, the Amasya Protocol was signed between Istanbul government and the Representative Committee. In January 1920, the National Pact (Misak-ı Milli), which came out of the decisions reached at two congresses, Erzurum and Sivas, was adopted by the Ottoman parliament as well. In March 1920, Istanbul was occupied by the Allied powers, which Mustafa Kemal protested. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Mustafa Kemal was given the rank of marshal and Gazi after ________.
Which one completes the blank correctly?

Treaty of Moscow

The First Battle of İnönü

The Second Battle of İnönü

The Great Battle of the Sakarya

Treaty of Ankara

Açıklama:

The Great Battle of the Sakarya ended with the Turkish victory in September 1921. Then, Mustafa Kemal was given the rank of marshal and Gazi (a veteran of an important battle). The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

After which event the Law for the Maintenance of Public Order was passed?

A demostration to re-establish the Caliphate and the Sultanate

A rebellion by Şeyh Said in eastern Anatolia

The formation of the Progressive Republican Party

Protests against the secular laws

Sultan Mehmet VI's leaving Istanbul

Açıklama:

The dissidents of the Turkish Republic finally formed a new party called the Progressive Republican Party in the late 1924. Mustafa Kemal was afraid that the new party would become a refuge for reactionary and rebellious elements, and it would end up being their shelter. His foresight proved to be correct since a rebellion (Şeyh Said İsyanı) broke out in eastern Anatolia against the
new republic. The Law for the Maintenance of Public Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu) was passed in order to restore order in 1925. This act led to the closing of the Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası), whose
members were held responsible for the rebellion. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

What is the correct chronological order of the following events?
I. Banknotes with Mustafa Kemal's image were circulated.
II. The new constitution was accepted.
III. The new dress code was announced in Kastamonu.
IV. The new civil and penal code was introduced.

II-IV-I-III

IV-III-I-II

II-III-IV-I

III-II-I-IV

I-IV-II-III

Açıklama:

The new constitution was accepted in 1924. In November 1925, Mustafa Kemal toured the Kastamonu province, where he announced the abolition of fez to support the new dress code. The new civil and penal code derived from European countries were introduced in 1926. In 1927, banknotes with his image were circulated. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which one/s is/are correct about Mustafa Kemal's final years?
I. He gave up minding Turkey's political issues.
II. He continued inspecting army maneuvers.
III. He no longer came together with the public.
IV. He named İsmet İnonü as his successor.

Only II

Only IV

I, II and III

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

According to the doctors’ reports, he had cirrhosis of the liver. Its first symptoms appeared in January 1938. Nevertheless, he did not slow down and was always present in public. He, for example, attended the May 19 parade in Samsun in 1938. There on, he took the train to the Turkey-Syria border in the south where 30,000 troops had been sent. In Mersin, he inspected the troops to show
that everything was going well since Alexandretta (Hatay) problem was not completely resolved. Also, although some argued that it was İsmet İnönü,
Mustafa Kemal did not name a successor. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which of the following is not one of the points in the program that Mustafa Kemal published on April 8, 1923?

Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the nation.

The TGNA is the real representative of the Turkish people.

The Caliphate is abolished from now on.

The period of compulsory military service will be reduced.

Benefits for reserve officers, veterans, etc. will be considered.

Açıklama:

The Caliphate is not abolished from now on, but it was declared as an office of the TGNA. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which principle means the state took its place as an entrepreneur in economic life?

Nationalism

Statism

Populism

Republicanism

Secularism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 21

Which traumatic event in the history of the Ottomans and modern Turkey led Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul for Samsun on May 16, and arrived in the city on May 19, 1919?

The Mudros Armistice

The occupation of Izmir by the Greeks

The Battle of the Dardanelles

The Palace's order for M. Kemal's immediate arrest

The National Pact Decisions

Açıklama:

In 1918, after the Ottoman Empire signed the Mudros Armistice, the Allied fleets entered Istanbul, and this led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Parliament. In April 1919, Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Nineth (later Third) Army Inspector in Anatolia with the approval of the British, who at that moment were advising the Sultan on the matters of the state. His assignment was the implementation of the terms of the Mudros Armistice as well as demobilizing the armed forces that were still intact.
On May 15, 1919, the Greeks occupied İzmir, which led to massive disturbances. This was a traumatic event in the history of the Ottomans and modern Turkey. Under such circumstances, Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul for Samsun on May 16, and arrived in the city on May 19, 1919.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

With which of the followings all the Defense of Rights Associations united under Mustafa Kemal's leadership?

The Amasya Protocol

The Erzurum Congress

The Sivas congress

Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA)

The Treaty of Sevres

Açıklama:

On July 9, 1919, Mustafa Kemal decided to resign from all of his official duties, and he declared himself a civilian since he realized that he could not go on with his liberation activities as an Ottoman officer. Even though he was a civilian after that date, the high ranking commanders of the Ottoman army such as Kazım (Karabekir) Pasha, who was the highest ranking officer in the region as the commander to the armed forces in Erzurum, supported him in his endeavors.
In those days, a representative committee was formed and Mustafa Kemal became its president. He convened the Sivas Congress, where all the Defense of Rights Associations united under his leadership. After signing of the Amasya Protocol between Istanbul government and the Representative Committee, a new Parliament was elected in Istanbul with a nationalist representation. Mustafa Kemal was elected as deputy from Erzurum, but he did not go to Istanbul. Instead, he established the headquarters of the resistance movement in Ankara with the Representative Committee.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which treaty in 1920 created more duality over the legitimacy of the executive power in the country: the Istanbul Government or the Turkish Grand National Assembly?

Treaty of Ankara

Treaty of Kars

Treaty of Moscow

Treaty of Sevres

The Treaty of Gümrü

Açıklama:

The Treaty of Gümrü was signed between the Ankara government and Armenia. This created more duality over the legitimacy of the executive power in the country: the Istanbul Government or the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which of the followings concluded the Turkish War of Independence?

The First Turkish Grand National Assembly

The Treaty of Lausanne

The National Pact

The Constitution Act

The foundation of the People’s Republican Party

Açıklama:

In 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed to conclude the War of Independence. The treaty was also important because it recognized Turkey as a sovereign nation.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

After which event was the Free Republican Party dissolved in 1930?

A religious riot in Menemen

Şeyh Said Rebellion

İ. İnönü's resignation

Losing elite party members

The People’s Party (CHP) Congress

Açıklama:

In August 1930, Mustafa Kemal encouraged some of his friends to form a new party, named the Free Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası). This new party had, among its members, Mustafa Kemal’s close associates, such as his friend Ali Fethi (Okyar) and his sister, Makbule.
In 1930, the Free Republican Party was dissolved when a religious riot took place in Menemen, where reserve officer Kubilay was killed by lynching. The new party did not last long and the Republican People’s Party remained the sole party during Mustafa Kemal’s life time and even after his death until 1946.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which principle of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed its form in 1950's?

Republicanism

Nationalism

Populism

Secularism

Revolutionism

Açıklama:

Following WWII, secularism changed its form so that religious education was introduced at primary schools on voluntary basis, and also Faculty of Theology was founded in Istanbul. This process was accelerated during the Democratic Party period in the 1950s, during which the call to prayer was again recited in Arabic, and Islam gained more presence in public. This was a departure from Atatürk’s secular reforms. Statism did not continue, either.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which of the followings was supported in order to reach Atatürk’s aim to create a unified society and a unified Turkish national culture?

Religion

Liberalism

Geographical borders

Humanism

Language reform

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s aim was to create a unified society and a unified Turkish national culture. Indeed, the language reform worked towards this end. It aimed
at reconciling the living aspects of the Turkish language of the society with more authentic national terms, which would be a common societal identity that would help to unify the Turks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

When did Turkey have the opportunity to have more economic independence?

After World War II

After Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) opened

When the single party regime ended

When the limits of the Lausanne Treaty were lifted

After the Izmir Economic Congress

Açıklama:

According to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Statism was for the highest interests of the nation. Like Mustafa Kemal’s other principles, Statism was born as a product of the conditions arisen in the 1920s Anatolia, where infrastructure and industry were weak or practically non-existent. Initially, during the period of 1923-1930, private enterprises were expected to come up with the necessary investments to develop the country. However, private investments were not sufficient enough. At the same time, Turkey had the burdens of the Ottoman debts, and the Treaty of Lausanne had some limits that prevented the state from having a full economic independence in the 1920s. The limits of the Treaty was finally lifted in 1928 and Turkey had the opportunity to have more economic independence.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which principle of Atatürk continued to have a role in modern Turkey?

Historical theories

Linguistic theories

Nationalism

Ottoman past

Islamism

Açıklama:

Since Mustafa Kemal’s death, there have been some departures from his principles. After his death, historical and linguistic theories were revised, and later they were abandoned, but Turkish nationalism continued to have a role in modern Turkey. The Turkish blood, the links with ancient civilizations such as the Hittites or Sumerians, the role of the proto-Turks in human civilization do not find much ground in current day Turkey.
Although Mustafa Kemal gave a small role to the Ottoman past in the Turkish history, in the 1940s and onwards, and especially after 1950s, Ottoman history gained ground and Turkish modernization had been dated back to the late Ottoman reformers starting in the eighteenth century. Military interventions in Turkey were said to be made in the name of Atatürkism. In 1980s, a new cultural policy reconciled Turkish nationalism with Islam. Thus, ultrasecularist xenophobic nationalism emerged in the late 1990 as a counter movement. In this atmosphere, there have been attacks on Atatürk and his principles by ultra-religious groups. In spite of these, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s personal cult has remained strong in current-day Turkey

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which principle of Atatürk aimed at strengthening the poorest and most uneducated groups of the society and to provide social solidarity, which could be achieved through ensured equality?

Populism

Republicanism

Nationalism

Statism

Revolutionism

Açıklama:

Populism aimed at strengthening the poorest and most uneducated groups of the society and to provide social solidarity, which could be achieved through ensured equality.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s understanding of Populism provided individual freedom and considered a shepherd or a worker, a merchant, a doctor, or an artisan equal to one another. To establish total equality, suffrage rights of women were recognized and women were given the right to vote and become deputies in 1934; they had already been given the right to vote and to be elected in
local elections in 1930.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following was used to define the people who were the followers of a false messiah Shabbatai Zevi, who had challenged the rabbinical authority in the Ottoman lands and in Europe in the 17th century?

Devşirme

Dönme

Turcomans

Greek

Sephardic Jews

Açıklama:

Some of Salonika's inhabitants were known as dönme,who were the followers of a false messiah Shabbatai Zevi, who had challenged the rabbinical authority in the Ottoman lands and in Europe in the 17th century.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 32

How old was Atatürk when he started getting military education?

Açıklama:

Although his mother objected to his becoming a soldier, he secretly took the entrance exams, and in 1893, at the age of 12, he entered Salonika Military Preparatory School (Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following did Atatürk found to fight against Sultan Abdülhamid II’s despotism?

The society of Homeland and Freedom

The Ottoman Society of Freedom

The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress

The Defense of Rights Associations

The Representative Committee

Açıklama:

With the aid of some of his colleagues and friends, including Dr. Mustafa (Cantekin) and Müfit (Özdeş), he secretly founded the Society of Homeland and Freedom (Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyeti) to fight against Sultan Abdülhamid II’s despotism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

What was Atatürk's position when he began to organize resistance against the occupations and the Armistice?

The commander of the Yıldırım (Thunderbolt) Army Group

the commander of the Seventh Army

The Third Army Inspector

The commander at the battle of the Dardanelles

the Nineth Army Inspector

Açıklama:

As the Nineth Army Inspector, instead of disarming the troops, Mustafa Kemal immediately began to organize resistance against the occupations and the Armistice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

I. National independence
II. Territorial integrity
III. Occupation of the Allied countries
IV. Armed resistance
Which of the given were the decisions that led to the National Pact?

I and II

II and IV

I and III

I, II and IV

I, II and III

Açıklama:

In January 1920, the National Pact (Misak-ı Milli), which came out of the decisions reached at two congresses, Erzurum and Sivas, was adopted by the Ottoman parliament as well. Its goal was to have national independence, territorial integrity, and armed resistance to foreign occupation.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

When was Turkey liberated from all occupying powers?

April, 1923

October, 1923

September, 1922

August, 1922

October, 1922

Açıklama:

At the end of August, 1922, Turkey was liberated from all occupying powers. The 30th of August has been celebrated as a national holiday to commemorate this grand victory.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which of the following did NOT happen in 1933?

the First Five- Year Plan for industrial development was introduced.

Mustafa Kemal toured Anatolia.

Balkan Pact was signed by Turkey, Greece, Rumania, and Yugoslavia.

Istanbul University was established.

Turkey became the member of the League of Nations.

Açıklama:

Turkey became the member of the League of Nations in 1933, Istanbul University was established. In this year, Mustafa Kemal toured Anatolia, the 10th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic was celebrated, and the First Five- Year Plan for industrial development was introduced. 1934 was also important in that the Balkan Pact was signed by Turkey, Greece, Rumania, and Yugoslavia.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

When was Atatürk's body taken to mausoleum in Ankara?

1952

1953

1942

1943

1944

Açıklama:

Atatürk's body was put on a catafalque in the Ethnography Museum, a temporary resting place where he lied in state awaiting his final resting place, the mausoleum in Ankara in 1953.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 39

Which of the following CANNOT be one of the reasons of Atatürk's Speech?

To declare himself as the President of the Republic

to leave future generations a document

to describe the War of Independence extensively

to make the task of the historian easier

to point out the successive stages of the Revolution

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal wanted to leave future generations a document reporting past events, explaining conditions, and giving descriptions and an extensive account of the War of Independence. "I shall confine myself to an outline of the general events. I desire to make the task of the historian easier by pointing out the successive stages of the Revolution" said Atatürk.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 40

Which principle of Atatürk means separating it from scientific and purely political matters?

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Statism

Populism

Açıklama:

The aim of Secularism was to establish state control over religion and religious institutions. Secularism did not mean, however, to be against religion; but rather, it meant separating it from scientific and purely political matters.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

Where did Mustafa Kemal go to military high school?

Salonica

Monastir

Ankara

Istanbul

Sarajevo

Açıklama:

In 1895, Mustafa Kemal entered the Monastir Military High School (Manastır Askerî İdadîsi) in Monastir, a military town where the headquarters of the Ottoman Third Army located.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

What was the purpose of Mustafa Kemal's visit to Karlsbad?

Receiving treatment for health problems

Undertaking a diplomatic mission

Receiving university education

Visiting a friend

Waging a war

Açıklama:

From December 15, 2017 to January 4, 1918, Mustafa Kemal also visited Germany with Crown Prince Vahdettin, who in 1918 replaced Sultan Mehmet V. On May 25, 1918 he went to Karlsbad (now in Czech Republic) to receive treatment for his kidney problems.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 43

Which of the following is not among Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's adopted children?

Afet

Sabiha

Ülkü

Nebile

Remziye

Açıklama:

Atatürk did not have children but he was very fond of children. In the late 1920s, he started to adopt children; they were Afet, Sabiha, Nebile, Rukiye, Zehra, Ülkü, Abdürrahim (Tuncak), and Mustafa (Demir). Ülkü, the youngest of the adopted children, was by his side during his final days.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 44

When was the Turkish Historical Society founded?

1927

1929

1931

1933

1935

Açıklama:

In 1931, the Turkish Historical Society was founded and Mustafa Kemal was re-elected as the president of Turkey. In 1932, the Turkish Language Society was founded and Turkey became the member of the League of Nations in 1933, Istanbul University was established.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

Which of the following is not among Atatürk's six arrows?

Republicanism

Nationalism

Statism

Racism

Populism

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal formulated his principles as Six Arrows (Altı Ok), which were Republicanism, Secularism, Nationalism, Populism, Statism, and Revolutionism. They emerged as the basic principles that were included in the Republican People’s Party program in 1931 and in the Turkish constitution in 1937. They thus formed the ideology of the state.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

Which of the following ideologies cannot be considered one that affected Mustafa Kemal's ideology?

Scientism

Socialism

Social Darwinism

Materialism

Turkism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 47

When was secularism adopted in the constitution by the Turkish state?

1927

1931

1935

1937

1939

Açıklama:

To numerate some of the other secular reforms: the civil code in 1926 prohibited polygamy, an Islamic practice; the oath “on my honor” replaced “by God” (wallahi); the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the Latin script replaced Arab-Persian Ottoman script; Sunday became the weekly holiday in 1935; and finally, secularism was adopted in 1937 in the constitution.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

What could be another name for Atatürk's populism?

Non-elitism

Modernism

Secularism

Secterianism

Ateism

Açıklama:

Populism, also called “peoplesim” meant that the people were the government, the governments were the people. It was not a rule by the elite like it was with the Sultan and the Ottoman ruling household. Populism in Turkey rejected the dominance of any class. It was also in contrast to fascism that at that time claimed that the people existed for the state, not the state for the people.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 49

What was the main function of People's Houses (Halk Evleri)?

Educating adults

Arming the people

Feeding the poor

Educating children

Provisioning

Açıklama:

Populism, at the same time, was implemented through People’s Houses (Halkevleri) which were founded from 1932 and thereafter. They were educational centers for adults. Such places for adults were also opened in Europe; in fact, Turkish state sent intellectuals and officials to Europe to examine adult education centers. People’s Houses replaced Turkish Hearts (Türk Ocakları), which had been established in 1912. They became the instrument of the Republican People’s Party. These houses utilized a rural policy since almost 80% of the Turkish population was composed of peasants. In order to achieve national goals and create a true nation, adult education was considered essential by Mustafa Kemal himself.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 50

Who was the first woman deputy of Turkish republic?

Afet İnan

Hatı Çırpan

Ülkü Adatepe

Halide Edib Adıvar

Fatma Aliye

Açıklama:

Satı Kadın was a peasant woman who was the mother of five and wife of a veteran soldier. She met Mustafa Kemal when he visited Kazan. Upon his recommendation, she became a candidate to be a deputy. She was elected as Turkey’s first female deputy in 1935 parliamentary elections in which women voted for the first time. Mustafa Kemal wanted to change the name Satı to Hatı Her name thus entered the records of Parliament as Hatı Çırpan.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

Atatürk established himself as a legitimate leader and a triumphant commander who saved his country from foreign invasion, as the hero of ............................ .
Which of the following completes the sentense above?

the Ottoman-Greek war in 1897.

the Crimean War in 1853.

the battle of Dardanelles, 1915.

the Tripolitanian War in 1911.

the Second Balkan War in 1913

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is one of the great leaders of history, who achieved so much in a short period of time. As the hero of the battle at the Dardanelles in 1915, he established himself as a legitimate leader and a triumphant commander who saved his country from foreign invasion.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

In which year, Atatürk entered Salonika Military Preparatory School (Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi)?

1890

1892

1893

1895

1896

Açıklama:

Although his mother objected to his becoming a soldier, he secretly took the entrance exams, and in 1893, at the age of 12, he entered Salonika Military Preparatory School (Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 53

In which year, Atatürk graduated from the War Academy as a staff captain (kurmay yüzbaşı)?

1900

1902

1903

1905

1907

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy as a staff captain (kurmay yüzbaşı) in 1905, when he was 24 years old.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 54

In where, Atatürk became the chief of staff for the military operations in 1910?

Albania

Hungary

Greece

Bosnia

Bulgaria

Açıklama:

In 1910, Mustafa Kemal became the chief of staff for the military operations in Albania.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 55

In 1915, Atatürk became colonel (albay) and then the commander of the Anafartalar Group. Later, he was promoted
to brigadier general (tuğgeneral).
After these events, which cities did Atatürk liberate from Russians?

Van-Batman

Hatay - Urfa

Maraş - Antep

Bitlis - Maraş

Bitlis - Muş

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal demonstrated an skills as a soldier and commander at the battle of the Dardanelles in 1915. The Allied military forces that landed at Arıburnu (Anzac Cove) were also stopped by Mustafa Kemal. In the same year, he became colonel (albay) and then the commander of the Anafartalar Group. Later, he was promoted to brigadier general (tuğgeneral). He liberated cities of Bitlis and Muş from the Russians.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Which of the following Atatürk announced when he toured the Kastamonu province in November 1925?

Latinizing the alphabet.

The abolition of fez.

The abolition of Caliphate.

The equal rights to women.

The new civil and penal code.

Açıklama:

In November 1925, Mustafa Kemal toured the Kastamonu province, where he announced the abolition of fez to support the new dress code.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 57

Atatürk’s first statue was made by Heinrich Krippel and it was erected in 1926 outside the garden of ..........................
Which of the following completes the sentense above?

the Topkapı Palace

the Dolmabahçe Palace

Beylerbeyi Palace

Yıldız Palace

Çırağan Palace

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s first statue was made by Heinrich Krippel and it was erected in 1926 in Istanbul Sarayburnu, outside the garden of the Topkapı palace. The statue has its back to the Ottoman palace but faces towards Anatolia where the Turkish Revolution was born.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following principles of Atatürk is giving priority to the principles of national sovereignty in the composition of the laws for all types of organizations, for all the details of administration, in public education and in the sphere of economics?

Nationalism

Republicanism

Revolutionism

Populism

Secularism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

Which of the following principles is the reflection of Atatürk's motto “peace at home, peace in the world”?

Statism

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Populism

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal’s understanding of nationalism was not based on race as it had a humanitarian character. The motto “peace at home, peace in the world” reflected the essence of his idea of nationalism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

Which of the following Atatürk's principles was resorted to as there was no time for individual entrepreneurs to accumulate capital for investment?

Republicanism

Statism

Populism

Revolutionism

Nationalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 61

Mustafa Kemal and his supporters began to organize the administration of the state according to the principles of national sovereignty without referring to the Republic.
Mustafa Kemal constantly preached that there was no higher authority than the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Mustafa Kemal incessantly said that there was no power standing above the TGNA, which combined in itself legislative and executive powers.

Which of Atatürk's principles do the statements above point to?

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Statism

Populism

Açıklama:

Republicanism was the ideology giving priority to the principles of national sovereignty in the composition of the laws for all types of organizations, for all the details of administration, in public education and in the sphere of economics. It certainly meant a government by the will of the people. Popular sovereignty was the key to Republicanism: “sovereignty belongs to nation” (Hakimiyet Milletindir), which meant the Republic was made by and for the people. Mustafa Kemal said “Gentlemen! It is not difficult to appreciate the character of a Government standing upon such foundations. Such a Government is a People’s Government, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the people. Such is the Republic” (Atatürk, 2005, p. 372). Finally, the Republicans believed that people would see that their interests would overlap with those of the Republic.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

Which of Atatürk's principles advises people to follow technology and civilization, not sheiks and religious institutions?

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Statism

Populism

Açıklama:

Both secularism and nationalism had already been promoted by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire in the 1910s. Secularism in the 1930s went beyond the Young Turks’ views that meant separating state and religion and removing religion from the public life, a French type of secularism. The aim was to establish state control over religion and religious institutions. It did not mean, however, to be against religion; but rather, it meant separating it from scientific and purely political matters. Mustafa Kemal advised people to follow technology and civilization, not sheiks and religious institutions. In other words, secularism promoted reason rather than dogmas and superstitions. In November 1937, at the opening session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, he said that our principles were not dogmas in the books which came from heaven.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

For Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which principle meant to have an independent country free from any foreign influence and domination?

Republicanism

Secularism

Nationalism

Statism

Populism

Açıklama:

For Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, nationalism meant to have an independent country free from any foreign influence and domination.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Which principle meant that the state took its place as an entrepreneur in economic life?

Republicanism

Statism

Populism

Revolutionism

Secularism

Açıklama:

Statism meant that the state took its place as an entrepreneur in economic life. This principle was resorted to as there was no time for individual entrepreneurs to accumulate capital for investment. Therefore, the state took over and made the necessary investments. According to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Statism was for the highest interests of the nation. Like Mustafa Kemal’s other principles, Statism was born as a product of the conditions arisen in the 1920s Anatolia, where infrastructure and industry were weak or practically non-existent. Initially, during the period of 1923-1930, private enterprises were expected to come up with the necessary investments to develop the country. However, private investments were not sufficient enough. At the same time, Turkey had the burdens of the Ottoman debts, and the Treaty of Lausanne had some limits that prevented the state from having a full economic independence in the 1920s. The limits of the Treaty was finally lifted in 1928 and Turkey had the opportunity to have more economic independence. A more independent and protectionist economy came with the economic crisis that broke out in 1929, the Great Depression, which shook the world as a complete failure of the liberal economic policies. In the 1930s, Turkey, thus, developed Statism as a solution to its economic problems where both the infrastructure and the industry would be established by the state. As part of the Statist policies, for example, the state established ownerships in rails, tobacco, alcohol, sugar, matches, explosives, and so on.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 65

It meant that the people were the government, the governments were the people.
This principle in Turkey rejected the dominance of any class.
It was also in contrast to fascism that at that time claimed that the people existed for the state, not the state for the people.

Which of Atatürk's principles is mentioned above?

Statism

Nationalism

Secularism

Republicanism

Populism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 66

According to Mustafa Kemal, this principle meant greater change than an ordinary understanding of revolution referred to.
It was to eliminate old forms, which were replaced by a progressive form of state.
Revolution did not intend to promote individuality or class-based, mass movement that overthrew capitalist relations. Instead, it was to conceive the people or the nation as directed by the national leadership.

Which of Atatürk's principles is described above?

Statism

Revolutionism

Populism

Secularism

Republicanism

Açıklama:

According to Mustafa Kemal, the term Revolutionism (İnkılapçılık) meant greater change than an ordinary understanding of revolution referred to. It was to eliminate old forms, which were replaced by a progressive form of state. Revolution did not intend to promote individuality or classbased, mass movement that overthrew capitalist relations. Instead, it was to conceive the people or the nation as directed by the national leadership. The revolution or transformation was to make the country contemporary, civilized, and modern.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

Mustafa Kemal envisioned it to be the most advanced economic path, entailing that the state’s job was to encourage private enterprises and to regulate and supervise them.
It did not mean an excessive state control over any economic activity
It did not prevent free trade and private property holding or capital accumulation.
It meant that the state took the role of being the locomotive in economy to ensure a rapid economic growth. It planned a rational use of scarce resources.
It was somewhere between liberal capitalist economy and socialism.

Which of Atatürk's principles is defined above?

Revolutionism

Peopleism

Republicanism

Statism

Secularism

Açıklama:

Statism that Mustafa Kemal envisioned was the most advanced economic path, entailing that the state’s job was to encourage private enterprises and to regulate and supervise them. It did not mean, however, an excessive state control over any economic activity; it did not prevent free trade and private property holding or capital accumulation. Statism meant that the state took the role of being the locomotive in economy to ensure a rapid economic growth. It planned a rational use of scarce resources. Briefly, the state would invest and operate in areas where private entrepreneurs were not interested, could not succeed, or where there was public benefit. In brief, Statism was somewhere between liberal capitalist economy and socialism.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 68

Which principle aimed at strengthening the poorest and most uneducated groups of the society and to provide social solidarity, which could be achieved through ensured equality?

Populism

Statism

Republicanism

Revolutionism

Nationalism

Açıklama:

Populism aimed at strengthening the poorest and most uneducated groups of the society and to provide social solidarity, which could be achieved through ensured equality. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s understanding of Populism provided individual freedom and considered a shepherd or a worker, a merchant, a doctor, or an artisan equal to one another. To establish total equality, suffrage rights of women were recognized and women were given the right to vote and become deputies in 1934; they had already been given the right to vote and to be elected in local elections in 1930.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Republicanism
Secularism
Revolutionism
Peopleism

Which of the above is among the principles of Atatürk?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 70

Jean Jack Rousseau
H. G. Wells
Gustave Le Bon
Ludwig Büchner

Which of these thinkers had an effect on Mustafa Kemal?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal was inspired by the eighteenth century Enlightenment thinkers as well as the intellectual and political trends of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Europe and of the Ottoman Empire, such as scientism, materialism, social Darwinism, positivism, Turkism, and other popular theories. His intellectualism was shaped by the works and concepts of Thomas Henry Huxley, H. G. Wells, Gustave Le Bon, and Ludwig Büchner (Hanioğlu, 2011, pp. 228-9). The eighteenth century Enlightenment thinkers, especially, Jean Jack Rousseau (contrat social-social contract) and Montesquieu (de l’esprit de lois -the spirit of laws), had also a great impact on Mustafa Kemal: He researched Immanuel Kant, another Enlightenment thinker. Descartes’s Discours sur la Méthode was translated and published in Turkish. Auguste Comte had already been known by the Turkish intelligentsia. Most certainly, Mustafa Kemal was also inspired by the Ottoman/Turkish thinkers and writers, such as Namık Kemal, Tevfik Fikret, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Şehbenderzade Hilmi, and Abdullah Cevdet.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

When did Mustafa Kemal take Atatürk, which means Father Turk, as his surname?

1923

1928

1930

1934

1936

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal took Atatürk meaning Father Turk as a surname in 1934. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

Traditional Muslim school (mahalle mektebi)
Şemsi Efendi’s private school
Salonika Military Preparatory School (Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi)
Salonika Civil Middle School (Selânik Mülkiye Rüştiyesi)

Which of the following schools Atatürk attended are listed in a chronological order?

I-II-III-IV

I-II-IV-III

II-III-I-V

III-I-II-IV

IV-II-III-I

Açıklama:

His mother Zübeyde Hanım wanted her son to attend a local traditional Muslim school (mahalle mektebi) while Ali Rıza Efendi wanted him to receive a modern education. To fulfill his mother’s wishes, Mustafa Kemal first went to the religious school. After a while, he enrolled Şemsi Efendi’s private school. In Salonika, in 1893, he entered the Salonika Civil Middle School (Selânik Mülkiye Rüştiyesi). He secretly took the entrance exams, and in 1893, at the age of 12, he entered Salonika Military Preparatory School (Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi). The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 73

What is the city where Mustafa Kemal entered the Military High School in 1895 and which was the headquarters of the Ottoman Third Army?

Salonika

Ohrid

Vardar

Monastir

Skopje

Açıklama:

In 1895, Mustafa Kemal entered the Monastir Military High School (Manastır Askerî İdadîsi) in Monastir, a military town where the headquarters of the Ottoman Third Army located. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 74

What was the name of the newspaper that Mustafa Kemal published with his friends during his academy years?

Dava

Ülkü

Minber

Divan

Hürriyet

Açıklama:

In 1902, he went to the War Academy (Harp Akademisi). During the Academy years, he, together with his friends, released a newspaper called Minber. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

Which of the following information is not included in Atatürk's identity card in 1934?

Name: Mustafa

Name: Kemal

Surname: Atatürk

Birthplace: Selanik

Father’s name: Ali Rıza

Açıklama:

Atatürk’s ID card, 1934. As seen, he did not use Mustafa on his ID card. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 76

How old was Mustafa Kemal when he graduated from the Military Academy as a staff captain?

Açıklama:

Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy as a staff captain (kurmay yüzbaşı) in 1905, when he was 24 years old. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 77

After graduating from the War Academy, where was Mustafa Kemal's first military service?

Aleppo (Halep)

Monastir (Manastır)

Damascus (Şam)

Salonika (Selanik)

Gallipoli (Gelibolu)

Açıklama:

Following his graduation from the War Academy, Mustafa Kemal was imprisoned because of his opposing activities and thoughts on the Sultan and his authoritarian rule. After his short period of imprisonment, he was sent to Syria. Thereon, he entered an active military life. From 1905 until 1907, Mustafa Kemal was an intern at the 30th Cavalry Regiment of the Fifth Army in Damascus. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 78

What was the name of the society that Mustafa Kemal secretly founded with the help of some of his colleagues and friends to fight against the despotism of Abdulhamid II and that started its activities in Beirut, Jaffa and Jerusalem?

Ottoman Union Society (İttihâd-ı Osmânî Cemiyeti)

Society of Homeland and Freedom (Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyeti)

Ottoman Society of Freedom (Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti)

Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti)

Ottoman Union and Revolution Society (Osmanlı İttihat ve İnkılâp Cemiyeti)

Açıklama:

With the aid of some of his colleagues and friends, including Dr. Mustafa (Cantekin) and Müfit (Özdeş), he secretly founded the Society of Homeland and Freedom (Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyeti) to fight against Sultan Abdülhamid II’s despotism. This Society became active in Beirut, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 79

Mustafa Kemal attended the second CUP (Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress/Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) congress in 1909, where he criticized the military's involvement in politics, as a delegate from where?

Damascus

Salonika

Monastir

Tripoli

Alexandretta

Açıklama:

In 1909, Mustafa Kemal attended the second CUP congress as a delegate from Tripoli and continued to criticize the army’s involvement into politics. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 80

In which rank did Mustafa Kemal participate in the World War I?

Full-fledged army officer (Kolağası)

Chief of staff (Kurmay subayı)

Major (Binbaşı)

Lieutenant colonel (Yarbay)

Colonel (Albay)

Açıklama:

When WWI broke out, he asked to take an active role on the military front. In 1914, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to lieutenant colonel (yarbay). In 1915, after he formed the 19th Division in Tekirdağ, he went to Maydos in Gallipoli. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 5

Soru 1

Signing the Lausanne Peace Treaty, Turkey followed a peace policy. What was the main reason for that?

To realize economic, legal and social restructuring within its borders.

To earn some time to reform its army.

To avoid possible attacks from the South.

To attract attention to the Treaty.

To collect international support for the Hatay issue.

Açıklama:

Signing the Lausanne Peace Treaty, Turkey secured peace and earned back the international recognition that the Ottoman Empire had lost from the late 18th century onward. The important task that Turkey needed to do was to keep peace in order to be able to realize economic, legal and social restructuring. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Turkey's foreign policy was determined ______. Which one completes the blank correctly?

after the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly

just before the Lausanne Peace Treaty

as soon as the Turkish War of Independence was over

during Erzurum and Sivas congresses

at the London Conference

Açıklama:

Turkey’s foreign policy was determined at the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Important decisions pertaining to foreign policy were taken during Erzurum and Sivas congresses prior to the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

I. Mosul issue II. Ottoman debts III. The straits IV. Territorial integrity of Turkish Republic
Which one/s was/were among the unsolved topics in the Lausanne Peace Conference?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

In Lausanne Peace Conference, the territorial integrity of Turkish Republic as specified by the National Pact was confirmed with the exception of Mosul. In addition to Mosul, there were also other issues left to be solved after Lausanne such as the Ottoman debts, the Straits and the population exchange that Greece put on the negotiation table. These issues were all solved peacefully after Turkey, Greece, and Italy ratified the Lausanne Peace Treaty on August 23, 1923; on August 25, 1923; and on March 12, 1924, respectively. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

Through which did Turkey have to accept that Mosul was put under the control of the British mandate?

Golden Horn Conference

Frontier and Friendship Treaty

San Remo Conference

Lausanne Peace Treaty

Treaty of Ankara

Açıklama:

The League of Nations, passed a resolution putting Mosul under the control of the British mandate in December 1925 for twenty-five years. Turkey had to accept this decision hopelessly by signing the Frontier and Friendship Treaty with Britain and Iraq on June 6, 1926. This treaty was extended in the name of friendship on December 8, 1936. By this treaty, Turkey had to “give up her territorial claims on the Vilayet of Mosul, but insisted that she would have a share in the Turkish Petroleum Company”. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

What ended the peaceful period between Turkey and Greece after the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Neutrality, Mediation and Arbitration?

National elections ending Venizelos's prime ministry

Turning down Greece's invitation to discuss the population exchange

Protests in both countries against the Treaty

Disaggrements on the properties of the Greeks left in Turkey

Problems starting in Cyprus

Açıklama:

After signing these treaties and Venizelos’ visit to Turkey, İsmet İnönü paid “a return visit” to
Athens in October 1931, which strengthened the relations between Greece and Turkey. Then both
countries signed another guarantee agreement on September 14, 1933, aimed at promoting the relations of the two countries ‘into a clearly defensive alliance’. One-step further in Turkish and Greek relations was the Balkan Entente signed in 1934. The peaceful relations between the two maintained until the 1950s when problems started in Cyprus. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which one is not one of the former enemies of Turkey, which Turkish governments in the 1920s and
1930s tried hard to solve problems with?

Greece

Italy

Germany

France

The Great Britain

Açıklama:

The Turkish governments in the 1920s and 1930s put time and energy to solve the problems that remained unresolved after the Lausanne peace meetings. The governments under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal tried to establish friendly relations with the neighboring countries as well as with the former enemies such as France, the Great Britain, Italy, and Greece with whom she has fought in various battles. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which one was the first country to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey?

Afghanistan

Russia

Syria

Iraq

Iran

Açıklama:

Afghanistan was also another country with which Turkey had established close relations during the Turkish War of Independence. After receiving independence from Britain in 1919, she worked toward establishing good relations with Soviet Russia and the TGNA. She was the second country after Soviet Russia to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey by signing Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreement
on March 1, 1921. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which one was signed to discuss and normalize relations among the countries and to preserve peace in Europe?

Locarno Pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The Treaty of Nyon

Geneva Protocol

Treaty of Rapallo

Açıklama:

The political leaders from Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy came together on October 16, 1925 to discuss and normalize relations among the countries in Europe. The aim was to end some border issues between France, Germany, and Belgium determined at the Paris Conference after World War I. Signing of the Locarno Pact preserved peace in Europe and the Allies evacuated Rhineland and Cologne. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which one is not one of the countries that signed the Sadabad Pact?

Turkey

Iran

Syria

Iraq

Afghanistan

Açıklama:

Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan concluded the Sadabad Pact, signed on July 8, 1937 in SadAbad, the summer palace of the Shah of Iran in Tehran. According to the Pact, four states accepted “to preserve their common frontiers, not to
interfere in one another’s internal affairs, to commit no aggression against one another’s territory and to consult together on all matters of common interest”. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

When did Turkey become a member of the League of Nations?

1930

1932

1933

1935

1936

Açıklama:

By the unanimous decision of the General Assembly of the League, Turkey was accepted as a member of the League of Nations on July 18, 1932 representing 43 states. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Appeasement is the foreign policy of making concessions to the dictatorial power in order to avoid conflict. Which countries folowed this policy during the 1930s?

Bulgaria and France

Greece and Britain

Bulgaria and Britain

Germany and France

France and Britain

Açıklama:

France and Britain followed the policy of appeasement during the 1930s.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

I. Rejecting the idea of leaving Mosul outside the borders of Turkey
II. “Peace at home, Peace in the World”
III. Realism
IV. Adherence to International Law
V. Foreign relations on a solid basis
Which ones of the above define Turkey’s foreign policy following the Lausanne Peace Treaty?

I, II and III

I and II

I, II, III and IV

II, II, IV and V

IV and V

Açıklama:

II. “Peace at home, Peace in the World”
III. Realism
IV. Adherence to International Law
V. Foreign relations on a solid basis

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

Which of the following is NOT among the major international challenges for Turkey in the 1920s?

the question of Mosul

the threat from the Balkans

the Turkish-Greek Population Exchange

the Ottoman Debts

the demilitarization of the Straits and their control by an international commission

Açıklama:

B) the threat from the Balkans

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which of the following determined the Turkish foreign policy?

The national Pact

The Sivas Congress

The London Conference

Treaty of Ankara

Treaty of Kars

Açıklama:

Turkey’s foreign policy was determined at the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Important decisions pertaining to foreign policy were taken during Erzurum and Sivas congresses prior to the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Among the decisions taken during the Erzurum Congress, the article that stated “the entire country within its national frontiers is an undivided whole” was the answer to the land claims of the Allied Powers and former Ottoman minorities. Moreover, the rejection of a mandate regime and of the Great Powers’ protectorate at the Sivas Congress was also another response to the Allies. All these decisions formed the bases of the National Pact that determined the principles of the foreign policy. Consequently, the government used the National Pact as her basis at the London Conference in 1921 as well as in Treaty of Ankara and Treaty of Kars signed in 1921 with minor changes. The National Pact was the red line drawn during and even after the Turkish War of Independence. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following was the main factor in the Turkish foreign policy?

Aggressive policies

Ideological approaches

Relations on mutual benefit

Relations on one-sided benefit

Acceptance of a mandate regime

Açıklama:

Italy’s aggressive policies in the Mediterranean region and the ideological approaches of the Soviet Russia (known as USSR) in the international relations contributed to the rising tension in Europe. Even the League of Nations could not offer solutions for that. Meanwhile, the Turkish Republic under the leadership of President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tried to decrease tension by establishing friendly relations on mutual benefit and by contributing to world peace with adherence to the resolutions of the League of Nations, which was founded in 1919 to protect the peace after World War I. C is the corrects choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

When did The Lausanne Peace Treaty become effective?

August 23, 1923

August 25, 1923

March 12, 1924

July 16, 1924

August 6, 1924

Açıklama:

The treaty became effective on August 6, 1924 after all the approved documents were collected in Paris. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Which of the following was signed to settle the border disputes between France, Germany, and Belgium?

Locarno Pact

Paris Peace Conference

Kellog Briand Pact

League of Nations

Treaty of Rapallo

Açıklama:

Locarno, a town in Switzerland, became famous when the political leaders from Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy came together on October 16, 1925 to discuss and normalize relations among the countries in Europe. The aim was to end some border issues between France, Germany, and Belgium determined at the Paris Conference after World War I. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following was the purpose of the Geneva Protocol?

Evacuation of the Ruhr

Rescheduling of the German debt

Limitations on a particular class of naval vessel

Prohibition of the use of poison gas

Use of bacteriological weapons

Açıklama:

The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibited the use of poison gas and bacteriological weapons” designed under the Article 10 of the League Covenant for collective security. The Geneva Protocol was expected to secure at least regional peace under the leadership of the League of Nations by forcing economic and military sanctions. Nevertheless, the Geneva Protocol did not work well since powers such as Britain rejected to ratify it. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following was Turkey’s position regarding the Spanish Civil War?

To get involved

To support nationalists

To stay neutral

To challenge the League of Nations

To disfavor constitutional government

Açıklama:

While, Germany, Italy, and Soviet Russia got involved in the Spanish Civil War, Turkey stayed neutral and only “gave moral support to the Republicans and backed the League of Nations” and appreciated the constitutional government. Moreover, the Turkish government refrained from interfering with the Spanish affairs and announced restrictions on other nations that would keep her out of the Civil war. C is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which of the following determined Turkey’s Balkan policy in the 1930s?

the Treaty of Lausanne

the Treaty of Nyon

the Kellog-Briand Pact

the Locarno Pact

the Locarno Peace Pact

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which of the following resulted from Turkey’s regional secury principle in the 1930s?
I. The Balkan Entente
II. The Sadabad Pact
III. The Treaty of Lausanne

I, III

II, III

Only I

Only II

I, II

Açıklama:

Turkey’s peaceful foreign policy contributed to the regional politics in a period when the unresolved border issues, and heavy war damages of World War I created tension in Europe including the Balkans and in the Mediterranean region. These disputes were between the countries supporting the status quo and those which are anti-status quo. The first attempt to establish regional peace was achieved through the Balkan Entente which was the product of mutual efforts of Venizelos, the Greek Premier, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the President of the Turkish Republic. In support of the peace keeping efforts, there was a series of Balkan conferences held with the participation of Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey in Athens in 1929, in Istanbul in 1931, and in Thessaloniki in 1932. The result of these conferences was the signing of the Balkan Entente or the Balkan Pact between Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Romania in Athens on February 9, 1934. With this pact, they guaranteed each other’s territorial integrity and independence and decided to settle disputes among the signatories peacefully. Bulgaria, however, did not sign it until 1938 since she had territorial claims from Turkey and Greece. This Pact was maintained until World War II. It became null after the Italian occupations in the Balkans. Each signatory state had to take care of its own interests on its own. Turkey’s contribution to the regional politics was not limited to the Balkans. She also played an active role in contributing to peace with her neighboring countries in the east starting from the 1920s onward. The Sadabad Pact was signed in 1937 between Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Turkey received an invitation to the League of Nations because of her _____ .

powerful army

hostile actions

independent policies

peaceful policies

agressive policies

Açıklama:

After the Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed, Turkey tried to preserve her rights in the international arena while contributing to the regional and world peace. Throughout these efforts, there was one principle that Atatürk and the Turkish governments used as a motto: adherence to international law. They solved all issues and disputes left from Lausanne following this line of action. Thus, Turkey with her peaceful approaches was praised and rewarded by an invitation to the League of Nations. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

The Montreux Convention signed on July 20, 1936 ____ .

put the control of the Straits under a commission

followed the resolutions of the Lausanne Treaty

gave Turkey half sovereignty of the Straits

gave Turkey full sovereignty of the Straits

denied merchant ships of free passage through the Straits

Açıklama:

Among the problems that prevented Turkey’s full rapprochement with the world was the control of the Straits which was under the authority of an international commission as stipulated by the Lausanne Peace Treaty. On April 11, 1936, Turkey applied to the League of Nations to present her concerns about a possible threat that she might receive from the Straits and requested the control of the Straits to be transferred to Turkey. The League of Nations saw the justification in Turkey’s claim. Britain, the Soviet Union, the Balkan Entente members, and the Permanent Council backed her request. These steps brought about the political and legal basis for the Montreux Convention signed on July 20, 1936 in Switzerland. According to the Montreux Convention, Turkey obtained the right to organize and arm the Straits for her security in the times of both war and peace. The convention also allowed Turkey to close the straits to all warships in and during the times of war but to permit merchant ships free passage. While all signatories of Lausanne accepted the Turkish proposal and signed the convention, Italy was not happy with this outcome at the beginning. Two years later, Turkey signed a separate agreement with Italy on May 2, 1938. This was another successful and peaceful outcome and solution of one of the issues left unsolved in Lausanne. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

When was the League of Nations founded?

1918

1919

1924

1930

1940

Açıklama:

B) The League of Nations was founded in 1919 to protect the peace after World War I.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

When the League of Nations, passed another resolution putting Mosul under the control of the British mandate in 1925. Which of the following reasons made Turkey accept this decision?

The Italian expansionist policies concerning the Mediterranean
region created tension.

Most people in Mosul did not ask for the Turkish rule.

Turkey believed in the authority of The Permanent Court of International Justice with no doubt.

Turkey wanted to avoid tension with Britain.

10% of Iraq’s oil was allocated to Turkey for 25 years.

Açıklama:

D) Turkey wanted to avoid tension with Britain.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which country was seen as a dangerous force against the World peace in 1930s?

Italy

Germany

Greece

Yugoslavia

France

Açıklama:

Italy in this period was seen as a dangerous force against the World peace.
Mussolini no only wanted to occupy more land but also rejected projects for establishing unity in Europe for fear of the French dominance in Europe and in Mediterranean politics.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which country bombarded the Turkish city of Suleymaniye in August 1923 with the concerns about a possible declaration of war by Turkey to take Mosul back?

France

Soviet Russia

Britain

Italy

Iraq

Açıklama:

The British Air Force bombarded the Turkish city of Suleymaniye in August 1923, and this caused the death of 37 people. The British attacks against Turkey, in fact, signaled her concerns about a possible declaration of war by Turkey to take Mosul back especially after signing a Friendship Treaty with the Soviet Russia in 1925.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Until which issue did the peaceful relations between Turkey and Greece maintain?

Problems started in Cyprus

Population exchange from both sides

Reissueing Ottoman Debts

Discussions on the Greek heritage in Turkey

The signing of the Treaty of Friendship

Açıklama:

One-step further in Turkish and Greek relations was the Balkan Entente signed in 1934. The peaceful relations between the two maintained until the 1950s when problems started in Cyprus.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which country provided the TGNA with military aid and international support to help confront the advancing Greek army throughout the Turkish War of Independence?

Iraq

Iran

Britain

Soviet Russia

Bulgaria

Açıklama:

Turkey has also tried to determine its land borders with the other neighboring states while the Mosul issue was negotiated with the Great Britain.
Turkey already established a close relationship with the Soviet Russia in 1921 during the Turkish War of Independence. As a matter of fact, the cooperation between Turkey and the Soviet Russia was established when the Greek occupation started in 1919 and continued throughout the Turkish War of Independence. The Bolshevik regime provided the TGNA with military aid and international support to help confront the advancing Greek army. This friendship was strengthened when Turkey and Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Neutrality and Friendship on December 17, 1925.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

Why did Turkey sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

To support Germany in Europe

To protect her borders

To contribute to the world peace

To prevent a possible resurgence of French aggression

To increase her power in Europe

Açıklama:

C) To contribute to the world peace
This pact was to be one of the international treaties Turkey signed to contribute to world peace.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

What was Turkey's attitude in the Spanish Civil War?

Turkey stayed neutral and only gave moral support to the Republicans.

Turkey exported munitions and materials of war from its territory to Spanish territories.

Turkey supported the Nationalists to prevent the spread of communism.

The Turkish government allowed the enrollment of Turkish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War.

Turkey helped the Republicans in Spain.

Açıklama:

A) Turkey stayed neutral and only gave moral support to the Republicans.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Which country did not sign the Balkan Pact in 1934?

Turkey

Greece

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Romania

Açıklama:

C) Bulgaria

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

When did Turkey join the League of Nations?

1920

1923

1925

1932

1945

Açıklama:

By the unanimous decision of the General Assembly of the League, Turkey was accepted as a member of the League of Nations on July 18, 1932.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 34

With which treaty, France became the first western power to abandon the claims imposed by the Treaty of Sèvres and to effectively recognize the new Turkish government?

Frontier Treat

Treaty of Kars

Treaty of Friendship

Treaty of Ouchy

Treaty (Accord) of Ankara

Açıklama:

The Turkish National Forces expelled the French occupation in the period from 1920 to1921 and the French forces left the National Pact borders by signing the Treaty (Accord) of Ankara on October 20, 1921. With this treaty, France became the first western power to abandon the claims imposed by the Treaty of Sèvres and to effectively recognize the new Turkish government based in Ankara.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

What was the reason of Turkey to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

To be known by the Western powers

To contribute to world peace

To make a deal for the Ottoman debts

To display the power of the young republic

To keep the national borders

Açıklama:

Among the signatory states of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, Turkey also took her place since Mustafa Kemal believed in world peace and strived to keep it. Turkey was represented by the Ambassador of Turkey to Washington and signed the pact on October 31, 1928. The TGNA approved the Kellogg-Briand Pact on January 19, 1929 (League of Nations, Treaty Series, 1929, p.59). This pact was to be one of the international treaties Turkey signed to contribute to world peace. The next step Turkey took was joining the League of Nations on July 8, 1932.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

Which of the followings ended the Question of İskenderun Sandjak and the talks on the Straits?

Balkan Entente

Sadabad Pact

International Court of Justice

The Montreux Straits Convention

The Treaty of Nyon

Açıklama:

The Spanish Civil War and Italian and German aggressive policies forced Britain and France to become closer to Turkey for naval bases in the Mediterranean especially when the Question of İskenderun Sandjak arose and the talks on the Straits came to an end on July 20, 1936 when the Montreux Straits Convention (Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi) was signed.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 37

Which of the followings encouraged Turkey to take more initiative toward the establishment of regional peace in the Balkans?

Ottoman Heritage

Balkan conferences

Being accepted to the League of Nations

The Sadabad Pact

The Montreux Conference

Açıklama:

In 1932, Turkey was accepted to the League of Nations. This membership encouraged Turkey to take more initiative toward the establishment of regional peace in the Balkans.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 38

Which of the following countries was NOT a part that signed the Sadabad Pact in 1937?

Syria

Iran

Iraq

Afghanistan

Turkey

Açıklama:

Italy’s expansionist policy in Asia and Africa after 1934 was especially alarming, and it led Turkey to form peaceful alliances with the Eastern states as she had done with the Balkan states in 1934. Turkey extended the principle of regional security pacts eastward, and the result was the Sadabad Pact signed with the participation of Turkey Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan in 1937.
Syria was not a part.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Which of the following representative states invited Turkey to become a member of the League of Nations in 1932?

Bulgaria and Russia

Spain and Greece

Italy and Germany

Britain and France

Afghanistan and Iran

Açıklama:

In addition to all problems and threats she had to encounter and also her contribution to world and regional peace, Turkey was also going through a series of reforms initiated by the State and mostly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to create a new modern state. This new born country and nation managed to attract the attention of the European states. Then, the biased attitude these states harbored against Turkey started to disappear. As mentioned above, many European countries signed friendship treaties one by one in the 1920s and 1930s. Even better, Turkey was invited to become a member of the League of Nations in 1932 by the initiative of the two representative states: Spain and Greece. This invitation was in recognition of Turkey’s efforts toward peace in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which of the following issues did the Court of Justice decide in favor of Turkey in 1926?

Abolishing the capitulations

The Greeks who were to remain in Istanbul

The problem of Mosul

Bozkurt Lotus Case

the French claims for Cilicia

Açıklama:

Turkey decided to join the Permanent International Court of Justice three years after she became a member of the League of Nations with the approval of the TGNA on June 10, 1935.
However, before becoming a member, Turkey had agreed to authorize the Court of Justice on certain issues such as the following two: (1) the etablis problem concerning the Greeks who were to remain in Istanbul in their places which rose during the conduct of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey and (2) the problem of Mosul. Turkey conveyed these issues to the court in 1925 while she was even not a member of the League of Nations.
However, the Court had given its opinion on both issues against Turkey. Nevertheless, it had decided in favor of Turkey on the aforementioned Bozkurt Lotus case in 1926.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 41

Who was the head of the Turkish delegation at The Lausanne Peace Conference?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

İsmet İnönü

Kazım Karabekir

Ali Fuat Cebesoy

Celal Bayar

Açıklama:

The Turkish delegation headed by İsmet Pasha (İnönü), the Minister of Foreign Affair of the TGNA. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 42

When did The Sandjak of İskenderun become part of the Turkish Republic?

1926

1929

1935

1939

1942

Açıklama:

The Sandjak of İskenderun later became part of the Turkish Republic through a series of events beginning in 1937 and solved in 1939 after Mustafa Kemal had passed away in 1938, which would have made him happy since it was his efforts that ensured this outcome. D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

Which city became part of the British share when the Sykes-Picot Treaty (one of the secret war agreements of World War I) was signed?

Mosul

Jerusalem

Baghdad

Damascus

Hatay

Açıklama:

Mosul became part of the British share when the Sykes-Picot Treaty (one of the secret war agreements of World War I) was signed, and Britain accepted a mandate over Iraq at the San Remo Conference in 1920. A is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

During the Lausanne Peace Conference, which country asked for a population exchange, which was not something that Turkey was willing to do, but had to accept?

Bulgaria

Germany

Greece

Italy

France

Açıklama:

During the Lausanne Peace Conference, Greece asked for a population exchange, which was not something that Turkey was willing to do, but had to accept. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 45

When was the Greek-Turkish Economic Pact signed?

1920

1928

1930

1937

1942

Açıklama:

The Greek-Turkish Economic Pact including the three protocols of the Friendship Message, the Trade and Residence Agreement and the Nautical Protocol signed on June 10, 1930. C is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

Which of the following is not one of the bases that the foreign relations of Turkey were established on?

cooperation

mutual benefit

friendship

non-aggression

occupancy

Açıklama:

The foreign relations of Turkey were established on the bases of cooperation, mutual benefit, friendship and non-aggression since the winners and losers of World War I were divided into camps as pro-status quo or anti-revisionist and revisionist. E is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

Which country provided the TGNA with military aid and international support to help confront the advancing Greek army?

Germany

Soviet Russia

Italy

France

England

Açıklama:

Soviet Russia provided the TGNA with military aid and international support to help confront the advancing Greek army. B is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which of the following treaties was not included in the Locarno Pact?

“A treaty of mutual guarantee of the Franco-German and the Belgian-German frontiers, with Britain and Italy as guarantors” agreeing that the Rhineland would remain a demilitarized zone.

German-Belgian and German-French arbitration treaties

German-Czechoslovak and German-Polish arbitration treaties

Treaties of mutual assistance in the event of German aggression between Italy and England

Treaties of mutual assistance in the event of German aggression between France and Poland, and between France and Czechoslovakia

Açıklama:

In these meetings, the contributing countries concluded and signed four series of treaties known as the Locarno Pact. They were:
1. “A treaty of mutual guarantee of the Franco-German and the Belgian-German frontiers, with Britain and Italy as guarantors” agreeing that the Rhineland would remain a demilitarized zone,
2. German-Belgian and German-French arbitration treaties,
3. German-Czechoslovak and German-Polish arbitration treaties,
4. Treaties of mutual assistance in the event of German aggression between France and Poland, and between France and Czechoslovakia” (Goldstein, 2002, p.83). D is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 49

When was Turkish Foreign Policy determined?

After the first World War

With the beginning of Turkish modernization

Together with the Tanzimat

At the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

After the Second World War

Açıklama:

Turkey’s foreign policy was determined at the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. True Answer is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

When did Sandjak of İskenderun join the motherland?

1938

1939

1921

1945

1930

Açıklama:

The Sandjak of İskenderun later became part of the Turkish Republic through a series of events beginning in 1937 and solved in
1939

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 51

Which of the following countries did not take place in Balkan Pact?

Turkey

Greece

Romania

Yugoslavia

Serbia

Açıklama:

The result of the conferences was the signing of the Balkan Entente, known as the Balkan Pact, between Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Romania on February 9, 1934 in Athens. E is the right answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 52

When did the negotiations between Italy and Turkey start?

1930

1946

1923

1924

1926

Açıklama:

The reconciliation between Turkey and Italy started in February 1926. Italy initiated the move and Turkey welcomed this. True Answer is E

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 53

When was the Sadabad Pact signed with the participation of Turkey Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan?

1920

1925

1930

1933

1937

Açıklama:

Sadabad Pact signed with the participation of Turkey Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan in 1937.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 54

After what event did Turkey, Britain and France start cooperation for peace on the Mediterranean?

The start of the Second World War

with the occupation of Poland by Germany

Italian occupation of Abyssinia in 1935

With Soviet Russia demanding rights from The Straits

Soviet Russia's expansionist attitude

Açıklama:

Turkey cooperated with Britain and then France concerning peace in the Mediterranean, especially
after the Italian occupation of Abyssinia in 1935. On the eve of World War II. True Answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 55

This Pact preserved peace in Europe and the Allies evacuated Rhineland and Cologne. Then Germany was accepted to the League of Nations through a resolution passed on September 8, 1926.
Which of the following is the treaty described above?

Postdam

Yalta

Locarno Peace Pact

Kellogg-Briand

Traty of Nyon

Açıklama:

Signing of the Locarno Pact preserved peace in Europe and the Allies evacuated Rhineland and Cologne. Then Germany was accepted to the League of Nations through a resolution passed on September 8, 1926. “The German, British, and French statesmen, the architects of Locorno, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize”. True Answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 56

Post war period in Europe witnessed a series of meetings, conferences and treaties either bilateral or multilateral. This Pact was one such treaty that was signed in this period. Turkey sent delegates to these meetings. The foundation of the Pact was laid in 1928 with the aim of preserving peace because collective security and peace that concerned the major powers of Europe and the US had become fragile in the late 1920s.
Which of the following is the treaty described above?

Locarno Peace Pact

The Balkan Entente (Pact)

The Treaty of Nyon

Kellog-Briand Pact

The Sadabad Pact

Açıklama:

Post war period in Europe witnessed a series of meetings, conferences and treaties either bilateral or multilateral. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was one such treaty that was signed in this period. Turkey sent delegates to these meetings. The foundation of the
Kellogg-Briand Pact was laid in 1928 with the aim of preserving peace because collective security and peace that concerned the major powers of Europe and the US had become fragile in the late. True Answer is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 57

When was the Balkan Entente signed?

1937

1934

1938

1939

1941

Açıklama:

Balkan entente was signed in 1934

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 58

Sadabat pact, When Was it signed?

1937

1934

1924

1946

1944

Açıklama:

Sadabat pact was signed in 1937

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 59

When was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?

23 October 1923

12 November 1922

24 Jully 1923

10 December 1922

24 June 1923

Açıklama:

Lousanne was signed in 24 Jully 1923 that True answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 60

Where is the Sdabat pact signed?

Geneve

Zurich

Naples

Cairo

Tehran

Açıklama:

Sdabat pact was signed at Tehran's Sadabad Palace. True answer is E

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

__________________ is the foreign policy of making concessions to the dictatorial power in order to avoid conflict.

appeasement

treaty

inhabitant

agreement

non-aggression

Açıklama:

Appeasement is the foreign policy of making concessions to the dictatorial power in order to avoid conflict. This was a policy followed by Britain and France during the 1930s.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 62

The native Greeks of which cities or regions were displaced in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne?
I.Istanbul
II.the Aegean Region
III.Western Thrace
IV.İzmir
V. Ankara

I,II,III

II,V

II,III,IV, V

I,II,III,V

I,II

Açıklama:

Thracian border were demilitarized under the Treaty of Lausanne, she supported status-quo and was defenseless in case of any attack from Bulgaria or Greece “especially if the two states combined or were supported by Italy” (Hale, 2013, p.45). Naturally, instead of claiming any lands that had been lost by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, Turkey wanted to keep peace in the Balkans and form an entente.
Article 3: Those Greeks and Moslems who have already, and since October 18, 1912, left the territories the Greek and Turkish inhabitants of which are to be respectively exchanged, shall be considered as included in the exchange provided for in Article 1.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 63

When was Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreementon signed?

March 1, 1921.

June 15, 1928

December 17, 1925

May 30, 1926

October 16, 1925

Açıklama:

Ankara government as the representative of Turkey by signing Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreementon March 1, 1921.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 64

Which country did not come to Locarno on October 16, 1925?

Britain

France

Germany

Belgium

Spain

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 65

Which two countries signed the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922?

Italy-France

Germany-Poland

Poland-Belgium

Germany-Soviet Russia

Soviet Russia-Italy

Açıklama:

Germany had signed the Treaty of Rapallo with Soviet Russia in 1922,

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 66

Among which countries was Sadabad Pact signed in 1937?

Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Morocco

Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan

Turkey, Spain, Morocco, Iran,

Iraq, Afghanistan , France,

Italy, Iraq , France, Morocco

Açıklama:

Sadabad Pact signed with the participation of Turkey Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan in 1937.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 67

______________ is the name of the trial which dealt with an accident that happened around Mytilene Islands on August 2, 1926

The Sadabad Pact

Convention of Montreux

Balkan Entente

Bozkurt-Lotus Case

Locarno Pact

Açıklama:

Bozkurt-Lotus Case is the name of the trial which dealt with an accident that happened around Mytilene Islands on August 2, 1926

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 68

One of the obstacles that prevented Turkey from taking Mosul back was __________ in Iraq.

the British Mandate

Montreux Convention

The Balkan Entente

League of Nations

The Treaty of Nyon

Açıklama:

One of the obstacles that prevented Turkey from taking Mosul back was the British Mandate in Iraq and the Kingdom of Iraq that was founded by Britain in 1921.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

When was the Pact of Paris signed?

on July 27, 1929

on May17, 1928

on June 17, 1922

on August 27, 1928

on April 5, 1928

Açıklama:

Pact of Paris since it was signed on August 27, 1928 in Paris.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

When was the Sadabad Pact signed?

on July 8, 1934

on December 8, 1937

on March 6, 1931

on May 18, 1936

on July 8, 1937

Açıklama:

The Sadabad Pact was signed on July 8, 1937 in Sad-Abad, the summer palace of the Shah of Iran in Tehran with the participation of Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

How can the Turkish foreign policy determined by Atatürk be categorized?

Surrealist

Offensive

Defensive

Realist

Moderate

Açıklama:

From the very beginning, Mustafa Kemal determined Turkey’s main foreign policy objectives as being recognized as a sovereign entity and being depended on a realist foreign policy within the framework of the National Pact. This foreign was also a realistic one; adherence to international law, foreign relations on a solid basis and “Peace at home and peace at World”. With all these principles and expectations, Turkey also wanted to become a source of inspiration to the oppressed nations of the World.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 72

When did Hatay become part of the republic of Turkey?

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

Açıklama:

Turkey’s adherence to the resolutions was better tested in the aforementioned issues such as Mosul, the Ottoman debts, the Straits, and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey together with the Question of Alexandretta Sandjak (the Sandjak of İskenderun) or known as “Hatay Sorunu” (Hatay Question) in Turkey. This former Ottoman Sandjak had become autonomous under the Article 7 of the Treaty of Ankara signed with France in 1921. The Sandjak of İskenderun later became part of the Turkish Republic through a series of events beginning in 1937 and solved in 1939 after Mustafa Kemal had passed away in 1938, which would have made him happy since it was his efforts that ensured this outcome.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Under what condition did Turkey give up her territorial claims on the Vilayet of Mosul when signing the Frontier and Friendship Treaty?

That the Sandjak of İskenderun was left to Turkey

That Turkey was going to have a share on the Iraqi oil

That Britain was going to pay Turkey compensation

That a plebiscite was going to be held in Mosul

That Turkey was going to be accepted to UN

Açıklama:

The League of Nations, passed another resolution putting Mosul under the control of the British mandate in December 1925 for twenty-five years. Turkey had to accept this decision hopelessly by signing the Frontier and Friendship Treaty with Britain and Iraq on June 6, 1926. This treaty was extended in the name of friendship on December 8, 1936. By this treaty, Turkey had to “give up her territorial claims on the Vilayet of Mosul, but insisted that she would have a share in the Turkish Petroleum Company”. According to this treaty, Iraq retained Mosul, and the Brussels Line became the permanent border between Iraq and Turkey, and 10% of Iraq’s oil was allocated to Turkey for 25 years.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

When did the Republic of Turkey finish paying Ottoman debts?

1940

1944

1950

1954

1960

Açıklama:

After long negotiations in Lausanne, the debt of the Ottoman Empire was “evaluated as 129.4 million Turkish Liras (about 106.000.000 Sterling) and the annual payments as 8.66 million liras, with the Turkish Republic’s share being 84.6 and 5.8 million liras, respectively”. However, this amount was still a considerable amount for Turkey, and the Turkish governments rejected this amount set by the treaty and did not pay the debts until 1929 since the meetings continued with the related parties about payment responsibilities. Finally, the League of Nations got involved in this matter and “the Turkish debt was reduced to 8 million gold liras (80 million liras) and the annual payments to 700.000 gold liras (7 million paper liras) starting to be paid in 1933”. These payments continued until May 25, 1954 until the last bonds were liquidated.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 75

Which of the following countries was not one of the participants to Locarno Pact?

Britain

France

Germany

Belgium

Spain

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Which of the following were the two parties of the Spanish civil war?

Conservatives and nationalists

Nationalists and socialists

Nationalists and republicans

Conservatives and republicans

Republicans and socialists

Açıklama:

A civil war broke in Spain between the Nationalists lead by General Francisco Franco and the Republicans. The Spanish Civil War began on July 18, 1936 when a coup d’etat led by General Francisco Franco against Manuel Azana, the Republican president of Spain took place, and the army, and took over the control of the government in Spain. This war continued until 1939.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 77

Which of the following countries did not participate in the Sadabad pact?

Syria

Turkey

Iran

Iraq

Afghanistan

Açıklama:

Turkey extended the principle of regional security pacts eastward, and the result was the Sadabad Pact signed with the participation of Turkey Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan in 1937.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 78

Which country other than Turkey was involved in the Bozkurt-Lotus Case?

Germany

Britain

Italy

Belgium

France

Açıklama:

Bozkurt-Lotus Case is the name of the trial which dealt with an accident that happened around Mytilene Islands on August 2, 1926. A mail steamer flying the French flag SS Lotus, captained by a French citizen, hit the Turkish collier Bozkurt, captained by Hasan Bey. Lotus had cut Bozkurt into two with practically no damage to herself.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

Which representative states did play a role in Turkey's invitation to become a member of the League of Nations?

Britain and Belgium

France and Germany

Spain and Greece

Germany and Bulgaria

Spain and Yugoslavia

Açıklama:

Turkey was invited to become a member of the League of Nations in 1932 by the initiative of the two representative states: Spain and Greece. This invitation was in recognition of Turkey’s efforts toward peace in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 80

Who was the first and only president of the Republic of Hatay?

Ahmet Sökmen

Tayfur Sökmen

Murat Sökmenoğlu

Mustafa Sökmenoğlu

Talat Sökmen

Açıklama:

Tayfur Sökmen was elected the President of the new state established in the Sandjak. He appointed Dr. Abdurrahman Bey as the prime minister. There were 34 Turkish, 2 Arab, 2 Armenian and 2 Orthodox Greek deputies, a total of 40, in the Parliament.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 81

Where is the city of Mosoul located in modern day?

Syria

Iraq

Iran

Egypt

Armenia

Açıklama:

-
Mosul, a city in modern day Iraq was once one of the Ottoman provinces (vilayat of Mosul).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 82

Which of the below was plotted against the Turkish government in order to weaken Ankara’s diplomatic position in the Mosul question?

Şeyh Bedrettin Rebellion

Patrona Halil Rebellion

Ararat Rebellion

Şeyh Sait Rebellion

Beytussebab Rebellion

Açıklama:

-
Britain tried to create tension in the Turkish regions close to the border with Iraq in 1924 and 1925. They even provoked the Kurds in Eastern Anatolia in February 1925, Şeyh Sait Rebellion, against the Turkish government in order to weaken Ankara’s diplomatic position in the Mosul question.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 83

Which Greek prime minister played a major role in solving the property issue between Turkey and Greece after the population exchange?

Eleftherios Venizelos

Alexandros Zaimis

Georgios Theotokis

Nikolaos Stratos

Alexandros Papanastasiou

Açıklama:

The property issue between Greece and Turkey caused bitter discussions until it was solved in 1930 after Eleftherios Venizelos was elected the Prime Minister of Greece in February of the same year. He “launched an unexpected initiative, telling the Greek parliament that he believed that Turkey was a peace-loving country, which would not attack Greece…” and this speech normalized the relations. The Turkish government was appeased from this approach and the talks on the properties restarted, and this issue was finally solved by an agreement signed in June 1930. This agreement also created friendly relations between Greece and Turkey. İsmet İnönü, the Turkish Prime Minister, invited Venizelos, “the Greek premier, Turkey’s former arch-enemy” to Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 84

Which of the below disrupted the peaceful relations between Turkey and Greece following the settlement of population exchange crisis?

Treaty of Lausanne

Gökçeada Issue

Evros River Incident

Sismik Incident

Cyprus Issue

Açıklama:

After signing these treaties and Venizelos’ visit to Turkey, İsmet İnönü paid “a return visit” to Athens in October 1931, which strengthened the relations between Greece and Turkey. Then both countries signed another guarantee agreement on September 14, 1933, aimed at promoting the relations of the two countries ‘into a clearly defensive alliance’. One-step further in Turkish and Greek relations was the Balkan Entente signed in 1934. The peaceful relations between the two maintained until the 1950s when problems started in Cyprus.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Until when did Turkey pay the debt of the Ottoman Empire?

1929

1933

1947

1954

1963

Açıklama:

-
After long negotiations in Lausanne, the debt of the Ottoman Empire was “evaluated as 129.4 million Turkish Liras (about 106.000.000 Sterling) and the annual payments as 8.66 million liras, with the Turkish Republic’s share being 84.6 and 5.8 million liras, respectively” (Shaw &Shaw, 2002, p.367). However, this amount was still a considerable amount for Turkey, and the Turkish governments rejected this amount set by the treaty and did not pay the debts until 1929 since the meetings continued with the related parties about payment responsibilities. Finally, the League of Nations got involved in this matter and “the Turkish debt was reduced to 8 million gold liras (80 million liras) and the annual payments to 700.000 gold liras (7 million paper liras) starting to be paid in 1933” (Shaw & Shaw, 2002, p.367). These payments continued until May 25, 1954 until the last bonds were liquidated.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 86

Which of the below was first country to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey?

USA

Russia

Afghanistan

Germany

Açıklama:

-
Soviet Russia was first country to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey, followed by Afghanistan.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 87

Which of the countries below did Turkey have tensions with due to its colonial intentions toward Turkey?

Germany

USA

Italy

Iraq

Syria

Açıklama:

-
Turkey established relations with Italy as well as other countries, but this relation was strained since Italy maintained its colonial intentions toward Turkey, which started in 1911.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 88

With which pact did the core states of Western Europe declare an end to centuries of military conflict over the territories adjacent to the Rhine in 1925?

Sadabad Pact

National Pact

Locarno Pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Pact of Paris

Açıklama:

At Locarno in 1925, the core states of Western Europe - France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Belgium -voiced the great lessons they learned from the Great War in the terms of the treaty. An end to military conflict among them was of greater value to them than anything to be gained from another resort to arms. They agreed that their primary common interest was in banishing war from the region, and they declared an end to centuries of military conflict over the territories adjacent to the Rhine. The treaties they concluded then were a historic effort to make a stable peace by means of a comprehensive regional settlement designed to end longstanding antagonisms and conflicts.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 89

Which of the below is NOT one of the countries that signed Nyon Agreement?

the Soviet Union

Turkey

Egypt

Bulgaria

Italy

Açıklama:

The countries who signed the Nyon Agreement were Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Egypt.They agreed that any submarine which attacked a ship in a manner contrary to the rules of international law referred to in the International Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armaments signed in London on 25 March 1936 should be counter-attacked and, if possible, destroyed.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 90

Which of the below did NOT sign the Balkan Pact until 1938?

Bulgaria

Turkey

Greece

Yugoslavia

Romania

Açıklama:

-
In support of the peace keeping efforts, there were Balkan conferences with the participation of Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey in Athens in 1929, in Istanbul in 1931, and in Thessaloniki in 1932. However, due to the fact that Bulgaria did not abandon its expansionist policies, these efforts of the Balkan states did not yield a positive result. Because of Bulgaria’s efforts to change the Neuilly Agreement in her favor, the rest of the Balkan states decided either to abandon their attempts for a Balkan Pact or to make one and leave Bulgaria out until Bulgaria would want to join in. The result of the conferences was the signing of the Balkan Entente, known as the Balkan Pact, between Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Romania on February 9, 1934 in Athens. With this pact they guaranteed each other’s territorial integrity and independence and establishing machinery to settle disputes among the signatories.
Bulgaria, however, did not sign this Pact until 1938 because she claimed Dobrudja as hers from Rumania, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, and Greece; Western Thrace from Greece, and Edirne and left bank of the River Maritsa from Turkey even though relations with her was improving.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 91

Which of the following below was the turning point in Turkey’s foreign policy?

The Lausanne Peace Conference

Balkan Entente

The Sadabad Pact

San Remo Conference

Convention of Montreux

Açıklama:

The Lausanne Peace Conference at this point was the turning point in Turkey’s foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 92

Treaty of Ankara signed with ________ in __________.

Italy /1929

France /1921

England/1930

Soviet Russia/1933

Germany/1935

Açıklama:

Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 93

Which of the following options were the consequences of the Montreux Convention?

Turkey resumed full sovereignty on the Straits.
The Convention is a victory that increase Turkey’s prestige in international relations.
The importance of Turkey increased in the Mediterranean and in the Middle East.
Turkey gained political power to solve the Alexandretta Question.
Turkey’s relation with the Soviet Russia deteriorated.

i, ii, iii, iv, v

i, ii, iii

i, ii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

Açıklama:

(i) Turkey would prohibit the direct or indirect export or re-export of all ‘arms, munitions and materials of war as well as all airplanes, mounted or dismantled, and all ships of war’ from its territory to Spanish territories;

(ii) The prohibitions would apply to contracts in the process of execution;

(iii) Turkey would keep other governments participating in the mutual understanding informed of the
measures taken to carry out the prohibitions. (Güçlü, 2002, p.54).

Table 1.1 on pg 8 shows the kinds of industries that are sensitive to each component of distance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 94

Which of the below headed the Turkish delegation at the Lausanne Peace Conference?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

İsmet İnönü

Kazım Karabekir

Ali Fuat

Fevzi Çakmak

Açıklama:

-
The Lausanne Peace Conference was the turning point in Turkey’s foreign policy. The Turkish delegation headed by İsmet Pasha (İnönü), the Minister of Foreign Affair of the TGNA, had difficult time at Lausanne since the representatives of the Entente tried to impose their imperial claims on Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 95

Which secret war agreement of World War I made Mosul part of the British share?

Skyes-Picot Agreement

Treaty of London

Constantinople Agreement

Balfour Declaration

Treaty of Bucharest

Açıklama:

Mosul became part of the British share when the Sykes-Picot Treaty, one of the secret war agreements of World War I, was signed.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 96

Which of the below made a speech in the Greek parliament stating that he believed that Turkey was a peace-loving country and would not attack Greece, thus contributing to normalization of the relationships between the countries?

Alexandros Zaimis

Alexandros Papanastasiou

Konstantinos Demertzis

Panagis Tsaldaris

Eleftherios Venizelos

Açıklama:

Eleftherios Venizelos was elected the Prime Minister of Greece in February, 1930. He “launched an unexpected initiative, telling the Greek parliament that he believed that Turkey was a peace-loving country, which would not attack Greece…” and this speech normalized the relations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 97

Until when did the Turkish government continue to pay the Ottoman debts?

1929

1933

1938

1946

1954

Açıklama:

-
After long negotiations in Lausanne, the debt of the Ottoman Empire was “evaluated as 129.4 million Turkish Liras (about 106.000.000 Sterling) and the annual payments as 8.66 million liras, with the Turkish Republic’s share being 84.6 and 5.8 million liras, respectively” (Shaw &Shaw, 2002, p.367). However, this amount was still a considerable amount for Turkey, and the Turkish governments rejected this amount set by the treaty and did not pay the debts until 1929 since the meetings continued with the related parties about payment responsibilities. Finally, the League of Nations got involved in this matter and “the Turkish debt was reduced to 8 million gold liras (80 million liras) and the annual payments to 700.000 gold liras (7 million paper liras) starting to be paid in 1933” (Shaw & Shaw, 2002, p.367). These payments continued until May 25, 1954 until the last bonds were liquidated.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 98

Which of the countries below was the first to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey?

Great Britain

USA

Germany

Soviet Russia

Afghanistan

Açıklama:

-
Soviet Russia was the first to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey, followed by Afghanistan.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 99

Mosul became part of the British share with the signing of __________.

Sykes-Picot Treaty

Alexandretta Question

Convention of Montreux

Sadabad Pact

Balkan Entente

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 100

The native Greeks of which city or region were displaced in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne?

Istanbul
the Aegean Region
Western Thrace
İzmir
Ankara

i, ii, iii

i, ii, iii, v

i, ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv, v

iv, v

Açıklama:

The Greek and Turkish Population Exchange

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 101

Between which dates was Lausanne Peace Conference held?

July 20, 1921 and July 11, 1922

November 20, 1922 and July 24, 1923

March 120, 1922 and July 21, 1922

April 23, 1921 and June 11, 1922

April 13, 1922 and May 11, 1922

Açıklama:

Lausanne Peace Conference held between November 20, 1922 and July 24, 1923.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 102

Which country tried to provoke the Kurds in Eastern Anatolia in February 1925 ?(Şeyh Sait Rebellion)

Greece

France

Italy

Germany

Britain

Açıklama:

Britain tried to create tension in the Turkish region close to the border with Iraq in 1924 and 1925. They even provoked the Kurds in Eastern Anatolia in February 1925 (Şeyh Sait Rebellion)

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 103

With which agreement Turkish language was accepted as the official language in Sandjak of İskenderun in 1921?

Balkan Entente

Sadabad Pact

Treaty of Ankara

Lausanne

Convention of Montreux

Açıklama:

There was a special administrative regime (autonomous) for the district of İskenderun, and the Turkish language was accepted as official language there with the Treaty of Ankara in 1921. France also agreed to “appoint officials of Turkish origin to districts with Turkish majorities, and provide facilities for the development of Turkish culture” (Güçlü, 2001, p.596).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 104

Between which countries Golden Horn Conference (Haliç Konferansı) was held on May 19, 1924?

Turkey and Italy

Turkey and Germany

Turkey and Britain

Turkey and France

Turkey and Soviet Russia

Açıklama:

Therefore, this issue would be settled within nine months by direct negotiations between Turkey and Britain. Both sides met at the Golden Horn Conference (Haliç Konferansı) in İstanbul on May 19, 1924 (Coşar and Demirci, 2006, p.126).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 105

Which countries below came together to discuss and normalize relations among the countries in Europe in Locarno Pact?

Britain
France
Germany
Belgium
Italy
Austria

i, ii, iii, iv, v

i, ii, iii, iv

i, ii, iii, iv, vi

ii, iii, iv, v

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 106

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated which of the below to pay war reparations for the damages she caused to the Allies?

Turkey

Hungary

Germany

Soviet Russia

France

Açıklama:

-
Locarno, a town in Switzerland, became famous when the political leaders from Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy came together on October 16, 1925 to discuss and normalize relations among the countries in Europe. The aim was to end some border issues between France, Germany, and Belgium determined at the Paris Conference after World War I. The Treaty of Versailles that followed the Peace Conference stipulated that Germany would pay war reparations for the damages she caused to the Allies. The amount to be paid was not determined. A Reparation Commission made up of members from Britain, France, Belgium, and Italy was established. Germany, along with the other conditions put upon her by the Versailles, was very reactionary to this stipulation. In fact, she failed to pay her interim payments. As a result of this “the Allies ordered that she immediately make up the shortfall. When Germany failed to comply with the stipulations of the Treaty, the Allies, in March 1921, occupied three cities in the industrially important Ruhr as well as most of the customs posts on Germany’s western borders.” French occupation of Ruhr, in particular, caused “passive German resistance”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 107

Which of the below is NOT one of the Balkan countries Turkey signed friendship agreements with?

Albania

Bosnia

Hungary

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Açıklama:

Turkey took important steps to ensure security and cooperation both in the east and the west at a time when the whole world was being dragged into a new all-out war. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founding leader of Turkey, was sure that the tension in the world would bring another world war. Consequently, he spent time and effort to build rapport among the Balkan countries based on mutual interests. Balkan Entente was one of the end results of these efforts. The Turkish policy regarding the Balkan states was to protect the status quo designated by the Treaty of Lausanne. Immediately after this treaty was signed, Turkey attempted to reestablish the relations with the Balkan states severed long time ago. Turkey signed friendship agreements with Albania on December 15, 1923, with Hungary on December 18, 1923, with Bulgaria on October 18, 1925, and with Yugoslavia on October 28, 1925. These agreements were signed as part of the Lausanne Peace Treaty.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 108

Which of the below is NOT one of the countries that signed the Sadabad Pact?

Syria

Iran

Iraq

Turkey

Afghanistan

Açıklama:

-
Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan concluded the Sadabad Pact, signed on July 8, 1937 in SadAbad, the summer palace of the Shah of Iran in Tehran. According to the Pact, four states accepted to preserve their common frontiers, not to interfere in one another’s internal affairs, to commit no aggression against one another’s territory and to consult together on all matters of common interest.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 109

Which of the below did Turkey take to court in the Bozkurt-Lotus case?

Greece

Italy

France

Spain

Egypt

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 110

When was Turkey invited to become a member of the League of Nations?

1923

1925

1929

1932

1939

Açıklama:

-
Turkey was invited to become a member of the League of Nations in 1932 by the initiative of the two representative states: Spain and Greece. This invitation was in recognition of Turkey’s efforts toward peace in Europe.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 111

Turkey established relations with other countries on the bases of cooperation, mutual benefits, friendship, and non-aggression to keep herself away from danger. In this manner, when did Turkey contribute to the Sadabad Pact forming peaceful alliance with neighbouring countries?

in 1934

in 1935

in 1936

in 1937

in 1938

Açıklama:

Turkey established relations with other countries on the bases of cooperation, mutual benefits, friendship, and non-aggression to keep herself away from danger. In this manner, Turkey contributed to the Balkan Pact in 1934 and the Sadabad Pact in 1937 forming peaceful alliance with neighboring countries.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 112

When did Lausanne Peace Treaty become effective?

on June 4, 1924

on July 5, 1924

on August 6, 1924

on September 7, 1924

on October 8, 1924

Açıklama:

These issues were all solved peacefully after Turkey, Greece, and Italy ratified the Lausanne Peace Treaty on August 23, 1923; on August 25, 1923; and on March 12, 1924, respectively. However, Japan ratified the Lausanne Peace Treaty on May 15, 1924, and the Great Britain on July 16, 1924. Finally, the treaty became effective on August 6, 1924 after all the approved documents were collected in Paris.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 113

When did Britain also create the Kingdom of Iraq with King Faisal as its ruler?

in 1918

in 1919

in 1920

in 1921

in 1922

Açıklama:

Britain also created the Kingdom of Iraq with King Faisal as its ruler in 1921

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 114

When did Greece and Turkey sign the convention of “Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations”?

on January 30, 1923.

on December 29, 1924.

on November 28, 1925.

on October 27, 1926.

on September 26, 1927.

Açıklama:

After long debates, Greece and Turkey signed the convention of “Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations” comprising 19 articles during the first phase of this conference on January 30, 1923.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 115

When was the Greek-Turkish Economic Pact singed?

on July 11, 1929

on June 10, 1930

on May 9, 1931

on April 8, 1932

on March 7, 1933

Açıklama:

the Greek-Turkish Economic Pact including the three protocols of the Friendship Message, the Trade and Residence Agreement and the Nautical Protocol signed on June 10, 1930 “after the Venizelos government agreed to pay 425,000 sterling to Turkey” to compensate the Turks for restoring to the Greeks the lands they had taken over in İstanbul.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 116

When was the Balkan Entente signed?

in 1930

in 1931

in 1932

in 1933

in 1934

Açıklama:

One-step further in Turkish and Greek relations was the Balkan Entente signed in 1934.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 117

Until when did the payments of the debt of the Ottoman Empire continue?

June 26, 1955

May 25, 1954

April 24, 1953

March 23, 1952

February 22, 1951

Açıklama:

These payments continued until May 25, 1954 until the last bonds were liquidated.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 118

What was the second country after to recognise Ankara government as the representative of Turkey?

Soviet Russia

Afghanistan

Pakistan

Iran

China

Açıklama:

She was the second country after Soviet Russia to recognize Ankara government as the representative of Turkey by signing Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreementon March 1, 1921.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 119

When did the meetings between France and Turkey start to solve the border problem with Syria?

in March 1924

in April 1925

in May 1926

in June 1927

in July 1928

Açıklama:

Meetings between France and Turkey started in May 1926 to solve the border problem with Syria, which had been under the French mandate since 1919.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 120

When did the TGNA accept the request made by Hatay to join the motherland?

on July 7, 1939.

on June 6, 1939.

on May 5, 1939.

on April 4, 1939.

on March 3, 1939.

Açıklama:

The TGNA accepted the request made by Hatay to join the motherland and become the province of Hatay on July 7, 1939.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 121

Which of the following was the policy followed by Britain and France in the 1930s and opposed by Turkey?

Compellence

Petrocurrency

Appeasement

Populism

Gridlock

Açıklama:

During the 1920s and the 1930s, Turkey became an active opponent of “Appeasement” and still supported the League of Nations’ policy of collective security. Appeasement is the foreign policy of making concessions to the dictatorial power in order to avoid conflict. This was a policy followed by Britain and France during the 1930s. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 122

When did Turkey leave Mosul to Iraq under the British mandate with the agreement made?

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 123

Which state asked a population exchange between Greek and Turkish during the Lausanne Peace Conference?

Britain

France

Turkey

Greece

U.S.A.

Açıklama:

During the Lausanne Peace Conference, Greece asked for a population exchange, which was not something that Turkey was willing to do, but had to accept. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 124

When was the convention “On the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations” signed by Greece and Turkey put into practice?

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

Açıklama:

Greece and Turkey signed the convention of “Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations” comprising 19 articles during the first phase of this conference on January 30, 1923. Turkey ratified this Convention at the same time as the Lausanne Peace Treaty on August 23, 1923 and Greece on August 25, 1923, and it was put into practice on January 27, 1925. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 125

In which year did Venizelos, “the Greek premier, Turkey's former arch-enemy”, visit Turkey upon the invitation of Turkish Prime Minister İsmet İnönü?

1924

1926

1928

1930

1932

Açıklama:

İsmet İnönü, the Turkish Prime Minister, invited Venizelos, “the Greek premier, Turkey's former arch-enemy” to Turkey. Venizelos came Turkey and he was welcomed during his visits to Ankara and Istanbul in October 1930. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 126

Turkey-Greece relations were troubled in the (I), and peaceful in the (II).
Which of the following should be placed in the places indicated by (I) and (II) above, respectively?

(I): 1920s and 1930s, (II): 1940s and 1950s

(I): 1920s and 1950s, (II): 1930s and 1960s

(I): 1920s and 1940s, (II): 1930s and 1950s

(I): 1920s and 1950s, (II): 1930s and 1940s

(I): 1930s and 1950s, (II): 1940s and 1960s

Açıklama:

Turkey-Greece relations were troubled in the 1920s and 1950s, and peaceful in the 1930s and 1940s. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 127

The edict declared by Abdulhamid II on 20 December 1881 for the establishment of the Public Debt Commission and the TGNA (TBMM) government refused to accept, is associated with which Hijri month it was known?

Muharrem

Safar

Rejeb

Ramadan

Zilkade

Açıklama:

Muharrem Kararnamesi was an Ottoman Imperial Decree promulgated on December 20, 1881 (28 Muharrem 1299) by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II for the establishment of the Public Debt Commission. The decree was co-named with month in which it was accepted: Muharrem, one of the months of the Lunar Calendar used by The Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world. The TGNA government refused to accept the Muharrem Decree in Lausanne. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 128

Upon the the TGNA’s rejection to assume total responsibility for the Ottoman debt, it was shared among how many Ottoman successor states?

Açıklama:

Upon the the TGNA’s rejection to assume total responsibility for the Ottoman debt, the total was shared among 16 Ottoman successor states. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 129

In which year did Turkish Republic begin to pay its debts remained from the Ottoman Empire?

1926

1929

1933

1936

1938

Açıklama:

The Turkish debt was reduced to 8 million gold liras (80 million liras) and the annual payments to 700.000 gold liras (7 million paper liras) starting to be paid in 1933. These payments continued until May 25, 1954 until the last bonds were liquidated. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 130

In which year did the Republic of Turkey finish the payment of debts remained from the Ottoman Empire?

1938

1945

1950

1954

1960

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 6

Soru 1

I. Italians who believed they were the descendants of the Roman Empire.
II. Germans who believed that Aryan race to be above all.
III. The Bolsheviks whose territorial claims were threatened by the Europeans countries.
Which of the above is correct related to the background of World War II?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Benito Mussolini, who came to power in Italy in 1922, was eager to establish a colonial empire in the Mediterranean and Africa believing that Italy was heir to the ancient Roman Empire. Adolf Hitler founded National Socialism in Germany, which demanded a pure Germanic race to be dominant: an Aryan race who would be above all. The Bolsheviks also posed danger for the European peace since their territorial claims threatened the European and Asian countries. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

I. Difference in the country's governing styles
II. Belligerents of World War I
III. Different views regarding the status quo.
Which of the above is correct regarding the emergence of World War II?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The countries such as Germany and Italy were against the status quo established in Europe by the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles, while the countries such as Britain, France, Belgium, Greece, and Turkey were against the revisionism and supported the policy of status quo in Europe. The years after World War I witnessed ideological differences besides the economic struggles in the world. While the Soviet Union was propagating Communism, Germany was propagating National Socialism, and Italy was propagating Fascism. Still the belligerents of WW I caused most of the problems. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

I. It aimed to establish a strong nationalist country.
II. It based its objectives on a pro-military country.
III. It proposed to build an Anti-Semitic ideal for the working class.
Which of the above is correct regarding the National German Labour Party (NSDAP) ?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Hitler became one of the leading figures of DAP and used the party as the basis for founding the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, hereafter NSDAP). NSDAP promoted National Socialism in Germany and proposed building a strong nationalist, pro-military, Anti- Semitic ideal for the working class. All there statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

I. It was seen as a rehearsal for the the World War II.
II. Italy and Germany sided together.
III. Russia did not want to be involved in the conflict.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Spanish Civil War?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

When the Civil War started in Spain, it did not stay as a local conflict. It spread out as an international problem when Germany and Italy backed the right wing General Francisco. The Soviet Russia was also involved in this Civil War by supporting the Republicans. So the Russians were somehow involved in the matter. Only first and second statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

What was the name of the conference that aimed to establish security in the Mediterranean and ships at seas?

Kellog-Briand Pact

Pact of Paris

Nyon Conference

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Treaty of Locarno

Açıklama:

Nyon Conference was to establish security in the Mediterranean and to ensure the enforcement of the international law regarding shipping at seas, but these efforts failed. In fact, the Nyon Conference was among the last international meetings which attempted to ensure collective security and abide by international laws prior to the start of World War II.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

I. Denmark
II. Norway
III. Estonia
IV. Luxembourg
Which of the above were the countries that were invaded and taken by the German forces during World War II?

I and II

I and IV

II and III

I, II and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

It was the Soviet Russians who occupied Estonia. Germans occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg between 1939 and 1941.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

I. It aimed to occupy the Soviet Union.
II. It was strengthened by the addition of Hungary.
III. It was seen as an ideological and racist operation against the Russians.
Which of the above is correct regarding The Barbossa Operation?

Only II

Only III

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The Barbarossa Operation, Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, began in June 1941. Then, the war extended to Asia while opening a new front, the Eastern Front. The Kingdom of Hungary, which supported the Axis Powers, joined this operation in July 1941 and helped the Nazis terminate the civilians in Russia. Italy also sent troops to Russia since Hitler held theOperation Barbarossa as an ideological one against communism and a racist one against the Jews who lived in Russia. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

What was the name of the operation that ended the conflict in the African Front?

Sonnenblume

Torch

Barbarossa

Compass

Blitz

Açıklama:

The African front during and after 1941 witnessed attacks and counterattacks between the Allied and Axis powers and finally ended in May 1943 when an Anglo-American landing, Operation Torch, was launched in North- West Africa. The Italian and German forces had to surrender in northern Tunisia

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

I. Clean her territories from the German forces.
II. Enable her to occupy Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
III. Occupy Austria, Manchuria and Korea.
Which of the above is correct regarding the actions of the USA entering the war as an ally of the Soviet Union?

Only I

Only II

Only III

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The German and Italian defeat in North Africa in 1942 also weakened the Axis powers while empowering the Soviet Russia, which began to launch counterattacks against Germany. With these counterattacks, Russia accomplished to (a) clean her territories from the German and Hungarian forces; (b) occupy Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and northern Norway in 1944; (c) occupy Austria, the Danish island of Bornholm, Manchuria, and Korea in 1945. All three statements are correct.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

I. Berlin was divided into four parts, each of which would be controlled by Allied Powers.
II. Soviet Russia and Poland agreed to fall behind the lines before World War II.
III. The countries on the Danube were left under the USSR control.
Which of the above is correct regarding the decisions at the Potsdam Conference?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Berlin was divided into four zones eachcontrolled by one of the Allies. The war reparations would be limited to their zones of occupation.
The Soviet Russia signed a treaty withPoland in which both parties agreed on a formerly established demarcation line between Poland and the USSR on August 16, 1945.
The countries on the Danube were under the military occupation of the USSR; therefore, theDanube was effectively under the Soviet rule and control.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Before World War II, which country was against the status quo in Europe established by the Paris Peace Conference?

Germany

Britain

France

Belgium

Greece

Açıklama:

World War II began despite all the efforts spent by the European Powers to prevent it. Even though they tried hard, the nations involved in World War I could not prevent the border disputes and arms race. The belligerents of WW I caused most of the problems. The founding of the League of Nations to provide solutions for possible disputes among the member countries did not bear fruit. The countries such as Germany and Italy were against the status quo established in Europe by the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles, while the countries such as Britain, France, Belgium, Greece, and Turkey were against the revisionism and supported the policy of status quo in Europe. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Mussolini was committed to ____ before World War I.

pursue an Anti-Semitic ideal for the working class

inspire the revival of the ancient Roman Empire

convince people about the presence of a pure race

support the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War

not participate in the Locarno Pact about border disputes

Açıklama:

Mussolini’s government ruled Italy until 1943 and established a dictatorship by removing all political opposition through his secret police and by outlawing labor strikes. Mussolini tried to overcome the economic problems by inspiring the masses about the revival of the ancient Roman Empire in the Mediterranean and Africa claiming Italy as heir to the ancient Empire. B is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following laid out the ground for World War II?
I. Italy occupied Ethiopia in 1935.
II. Germany sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936.
III. Hitler unoccupied the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
IV. Italy unoccupied Albania in 1939.
V. Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931.

Only I

Only II

Only III, IV

Only III, IV, V

Only I, II, V

Açıklama:

Despite, the efforts to preserve peace in Europe with the treaties and mutual understanding, the Italian and German aggression increased tension in Europe, a fact which laid out the ground for World War II. Italy occupied Ethiopia on September 5, 1935. The Western powers condemned Italy and used economic sanctions against her while Hitler supported this occupation since he had his similar agenda. Then, Germany sent troops into the Rhineland on March 7, 1936, contrary to the terms of the treaties of Versailles and Locarno. Hitler kept increasing the tension in Europe. He remilitarized the Rhineland and occupied the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia and Anschluss Austria on March 12, 1938. Italy occupied Albania on April 7, 1939. In fact, aggressive acts were not limited to Europe; they spread to Asia also. The first one was the Japanese occupation of Manchuria on September 19, 1931. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Which of the following was one of the premises of the Turkish foreign policy in the 1940s and 1940s?

Turkey’s geopolitical location repelled strong friends.

Turkey’s goal was to get the protection of the West.

Turkey was to join world’s power blocks.

Turkey would agree to enter any war only for self-defense.

Turkey was to avoid bargaining on any ground.

Açıklama:

In general, Turkish foreign policy can be summarized with the following premises. These will explain how Turkey looked upon foreign relations in the 1930s and 1940s.

Turkey had an important geopolitical location with both advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages allowed Turkey to have a strong voice in the international area and attract strong friends.
The disadvantage of her geopolitical location was the possibility of confronting major world powers. Additionally, having powerful friends might lead the country to be under their protection.
As a country in the crossroads, Turkey wanted to maintain its freedom to act for her own benefits. If power Blocs were formed in the world, Turkey would like to avoid joining any one of them. She would like to keep her distance to be equal to all of them.
Turkey would always be prepared to fight for the defense of her rights and territories. She would agree to enter any war only for self-defense.
Bargaining, indeed, was an important tool for her survival.

D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

In which period was Turkey in a position of non-alignment?

1923-1939

1939-1943

1920-1923

1920-1930

1940-1945

Açıklama:

From the Lausanne treaty in 1923 to the Anglo-Franco-Turkish treaty in 1939, Turkey was in a position of non-alignment. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following was the result of the economic distress caused by World War II?

decrease in military mobilization

decrease in the share of Military National Defense

increase in agricultural production

increase in manufacturing

shortage of goods

Açıklama:

The economic distress caused by the war lay at the root of the challenges in this era and essentially halted the industrial development plans of the preceding period. Military mobilization for defense increased the numbers of the Turkish army from 120.000 to 1.5 million and the maintenance of this force meant an enormous economic burden on the budget. Among other measures, the state had to raise the share of the Ministry of National Defense from 30% to 50%. Military conscription further harmed the economy by the ensuing labor deficiency, which decreased agricultural production by about 42% and caused a decline in manufacturing by 50%. The volume of international trade contracted significantly as well. These conditions led predictably to shortage of goods, enormous price increases, inflation, hoarding, black marketing, profiteering, and corruption. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Which of the following was one of the measures taken by the Turkish government to combat the post-war effects on economy?

State intervention

Free foreign trade

Free labor

Free production

Free price policy

Açıklama:

The Turkish Parliament passed the National Protection Law on January 18, 1940, which fully legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters. This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life. The government alone came to control the relations of production, labor, supply, distribution, rationing, consumption, and foreign trade. Domestic issues received attention first. The administration enforced a fixed price policy on commodities in order to prevent uncontrolled price increases. A is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which one of the following was the result of the economic measures taken by the state in the post-war period?

The National Protection Law was effective.

The Capital Tax decreased the prices in the long run.

The Capital Tax decreased allowed cash flow in the long run.

The Capital Tax curbed the private enterprise.

The small peasantry felt secure about the Agricultural Products Tax.

Açıklama:

Reflections of State Economic Measures: The National Protection Law in general angered the masses who eventually lost trust in the government for not being able to mitigate the unbearable economic conditions despite the vast authority the law granted the state and the sacrifices it imposed on the people. The Capital Tax allowed cash flow into the treasury and helped some decrease in wholesale prices in the short term. In the long run, though, it damaged the confidence of most entrepreneurs in the state, entailed hesitancy in investment, and thus curbed private enterprise. Although the tax was instituted to correct inflation and excessive profits, it also seemed to serve to erase the commercial inequalities between non-Muslim and Muslim groups and alter the balance in favor of the latter. However, the Muslim business holders felt insecure as well, thinking they might be next in line. Inflation, the decline in purchasing power, and the limited availability of basic goods crushed other urban sectors, especially the salaried groups with fixed incomes, beyond endurance. In addition to these adversities, many urbanites felt aggravated by witnessing others enriched through hoarding, speculation, and black marketing - problems the state tried to avert but with little success. On the rural front, the Agricultural Products Tax became a heavy burden on the small peasantry, impoverishing them on top of the hardships of military conscription, requisition of animals, and forced labor. D is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which of the following decreased as a result of the socio-economic conditions in the post-war period?

Piety

Violence

Prostitution

Foreclosure suits

Medical provisions

Açıklama:

Side Effects of Socio-Economic Conditions and Disruption of Public Order: The intolerable economic conditions and the resultant poverty had several repercussions on social life, leading to the instability and disintegration of public order in general. The gravity of financial circumstances and destitution disrupted family life, and marriages started falling apart. Violence became visible on streets, and skirmishes or fights grew into everyday scenes. Crimes, especially petty theft, increased tremendously due to lack of provisions and means. Despair steered some women to prostitution, which exploded during the World War II years. Foreclosure suits and penal proceedings in courts skyrocketed due the increased number of crimes committed or the inability to pay the assessed taxes. Penitentiaries became overcrowded and the authorities neglected the proper provision of prisoners’ needs, especially food, as feeding the population at large was already a considerable challenge. Public health massively deteriorated due to diminished hygiene and malnutrition. Diseases such as typhoid, tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniosis, and trachoma started spreading and proved to be difficult to contain because of the limited availability of medication. Conversations about the war and related steady routines hegemonized everyday life psychologically and practically. The confines of the martial law in big cities, daily dim-outs, regular defense instructions at schools in case of active warfare, propaganda on prudence and frugality dominated the population’s minds and influenced their conduct. Piety escalated in the era with people trying to find spiritual comfort and strength for coping with the hardships they experienced. Different opinions on current circumstances underlined intellectual polarities of the time and furthermore politicized the young generation. E is the correct choice.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

When did Turkey officially declare war on Germany?

May 1, 1942

August 10, 1943

September 2, 1944

February 23, 1945

June 5, 1946

Açıklama:

On February 23, 1945 Turkey officially declared war on Germany. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

What event officially started World War II?

Russian attack on Finland

The Civil War in Spain

Italian occupation of Albania

Japanese attack on Manchuria

Britain’s declaration war to Germany

Açıklama:

World War II officially began when Italy occupied Albania and Germany sent troops to Czechoslovakia and attacked Poland on September 1, 1939. The correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

Which of the following is not one of the countries joined World War II?

USA

Italy

Spain

Japan

Turkey

Açıklama:

Spain did not participate in the war. The correct option is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

At ………………...British and Soviet foreign ministers signed a secret protocol on November 1, 1943 concerning Turkey.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Paris Conference

Yalta Conference

Postdam Conference

Moscow Conference

San Francisco Conference

Açıklama:

At Moscow Conference British and Soviet foreign ministers signed a secret protocol on November 1, 1943 concerning Turkey. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

When did the Turkish foreign office declare its policy as “active neutrality” ?

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

Açıklama:

In 1942 the Turkish foreign office spoke of its policy as “active neutrality”. The correct option is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

Which of the following is the Conference Turkey accepted to enter the war in principle?

Cairo Conference

Yalta Conference

Morocco Conference

Moscow Conference

Casablanca Conference

Açıklama:

At Cairo Conference Turkey accepted to enter the war in principle. The correct option is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which of the following is not true about The National Protection Law?

It was passed by the Turkish Parliament on January 18, 1940.

The Law remained in effect until the end of the World War II.

Buying a certain good only in restricted and set amounts recorded on a card was exercised.

With this law the administration enforced a fixed price policy on commodities in order to prevent uncontrolled price increases.

This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life.

Açıklama:

The National Protection Law remained in effect far beyond the World War II years. It was abrogated on September 10, 1960, after the military coup in the same year. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following tax is passed by the Turkish Parliament to raise funds for defense in case of a participation in World War II?

Capital tax

Wealth tax

Defense tax

Mobilization tax

Excess profit tax

Açıklama:

The Capital Tax (Varlık Vergisi), passed on November 11, 1942, was a non-repetitive levy from the affluent segments of society and constituted in essence a wealth tax. It would be applicable to big farmers, estate and property owners, entrepreneurs, corporations, and several individuals paying income taxes. The proclaimed purpose of the tax was raising funds for defense in case of a participation in World War II. The correct option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 28

Which of the following is not a consequence of economic measures taken during World War II?

Masses lost trust in the government.

They decreased the cash into the treasury.

They damaged the confidence of most entrepreneurs in the state.

The Agricultural Products Tax became a heavy burden on the small peasantry.

The decline in purchasing power and the limited availability of basic goods crushed urban sectors.

Açıklama:

The National Protection Law in general angered the masses who eventually lost trust in the government for not being able to mitigate the unbearable economic conditions despite the vast authority the law granted the state and the sacrifices it imposed on the people. The Capital Tax allowed cash flow into the treasury and helped some decrease in wholesale prices in the short term. In the long run, though, it damaged the confidence of most entrepreneurs in the state, entailed hesitancy in investment, and thus curbed private enterprise. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which of the following is not seen in society as a consequence of economic measures taken during World War II?

Disrupted families

Increased labor force

Disrupted public order

Deteriorated public health

Overcrowded penitentiaries

Açıklama:

Because of the economic conditions during the World War II, a decrease in the labor force became visible in the society. The correct option is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

During the World War II, Axis Powers tried to persuade Turkey to take part in the war. Which of the following are among the Axis Powers? I. Italy II. Japan III. The USA IV. Soviet Russia

I and II

I and III

II and IV

I, II and III

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Despite invitations or attempts to force or convince Turkey to join the war, Turkey managed to stay neutral until the end of World War II and avoided any entanglement with Germany and with other Axis Powers (Italy and Japan). The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

With which event did World War II start?

Germany's sending troops into the Rhineland

Non-Aryan people's killing by Hitler's followers

Italian occupation of Ethiopia

General Franco's taking over the rule of Spain

Japan's attacking Manchuria with an expansionist intent

Açıklama:

World War II started with the Italian occupation of Ethiopia on September 5, 1935 despite the protests against the occupation. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 32

Which of the following countries signed Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940?
I. Soviet Russia
II. Italy
III. Germany
IV. Japan

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940
which formed the Axis Powers of World War II. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 33

What is Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union called?

Operation Compass

Operation Torch

Operation Sonnenblume

Desert Fox

The Barbarossa Operation

Açıklama:

Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, which began in June 1941, is called The Barbarossa Operation. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 34

In which conference, held during World War II, were including Turkey in the Balkan Federation and using Turkish airports discussed?

Washington Conference Arcadia

Dumberton Oaks Conference

Second Washington Conference

Trident Conference

Anglo-American Conference

Açıklama:

The Third Washington Conference, also called the Trident Conference, was held between Roosevelt and Churchill on May 12- 26, 1943 to assess the problems of the ongoing war upon the closure of the North African front. More specifically, the following issues were dicussed in the conference: (a) using Turkish airports; (b) giving the USA, the USSR, England, and China the responsibility to protect peace in the post-war period; and (c) including Turkey in the Balkan federation.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 35

Which one is true about Turkey's foreign policy during World War II?

She looked for chances to find alliences to fight against Russian threat.

She was keen to strengthen her army to protect the Balkan borders.

She tried hard to maintain an active neutral policy.

She allowed Germany to use her lands to transfer weapons to the African fronts.

Although she had refused to do so, she got closer with the Axis powers.

Açıklama:

Turkey had one aim during the war. That was to maintain Turkey’s survival and sovereignity, which had been won in 1923. In that attempt, she tried hard to maintain an active neutral policy and declared that point of view at all times. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 36

Which ones of the following occured in Turkey during the war years? I. Increase in the number of soldiers II. High inflation rates III. Increase in manufacturing IV. Decrease in agricultural production

I and II

I and III

I, II and IV

III and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Military mobilization for defense increased the numbers of the Turkish army from 120.000 to 1.5 million and the maintenance of this force meant an enormous economic burden on the budget. Among other measures, the state had to raise the share of the Ministry of National Defense from 30% to 50%. Military conscription further harmed the economy by the ensuing labor deficiency,
which decreased agricultural production by about 42% and caused a decline in manufacturing by 50%. The volume of international trade contracted
significantly as well. These conditions led predictably to shortage of goods, enormous price increases, inflation, hoarding, black marketing,
profiteering, and corruption. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which one is not one of the results of the National Protection Law, passed on January 18, 1940 in Turkey?

It legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters.

It gave the government extensive rights to control economic life.

The government alone came to control the relations of production, labor,
supply, distribution, rationing, consumption, and foreign trade.

Foreign issues started to receive more attention than the domestic issues.

The administration enforced a fixed price policy on commodities in order to prevent uncontrolled price increases.

Açıklama:

The Turkish Parliament passed the National Protection Law on January 18, 1940, which fully legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters. This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life. The government alone came to control the relations of production, labor,
supply, distribution, rationing, consumption, and foreign trade. Domestic issues received attention first. The administration enforced a fixed price policy on commodities in order to prevent uncontrolled price increases; however, this resulted in the pulling of several goods from the market and created shortages. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which of them was not obliged to pay the Capital Tax in Turkey?

Civil servants

Estate and property owners

Entrepreneurs

Corporations

Big farmers

Açıklama:

The Capital Tax (Varlık Vergisi), passed on November 11, 1942, was a non repetitive levy from the affluent segments of society and constituted in essence a wealth tax. It would be applicable to big farmers, estate and property owners, entrepreneurs, corporations, and several individuals paying income taxes. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 39

Who represented Turkey in the Cairo Conference as the Minister of Foreign Affairs?

İsmet İnönü

Numan Menemencioğlu

Şükrü Saraçoğlu

Hasan Saka

Fethi Okyar

Açıklama:

Numan Menemencioğlu represented Turkey in the Cairo Conference as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

when did the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini take power?

1933

1922

1930

1939

1922

Açıklama:

Benito Mussolini and his party came to power in 1922. True Answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 41

"Shutzstaffel", which is the clear meaning of the term?

SS team

Gestapo

The Waffen SS

DAP

NSDAP

Açıklama:

"Shutzstaffel" is the abbreviation for SS team. True Answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Whic treaty is the other name of the Paris treaty?

Locarno Pact

Versailles

Bretton-Woods

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Ribbentrop-Molotov

Açıklama:

Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) treated in 1928. True Answer is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 43

When did the Soviet Union attack Finland?

1941

1933

1939

1944

1940

Açıklama:

Soviet Russia attacked Finland on November 30, 1939. True Answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 44

What was the factor in the Second World War that led to Britain's war?

Germany's attack on Britain by bombers

Germany's occupation of Poland

Italy invaded Ethiopia

Hitler came to power

Britain's search for colonies

Açıklama:

Germany began its bombing raids against England, an event which was named the Battle of England. In 1940. True Answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 45

What are the countries that invaded the Iran on August 25, 1941?

The France and Soviet troops

The British Troops

USA and Soviet troops

The British and Soviet troops

France and British troops

Açıklama:

The British and Soviet troops jointly occupied Iran on August 25, 1941 in a military offensive called Operation Countenance. True Answer is D

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 46

After what event did the Western powers unite their forces against Germany and Italy?

When America entered the war

With the German invasion of France

Soon after the German occupation of Poland

When the Germans fought with the Soviets

With the start of the Spanish Civil War

Açıklama:

Soon after the German occupation of Poland, the Western Powers formed alliances against Germany and Italy. True Answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 47

What event did Italian and German troops attack the Balkans after?

After the Italian occupation of Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece after October 1940 with an excuse that the Soviet Russia occupied Bessarabia

When Soviet Russia entered the war

With the German invasion of France

With the start of communist movements in the Balkans

With Turkey not going into war until the last moment

Açıklama:

Italian and German troops extended their attacks to the Balkans after the Italian occupation of Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. True Answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 48

Before the Second World War, when Japan invaded Manchuria, which of the following options were given correctly?

October 20, 1936

September, 19,1931

January13, 1940

October,17 1917

May,10, 1930

Açıklama:

The war in Asia had started between the Republic of China and Japan when Japan occupied Manchuria on September 19, 1931. True Answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 49

which was held from August 14 to 24, 1943, was also important in terms of the decisions taken, especially, after the fall of Mussolini’s fascist government in Italy. Churchill insisted on opening a second front in the Balkans instead of France by encouraging the participation of Turkey on the Allied side. However, it was opened on the coast of Normandy in France. The responsibility for the organization and preparation of this new front was left to Americans while they continued the bombing of Germany and were getting ready to occupy Italy
What is the name of the conference given above?

The Yalta Conference

Potsdam Conference

The Quebec Conference

San Francisco Conference

Tehran Conference

Açıklama:

The Quebec Conference, which was held from August 14 to 24, 1943, was also important in terms of the decisions taken, especially, after the fall of Mussolini’s fascist government in Italy. True Answer is C

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 50

Which countries were the main countries of Axis Powers?

Germany, Italy and Poland

Germany, Turkey and France

Germany, Italy and Japan

Germany, Japan, Hungary

Germany, Spain and Italy

Açıklama:

The belligerents, mainly Italy, Germany, and Japan, formed the Axis Powers. On the other hand, Britain and France, later joined by the Soviet Russia and the USA, formed the Allied Powers to defend themselves against the irredentism of the Axis Powers.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 51

Which country was not one of the allied states during World War II?

Britain

France

Soviet Russia

Spain

United States

Açıklama:

Britain and France, later joined by the Soviet Russia and the USA, formed the Allied Powers. Spain was a neutral state.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 52

Who was the president of Turkey when the World War II started?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

İsmet İnönü

Şükrü Saraçoğlu

Numan Menemencioğlu

Hasan Saka

Açıklama:

When World War II started, Turkey was under the Presidency of İsmet İnönü.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 53

Turkey government imposed the ………… and …………………… taxes because of the negative effects of World War II to Turkey’s economy.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Wealth Tax and Agricultural Products Tax

Value-added tax and Wealth Tax

War Tax and Health Tax

War Tax and Agricultural Products Tax

Health Tax and Wealth Tax

Açıklama:

The Turkish government imposed the Wealth Tax (Varlık Vergisi) and the Agricultural Products Tax (Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi) because of the negative affects of the World War II.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 54

What was the reason of the British and Soviet troops occupation Iran on August 25, 1941?

To secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the Japanese Powers.

To secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the Spanish Powers.

To secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the İtalian Powers.

To secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the Allied Powers.

To secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the Axis Powers.

Açıklama:

The British and Soviet troops jointly occupied Iran on August 25, 1941 in a military offensive called Operation Countenance. This was to secure the Iranian oil fields and to ensure supply lines for the Soviets fighting against the Axis Powers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 55

The United States, which had stayed neutral until the surprise attack on the US Navy base at …………………. by Japan.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Baltimore Harbor

Pearl Harbor

Diamond Harbor

Noyo Harbor

Charleston Harbor

Açıklama:

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor. Upon President Roosevelt’s receiving the approval of the Congress, the United States declared war on Japan. Thus, the United States, which had stayed neutral until the Japanese attack, official entered WWII as part of the Allied Powers.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 56

Germany and Italy declared war on United States in response to the ……….
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

United States declared war on Germany

United States declared war on Italy

United States declared war on Japan

United States declared war on France

United States declared war on Britain

Açıklama:

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor. Upon President Roosevelt’s receiving the approval of the Congress, the United States declared war on Japan. The other members of the Axis Powers, Germany and Italy then, declared war on the United States.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

German airplanes bombarded the British cities including London day and night between September 1940 and May 1941. What name was given the bombardment by the German?

Blitz

Filitz

Glitz

Pritz

Slitz

Açıklama:

German airplanes bombarded the British cities including London day and night between September 1940 and May 1941, which was called the Blitz by the German.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Which of the following changed the balance of Powers shifted in favor of the Allied Powers during the World War II and thus they managed to defeat the Axis Powers?

The collapse of the fascist government in Italy

The suicide of the Hitler

The Atom bombs which were used on Japan by United States

United States' participation to the World War II

Turkey’s participation to the World War II

Açıklama:

The fighting on all fronts intensified and the course of war changed with the participation of the United States. The balance of powers shifted in favor of the Allied Powers, and thus they managed to defeat the Axis Powers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

During World War II Turkish Government established some new public agencies.
Which of the following was one of them?

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Turkish Statistical Institute

State Planning organization

State Hydraulic Works

Turkish Petroleum Office

Açıklama:

In addition to the National Protection Law granting the state complete control over the economy and the temporary taxes, the government also established new public agencies to regulate economic measures and supervise their implementation. The Undersecreteriat for Provisions (İaşe Teşkilatı/Müsteşarlığı), the Trade Office (Ticaret Ofisi), and the Petroleum Office (Petrol Ofisi) were the major ones, all of which were founded on February 18, 1941 and operated under the Ministry of Trade.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 60

The occupation of Ethiopia by which country is considered to ignite World War II?

Italy

Germany

Russia

Spain

USA

Açıklama:

-
World War II started with the Italian occupation of Ethiopia on September 5, 1935 despite the protests against the occupation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 61

Which of the below is NOT one of the Allied Powers?

USA

Russia

Britain

France

Germany

Açıklama:

-
World War II officially began when Italy occupied Albania and Germany sent troops to Czechoslovakia and attacked Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France immediately declared war to Germany on September 3, 1939. Soon after, the Soviet Russia joined the war by attacking Finland. The belligerents, mainly Italy, Germany, and Japan, formed the Axis Powers. On the other hand, Britain and France, later joined by the Soviet Russia and the USA, formed the Allied Powers to defend themselves against the irredentism of the Axis Powers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 62

Toward the end of the War on February 23, 1945, why did Turkey declare war on Japan and Germany?

To side with the victorious side

To be able to join the United Nations

To get help from the USA against the Russian threat

To respond to its people's desire to join the war

To protect its borders in the west

Açıklama:

-
Toward the end of the War on February 23, 1945, Turkey declared war on Japan and Germany, which was a requirement to join the United Nations. Consequently, Turkey, a member of the United Nations, took her place by the Allied Powers. Fortunately, Turkey never had to fight the Axis Powers because the war had already turned against them and there was no need for the Turkish Army.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 63

Which pact signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940 formed the Axis Powers of World War II?

Locarno Pact

Pact of Steel

Anti-Comintern Pact

Tripartite Pact

Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact

Açıklama:

-
The likeminded three countries, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940 which formed the Axis Powers of World War II.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 64

Which of the below ended the war on the African front in May 1943 with the Italian and German forces surrendering in northern Tunisia?

Operation Torch

Operation Sonnenblume

Operation Compass

Operation Barbarossa

The Blitz

Açıklama:

The African front during and after 1941 witnessed attacks and counterattacks between the Allied and Axis powers and finally ended in May 1943 when an Anglo-American landing, Operation Torch, was launched in NorthWest Africa. The Italian and German forces had to surrender in northern Tunisia.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 65

Which of the World War II conferences below focused on how to ensure peace?

Washington Conference Arcadia

Anglo-American Conference

Potsdam Conference

Yalta Conference

Quebec Conference

Açıklama:

-
Unlike the previous conferences, the Potsdam Conference focused on how to ensure peace. The topics covered several issues such as the Polish Question; Germany, Austria, Eastern European countries; the Turkish Straights, etc.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 66

I. The collapse of Soviet Union
II. Germany's being defeated at Al Alamein
III. The suppression the anti-British rebellion in Iraq
Which of the above was to the benefit of Turkey in World War II?

Only I

Only III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The ideal solution regarding German_soviet Union encounter from Turkey’s point of view was to see both the Soviet Union and Germany not to succeed in the war. If the Soviet Union became successful, it would be the dominant power in Eastern Europe and thus it would demand its own terms on the Straits. If the Soviet Union collapsed, Germany’s next victim would be Turkey. In order to avoid these, Turkey hoped that Germany and the Allied powers would reach an agreement that would hinder both Germany and the Soviet Union from holding a dominant position in the Eastern Europe.
Turkey’s position in World War II effectively changed in October-November 1942, when Germany was defeated at elAlamein and the Allies landed in Algeria and Morocco effectively ending the Axis threat to the Middle East. Furthermore, Germany surrendered at Stalingrad in February 1943. Having evaluated these developments, Turkey preferred Germany to reach an agreement with the Allied powers since she did not want the Soviet Union to be dominant in Eastern Europe.
The French Vichy government took control of Syria against the nationalist de Gaul sympathizers in June and in July. There was an anti-British rebellion in Iraq in early April. The Syrian position was important for Turkey. There was an attack from the Balkans or Caucasus on Turkey; Syria would be the connecting link with the British forces in Palestine. If Iraq fell to the German hands, then, Turkey would be surrounded by hostile forces and would be cut off from her supply route from Basra. Turkey could not favor Iraq’s occupation by Germany or its blockage by Britain; therefore, she offered mediation between Iraq and Britain. Fortunately, the revolt in Iraq was suppressed in May 1941.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 67

Churchill sought to lure Turkey with the promise of which island below?

Samos

Santorini

Rhodes

Symi

Cyprus

Açıklama:

-
Turkey and Britain knew that Germany was still strong and could easily destroy Turkey. Mussolini’s fall in July 1943 increased Britain’s pressure on Turkey. Churchill sought to lure Turkey with the promise of the island of Rhodes and other islands in the Aegean. The British plan for Rhodes failed; the island fell in the hands of Germany.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 68

The export of which mineral caused a tension between Allies and Turkey during World War II?

Chromium

Iron

Lead

Asbestos

Aluminium

Açıklama:

-
After the Cairo Conference, a British military mission arrived in Ankara in January 1944. Menemencioğlu was obsessed with the idea that the British and the Soviets would have an agreement. The chromium issue was on the table. The Allies objected to Turkey’s chromium export to Germany. In January and February 1944, Turkey had increased the shipment of chromium to Germany from 13,564 tons to 56,649 tons (Deringil, p. 168) Turkish foreign minister Numan Menemencioğlu said that Turkey would not stop her chromium export to Germany. At the TGNA, he made it clear that Turkey had had an alliance with Britain since 1939. She had not been neutral because she was an ally. He further stated that Turkey’s export of chromium to Germany was not unethical since she had already offered to export chromium to Britain, but she was refused.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

Which of the below legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters in Turkey during World War II?

The Capital Tax

National Protection Law

Excess Profit Tax

The Economic Pack Law

The Austerity Law

Açıklama:

-
The Turkish Parliament passed the National Protection Law on January 18, 1940, which fully legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters. This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life. The government alone came to control the relations of production, labor, supply, distribution, rationing, consumption, and foreign trade.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 70

Until which year did World War II last?

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

Açıklama:

World War II lasted until 1945

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 71

World War II officially begin because __________________.

Italy occupied Albania and Germany sent troops to Czechoslovakia and attacked Poland

Germany sent troops into the Rhineland

The Spanish Civil War started

Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed with atomic bombs.

Turkey wanted to join Axis powers

Açıklama:

World War II officially began when Italy occupied Albania and Germany sent troops to Czechoslovakia and attacked Poland on September 1, 1939.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 72

Which of the following policies did Turkey pursue during WWII?
I. active neutrality
II. full belligerency
III. de facto neutrality
IV. balance politics
V. realist policies

I, II

I, V

II, III, V

II, III, IV, V

III, V

Açıklama:

Through WWII, Turkey remained de factoneutral although both the Allied and the Axis powers pressured her to join the war. By staying out of the war, Turkish leaders aimed at protecting Turkey’s security won in 1923 and saving it from the destruction of the war since the bad experiences of WWI were still fresh in their minds.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Which of the following are the Conferences convened during World War II?
I. Paris Conference
II. Potsdam Conference
III. Yalta Conference
IV. Moscow Conference
V. San Francisco Conference

I,II

II,III, V

I,IV,V

II,III,IV,V

I,II,V

Açıklama:

The Conferences convened during World War are Potsdam Conference,Yalta Conference, Moscow Conference
and San Francisco Conference

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 74

Which of the following were the economic consequences of World War II in Turkey?
I.increase in trade
II.rise in prices
III.decrease in production
IV.surfacing of black marketing
V.decline in labor force

I, II,III

I, II,III, V

II,III, IV,V

I, II, V

II, V

Açıklama:

The Turkish Parliament passed the National Protection Law on January 18, 1940, which fully legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters. This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life. The government alone came to control the relations of production, labor, supply, distribution, rationing, consumption, and foreign trade. Domestic issues received attention first. The administration enforced a fixed price policy on commodities in order to prevent uncontrolled price increases; however, this resulted in the pulling of several goods from the market and created shortages.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 75

Which countries did Soviet Russia attack in 1939?
I.Finland
II.Latvia
III.Lithuania
IV.Romania
V.Turkey

I,II

II,III, IV

III, IV, V

III,V

I, II,III, IV

Açıklama:

Russia attacked Finland on November 30, 1939; she further occupied Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Romanian province of Bessarabia in July 1940 and established puppet regimes in the administrative style of the SSRs, while forming her Baltic offensive against Germany with the military basis there.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

Which countries did Germany occupy in 1940?
I.Denmark
II.Norway
III.Netherlands
IV.Belgium
V.Poland

I,II,III,IV

I,V

II,IV,V

I,III,V

II,IV

Açıklama:

Germany maintained aggressive policies and occupied Denmark and Norway between April-June 1940 and the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg in May 1940.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

When did Japan launch a surprise attack on the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor

On March 1, 1941

On December 7, 1941

On September 8, 1944.

On May, 1934

On April, 1939

Açıklama:

On December 7, 1941,
Japan launched a surprise
attack on the US Navy base at
Pearl Harbor.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 78

Who was not one of the leaders of the Axis Powers?

Adolf Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Hideki Tojo

Hirohito

Joseph Stalin

Açıklama:

The leaders of the Axis Powers, Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Hideki Tojo, the Japanese Premier, and Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan,

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 79

When did the German forces surrender to the Red Army of Soviet Russia on the Eastern Front?

On February 2, 1943

On 4 May, 1944

On July 9, 1943

On March 6, 1945

On April 2, 1944

Açıklama:

On the Eastern Front, the German forces surrendered to the Red Army of Soviet Russia on February 2, 1943.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 80

Which of the followings is in the group of Axis Powers in World War II?

Britain

France

Germany

Russia

The United States

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 81

Who was the president of Turkey when World War II started?

M. K. Atatürk

İsmet İnönü

Celal Bayar

Cemal Gürsel

Fahri Korutürk

Açıklama:

When World War II started, Turkey was under the Presidency of İsmet İnönü, and the governing party was the Republican People’s Party (hereafter RPP).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 82

What is the name of the pact that signed to form the Axis Powers of World War II?

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Anti-Comintern Pact

Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact

Tripartite Pact

Locarno Pact

Açıklama:

The like-minded three countries, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940 which formed the Axis Powers of World War II.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 83

What is Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union called?

The Barbarossa Operation

Operation Compass

Operation Sonnenblume

Operation Torch

The Blitz

Açıklama:

The Barbarossa Operation, Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, began in June 1941.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 84

In which of the following conferences was the foundation of the United Nations decided?

The Anglo-American Conference

The Yalta Conference

The Quebec Conference

The San Francisco Conference

The first Washington Conference Arcadia

Açıklama:

The first Washington Conference Arcadia was held between the British and the United States delegations between December 22, 1941 and February 14, 1942 to determine the war strategies. The discussions were on the US participation in an amphibious operation in North Africa and the unification of all Allied forces in Europe under one command (European Theater of Operations). The foundation of the United Nations was also decided in this conference.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 85

Which of the following conferences resulted in postponing the definite date of Turkey’s entry into the war although Turkey accepted to enter the war in principle?

The Yalta Conference

The Cairo Conference

The Casablanca Conference

The Moscow Conference

The San Francisco Conference

Açıklama:

The Cairo Conference resulted in postponing the definite date of Turkey’s
entry into the war. Nevertheless, Turkey accepted to enter the war in principle.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 86

What is the name of the early 19th century movement, which propagated a strong political and cultural attachment with all the Turkic, Tartar, and Uralic peoples?

Ottomanism

Islamism

Conservatism

Turanism

Nazism

Açıklama:

Pan-Turanism or Turanism is an early 19th century movement, which propagated a strong political and cultural attachment with all the Turkic, Tartar, and Uralic peoples. The ideology was the brainchild of the Young Turks to counter the Pan-Slavic movement that started in the imperial Russia.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 87

Which of the followings is one of the new public agencies established to regulate economic measures and supervise their implementation during World War II?

The Undersecreteriat for Provisions
The Trade Office
The Petroleum Office

Only I

I and II

Only III

I, II and III

I and III

Açıklama:

The government also established new public agencies to regulate economic measures and supervise their implementation. The Undersecreteriat for Provisions (İaşe Teşkilatı/Müsteşarlığı), the Trade Office (Ticaret Ofisi), and the Petroleum Office (Petrol Ofisi) were the major ones, all of which were founded on February 18, 1941.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 88

Which of the followings is NOT one of the state measures for economic regulation during World War II in Turkey?

The National Protection Law

The Capital Tax

The Agricultural Products Tax

Bread-rationing card

Tax Reform Act

Açıklama:

Tax Reform Act is not one of the economic measures taken during WWII.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 89

Which of the followings is NOT one of the novels which presented a portrait of the problems experienced in multiple respects during World War II?

Yaban by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu

Sonsuz Panayır by Halide Edip Adıvar

Garipler Sokağı by Oktay Akbal

Havada Bulut Yok by Cevdet Kudret

Çalıkuşu by Reşat Nuri Gültekin

Açıklama:

The plight of the people during the World War II years has been depicted in various Turkish novels which present a portrait of the problems experienced in multiple respects. Some examples among too many are: Sonsuz Panayır by Halide Edip Adıvar, Garipler Sokağı by Oktay Akbal, Matmazel Noraliya’nın Koltuğu by Peyami Safa, Panorama by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Havada Bulut Yok by Cevdet Kudret, Namusçular by Kemal Tahir, Emir Bey’in Kızları by Ayla Kutlu, Karartma Geceleri by Rıfat Ilgaz, Rezil Dünya by Faik Baysal, 72. Koğuş by Orhan Kemal. Çalıkuşu was written in 1922.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 90

When did the WW II occur?

1939 - 1945

1940 - 1945

1939 - 1940

1939 - 1941

1945 - 1949

Açıklama:

The world had to face another total war in 1939 when the weapons of WW I had not cooled down yet. Spread to a great area (Asia, Europe, and the Pacific), World War II lasted until 1945.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 91

When the WW II started, who was the president of Turkey?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Rauf Orbay

Fevzi Çakmak

İsmet İnönü

Fethi Okyar

Açıklama:

When World War II started, Turkey was under the Presidency of İsmet İnönü.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 92

Which of the following was the governing party during WW II?

Justice and Development Party

Republican People’s Party

Nationalist Movement Party

Workers' Party of Turkey

Great Union Party

Açıklama:

When World War II started, Turkey was under the Presidency of İsmet İnönü, and the governing party was the Republican People’s Party.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 93

Which organization was found after WW I to provide solutions for possible disputes among the member countries?

United Nations

NATO

League of Nations

European Union

Union of World Peace

Açıklama:

The founding of the League of Nations to provide solutions for possible disputes among the member countries did not bear fruit.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 94

Which of the following countries was against the status quo established in Europe by the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles?

Belgium

Turkey

France

Britain

Italy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 95

WW II began officially when Germany attacked ________?

France

Italy

Belgium

Greece

Poland

Açıklama:

Finally, the rehearsed war officially began in 1939 when Germany sent troops to Prague (Czechoslovakia) and occupied eastern Poland on September 1, 1939.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 96

Which of the following was called "The Blitz" by the German during WW II?

Bombing of Rome

Bombing of Prague

Bombing of New York

Bombing of London

Bombing of Paris

Açıklama:

German airplanes bombarded the British cities including London day and night between September 1940 and May 1941, which was called the Blitz by the German.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 97

The course of war changed against Germany when _____ participated.

United Kingdom

France

United States of America

Britain

Poland

Açıklama:

The United States, who had sent volunteers to help Britain to fight against the Axis Powers on the Western Front in Europe and in North Africa, officially joined the Allied Powers. The fighting on all fronts intensified and the course of war changed with the participation of the United States.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 98

Turkey aligned itself with Britain because of_________?

Italy

Japan

Greece

Belgium

France

Açıklama:

Italy had already attacked Ottoman Tripolitania in 1911 and later it made claims on Anatolia. Its fortification of the Dodecanese islands in 1934 alarmed Turkey. After the Italian invasion of Albania on April 8, 1939, Turkey aligned itself with Britain.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 99

When did Turkey participate in WW II?

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

Açıklama:

Hasan Saka, the foreign minister of Turkey, informed the Turkish Grand National Assembly of this decision. Finally, on February 23, 1945, Turkey declared war on both Germany and Japan.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 100

Which of the following leaders was eager to establish a colonial empire in the Mediterranean and Africa?

Adolf Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Charles de Gaulle

Winston Churchill

General Franco

Açıklama:

Benito Mussolini, who came to power in Italy in 1922, was eager to establish a
colonial empire in the Mediterranean and Africa believing that Italy was heir to the ancient Roman Empire.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 101

Which of the following countries formed the Axis Powers?

Britain, France and the Soviet Russia

Britain, France and the USA

Poland, Findland and Czechoslovakia

Italy, Germany, and Japan

Italy, Germany, and China

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 102

The final significant act of the League was to expel ........... from the union after she invaded Finland in December 1939.
Which of the following options correctly completes the sentence above?

Soviet Russia

The USA

Britain

Germany

Italy

Açıklama:

The final significant act of the League was to expel Soviet Russia from the union after she invaded Finland in December 1939.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 103

Which of the following was the administrative style of the SSRs for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Romanian province of Bessarabia?

Velvet regime

National regime

Orange regime

Vichy regime

Puppet regime

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 104

Which of the folowing options is not correct combination about previously colonized countries by the European powers in Africa?

Algeria as a French colony

Egypt as a British colony

Egypt as a French colony

Morocco as a French colony

Libya as an Italian colony

Açıklama:

Africa had been previously colonized by the European powers. Libya was an Italian colony; Egypt was a British colony; and Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria were the French colonies. These countries were involved in the North African
operations of the Allied and Axis powers from June 10, 1940 to May 13, 1943.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 105

Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, who was called the ........... by his enemies, the Allied powers, due to his successful operations?
Which of the following best completes the sentence above?

Desert Fox

Desert Rose

Desert Lion

Desert Flower

Desert Wolf

Açıklama:

Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, who was called the Desert Fox by his enemies, the Allied powers, due to his successful operations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 106

Which of the folowing information is not correct about counterattacks of Soviet Russia against Germany?

To occupy Austria and the Danish island of Bornholm

To occupy Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia

To occupy northern Norway

To occupy Manchuria and Korea

To occupy Thailand and China

Açıklama:

Soviet Russia began to launch counterattacks against Germany. With these counterattacks, Russia accomplished to (a) clean her territories from the German and Hungarian forces; (b) occupy Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and northern Norway in 1944; (c) occupy Austria, the Danish island of Bornholm, Manchuria, and Korea in 1945.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 107

Which of the following event was the official end of World War II?

Normandy landing

Hitler's suicide

An armistice was signed at Tokyo Bay

Execution of Mussolini

Russia's counterattackes

Açıklama:

An armistice was signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on September 2, 1945. This was the official end of World War II.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 108

President İsmet İnönü and British Premiere Winston Churchill met in the presidential train in ..................... .
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Ankara

Eskisehir

Izmir

Adana

Istanbul

Açıklama:

President İsmet İnönü and British Premiere Winston Churchill met in the presidential train in a small town of Adana, Yenice, on January 30, 1943.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 109

Which of the following statements is the correct one about the Capital Tax?

Domestic issues received attention first

A separate treatment for Muslims and non-Muslims transpired

The administration enforced a fixed price policy

The government received the right to confiscate corporations

Some big cities exercised a commodity pass practice

Açıklama:

On paper, the Capital Tax made no distinctions according to religious belonging, ethnicity or regional differences. In application, however, a separate treatment for Muslims and non-Muslims transpired.
The Turkish Parliament passed the National Protection Law on January 18, 1940, which fully legitimized all possible interventions and actions of the state in economic matters. This law became the legal foothold of all the economic measures and gave the government extensive rights to control economic life.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 110

I. Italians wanted to establish a colony in the Mediterranean and Africa.
II. Germany's National Socialism demanded a pure Germanic race to be dominant.
III. The Bolsheviks and their territorial claims played a role on the European and Asian countries.
Which of the above is correct regarding the reasons World War II broke out?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The belligerents of WW I, Italy and Germany, were the main provocateurs of this all-out war. Benito Mussolini, who came to power in Italy in 1922, was eager to establish a colonial empire in the Mediterranean and Africa believing that Italy was heir to the ancient Roman Empire. Adolf Hitler founded National Socialism in Germany, which demanded a pure Germanic race to be dominant. The Bolsheviks also posed danger for the European peace since their territorial claims threatened the European and Asian countries.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 111

I. Turkey wanted to protect her power she gained in 1923.
II. Turkey developed relationships with both sides of the countries in the war.
III. Turkey would lose much but gain nothing if she entered the war.
Which of the above is correct regarding Turkey's approach towards World War II?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

By staying out of the war, Turkish leaders aimed at protecting Turkey’s security won in 1923 and saving it from the destruction of the war since the bad experiences of WWI were still fresh in their minds. Turkish foreign policy during WWII was a policy which maintained the balance of power between herself and the great powers, and it rejected to
be dependent on any of them. Turkey allied with Britain but developed friendly relations with Germany and Russia. She would gain practically nothing but would lose much by entering into the war.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 112

I. There were different ideologies propagated in Europe at the time.
II. The belligerents of World War I were against the status quo established after the war.
III. There were heavy social, economic and financial changes in the countries that lost the war.
Which of the above is correct regarding the situation after World War I?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The countries such as Germany and Italy were against the status quo established in Europe by the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles, while the countries such as Britain, France, Belgium, Greece, and Turkey were against the revisionism and supported the policy of status quo in Europe. The years after World War I witnessed ideological differences besides the economic struggles in the world. While the Soviet Union was propagating Communism, Germany was propagating National Socialism, and Italy was propagating Fascism. The radical policies developed in Germany and Italy because World War I caused heavy financial, economic, and social problems after the war.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 113

I. The Secret State Police of Germany was called GESTAPO.
II. There were two different groups in the Germanic army for military and police duties.
III. The Shutzstaffel was directly under the administration of Adolf Hitler.
Which of the above is correct regarding the German army?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The SS was divided into two main groups under the administration of the Nazi politician Heinrich Luitpold Himmler in 1933. The first one was the Secret State Police called the GESTAPO (Geheime Staatspolizei) established in 1933. The second group also had two sub-sections: The Waffen SS (the Armed SS Organization), the combat units within the German Army led by army officers, and the Allgemeine SS in charge of police duties and responsible for the racist killings.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 114

I. Spanish Civil War was accepted as the rehearsal of World War II.
II. Republican president of Spain, Manuel Azana, was supported by the Soviet Russia.
III. The conference in Nyon in 1937 successfully established security in the Mediterranean region.
Which of the above is correct related to the Spanish Civil War?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

When the Civil War started in Spain, it did not stay as a local conflict. It spread out as an international problem when Germany and Italy backed the right wing General Francisco. Franco came to power with a coup d’état he staged against the left wing Republican government of Spain. He overthrew Manuel Azana, the Republican president of Spain, on July 17, 1936 and took over the control of the government. The Soviet Russia was also involved in this Civil War by supporting the Republicans. On September 10, 1937, a conference was held in Nyon (Switzerland) with the participation of France, Britain, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Greece, the Soviet Union, and Turkey. This was to establish security in the Mediterranean but the efforts failed.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 115

I. The Kingdom of Hungary sent soldiers for the Axis Powers.
II. The main idea was to occupy the Soviet Union.
III. It was both ideological and racist act in its core.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Barbarossa Operation?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

e Barbarossa Operation, Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, began in June 1941. The Kingdom of Hungary, which supported the Axis Powers, joined this operation in July 1941 and helped the Nazis terminate the civilians in Russia. Italy also sent troops to Russia since Hitler held the Operation Barbarossa as an ideological one against communism and a racist one against the Jews who lived in Russia.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 116

"The participants of this conference decided not to make peace with the Axis powers unless the leaders of these powers declared their unconditional surrender to the World."
In which conference at the end of World War II was this decision made?

Dumberton Oaks Conference

Yalta Conference

Tehran Conference

Anglo-American Conference

Quebec Conference

Açıklama:

The Anglo-American Conference, was held in Casablanca between January 14 and January 24, 1943. The participants of this conference decided not to make peace with the Axis powers unless the leaders of these powers declared their unconditional surrender to the World. They also agreed to increase pressure on Germany, organize a landing in Sicily to decrease the Axis pressure on the Soviet Russia, and open a second front in the Balkans by encouraging Turkey to join the war on the Allied side.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 117

I. Berlin was divided into four zones each controlled by one the Allies.
II. A demarcation line between Poland and The USSR was decided.
III. The developments in and the withdrawal of Italy lessened the demands done by the Allies.
Which of the above is among the decisions made in the Potsdam Conference?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The conference in Potsdam tried to ensure peace and some of the decisions made in this conference are:
The Soviet Russia signed a treaty with Poland in which both parties agreed on a formerly established demarcation line between Poland and the USSR on August 16, 1945.
Berlin was divided into four zones each controlled by one of the Allies. The war reparations would be limited to their zones of occupation.
The developments in the way of democracy in Italy since 1943 and their pulling out of the
war and later siding with the Allies had lessened demands much simple for this country.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 118

I. Turkey had an important geological location that would make her have a strong voice in international areas.
II. If power blocs were formed, Turkey would try to avoid joining any of them.
III. Turkey would always be prepared to defend her borders and freedom.
Which of the above summarises Turkey's standing against World War II?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Turkish foreign policy can be summarized with the following premises. These will explain how Turkey looked upon foreign relations in the 1930s and 1940s.
Turkey had an important geopolitical location with both advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages allowed Turkey to have a strong voice in the international area and attract strong friends.
As a country in the crossroads,Turkey wanted to maintain its freedom to act for her own benefits. If power Blocs were formed in the world, Turkey would like to avoid joining any one of them. She would like to keep her distance to be equal to all of them.
Turkey would always be prepared to fight for the defense of her rights and territories. She would agree to enter any war only for self-defense.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 119

I. In the 1930s, Germany had an important share in Turkey's foreign trade.
II. The Clodius agreement was made in 1940 in which Germany would receive a certain amount of chromium.
III. Turkey received a loan from Germany to buy firearms from Germany.
Which of the above is correct regarding the relationship between Germany and Turkey during World War II?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

In the 1930s, Germany had an important share in Turkey’s foreign trade: 51 % of its imports and 31% of its exports. In June 1940, when a long-term agreement with Britain failed, Turkey secured a new trade agreement with Germany. The agreement was known as the Clodius agreement. Under this agreement, Turkey would buy military and other essential equipment from Germany. In the summer of 1942, Turkey received a loan of 100,000 million Reichsmarks from Germany in order to buy arms from Germany. Turkey signed this agreement with Germany not only because the British had turned the Turkish deal but also because İnönü did not want to provoke Germany by rejecting her demand for chromium.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 120

I. France
II. Germany
III. Britain
IV. Belgium
V. Italy
Which countries above were against the revisionism and supported the policy of status quo in Europe?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 121

Which country signed the Anti-Comintern Pact later?

Germany

USSR

Japan

Italy

USA

Açıklama:

Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, on November 25, 1936 since there were clashes between the Soviet Union and Japan especially
over Siberia and Mongolia. Italy was included in the Anti-Comintern Pact a year later. The second Pact was signed on November 6, 1937 forming an
alliance between these three countries. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 122

Which country was attacked with the Operation Barbarossa?

Hungary

Bulgaria

Britain

France

USSR

Açıklama:

The Barbarossa Operation, Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, began in June 1941. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 123

Which operation ended the attacks in Africa in May 1943?

Torch

Korps

Sonnenblume

Compass

Blitz

Açıklama:

The African front during and after 1941 witnessed attacks and counterattacks
between the Allied and Axis powers and finally ended in May 1943 when an Anglo-American landing, Operation Torch, was launched in North-West Africa. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 124

When did Italy get out of WW II?

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

Açıklama:

The Italian King Victor Emmanuel III agreed to an armistice with the allies on
September 8, 1943. Italy was the first Axis Power to break from the Pact, which seriously weakened the other members of the Pact: Germany and Japan. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 125

With which counties did Turkey sign an agreement after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact?

Britain and France

Germany and Italy

USSR and Japan

USA and Spain

Greece and Albania

Açıklama:

In August 1939, the Soviet-German Pact (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) was signed, which meant the dividing of Eastern Europe. This pact and its implications shocked Turkey. This led Turkey to sign the Anglo-Franco-Turkish Agreement that proposed mutual support on October 19, 1939. The tripartite treaty granted Turkey a loan of £16 million in gold and a credit of £25 million for the purchase of military equipment. Turkey also agreed not to enter into war with the Soviet Union. The treaty sought Turkey’s collaboration with France and Britain if another European power launched a war in the Mediterranean. The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 126

When was the Turkish-German Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression signed?

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

Açıklama:

The Turkish-German Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression was signed on June 18, 1941. The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 127

When was the the National Protection Law passed?

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 128

When was the Capital Tax passed?

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

Açıklama:

The Capital Tax (Varlık Vergisi), passed on November 11, 1942, was a non-repetitive levy from the affluent segments of society and constituted in essence a wealth tax. The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 129

When was the Agricultural Products Tax introduced?

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

Açıklama:

The state introduced the Agricultural Products Tax on June 4, 1943 in order to benefit from rural areas as well. The tax was to be collected in cash or kind and in a ratio of 8-12% depending on the type of the crop. The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 130

Which of the following African country was occupied by Italy on September 5, 1935, despite all protests, before the start of the Second World War?

Libya

Ethiopia

Angola

Tunis

Algeria

Açıklama:

World War II started with the Italian occupation of Ethiopia on September 5, 1935 despite the protests against the occupation. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 131

In which European country did the civil war, which was accepted as the rehearsal of the Second World War, between 1936-1939, in which Germany, Italy and Soviet Russia were actively involved by supporting either side according to their ideological stances?

Ireland

Portugal

Spain

Czechoslovakia

Yugoslavia

Açıklama:

The Spanish Civil War drew more wedges between these countries. The Civil War started when General Franco took over the rule of the country in 1936. The fight was between the Nationalists of Franco and the Republicans. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Russia were actively involved in this civil war by supporting either side according to their ideological stance. the Spanish Civil was considered as the rehearsal for WW II. the Spanish civil war that continued until 1939 was accepted as the rehearsal of World War II. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 132

Where did Japan attack with expansionist intent after withdrawing from the League of Nations before the Second World War?

Korea

Manchuria

China

Indonesia

Vietnam

Açıklama:

After withdrawing from the League of Nations, Japan attacked Manchuria with an expansionist intent. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 133

When the government imposed the Wealth Tax (Varlık Vergisi) to be able to tax war profiteers?

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

Açıklama:

Big farmers, importers, traders, and state officials in charge of government contracts and permits exploited the conditions and gained profits. The government imposed the Wealth Tax on November 11, 1942 to be able to tax these war profiteers. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 134

When Adolf Hitler became the chancellor in Germany?

1923

1929

1933

1936

1939

Açıklama:

Adolf Hitler became the chancellor in Germany in 1933. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 135

The first of the aggressive policies of the Germany-Italy-Japan trio, which would later form the Anti-Comintern Pact and the Axis Powers, showed itself with the invasion of ...... by ......
Which of the following should be filled in the blanks above?

Austria - Germany

Albania - Italy

Poland - Germany

Manchuria - Japan

Ethiopia - Italy

Açıklama:

The first one was the Japanese occupation of Manchuria on September 19, 1931. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 136

In what year did Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact that formed the Axis Powers of World War II?

1936

1939

1940

1941

1942

Açıklama:

The likeminded three countries, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940 which formed the Axis Powers of World War II. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 137

Which of the following states stayed neutral until March 1, 1941 in World War II and joined the Axis Powers to o save itself from the Soviet occupation on that date, nevertheless was occupied by Soviet troops on September 8, 1944?

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Romania

Ukraine

Belarus

Açıklama:

Bulgaria, which stayed neutral until March 1, 1941, joined the Axis Powers to save itself from the Soviet occupation. Nevertheless, Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet troops on September 8, 1944. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 138

What was the name of the Operation, which was Hitler's plan to occupy the Soviet Union and began in 1941?

Wunderland

Barbarossa

Overlord

Valkyre

Weserübung

Açıklama:

The Barbarossa Operation, Hitler’s plan to occupy the Soviet Union, began in June 1941. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 139

Which of the following is the correct order for the Axis Powers to surrender to the Allies?

Japan - Italy - Germany

Germany - Japan - Italy

Italy - Japan - Germany

Germany - Italy - Japan

Italy - Germany - Japan

Açıklama:

Italy was the first Axis Power to break from the Pact, which seriously weakened the other members of the Pact: Germany and Japan. Germany surrendered to the Allied Powers on May 7, 1945. Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan, accepted to surrender to the Allies on August 15, 1945. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 7

Soru 1

I. Most population were farmers.
II. The living conditions in the rural areas did not improve much.
III. Measures taken during World War II had adverse effects on the peasents.
Which of the above is correct regarding the domestic factors related to the transition to multi-party system?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

From the establishment of the Republic until World War II, the living conditions of the citizens in the rural areas did not improve much. Furthermore, the war years were catastrophic for this group. Extraordinary measures taken during the world war by the government had adverse effects on the peasantry. The conscription of the male population, the drafting of animals, the forced purchases from producers at below-market
prices, and the imposition of the compulsory labor worsened the socio-economic situation of the peasantry.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

I. Liberal/democrat states won World War II.
II. Soviety hostiliy in the area where Turkey was situated was dominant.
III. Peasants were the most isolated groups in the country.
Which of the above is correct regarding the international factors of the transition towards the multi-party system?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

World War II ended with the victory of the liberal/ democrat states (United States and Britain) over the fascistic/dictatorial ones (Germany, Italy and Japan). The United States emerged as a dominant world power from the war. Its values such as liberal democracy impressed and influenced Turkey. The second factor was the Soviet hostility that Turkey felt very strongly as soon as the war ended. The Soviet Union had emerged as the paramount power in the region where Turkey was situated. However, the situation where the peasants were unhappy is a domestic issue.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

I. It adopted the six Kemalist principles.
II. It aimed to increase individual freedom.
III. It aimed to ensure that political power emanated from people.
Which of the above is correct regarding the establishment of Democrat Party?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party’s program was more similar to than different from that of the Republican People’s Party program. It adopted the six Kemalist principles although it interpreted them differently. The party’s main goal was stated as the achievement of democracy in the sense of (1) curbing the government’s authority and increasing individual freedom, (2) ensuring that political power emanated from people, and (3) providing a greater respect to the rule of law.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

I. It aimed to give more freedom to press.
II. It aimed to give universities more autonomy.
III. It wanted to lift the ban on the formation of associations.
Which of the above were among the measures taken against the Democrat Party?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Lifting the ban on the formation of associations and political parties based on class interest, adopting direct elections and abolishing the position of the permanent leadership of the party were among such measures. The proposition of laws granding the press more freedom, and allowing the universities some degree of autonomuy followed these measures.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

I. It advocated liberalism in economy.
II. It demanded fair and free elections.
III. It wanted better and closer relations wlth the Muslim world.
Which of the above is correct regarding the aims of the Nation Party?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Led by Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, one of the heroes of the Turkish War of Independence and longtime Chief of the General Staff, the group of people who left the Democrat Party founded a Party named the Nation Party (Millet Partisi) in order to form a genuine opposition against the Republican People’s Party. It advocated liberalism in economy, demanded fair and free elections, better relations with the Muslim world and end of government intervention in religious affairs.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

I. Many professors and writers were blamed for being under the communist regime.
II. Village instutions were thought to be under the communist influence.
III. Newspaper offices were assaulted because they were in liaison with the communists.
Which of the above is correct regarding the leftist ideologies and their connection with the multi-party system?

Only I

Only III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

On the grounds of these assumptions, a nationalist mob invaded the offices of the leftist Tan newspaper, which supported the Democrat Party and criticized the government. Also, a witch-hunt targeting three professors at the Ankara University began in 1948. Accused of spreading communist propaganda, these professors were put on trial and dismissed from their position. Finally, After 1946, Village Instutions were attacked on the grounds that they were under communist influence. As a result, their curriculum was changed to focus more on Turkish culture and less on practical matters.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

I. They distanced themselves from the militant secularism views of the 20s and 30s.
II. The term 'popular will' was emphasised constantly as it was the core of their democracy.
III. They demonstrated themselves as the advocates of private enterprise.
Which of the above is correct regarding the agenda of the Democrat Patry after they became successful in the 1950 elections?

Only II

Only III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Democrat Party claimed to represent a vision and a program that was different from that of their rivals in four major areas:
1. They were critical of the alliance behind the Ottoman-Turkish modernization; namely, the state bureaucracy and intelligentsia.
2. They distanced themselves from the militant secularism views of the 1920s and 1930s.
3. They demonstrated themselves as staunch supporters of private enterprise.
4. They sanctified the ballot. ‘Popular will (millî irade)’ was frequently emphasized in their discourse, declarations, and speeches. The main indicator of People’s will was the act of voting according to the Democrats. This was, actually, their vision of democracy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

I. They removed all the barriers against the private enterprise.
II. During their first years, agriculture nearly doubled.
III. Credits were used to import machinery which enabled more areas to be cultivated.
Which of the above is correct regarding the economical developments of the Democrat Party?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

As soon as it came to power, the Democrat Party government entirely liberalized foreign trade, attempted to remove all barriers standing in the way of private enterprise and enacted laws for the encouragement of foreign investment in Turkey. What distinguished the Democrats’ economic policies from their predecessors was their strong emphasis on agricultural development. Agricultural production more than doubled until 1953. Behind this increase was the mechanization of agriculture. Credits provided by the United States were mostly used to import machinery, especially tractors.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

I. The aim was to be a full member of NATO.
II. They wanted to have strong relations with the USA.
III. To have a tie with the Western world, Democrat Party took leading role in a number of regional alliances.
Which of the above is correct regarding the Democrat Party's foreign policy?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Both President Celâl Bayar and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes were supporters of strong relations with the United States. The immediate goal of the Democrat Party government in foreign policy was to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In accordance with the goals of the Western alliance, Turkey took a leading role in two regional alliances formed as a part of the attempts to encircle the Soviet Union.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

I. to extricate the parties from the situation the country had fallen,
II. to establish an above-party rule,
III. to hold just and free democratic elections to give the power back to the winning party.
Which of the above is correct regarding the intervention of the army towards the Democrat Party?

Only I

Only II

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

It was emphasized that the purposes of the army by taking such an initiative were:
• to extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen,
• to establish an above-party rule,
• to hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power to the winning party.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

One of the international factors that forced the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey was:

The establishment of the United Nations.

The Soviet hostility that Turkey felt when the World War II ended.

The decisions made in the San Francisco conference.

The imposition of the compulsory labor by the government.

Hardships of urban population in maintaining their living standards.

Açıklama:

International factors that forced the political transformation in Turkey were mainly two. First, World War II ended with the victory of the liberal/ democrat states (United States and Britain) over the fascistic/dictatorial ones (Germany, Italy and Japan). The United States emerged as a dominant world power from the war. Its values such as liberal democracy impressed and influenced Turkey. The second factor was the Soviet hostility that Turkey felt very strongly as soon as the war ended. The Soviet Union had emerged as the paramount power in the region where Turkey was situated. Disturbed by the Turkish neutrality during the war, the Soviet leadership attempted to put pressure on Turkey through irreconcilable demands beginning from early 1945.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Kars, Ardahan and Batum were restored to the Ottoman Empire in 1918 by:

The Montreux Convention.

Elviye-i Selâse.

The San Francisco conference.

The Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Açıklama:

Kars, Ardahan and Batum were known as the three Provinces, Elviye-i Selâse. Following the defeat of the Ottoman state by Russia in the 1877-1878 War, they became part of the Russian Empire, and following the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, they were restored to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in 1918.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Which of the following was not one of the four opposition members of the Assembly who submitted the Proposal of the Four?

Celâl Bayar.

Adnan Menderes.

Nuri Demirağ.

Refik Koraltan.

Fuat Köprülü.

Açıklama:

On June 7, 1945, four opposition members of the Assembly; namely, Adnan Menderes, Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü submitted a proposal to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group -known as the Proposal of the Four (Dörtlü Takrir). This document demanded the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

The party founded on September 5, 1945 as the first party of the multi-party period was:

The National Development Party.

The Republican People’s Party.

The Democrat Party.

The Turkish Socialist Party.

The Nationalist Movement Party.

Açıklama:

Nuri Demirağ, a reputed businessman, applied for permission to the government to form his own part in July 1945. The permission was granted in August and the National Development Party was officially founded on September 5 as the first party of the multi-party period.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the followings is true regarding the program of the Democratic Party?

It was totally different from that of the Republican People’s Party program.

It called for the autonomy of universities.

Its main goal was to expand the government’s authority and constrain individual freedom.

Government control on trade was to be increased.

It proposed a Land Reform, whose goal was the distribution of land to landless peasants.

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party’s program was more similar to than different from that of the Republican People’s Party program. The party’s main goal was stated as the achievement of democracy in the sense of (1) curbing the government’s authority and increasing individual freedom, (2) ensuring that political power emanated from people, and (3) providing a greater respect to the rule of law. The new party also called for changes in the Association Law (Dernekler Kanunu), in election laws, and for the autonomy of universities.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

One of the demands of the Pact of Freedom was:

The consolidation of the presidency of the Republic and party chairmanship in one person.

The abolishment of all laws considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic by the Democratic Party.

The resignation of the Prime Minister Recep Peker.

The relaxation of the restrictions on imports and facilitated foreign trade.

The abolishment of the position of permanent leadership in the Republican People’s Party.

Açıklama:

In January 1947, the Democrat Party convened its first congress. It adopted a document called the Pact of Freedom. This pact, among others, called for the abolishment of all laws that they considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

When did the political competition begun in the real sense?

When Turkey began to accommodate to the political system of the West.

when the Democrat Party was founded in 1946.

After the millitary intervention in 1971

After the education sytem transformed in May 1945

After the integration of Western allience system

Açıklama:

The political competition began in the real sense when the Democrat Party was founded in January 1946. Correct answere is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the following can be caunt as a domestic factor that brought multi-party system?

Economic conditions of citizens

New emerging powers of the continent

Influence of foreign countries

Leadership power of Turkey

Liberal democratic fight

Açıklama:

The domestic factors emanated from the widespread discontent experienced by different segments of the society during the war. One of the widespread discontent was economic conditions. Because wage and salary earners in the urban centers were displeased about the wartime economic conditions as their incomes dramatically declined. Correct answere is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

What was the reason of Soviet hostility toward Turkey?

The boarder line between Turkey and Soviet Union

Pressuring of US government

Gaining the power of the continent

its desired to capture oil reserves in Turkey

Turkisch neutrality during the war

Açıklama:

The reason of Soviet hostility was the disturbence of Soviet Union by the Turkish neutrality during the war, the Soviet leadership attempted to put pressure on Turkey through irreconcilable demands beginning from early 1945. Correct answere is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following can best explain the Land Reform Bill?

Raising land taxes

Equal division of income among employees

The distribution of land to landless peasants to cultivate these lands themselves.

Determination of taxes according to economic situation

Restriction of areas that can be planted

Açıklama:

The main goal of the Land Reform Bill was the distribution of land to landless peasants and to peasants who had insufficient land on the condition that they cultivated these lands themselves.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

It was violating the right to private property granted
It would increase the investment in agriculture
It would lead to insufficient farming,
It would lead to migration from small towns
it did not pay attention to the production capacity of the farms
Which of the above statements are among the criticisms made about Land Reform Bill

I ve IV

III-IV ve V

II ve IV

I-III ve V

II ve III

Açıklama:

Adnan Menderes claimed that the Bill was violating the right to private property granted under the Constitution. It would impede investment in agriculture and lead to insufficient farming, as it did not pay attention to the production capacity of the farms and the means of cultivation. Correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

Which of the following is not one of the goals of Democrat party?

The achievement of democracy

Curbing the government’s authority

Strengthen the government against foreign countries

Ensuring that political power emanated from people

Providing a greater respect to the rule of law

Açıklama:

Democrat party’s main goal was stated as the achievement of democracy in the sense of (1) curbing the government’s authority and increasing individual freedom, (2) ensuring that political power emanated from people, and (3) providing a greater respect to the rule of law. Correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Why did the Democrats had a deep fear of İsmet İnönü?

He was considered to have great influence on mainly the army and bureaucracy

He was a respected bureaucrat

High probability of entering war due to his military history

His goal of distributing the lands to landless peasants

His desire to ensure the equality of income between bureaucrats and the citizens

Açıklama:

The Decmocrats had a deep fear of İsmet İnönü, who was considered to have great influence on mainly the army and bureaucracy. The Democrats felt insecure although they had acquired political power in the elections. Correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

What was the reason of establishmet of NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization)?

To make collective work in the international transportation network

To provide a regional defense alliance in the Middle East

To gain economic partnership

To establish the power allience against Asia

To create a collective security against the Soviet Union

Açıklama:

NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established by the United States, Canada, and several European states in 1949 to create a collective security against the Soviet Union. The signatory states agreed that attack on one of them would be considered an attack to all. They were to consult each other about threats and defense issues. Correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

During the first Democrat Party’s incumbency, 1950-1954:

The Democrat Party allowed the Republican People’s Party to keep the assets which were Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s personal legacy.

The Democrat Party prohibited Koran recitals over the Ankara and Istanbul radios.

The number of mosques and preacher schools decreased considerably.

The government enacted the ‘Law for the Protection of the Memory of Atatürk'.

Democratic Party invested in the railways rather than the highways.

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party government enacted the ‘Law for the Protection of the Memory of Atatürk' (Atatürk Aleyhine İşlenen Suçlar Hakkında Kanun) which gave the government ‘greater powers to deal with those who challenged the [Kemalist] reforms.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

The elections in which the Democratic Party first took power were held in:

1946

1947

1949

1950

1954

Açıklama:

The 1950 elections were held under the new law on May 14, 1950. The elections resulted in an overwhelming victory of the Democrat Party over other parties, particularly, the Republican People’s Party. The Democrat Party won over 53 % total votes while the Republican People’s Party received over 39 %.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Which of the following is not true about the Turkish Millitary?

Military aid for the modernization and mechanization of the Turkish army

Younger officers with expertise in engineering or communications began to take up the most vital positions in the army.

Junior officers acquired prominent roles unprecedented in the history of contemporary Turkey.

All the junior officers had to be trained in Turkey

The staff officers learned modern and nuclear warfare.

Açıklama:

Younger officers with expertise in engineering or communications began to take up the most vital positions in the army. These officers were partly trained in the United States through NATO exchange programs. Correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the following is not the purposes of the army by takingover the power?

To extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen

Establish a balanced environment between right and left viewers

To establish an above-party rule

To hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible

To give back the political power to the winning party

Açıklama:

the purposes of the army by taking such an initiative were: • to extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen, • to establish an above-party rule, • to hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power to the winning party

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Turkey became a full member of NATO in:

1949

1951

1952

1953

1956

Açıklama:

Soon after it came to power, the Democrat Party government applied for membership to NATO. To this end, the Democrat Party government offered to contribute troops to an international expeditionary force sent by the United Nations to South Korea that was under the threat of invasion by the North Korea. As a result, NATO extended an offer of membership to Turkey and Greece in October 1951. Finally, Turkey became a full member of the organization in February 1952, which was seen as a great achievement by the government and opposition.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which of the following is false regarding the economic situation during the Democratic Party government?

Agricultural yields declined due to the unfavorable weather conditions.

The Democrat Party government increased taxes on agricultural incomes.

The government was faced with a foreign exchange crisis because of the increasing trade deficit.

The government brought restrictions on imported commodities.

The government implemented an IMF backed stabilization program causing the devaluation of the Turkish Lira.

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party government initiated a large price support program for agricultural products, especially for wheat. It continued to exempt agricultural incomes from taxes in addition to granting subsidies, which became a heavy burden on the economy (Hershlag, 1968, p. 163). This move was particularly for maintaining the support of the agricultural producers who formed two-thirds of the electorate.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 31

When did the first signal of the change in the political system from single-party to multi-party come in Turkey?

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

Açıklama:

The first signal of the change in the political system from single-party to multi-party came on May 19, 1945 when the President İsmet İnönü stated that steps would be taken in the direction of democracy.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 32

Which of the following is NOT an international factor for the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey?

The ending of World War II with the victory of the liberal/ democrat states

Declined incomes because of the wartime economic conditions

The pressure put on Turkey through irreconcilable demands

An isolated position of Turkey after the war

The need to receive strong political and economic support

Açıklama:

At the end of the war, the peasantry was probably the most alienated social group from the government. Similarly, wage and salary earners in the urban centers were displeased about the wartime economic conditions as their incomes dramatically declined.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 33

Which of the following parties was the first party of the multi-party period in Turkey?

Republican People’s Party

Democrat Party

National Development Party

Turkish Socialist Party

the Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey

Açıklama:

National Development Party (Millî Kalkınma Partisi) was officially founded on September 5 as the first party of the multi-party period.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 34

Which of the following was NOT one of the people who submitted the Proposal of the Four?

Fuat Köprülü

Refik Koraltan

Nuri Demirağ

Celâl Bayar

Adnan Menderes

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 35

I. curbing the government’s authority
II.controlling individual freedom
III. ensuring that political power emanated from people
IV. providing a greater respect to the rule of law
Which of the given are the main goals of the Democrat Party?

I, III ve IV

I, II ve IV

II, III ve IV

I ve II

III ve IV

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party’s main goal was stated as the achievement of democracy in the sense of (1) curbing the government’s authority and increasing individual freedom, (2) ensuring that political power emanated from people, and (3) providing a greater respect to the rule of law.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 36

The socio-economic situation of peasantry
The discontent of landowners with the government
The income drop of wage and salary earners in urban centers
Which of the above were the domestic factors that led to the transition to the multi-party system in Turkey?

I and II

II and III

I and III

Only III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The domestic factors emanated from the widespread discontent experienced by different segments of the society during the war. One of the groups was the peasantry who formed approximately 80 % of the population. The peasants were mostly small farmers. From the establishment of the Republic until World War II, the living conditions of the citizens in the rural areas did not improve much. Furthermore, the war years were catastrophic for this group. Extraordinary measures taken during the world war by the government had adverse effects on the peasantry. The conscription of the male population, the drafting of animals, the forced purchases from producers at below-market prices, and the imposition of the compulsory labor worsened the socio-economic situation of the peasantry (Karaömerlioğlu, 2006, 94-95). At the end of the war, the peasantry was probably the most alienated social group from the government. Similarly, wage and salary earners in the urban centers were displeased about the wartime economic conditions as their incomes dramatically declined. Their income was frozen by the government. As the price index continuously increased during the war, they experienced hardships in maintaining their living standards. They were poorer at the end of the war compared to its beginning. The discontent of the traders and landowners posed the most serious challenge to the government. The civil-military bureaucracy, the intellectuals, and this particular group had formed the backbone of the Republican People’s Party’s power. Despite the fact that they benefited from the wartime economic situation and that they were among the economically advantaged, they were scared of the immense state power that could and did impose harsh measures such as the Wealth Tax or the Tax for Agricultural Products. For the large landowners, the government’s attempt to distribute land to the farmers was another reason for their further alienation from the Republican People’s Party. Consequently, as a result of the socio-economic developments during World War II, a widespread discontent arose that was entirely directed against the government which had been ruling the country without opposition for many years.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 37

The victory of liberal/democrat states in World War II
Ruling of the country without opposition
Soviet hostility and demands
Land reform
The influence of dominant world powers
Which of the above are the international factors that led to the transition to the multi-party system in Turkey?

I and III

I, III and V

I, II and V

II, III and IV

II and IV

Açıklama:

International factors that forced the political transformation in Turkey were mainly two. First, World War II ended with the victory of the liberal/ democrat states (United States and Britain) over the fascistic/dictatorial ones (Germany, Italy and Japan). The United States emerged as a dominant world power from the war. Its values such as liberal democracy impressed and influenced Turkey. Yet, they were not sufficient to lead to a transformation in the political system. The second factor was the Soviet hostility that Turkey felt very strongly as soon as the war ended.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 38

Which of the following is the document of demands Democrat Party's adopted in its first congress?

The July 12 Declaration

The Land Reform Bill

The Association Law

The Pact of Freedom

The blossom of the nation

Açıklama:

In January 1947, the Democrat Party convened its first congress. It adopted a document called the Pact of Freedom (Hürriyet Misâkı). If these demands were rejected, the Democrat Party would have the right to boycott the Assembly and take the struggle ‘to the bosom of the nation’

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 39

Which of the following is one of the reasons why the Village Institutes were attacked?

The murder of Sabahattin Ali

They caused illiteracy and supersititions.

To spread the ideals of the Republican regime

To stop communist influence

They were under communist influence.

Açıklama:

After 1946, the Village Institutes were attacked on the grounds that they were under communist influence. As a result, their curriculum was changed to focus more on Turkish culture and less on practical matters. Furthermore, co-educational training was abolished; the girls were segregated and sent to different institution

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 40

Who was not among the four opposition members that submitted Dörtlü Takrir on June 7, 1945 and criticised the Land Reform Bill?

Celal Bayar

Adnan Menderes

Refik Koraltan

Fuat Köprülü

Nuri Demirağ

Açıklama:

The discussions on the Land Reform Bill sometimes turned into the criticism of the single-party system. On June 7, 1945, four opposition members of the Assembly; namely, Adnan Menderes, Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü submitted a proposal to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group -known as the Proposal of the Four (Dörtlü Takrir). This document demanded the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state. The emphasis was that Turkey had to take its place among the world’s democracies and conform to the new global accord that had been shaped by the victory of the democracies in World War II.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 41

Which was the first party that was founded in the multi-party period?

National Development Party

Democrat Party

Justice Party

Republican People's Party

Nation Party

Açıklama:

Amidst the uncertainty whether the dissidents in the Republican People’s Party would break away from the party and establish a new one, Nuri Demirağ, a reputed businessman, applied for permission to the government to form his own part in July 1945. The permission was granted in August and the National Development Party (Millî Kalkınma Partisi) was officially founded on September 5 as the first party of the multi-party period.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Which party established the General Directorate of Highways?

Socialist Workers and Peasants Party

Republican People’s Party

Nation Party

Socialist Party

Democrat Party

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party established the General Directorate of Highways (Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü) to expand the road network in order to connect villages to urban centers.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 43

When did Turkey become a full member of NATO?

in February 1952

in September 1953

in October 1954

in March 1955

in February 1956

Açıklama:

Turkey became a full member of the organization in February 1952.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 44

Peasantry
Traders
Military
Salary Earners
Landowners
Which of the following was among the segments of the society alienated from the single party rule at the end of World War II?

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III and V

I, III, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

I, II, IV and V

Açıklama:

The domestic factors emanated from the widespread discontent experienced by different segments of the society during the war. One of the groups was the peasantry who formed approximately 80 % of the population. The peasants were mostly small farmers. From the establishment of the Republic until World War II, the living conditions of the citizens in the rural areas did not improve much. Furthermore, the war years were catastrophic for this group. Extraordinary measures taken during the world war by the government had adverse effects on the peasantry. The conscription of the male population, the drafting of animals, the forced purchases from producers at below-market prices, and the imposition of the compulsory labor worsened the socio-economic situation of the peasantry (Karaömerlioğlu, 2006, 94-95). At the end of the war, the peasantry was probably the most alienated social group from the government. Similarly, wage and salary earners in the urban centers were displeased about the wartime economic conditions as their incomes dramatically declined. Their income was frozen by the government. As the price index continuously increased during the war, they experienced hardships in maintaining their living standards. They were poorer at the end of the war compared to its beginning. The discontent of the traders and landowners posed the most serious challenge to the government. The civil-military bureaucracy, the intellectuals, and this particular group had formed the backbone of the Republican People’s Party’s power. Despite the fact that they benefited from the wartime economic situation and that they were among the economically advantaged, they were scared of the immense state power that could and did impose harsh measures such as the Wealth Tax or the Tax for Agricultural Products (See Chapter II). For the large landowners, the government’s attempt to distribute land to the farmers was another reason for their further alienation from the Republican People’s Party (see below). Consequently, as a result of the socio-economic developments during World War II, a widespread discontent arose that was entirely directed against the government which had been ruling the country without opposition for many years.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which of the following is one of the purposes of the military takeover in 1960?

to defend the elections

to establish an above-party rule

to support the parties

to leave the political power

to start a political crisis

Açıklama:

It was emphasized that the purposes of the army by taking such an initiative were:

to extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen,
to establish an above-party rule,
to hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power
to the winning party.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 46

They were critical of the alliance behind the Ottoman-Turkish modernization; namely, the state bureaucracy and intelligentsia.
They distanced themselves from the militant secularism views of the 1920s and 1930s.
They demonstrated themselves as staunch supporters of private enterprise.
They sanctified the ballot. ‘Popular will (millî irade)’ was frequently emphasized in their discourse, declarations, and speeches. The main indicator of People’s will was the act of voting according to the Democrats. This was, actually, their vision of democracy.
Which of the above were a part of Democrat Party's program?

I and II

I and III

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The success of the Democrat Party in the elections became possible by channeling the popular discontent against the Republican People’s Party, the single party government. Prior to the elections, The Democrat Party was able to bring together various types of opposition from different economic and cultural backgrounds whose common denominator was the discontent they felt toward the Republican People’s Party rule. Among the discontented groups, there were the landowners, businessmen, small-producers, landless peasants and industrial workers. During the transitional era to the multi-party system, the Democrats strove much of their efforts to prove that they were genuinely different from the Republican People’s Party. In between 1946-1950 and even later, they claimed to represent a vision and a program that was different from that of their rivals in four major areas: 1. They were critical of the alliance behind the Ottoman-Turkish modernization; namely, the state bureaucracy and intelligentsia. 2. They distanced themselves from the militant secularism views of the 1920s and 1930s. 3. They demonstrated themselves as staunch supporters of private enterprise. 4. They sanctified the ballot. ‘Popular will (millî irade)’ was frequently emphasized in their discourse, declarations, and speeches. The main indicator of People’s will was the act of voting according to the Democrats. This was, actually, their vision of democracy

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 47

The amendment of the electoral law in a way that would provide the supervision of elections by an independent judiciary rather than by the partisan bureaucracy
The separation of the presidency of the Republic and party chairmanship not to consolidate the two in one person,
The abolishment of all laws that they considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic
Which of the above did the Pact of Freedom by the Democrat Party call for in 1947?

I and II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Only I

Açıklama:

In January 1947, the Democrat Party convened its first congress. It adopted a document called the Pact of Freedom (Hürriyet Misâkı). This pact called for:
• the amendment of the electoral law in a way that would provide the supervision of elections by an independent judiciary rather than by the partisan bureaucracy
• the separation of the presidency of the Republic and party chairmanship not to consolidate the two in one person
• the abolishment of all laws that they considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 48

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey should use its authority to search for measures to implement the spirit of the Constitution as the foundation of the national sovereignty.
The presidency of the Republic and part chairmanship should be separated not to consolidate the two in one person.
The exercise of political rights and liberties of citizens granted in the Constitution must be ensured.
The electoral law should be amended in a way that would provide the supervision of elections by an independent judiciary rather than by the partisan bureaucracy.
All efforts of the Republican People’s Party must be concentrated on conforming to democratic principles.
Which were the particular changes called for in the Proposal of the Four on June 7, 1945?

I, II and III

III, IV and V

I, III and V

II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

On June 7, 1945, four opposition members of the Assembly; namely, Adnan Menderes, Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü submitted a proposal to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group -known as the Proposal of the Four (Dörtlü Takrir). This document demanded the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state. The emphasis was that Turkey had to take its place among the world’s democracies and conform to the new global accord that had been shaped by the victory of the democracies in World War II. The memorandum called for three particular changes: • The Grand National Assembly of Turkey should use its authority to search for measures to implement the spirit of the Constitution as the foundation of the national sovereignty. • The exercise of political rights and liberties of citizens granted in the Constitution must be ensured. • All efforts of the Republican People’s Party must be concentrated on conforming to the above principles.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

Who served as President from 1950 to 1960?

Adnan Menderes

Refik Koraltan

Fuat Köprülü

Celal Bayar

İsmet İnönü

Açıklama:

The National Assembly elected Celâl Bayar as President. Adnan Menderes became the Prime Minister.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 50

to extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen
to establish an above-party rule
to hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power to the winning party
Which were the motives of the army coup in 1960?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The public in Turkey became aware of the military takeover by a radio declaration read by Colonel Alpaslan Türkeş, one of the conspirators. In the declaration, the reasons for the military takeover of the power were stated as the crisis into which the democracy in Turkey had fallen and as the political conditions which brought the country on the brink of fratricide. It was emphasized that the purposes of the army by taking such an initiative were: • to extricate the parties from the irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen, • to establish an above-party rule, • to hold just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power to the winning party

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 51

When did the first signal of the change in the political system from single-party to multi-party come in Turkey?

1940

1941

1945

1948

1951

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 52

Which of the below called for a revision of the Montreux Convention, which had given Turkey full sovereignty on the Straits?

Russia

USA

England

Italy

Greece

Açıklama:

The Soviet Union had emerged from World War II as the paramount power in the region where Turkey was situated. Disturbed by the Turkish neutrality during the war, the Soviet leadership attempted to put pressure on Turkey through irreconcilable demands beginning from early 1945. In February, Joseph Stalin, the Soviet ruler, expressed to his British and American counterparts the Soviet intention for a revision of the Montreux Convention, which had given Turkey full sovereignty on the Straits. Then, the Soviet state raised the same issue directly with the Turkish government. Later, in March 1945, it communicated to Turkish authorities that it would not renew the Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Turkey that had been the basis of good relations between the two states since 1920s. The Soviet authorities did not make any new demands or suggestions for the renewal of the Treaty in their communication. The conditions for the renewal of the Treaty were discussed in conversations between the ministers of foreign affairs of the two states in June 1945. There were mainly two demands of the Soviets: first, the restoration of the areas in northeastern Anatolia (Kars and Ardahan) which had been within the Russian borders between 1878 and 1918 and, second, the establishment of a joint Turkish-Russian defense force on the Straits.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 53

Which of the below was the first party of the multi-party era?

Democrat Party

National Development Party

Republican People's Party

Nation Party

New Turkey Party

Açıklama:

The first party of the multi-party era was the National Development Party, not the Democrat Party.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 54

Which of the below is NOT one of the four opposition members of the Assembly who submitted a proposal to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group demanding the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state following the debates on Land Reform Bill?

Adnan Menderes

Celâl Bayar

Refik Koraltan

Fuat Köprülü

Nuri Demirağ

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 55

When did President İsmet İnönühe issue a formal statement where he declared that the Democrat Party was not an insurgent opposition but a legitimate political party?

September 7, 1947

January 12, 1946

September 12, 1947

July 7, 1946

July 12, 1947

Açıklama:

-
President İnönü held a series of meetings with Celâl Bayar and Recep Peker to ease the tension between the parties and improve the relations between the government and the opposition following 1946 elections. On July 12, he issued a formal statement which would be known as the July 12 Declaration. In this statement, he declared that the Democrat Party was not an insurgent opposition but a legitimate political party, contrary to the claims of the Recep Peker government. He maintained that he would treat both the government and the opposition impartially as the President.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 56

Which of the below was the party founded by Marshal Fevzi Çakmak?

Turkish Socialist Party

Democrat Party

Nation Party

Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey

Labour Party

Açıklama:

-
A group of dissidents left the the People's party in July 1948 by criticizing the party’s leadership for being moderate and compromising against the Republican People’s Party. Led by Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, one of the heroes of the Turkish War of Independence and longtime Chief of the General Staff, they founded a Party named the Nation Party (Millet Partisi) in order to form a genuine opposition against the Republican People’s Party. It advocated liberalism in economy, demanded fair and free elections, better relations with the Muslim world and end of government intervention in religious affairs.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 57

In the 1950 elections, the Democrat Party won over ____ % total votes while the Republican People’s Party received over____ %.
Which of the below completes the sentence above?

69 - 29

67 - 31

58 - 32

53 -39

49 - 41

Açıklama:

-
The 1950 elections were held under the new law on May 14, 1950. The elections resulted in an overwhelming victory of the Democrat Party over other parties, particularly, the Republican People’s Party. The Democrat Party won over 53 % total votes while the Republican People’s Party received over 39 %. The winning party received 408 seats out of 487 parliamentary seats as the electoral system called for majority distribution of seats in the National Assembly. The Republican People’s Party received 69 seats and the Nation Party only 1.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 58

What was Democrat Party's biggest fear after coming to power in 1950?

An economic crisis

Opposition of bureaucracy

Not getting international support

A military coup

Dissidents within the party

Açıklama:

During the initial years of its rule, the Democrat Party government was relatively liberal in political and economic issues. Yet, its relation with the main opposition party was strained in general. Its greatest fear at the beginning was a coup staged by the military. The state apparatus and the Republican People’s Party had almost merged in the single-party era; bureaucracy was considered as the extension of the party. For this reason, the Democrats did not have confidence in the bureaucracy and the military despite the change of power.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 59

I. Introduction of regular Koran recitals over the Ankara and Istanbul radios.
II. Prohibition of the reading of the ezan, call to prayer, in Arabic.
III. Increase in the number of mosques and preacher schools.
Which of the above belong to the rule of Democrat Party between 1950-1954?

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

II and III

Açıklama:

-
Although the Democrat Party did not tolerate the Islamic fundamentalist currents, it had a lenient approach toward religious activities. It led the abrogation of the legislation prohibiting the reading of the ezan, call to prayer, in Arabic soon after they took over. It also introduced the regular Koran recitals over the Ankara and Istanbul radios and strengthened the organization of the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı).The number of mosques and preacher schools increased considerably during the Democrat Party’s rule. There was also unprecedented rise in the religious publications, books, and journals.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 60

I. The adoption of the National Defense Law
II. An agreement with the IMF
III. Membership to the NATO
Which of the above took place under the Democrat Party rules?

Only I

Only III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

-
All of the instances stated above occurred during the reign of Democrat party.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 61

Which one of the following describes the main reason of discontent that arose among the various segments of the Turkish society against the Turkish government during the years of The World War Two?

Social difficulties

Educational difficulties

Economical difficulties

Cultural difficulties

Juridical difficulties

Açıklama:

Following the end of World War II, Turkey’s
political system underwent a fundamental
transformation; the single-party system, which had
continued officially since 1931 was replaced by
a multi-party system. The factors that compelled
such transformation were mainly two: domestic
and international. Domestic factors were the
result of the discontent that arose among the
various segments of the society during the war
years. Especially, economic difficulties experienced
during the war caused the rise of a widespread
discontent among the rural and urban population.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 62

Which country caused The Turkish Government to began to approach the liberal states led by the United States with its menacing attitude toward Turkey?

USSR

The United Kingdom

France

Italy

Greece

Açıklama:

World
War II ended with the victory of liberal states over
the Axis powers; namely, Germany, Italy, and
Japan. Yet, on the victorious side, there was also
the Soviet Union, a socialist state. As soon as the
war was over, the Soviet state took a menacing
attitude toward Turkey demanding revisions in its
borders and changes in the status of the Straits.
In face of the Soviet threat, Turkey began to
approach the liberal states led by the United States.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 63

Which one of the following is the date of the beginning of "Bipolar World" order?

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Açıklama:

As political, economic, and military competition
between liberal and socialist states increased by the
rise of the bipolar world in 1947, Turkey began
to accommodate to the political, economic and
military system of the West.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 64

Which one of the following represents the period of economic boom that ensure Democrat Party to increase popular support?

1950-1951

1950-1952

1950-1953

1951-1953

1951-1954

Açıklama:

In the elections held at the end of its
first four years of incumbency, the Democrat Party
was able to increase popular support owing to the
economic boom between 1950-1953.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 65

Which one of the following describes the main goal of The Democrat Party's foreign policy?

Continuation of the integration with the Western alliance system

Foundation of new diplamatic contacts with USSR

Staying neutral in the conflict between USA and USSR

Obtaining new territories in Greece

Obtaining new territories in Middle East

Açıklama:

In foreign policy, it
spent all of its efforts for the continuation of the
integration with the Western alliance system.
Joining the NATO was one of the major goals of its
foreign policy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 66

Which one one the following represents the date of foundation of United Nations?

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

Açıklama:

The first signal of the change in the political
system from single-party to multi-party came on
May 19, 1945 when the President İsmet İnönü
stated that steps would be taken in the direction
of democracy. This statement was made shortly
after the San Francisco conference which had been
convened in April 1945. The conference resulted
in the establishment of the United Nations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 67

I. The conscription of the male population
II. The drafting of animals
III. The forced purchases from producers at below-market prices
IV. The imposition of the compulsory labor
Which one or ones of the above can be told as factors which worsened the socio-economic situation of the peasantry in Turkey during the World War Two years?

Only I

Only III

I, II and III

II and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Extraordinary measures
taken during the world war by the government had
adverse effects on the peasantry. The conscription
of the male population, the drafting of animals, the
forced purchases from producers at below-market
prices, and the imposition of the compulsory
labor worsened the socio-economic situation of
the peasantry.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 68

Which one of the following can be defined as the most alienated social group from the Turkish Government during The World War Two years?

Merchants

Minorities

Peasants

Bureaucracy

Army

Açıklama:

At the end of the war, the peasantry was probably the
most alienated social group from the government.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 69

When was The National Development Party (Millî Kalkınma Partisi), which is the first party of the multi-party period founded?

June, 1945

July,1945

August, 1945

September, 1945

October, 1945

Açıklama:

Amidst the uncertainty whether the
dissidents in the Republican People’s Party would break away from the party and establish a new one, Nuri
Demirağ, a reputed businessman, applied for permission to the government to form his own part in July
1945. The permission was granted in August and the National Development Party (Millî Kalkınma Partisi) was officially founded on September 5 as the first party of the multi-party period.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 70

Which one of the following was the only dissident that was not expelled from The Republican People’s Party during the foundation period of The Democrat Party?

Adnan Menderes

Fuat Köprülü

Nuri Demirağ

Celal Bayar

Refik Koraltan

Açıklama:

Early in December, Celâl Bayar, who was the
only dissident that was not expelled from the
party, resigned from the Republican People’s Party.
His resignation was considered a signal for the
formation of a new party with other dissidents.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 71

Following the end of World War II, Turkey’s political system underwent a fundamental transformation; the single-party system was replaced by a multi-party system. The factors that compelled such transformation were …………. and ……………. .
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Domestic and economic factors

Domestic and administrative factors

Domestic and international factors

İnternational and economic factors

İnternational and military factors

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 72

Which of the following was not among the reasons of the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey in the aftermath of World War II?

The Soviet Union pressure for the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system

The domestic factors emanated from the widespread discontent experienced by different segments of the society during the war.

From the establishment of the Republic until World War II, the bad living conditions of the citizens in the rural areas.

The widespread discontent against the single-party system

The need to end the isolation in international politics after World War II

Açıklama:

The Soviet hostility was for the Montreux Convention and the cities which lost at World war I. They never put pressure for the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 73

The Soviet Union demanded restoration two important cities of Turkey in northeastern Anatolia after World War II.
Which of the following were these cities above?

Artvin and Rize

Sinop and Samsun

Ordu and Giresun

Trabzon and Gümüshane

Kars and Ardahan

Açıklama:

There were mainly two demands of the Soviets: first, the restoration of the areas in northeastern Anatolia (Kars and Ardahan) which had been within the Russian borders between 1878 and 1918 and, second, the establishment of a joint Turkish-Russian defense force on the Straits.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 74

Which of the following was the first party of multi-party era in Turkey?

Democrat Party

National Development Party

Republican People’s Party

The Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey

Justice and Development Party

Açıklama:

The first party of the multi-party era was the National Development Party.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 75

In which year was the election started to do free and direct in Turkey?

1923

1927

1937

1947

1953

Açıklama:

İsmet İnönü alluded to the lack of an opposition party as the main shortcoming of the democracy in Turkey. He also announced that the general elections in 1947 would be free and direct.Until 1946, the elections had been held as indirect two-stage elections where eligible voters elected the secondary voters who voted for actual deputies.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 76

The establishment of the new party was allowed by İnönü on the condition that it would respect …………….. , especially, ……………. .
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Atatürk’s principles - secularism

Atatürk’s principles - nationalism

Atatürk’s principles - republicanism

Republicanism - secularism

Republicanism - nationalism

Açıklama:

The establishment of the new party was allowed by İnönü on the condition that it would respect Atatürk’s principles, especially, secularism.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 77

The Democrat Party government took a series of measures against religious reactionaries and passed some new laws. Which of the following was the most important law which made against religious reactionaries?

The freedom of reading of Ezan in Turkish and law of protecting religion

The Press and Liberal Economy Law

Law for Protecting the Freedom of Conscience and of Gathering

Law for the Protection of the Memory of Atatürk

The Amendment of the Electoral and Freedom law

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party government took a series of measures against religious reactionaries. Among these measures, the enactment of the Law for Protecting the Freedom of Conscience and of Gathering (Vicdan ve Toplanma Hürriyetinin Koruması Kanunu) was the most important. This law ‘prohibited the use of religion or the appeal to religious sentiments by political parties’. In other words, ‘this legislation introduced further penalties for the abuse of religion by individuals and associations to obtain political and personal benefits’ (Azak, 2010, p. 110; Ahmad, 1977, p. 369).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 78

Which one of the following was the reason for the start of mass migration from the countryside to the towns and cities during the Democratic Party era?

The newly opened factories

The mechanization of agriculture

The new economic policy of Democratic Party

The encouragement of immigration by the Democratic Party

The educational and economic opportunities of cities

Açıklama:

The mechanization of agriculture caused the start of mass migration from the countryside to the towns and cities, a very characteristic of the Democratic Party era.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 79

After World War II, Turkey main military goal in foreign policy was to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Which of the following was the main reason for the being a part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Creating friendly relations with America and Britain

Creating friendly military relations with America and Britain and other western countries

Being one of the belligerent countries in the Korean war

The bad effects of economic difficulties which experienced during the war

The need for strong alliance that could be deterrent to the Soviet demands

Açıklama:

Both President Celâl Bayar and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes were supporters of strong relations with the United States. The immediate goal of the Democrat Party government in foreign policy was to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and being a part of the Western security system as a measure against the Soviet Union.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 80

After world War II, Turkey made two regional alliance against the Soviet Union. These were ................ and ...................... pact
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Baghdad and Athens

Middle East and Balkan

Balkan and Baghdad

Middle East and Sofia

London and Berlin

Açıklama:

Turkey took a leading role in two regional alliances formed as a part of the attempts to encircle the Soviet Union. The first alliance was the Balkan Pact which was formed by Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia in 1953-1954. The second alliance was the Baghdad Pact aiming to provide a regional defense alliance in the Middle East. It was signed between Turkey and Iraq in February 1955.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 81

After which of the incidents below did the President İsmet İnönü make statements indicating a transition to multiparty system?

Declaring of war against Germany and Japan

Ending diplomatic relations with Japan

Joining the United Nations

Signing the Truman Doctrine

Joining the NATO

Açıklama:

The first signal of the change in the political system from single-party to multi-party came on May 19, 1945 when the President İsmet İnönü stated that steps would be taken in the direction of democracy. This statement was made shortly after the San Francisco conference which had been convened in April 1945. The conference resulted in the establishment of the United Nations. Turkey, as a founding member of the conference, signed the United Nations’ Charter committing to democratic ideals.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 82

Which country's values such as liberal democracy had an influence on Turkey's transition to multi-party system in the post World War II era?

USA

France

Russia

Germany

Açıklama:

-
World War II ended with the victory of the liberal/ democrat states (United States and Britain) over the fascistic/dictatorial ones (Germany, Italy and Japan). The United States emerged as a dominant world power from the war. Its values such as liberal democracy impressed and influenced Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 83

Which of the below did Turkey see as the biggest threat to its sovereignty in the aftermath of World War II?

Italy

Greece

Egypt

Russia

Açıklama:

Turkey felt Soviet hostility very strongly as soon as World War II ended. The Soviet Union had emerged as the paramount power in the region where Turkey was situated. Disturbed by the Turkish neutrality during the war, the Soviet leadership attempted to put pressure on Turkey through irreconcilable demands beginning from early 1945. In February, Joseph Stalin, the Soviet ruler, expressed to his British and American counterparts the Soviet intention for a revision of the Montreux Convention, which had given Turkey full sovereignty on the Straits. Then, the Soviet state raised the same issue directly with the Turkish government. Later, in March 1945, it communicated to Turkish authorities that it would not renew the Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Turkey that had been the basis of good relations between the two states since 1920s. The Soviet authorities did not make any new demands or suggestions for the renewal of the Treaty in their communication.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 84

What was the proposal submitted by Adnan Menderes, Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group called?

Proposal of Agriculture

Proposal of the Four

Proposal of the Landowners

Proposal of Nonconformity

Proposal of Civil Liberties

Açıklama:

Plenary debates on the proposal of a Land Reform Bill started in May 1945. The main goal of the proposal was the distribution of land to landless peasants and to peasants who had insufficient land on the condition that they cultivated these lands themselves. There were heated discussions in the Assembly over the bill by two main groups: those who supported the Bill and those who vehemently criticized it. The stiff opposition against the Bill came mainly from deputies who had connections with big landowners or who were big landowners themselves. Their spokesman was Adnan Menderes, a large landowner from Aydın. They claimed that the Bill was violating the right to private property granted under the Constitution. It would impede investment in agriculture and lead to insufficient farming, as it did not pay attention to the production capacity of the farms and the means of cultivation (Karpat, 1959, pp. 119-120; Zürcher, 1993, pp. 219-220). The discussions on the Land Reform Bill sometimes turned into the criticism of the single-party system. On June 7, 1945, four opposition members of the Assembly; namely, Adnan Menderes, Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü submitted a proposal to the Republican People’s Party Parliamentary group -known as the Proposal of the Four (Dörtlü Takrir). This document demanded the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state. The emphasis was that Turkey had to take its place among the world’s democracies and conform to the new global accord that had been shaped by the victory of the democracies in World War II.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 85

Until when were the elections held as indirect two-stage elections where eligible voters elected the secondary voters who voted for actual deputies?

1945

1946

1951

1952

1960

Açıklama:

Until 1946, the elections had been held as indirect two-stage elections where eligible voters elected the secondary voters who voted for actual deputies.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 86

Which of the below refers to the measures taken for the liberalization of the economy?

Liberal Acts of 1946

Land Reform Bill

The January 2 Reforms

The Economic Revolutionary Acts

The September 7 Decisions

Açıklama:

-
The September 7 Decisions were the measures taken for the liberalization of the economy. They relaxed the restrictions on imports and facilitated foreign trade. Devaluation of the Turkish Lira was also among the measures.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 87

Which novelist known for his leftist ideas was murdered In 1949?

Sabahattin Ali

Nazım Hikmet

Bilge Karasu

Nihal Atsız

Fakir Baykurt

Açıklama:

-
In 1949, Sabahattin Ali, a novelist and known for his leftist ideas, was murdered.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 88

What percentage of the votes did the Democrat Party win in the 1950 elections?

39 %

45 %

53 %

59 %

61 %

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 89

Which party was closed down in 1954 on the ground that it was against Atatürk’s reforms?

Democrat Party

Independent Republic Party

Liberal Republican Party

National Development Party

Nation Party

Açıklama:

-
Although the Democrat Party achieved to take control of administration, it did not abstain from attacking the opposition parties that criticized its policies on occasions. The Democrat Party leaders considered that representing the majority of the population was good enough to legitimize their actions. As a result, this interpretation of democracy became the source of the repression of the opposition. The Democrat Party launched attacks against the Republican People’s Party in July 1951. Its parliamentary group decided to liquidate all the assets of the Republican People’s Party and transferred them to the treasury.
Another opposition party, the Nation Party, also became a target for the Democrat Party. On the ground that it was against Atatürk’s reforms, it was closed down in 1954.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 90

Which of the below gave the government the power to regulate the economy, along with increased power to regulate the distribution and pricing of goods and services in 1956?

The Press Law

Electoral Law

Martial Law

National Defense Law

Reform Law

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party government began to consider extraordinary measures in order to control the worsening economy in mid-1955. In May 1956, it enacted the National Defense Law (Millî Korunma Kanunu) which gave the government the power to regulate the economy, along with increased power to regulate the distribution and pricing of goods and services.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 91

Which of the following were among the reasons why Turkey’s entry into NATO was seen as a great success by both the government and the opposition?
I. It was seen as a security guarantee against the Soviet threat
II.It was seen as providing a major alliance against Greece that was the main rival of Turkey competing for supremacy on Eastern Mediterranean
III.It was seen as a guarantee for the flow of Western aid and loans
IV.It implicitly proved that Western countries accepted Turkey on equal terms
V.It provided almost full military integration of Turkey into the Western alliance system.

I, II

I, II, III

III,V

I, III, IV, V

I, V

Açıklama:

NATO extended an offer of membership to Turkey and Greece in October 1951. Finally, Turkey became a full member of the organization in February 1952, which was seen as a great achievement by the government and opposition as they considered that Turkey would be more secure against the Soviet Union by this membership.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 92

Which of the followings can be claimed about the religious development during the first incumbency of the Democrat Party?
I.State intervention in religious affairs was completely ended.
II.Reactionary movements became visible.
III.The Presidency of Religious Affairs was strengthened.
IV.Fundamentalist currents were tolerated by the government.
V.There was religious revival in terms of the increase in religious publications.

I, III

IV, V

I,II, IV, V

I, V

II, III, IV, V

Açıklama:

This was seen as a requirement for broadening the party’s appeal in a multi-party system and responding effectively to the Democrats’ playing of the religious card. It was clear for the Democrats as well as the Republicans that religion would be a political factor in competitive politics.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 93

When was Democrat Party officially registered?

January 7, 1946

June 9, 1945

March 6, 1948

May 12, 1949

April 30, 1947

Açıklama:

The establishment of the new party was allowed by İnönü on the condition that it would respect Atatürk’s principles, especially, secularism. The new party was officially registered with the name Democrat Party on January 7, 1946 (Ahmad, 1977, pp. 12-13; Vanderlippe, 2005, pp. 120-125; Sarıbay, p. 121).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 94

Democrat Party adopted a document called the Pact of Freedom (Hürriyet Misâkı)in its first congress. Which of the followings were called for in this pact?
I.the amendment of the electoral law in a way that would provide the supervision of elections by an independent judiciary rather than by the partisan bureaucracy
II.the separation of the presidency of the Republic and party chairmanship not to consolidate the two in one person
III.the abolishment of all laws that they considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic
IV.the establishment an above-party rule
V.the hold of just and free democratic elections as soon as possible and to give back the political power to the winning part

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, II

IV, V

III, IV, V

Açıklama:

This pact called for:

the amendment of the electoral law in a way that would provide the supervision of elections by an independent judiciary rather than by the partisan bureaucracy,
the separation of the presidency of the Republic and party chairmanship not to consolidate the two in one person,
the abolishment of all laws that they considered unconstitutional and anti-democratic.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 95

Which of the following can be considered as one of the explanations for the non- tolerant attitude of the Democrat Party toward the Republican People’s Party during its first incumbency?
I.the identification of the Republican People’s Party with the military and bureaucracy to which the Democrat Party had not confidence
II.the supposed influence of İsmet İnönü over the military
III.the belief that representing the majority was sufficient to legitimize all their actions
IV.the dislike of criticism
V.the fundamental difference in the program andideology of the two parties

I,II

I,II,III

I,II,III,IV

II,III,V

I,V

Açıklama:

National Assembly on Democrat Party tickets during its incumbency (Sarıbay, 1991, p. 128). Contemporary observers and the opposition viewed both the religious revival and the reactionary manifestations as the consequences of the Democrat Party’s religious policy that was designed to increase its popular support.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 96

Which of the following were among the factors that led to the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey in the aftermath of World War II?
I.Turkey’s commitment to democratic ideals as it became the founding member of the United Nations
II.the need to end the isolation in international politics after World War II
III.the consideration that time was convenient to change the system
IV.the widespread discontent against the single- party system
V.the ending of World War II with the victory of the liberal states

I,II,III

I, III

I,II,IV,V

I, V

I,V

Açıklama:

The transition to the multi-party system after the World War II occurred because of the intersection of domestic factors with international ones. Domestic factors emanated from the widespread discontent that had risen during World War II. Policies that the government adopted in order to finance the war mobilization caused the alienation of the various segments of the society, such as, peasants, merchants, salaried people and landowners, from the single-party regime.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 97

Which of the following were among the segments of the society alienated from the single- party rule at the end of World War II?

Peasantry
Traders
Landowners
Salary earners
Military

IV,V

III,IV,V

I,II,III

I,II,III,IV

I,II,V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 98

When did Democrat Party convene its first congress?

May, 1955

January 1947

March, 1951

April, 1949

September, 1948

Açıklama:

In January 1947, the Democrat Party convened its first congress.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 99

Cyprus had been under British domination since ______________.

1878

1876

1871

1874

1870

Açıklama:

Cyprus had been under British domination since 1878.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 100

When was the Democrat Party overthrown by military intervention?

March, 1958

April, 1959

May 1960,

June, 1961

December, 1962

Açıklama:

In 1958, they made an agreement, it did not lesson the economic problems when the Democrat Party was overthrown by military intervention in May 1960,

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 101

In which year, did political competition in the real sense begin in Turkey?

1940

1943

1944

1946

1947

Açıklama:

The process of the political transformation began as early as May 1945. Yet, political competition in the real sense began when the Democrat Party was founded in January 1946.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 102

Which of the following had given Turkey full sovereignty on the Straits?

Treaty of Sèvres

Montreux Convention

Geneva Convention

Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Lausanne

Açıklama:

In February, 1945 Joseph Stalin, the Soviet ruler, expressed to his British and American counterparts the Soviet intention
for a revision of the Montreux Convention, which had given Turkey full sovereignty on the Straits.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 103

The Democrat Party’s main goal was stated as the achievement of democracy in the sense of curbing the government’s ................. and increasing individual .................
Which of the following word pair is the correct for the blanks in the sentence above?

Economy - Rights

Economy - Equality

Authority - Freedom

Authority - Equality

Benefit - Rights

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 104

In which year, Turkey did become the member of NATO?

1950

1952

1954

1958

1960

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 105

The immediate goal of the Democrat Party government in foreign policy was to join the .....................
Which of the following is the correct to complete the sentence above?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

European Union

United Nations

European Economic Community

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Açıklama:

The immediate goal of the Democrat Party government in foreign policy was to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) and being a part of the Western security system as a measure against the Soviet Union.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 106

The Democrat Party government took a series of measures against ................... reactionaries. Among these measures, the enactment of the Law for Protecting the Freedom of Conscience and of Gathering was the most important.
Which of the following is the correct word for the blank in the sentence above?

Socialist

Nationalist

Republican

Religious

Democrat

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 107

The Decmocrats had a deep fear of İsmet İnönü, who was considered to have great influence on mainly the ........... and ................
Which of the following word pair is correct answer for the blanks in the sentence above?

Economy - Media

Media - Business

Nationalists - Public

Public - Army

Army - Bureaucracy

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 108

During the initial years of its rule, the Democrat Party government was relatively ............... in political and economic issues.
Which of the following word is the correct answer for the blank in the sentence above?

Liberal

Conservative

Nationalist

Radical

Moderate

Açıklama:

During the initial years of its rule, the Democrat Party government was relatively liberal in political and economic issues.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 109

The role of the ................ was a major concern for the Democrats since the establishment of the multiparty political system.
Which of the following word is the correct answer for the blank in the sentence above?

United States

Conservatives

Military

Nationalists

Liberals

Açıklama:

The role of the military was a major concern for the Democrats since the establishment of the multiparty political system.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 110

Following the 1954 elections, the Democrat Party government took several measures against the opposition. The Press Law had already been tightened before the elections. What followed was the amendment to the ....................
Which of the following is correct to complete the sentence above?

The Administrative Law

The Criminal Law

The Civil Law

The Electoral Law

The Constitutional Law

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 111

When did the political competition in the real sense begin in Turkey?

1931

1942

1946

1950

1955

Açıklama:

-
In Turkey, the political competition in the real sense began when the Democrat Party was founded in January 1946.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 112

What was the main drive behind the increasing popular support for Democrat Party in the elections held at the end of its first four years of incumbency?

Economic boom

Industrialisation

Foreign political support

National security concerns

Introduction of human rights

Açıklama:

In the elections held at the end of its first four years of incumbency, the Democrat Party was able to increase popular support owing to the economic boom between 1950-1953.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 113

Which of the below could be said to have an effect on the transition to multi-party system in Turkey?

Establishment of the World Bank

Establishment of the European Union

Establishment of the NATO

Establishment of OECD

Establishment of the United Nations

Açıklama:

The first signal of the change in the political system from single-party to multi-party came on May 19, 1945 when the President İsmet İnönü stated that steps would be taken in the direction of democracy. This statement was made shortly after the San Francisco conference which had been convened in April 1945. The conference resulted in the establishment of the United Nations. Turkey, as a founding member of the conference, signed the United Nations’ Charter committing to democratic ideals.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 114

Which of the below was the first party of the multi-party era?

Democrat Party

National Development Party

Republican People's Party

Liberty Party

Nation Party

Açıklama:

Nuri Demirağ, a reputed businessman, applied for permission to the government to form his own part in July 1945. The permission was granted in August and the National Development Party (Millî Kalkınma Partisi) was officially founded on September 5 as the first party of the multi-party period.
The first party of the multi-party era was the National Development Party, not the Democrat Party, which was registered on January 7, 1946.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 115

Which of the below is NOT one of the founding fathers of Democrat Party?

Adnan Menderes

Celâl Bayar

Cemal Gürsel

Refik Koraltan

Fuat Köprülü

Açıklama:

-
General Cemal Gürsel was the fourth president of Turkey who lead the military group that overthrew DP government.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 116

Which of the below was not one of the parties that competed in the 1946 elections?

Republican People’s Party

Democrat Party

Turkish Socialist Party

National Development Party

Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey

Açıklama:

-
The elections were held on July 21, 1946. Besides the Republican People’s Party and the Democrat Party, the recently established Turkish Socialist Party (Türkiye Sosyalist Partisi) and the Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey (Türkiye Sosyalist Emekçi ve Köylü Partisi) competed in the elections.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 117

I. Introducing regular Koran recitals over the Ankara and Istanbul radios.
II. Introducing of elective courses on Islam in the primary schools.
III. Establishment of the Preacher and Prayer Schools.
Which of the above was/were among the changes implemented in the Republican People's Party era following the 1946 elections?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

In the Seventh Congress of the Republican People’s Party in 1947, secularism was among the redefined principles. The changing attitude of the government toward religion became obvious, especially in 1949, in the areas of public education and public religious observances. In January, Şemsettin Günaltay, known for his Islamist sympathies, was appointed as the Prime Minister. Soon after his appointment, the new government introduced elective courses on Islam in the primary schools. The establishment of the Preacher and Prayer Schools (İmam-Hatip Okulları) soon followed. In the same year, the Faculty of Divinity of Ankara University was founded. The government stated that the main goal of religious education was to provide religious training in accordance with secularism. This was to prevent the spread of obscurantism and religious fanaticism. As these moves came a year before the elections, the opposition claimed that they were manipulations of the government to get electoral support.
Although the Democrat Party did not tolerate the Islamic fundamentalist currents after taking over the power in the 1950 elections, it had a lenient approach toward religious activities. It led the abrogation of the legislation prohibiting the reading of the ezan, call to prayer, in Arabic soon after they took over. It also introduced the regular Koran recitals over the Ankara and Istanbul radios and strengthened the organization of the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı).The number of mosques and preacher schools increased considerably during the Democrat Party’s rule.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 118

Which of the below shows the number of seats that Democrat Party won in the 1950 elections out of 487 Parliamentary seats?

408

391

377

305

298

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 119

Which party was closed down in 1954 on the grounds that it was against Atatürk’s reforms?

Communist Party

Liberal Republican Party

Nation Party

Republican Nation Party

Democracy Party

Açıklama:

-
Although the Democrat Party achieved to take control of administration, it did not abstain from attacking the opposition parties that criticized its policies on occasions.The Democrat Party launched attacks against the Republican People’s Party in July 1951. Its parliamentary group decided to liquidate all the assets of the Republican People’s Party and transferred them to the treasury. The Nation Party also became a target for the Democrat Party. On the ground that it was against Atatürk’s reforms, it was closed down in 1954.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 120

Who read the declaration of the military takeover on the radio in 1960?

Alpaslan Türkeş

Kenan Evren

Memduh Tağmaç

Rüştü Erdelhun

Talat Aydemir

Açıklama:

-
The public in Turkey became aware of the military takeover by a radio declaration read by Colonel Alpaslan Türkeş, one of the conspirators. In the declaration, the reasons for the military takeover of the power were stated as the crisis into which the democracy in Turkey had fallen and as the political conditions which brought the country on the brink of fratricide.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 121

Which of the following were among the factors that led to the transition from a single-party to a multi-party system in Turkey in the aftermath of World War II?

Turkey’s commitment to democratic ideals as it became the founding member of the United Nations
the need to end the isolation in international politics after World War II
the widespread discontent against the single- party system
the ending of World War II with the victory of the liberal states

i, ii, ii

ii, ii

i, ii, ii, iv

ii, ii, iv

i, iv

Açıklama:

Turkey’s commitment to democratic ideals as it became the founding member of the United Nations
the need to end the isolation in international politics after World War II
the widespread discontent against the single- party system
the ending of World War II with the victory of the liberal states

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 122

Which of the following are claimed about the religious development during the first incumbency of the Democrat Party?

Reactionary movements became visible.
The Presidency of Religious Affairs was
strengthened.
Fundamentalist currents were tolerated by the
government.
There was religious revival in terms of the increase in religious publications.

i, ii, iii, iv

i, ii, iii

i, ii, iv

ii, iii, iv

i, ii

Açıklama:

Reactionary movements became visible.
The Presidency of Religious Affairs was
strengthened.
Fundamentalist currents were tolerated by the
government.
There was religious revival in terms of the increase in religious publications.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 123

Which of the following were among the reasons as to why Turkey’s entry into NATO was seen as a great success by both the government and the opposition?

It was seen as a security guarantee against the Soviet threat.
It was seen as a guarantee for the flow of Western aid and loans.
It implicitly proved that Western countries accepted Turkey on equal terms.
It provided almost full military integration of Turkey into the Western alliance system.

i, iii

i, ii

ii, iii, iv

i, ii, iii

i, ii, iii, iv

Açıklama:

It was seen as a security guarantee against the Soviet threat.
It was seen as a guarantee for the flow of Western aid and loans.
It implicitly proved that Western countries accepted Turkey on equal terms.
It provided almost full military integration of Turkey into the Western alliance system.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 124

When was the Democrat Party founded ?

in March 1939

in January 1946

in June 1949

in May 1945

in October 1940

Açıklama:

Democrat Party was founded in January 1946.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 125

With which treaty was Kars, Ardahan and Batum restored to the Ottoman Empire?

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Assistance

Montreux Convention

The Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Versailles

Açıklama:

Kars, Ardahan and Batum were known as the Three Provinces, Elviye-i Selâse. Following the defeat of the Ottoman state by Russia
in the 1877-1878 War, they became part of the Russian Empire, and following the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, they were restored to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in 1918.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 126

Beginning from the fall of 1945, which two countries had already been convinced that Turkey should not be left alone against the Soviet aggression as it was strategically in a position to prevent the Soviet expansion in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East?

France and Austria

Germany and Italy

Britain and the United States

United States and France

Britain and Italy

Açıklama:

Beginning from the fall of 1945, Britain and the United States had already been convinced that Turkey should not be left alone against the Soviet aggression as it was strategically in a position to prevent the Soviet expansion in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 127

Who is not involved in the group known as Proposal of the Four (Dörtlü Takrir)?

Adnan Menderes

Celâl Bayar

Refik Koraltan

Fuat Köprülü

Sabiha Sertel

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 128

Who is the novelist known for his leftist ideas murdered in 1949?

Sabahattin Ali

Aziz Nesin

Sabiha Sertel

Peyami Sefa

Rıfat Ilgaz

Açıklama:

In 1949, Sabahattin Ali, a novelist and known for his leftist ideas, was murdered.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 129

When did Turkey become a full member of NATO?

1952

1948

1956

1968

1951

Açıklama:

Turkey became a full member of the organization in February 1952

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 130

Which countries formed the Balkan Pact?

Turkey, Greece, France

Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia

Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria

Turkey, Greece, Serbia

Turkey, Greece, Macedonia

Açıklama:

The first alliance was the Balkan Pact which was formed by Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia in 1953-1954.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 131

What was the first party of the multi-party era in Turkey?

Nation Party

Workers’ Party

Democrat Party

Turkish Villagers' Party

National Development Party

Açıklama:

The first party of the multi-party era was the National Development Party, not the Democrat Party. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 132

Which of the following was not one of the four people who submitted to the Parliamentary Group of the Republican People's Party on 7 June 1945 a proposal (Proposal of the Four) demanding the full implementation of the Constitution and the removal of all restrictions on civil liberties for the realization of a fully democratic state?

Celâl Bayar

Refik Koraltan

Kâzım Karabekir

Adnan Menderes

Fuat Köprülü

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 133

Republican People’s Party
Democrat Party
Turkish Socialist Party
National Development Party
Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey

Which of the above parties won the right to represent in the National Assembly in the elections held on 21 July 1946?

I, II

I, II, III

I, II, III, IV

I, II, III, IV, V

I, III, IV

Açıklama:

The elections were held on July 21, 1946. Besides the Republican People’s Party and the Democrat Party, the recently established Turkish Socialist Party (Türkiye Sosyalist Partisi) and the Socialist Workers and Peasant Party of Turkey (Türkiye Sosyalist Emekçi ve Köylü Partisi) competed in the elections. Yet, only the People’s Party (395 seats), the Democrats (66 seats) and 4 Independents gained the right of representation in the National Assembly. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 134

On which date were some of the six principles reinterpreted and redefined at the congress of the Republican People's Party?

1938

1941

1944

1947

1950

Açıklama:

The Seventh Congress that convened in November 1947 was the floor for the discussions on the direction of change in the Republican People’s Party. This was done by the reinterpretation of some of the principles that were represented by the six arrows in the emblem. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 135

Who was one of the heroes of the Turkish War of Independence, who left the Democrat Party in July 1948 by criticizing the party leadership for being moderate and compromising against the Republican People's Party and founded a party called the Nation Party (Millet Partisi)?

Kâzım Karabekir

Fevzi Çakmak

Rauf Orbay

Refet Bele

Ali Fuat Cebesoy

Açıklama:

A group of dissidents left the Democrat Party party in July 1948 by criticizing the party’s leadership for being moderate and compromising against the Republican People’s Party. Led by Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, one of the heroes of the Turkish War of Independence and longtime Chief of the General Staff, they founded a Party named the Nation Party (Millet Partisi) in order to form a genuine opposition against the Republican People’s Party. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 136

Which of the following is not one of the professors of Ankara University who was accused of spreading communist propaganda in 1948 and was dismissed?

Niyazi Berkes

Behice Boran

Pertev Naili Boratav

Azra Erhat

Fuat Köprülü

Açıklama:

A witch-hunt targeting three professors at the Ankara University began in 1948. Accused of spreading communist propaganda, these professors were put on trial and dismissed from their positions. The professors dismissed from their positions were Behice Boran; Niyazi Berkes, both sociologists, and Pertev Naili Boratav, a folklorist. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 137

Introducing of elective courses on Islam in primary schools
Establishment of Preacher and Prayer Schools (İmam-Hatip Okulları)
Founding of the Faculty of Divinity of Ankara University

When were the above innovations in the field of religious education put into practice?

1938

1949

1950

1954

1961

Açıklama:

In January 1949, Şemsettin Günaltay, known for his Islamist sympathies, was appointed as the Prime Minister. Soon after his appointment, the new government introduced elective courses on Islam in the primary schools. The establishment of the Preacher and Prayer Schools (İmam-Hatip Okulları) soon followed. In the same year, the Faculty of Divinity of Ankara University was founded. The government stated that the main goal of religious education was to provide religious training in accordance with secularism. This was to prevent the spread of obscurantism and religious fanaticism. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 138

The Law for Protecting the Freedom of Conscience and of Gathering (Vicdan ve Toplanma Hürriyetinin Koruması Kanunu), the most important of a series of measures taken against religious reactionaries, prohibited the use of religion or the appeal to religious sentiments by political parties. In what period was this law enacted?

1947-1950

1950-1953

1954-1957

1957-1960

1960-1963

Açıklama:

After an attempt at the reputed journalist Ahmet EminYalman’s life by a religious reactionary in November 1952, the Democrat Party government took a series of measures against religious reactionaries. Among these measures, the enactment of the Law for Protecting the Freedom of Conscience and of Gathering (Vicdan ve Toplanma Hürriyetinin Koruması Kanunu) was the most important [1953]. This law ‘prohibited the use of religion or the appeal to religious sentiments by political parties’. In other words, ‘this legislation introduced further penalties for the abuse of religion by individuals and associations to obtain political and personal benefits’. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 139

Supported strong relations with the United States.
Invested in the railways rather than the highways.
Entirely liberalized foreign trade.
Agricultural production more than doubled in three years.

Which of the above activities belong to the Democratic Party government?

I, II, III, IV

I, III, IV

I, IV

II, III, IV

III, IV

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party, contrary to the Republican People’s Party, invested in the highways rather than the railways. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 140

In accordance with the goals of the Western alliance, Turkey took a leading role in two regional alliances formed as a part of the attempts to encircle the Soviet Union. Which of the following states was among the founders of the first of these alliances, the Balkan Pact?

Bulgaria

Romania

Greece

Hungary

Albania

Açıklama:

In accordance with the goals of the Western alliance, Turkey took a leading role in two regional alliances formed as a part of the attempts to encircle the Soviet Union. The first alliance was the Balkan Pact which was formed by Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia in 1953-1954. Yet, this alliance would not last long as the Cyprus question fell on agenda by mid-1954. Conflicting claims of Turkey and Greece on Cyprus deteriorated the relations between the two states and left the Balkan alliance only on paper. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 8

Soru 1

What was the main reason behind the rise of anti-Americanism in Turkey?

Cyprus Intervention

Allience with Russia

World War II

Allience with Germany

Trades with China

Açıklama:

The rise of anti-Americanism was mainly because of the position of the United States in the Cyprus Question. In the events of 1963-1964, America sided with Greece.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Through the creation of the Army Mutual Assistance Association, in which of the following fields did the army start to play a significant role?

Education

Science

Economy

Politics

Government

Açıklama:

The army started to play a significant role also in economy through the creation of the Army Mutual Assistance Association (Ordu Yardımlaşma Kurumu). In years, it would be one of the largest conglomerates in the business and industrial life in Turkey.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Before the election campaigns of the 1961 elections, the National Unity Committee imposed political parties a protocol. Which of the following is NOT a part of it?

not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain

not to question or exploit the National Unity Committee for political gain

not to exploit the verdicts of the Yassıada trials

not to exploit Islam for political gain

to protect Atatürk’s reforms

Açıklama:

Before the election campaigns began, the National Unity Committee imposed political parties a protocol through which they agreed:
• not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain,
• to protect Atatürk’s reforms,
• not to exploit Islam for political gain,
• not to exploit the verdicts of the Yassıada trials

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which party gained the most of the votes and seats in the 1961 selections?

The Justice Party

The New Turkey Party

The Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

The Republican People’s Party

The Nationalist Movement Party

Açıklama:

The Republican People’s Party gained approximately 37 % (173 seats),the Justice Party 35 % (158 seats), the New Turkey Party 14 % (65 seats), and Republican Peasants’ Nation Party won only 13.4 % of the votes (54 seats).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

In which year did Turkey intervene Cyprus?

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

Açıklama:

Turkey landed troops on the northern section of the island on July 20, 1974. In two days, it took control of the military situation. What followed was a ceasefire, which would be violated by the Greeks. As violence committed against the Turkish minority continued, the Turkish troops began their second offensive on August 20. As a result, 40 % of the island was brought under Turkish control.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the political order that the military regime founded after the military intervention on September 12, 1980?

There was limited freedom of the press.

Political parties were under strict surveillance.

Fundamental rights and freedoms were limited.

Freedom of speech, expression and organization was restricted.

Founding new parties was prohibited.

Açıklama:

In this period, fundamental rights and freedoms were limited. The power concentrated in the hands of the executive. Political parties were under strict surveillance. Freedom of speech, expression and organization was restricted. There was limited freedom of the press. Organization in trade unions or being a member of a political party was restricted. In short, it was an order based on restrictions and prohibitions rather than rights and freedoms.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following was not one of the reasons of the military intervention of September 12, 1980?

Regional developments marked by the Islamic Revolution in Iran

Threats to the hierarchical order of the army by
the junior officers

The economic crisis

Political instability of the country

the rise of Kurdish nationalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following parties was established as the inheritor of the legacy of the Democrat Party in the aftermath of the military intervention in 1960?

The Labor Party of Turkey

The Democrat Party

The Republican Peasants’ People Party

The Justice Party

The New Turkey Party

Açıklama:

Among the newly formed political parties, the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) emerged as the most significant one since it claimed to have inherited the legacy of the Democrat Party after its dissolution by the military regime.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

Who defeated İsmet İnönü and was the third chairman of the Republican People’s Party after Atatürk and İsmet İnönü?

Bülent Ecevit

Turgut Özal

Nihat Erim

Süleyman Demirel

Necmettin Erbakan

Açıklama:

In 1972, Ecevit was elected as the chairman of the party in the party congress by defeating İsmet İnönü, much to everyone’s surprise, and became the third chairman after Atatürk and İsmet İnönü.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

Which of the following is not among the right wing parties competing each other in the 1970s.

The Justice Party

The Nationalist Action Party

The National Order Party

The National Salvation Party

Motherland Party

Açıklama:

There were at least four parties in the right wing competing for the votes of the similarly inclined population. The Justice Party, the Democratic Party, the Nationalist Action Party, the National Order Party and the National Salvation Party.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

The Committee was led by Cemal Gürsel and consisted of 38 members who were mostly junior officers.
The Committee gave the task of preparing a constitution, which would allow transition back to civilian politics to the ministry of justice.
All members of the Committee didn't agree on the restoration of power to civilian politicians.
Radicals wanted to restore power to civilian authorities immediately.
It aimed to prevent the restoration of power to multil party.

Which of the above statements are correct about The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) that took up the political power immediately after the military intervention?

II and IV

I and III

I-II and III

III and IV

I - II and V

Açıklama:

The National Unity Committee gave the professors of law from Istanbul University the task of preparing a constitution, which would allow transition back to civilian politics. The Committee was actually divided into moderates who wanted to restore power to civilian authorities immediately and radicals who wanted to carry out fundamental reforms that would necessitate a prolonged military rule. It aimed to prevent the restoration of power to a single political party. Correct answer is B

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

When did the Republican People’s Party made its peak?

When people witnessed considerable economic growth as well as a wide political spectrum including, actors besides political parties

When they adopted a new and effective legal measures

When Turkey directly intervened in Cyprus to prevent a fait accompli by Greece and Greek Cypriots

When it formed a coalition government with the National Salvation Party

When it adopted a center-left ideology

Açıklama:

Republican People’s Party made its peak when Turkey directly intervened in Cyprus to prevent a fait accompli by Greece and Greek Cypriots. Correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

"The task of preparing a new constitution was given to a group of professors from Istanbul University" Which of the following is not among the practices of the committee?

They presented a preliminary report through which they legitimized the military takeover.

To rule until the election of a new parliament was issued.

It recommended the creation of a new state and social institutions

It aimed to change the political structure of the country before it took a turn back to civilian politics

To stop economic disintegration by law regulation between politics and the citizens

Açıklama:

The task of preparing a new constitution was given to a group of professors from Istanbul University on the day of the military takeover. On May 28, the committee of professors presented a preliminary report through which they legitimized the military takeover. The report supported the idea that the Democrat Party government had acted unconstitutionally. It recommended the creation of a new state and social institutions before the restoration of the political authority and government to civilians. On June 12, a provisional constitution that allowed the National Unity Committee to rule until the election of a new parliament was issued. Correct answer is E

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Following the military takeover on May 27, 1960, the National Unity Committee who had the power to govern was led by:

Alpaslan Türkeş.

Cemal Gürsel.

Fatih Rüştü Zorlu.

Talat Aydemir.

İsmet İnönü.

Açıklama:

Following the military takeover on May 27, 1960, the power to govern was in the hands of the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi), which consisted of 38 officers. Its head was Cemal Gürsel, who was appointed as the Head of State, Prime Minister, and Minister of Defense at the same time.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

The attempts of military intervention in February 1962 and May 1963 were led by:

Talat Aydemir.

Sıddık Sami Onar.

Cemal Gürsel.

Hasan Polatkan.

Alpaslan Türkeş.

Açıklama:

Tere would be two attempts of military intervention, led by a Colonel, Talat Aydemir, in February 1962 and May 1963.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following is true regarding the 1961 Constitution?

All legislation would have to pass only through the national assembly.

An independent constitutional court was introduced.

A bicameral parliament was established.

This constitution was fundamentally different from its predecessor, the 1924 constitution.

The overall aim of the constitution was the prevention of one-party monopoly on power.

Açıklama:

The national assembly was counterbalanced with other institutions. A bicameral parliament including a national assembly and a senate was established. All legislation would have to pass through both chambers.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following is the task of Armed Foces Union?

To ensure that the government performs its duties

To draw the boundaries of the tasks of police and gendarmerie forces

To protect and defend the peace in the country

To monitor activities throughout the military

Ensuring security at the borders of the country

Açıklama:

Armed forces union was established to monitor activities throughout the military in general and to act as a watchdog over the junior officers in particular. This Union actually became the guarantor of the return to civilian politics and the new constitution, which was prepared under the auspices of the Constituent Assembly. Correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Which of the following statement best explains the aim of 1961 constitution?

Establishing a strong constitutional system in accordance with European law

Calming the restless environment in society

To increase the power of military's control with the law

Maintain the peaceful area for citizens

The prevention of one-party monopoly on power

Açıklama:

The overall aim of the constitution was the prevention of one-party monopoly on power, the kind of power which had been previously held by the Democrat Party or the Republican Party in the 1930s. Correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following is not one of the groups that make up the justice party?

Western oriented liberals

Armed forces

Peasants

Big landowners

Small traders

Açıklama:

The Justice Party was made up of socio-economic and cultural groups with conflicting interests, e.g., industrialists, small traders and artisans, peasants, big landowners, religious reactionaries and Western-oriented liberals. Correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

Justice party had a liberalist character and its respect for traditional values.
Justice party constantly waged in an communist propaganda and targeted rightist movements
Two other political actors became very influential on the course of events who invested students and the industrial working class.
1961 Constitution led the rise of political life based on ideological competition, which had been unprecedented in the modern history of Turkey.
Toward the end of 1960s, leftist movements would grow under the impact of the student movements in Germany, in the United States and especially in France

Which of the above sentences are correct about 1960's?

III- IV and V

I-II and III

II - IV and V

I and V

I and III

Açıklama:

Two statements about 1960's need to be corrected. First of all justice party frequently emphasized the Islamic character of the party and its respect for traditional values. They constantly waged in an anti-communist propaganda and targeted leftist movements. Correct answer is A

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

By how many coalition governments was Turkey ruled from November 1961 to 1964?

Açıklama:

From November 1961 to 1964, Turkey was ruled by four coalition governments. The first coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and the Justice Party (November 1961-May 1962). The second coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and two smaller parties: the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and the New Turkey Party (June 1962-December 1963). It was followed by the last İsmet İnönü-led coalition: a minority coalition by the Republican People’s Party which was supported by independents (December 1963-February 1965). The last coalition was formed by the independents elected from the Justice Party list. Its role was to lead the country to the parliamentary elections, which would be held in October 1965.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 22

Who were the main benefiters of the economic policies of Demirel’s government?

Small tradesmen.

Artisans.

Capitalists who invested in industry.

Big landowners.

Peasants who worked in agriculture.

Açıklama:

The growth during Demirel's government was in favor of the large-scale modern capitalist industries. Small groups of capitalists who invested in industry were the main benefiters of the economic policies of Demirel’s government. Small tradesmen and artisans who were mostly located in the countryside were the losers. As a result, he lost the support of the conservative wing in the Justice Party which represented the interests of big landowners, small traders and artisans.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the following is true regarding the period of Nihat Erim's government?

Nihat Erim formed a cabinet whose members came only from the Republican People’s Party.

Universities were given autonomy and the freedom of the press was expanded.

The powers of the constitutional court were increased while the powers of the National Security Council were reduced.

Nihat Erim government proclaimed martial law in all of the provinces of the country at the end of April 1971.

The government viewed the leftist activity as the main source of anarchy and the persecution of the left increased.

Açıklama:

The government viewed the leftist activity as the main source of anarchy. Repressing the left wing became the main occupation of the government. The persecution of the left gained impetus especially after the abduction and murder of the Istanbul Consul General of Israel in May by the members of the Turkish People’s Liberation Army (Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu). Approximately five thousand people were arrested in a very short time.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

The winner of the 1973 elections was the Republican People’s Party led by:

İsmet İnönü.

Bülent Ecevit.

Necmettin Erbakan.

Nihat Erim.

Süleyman Demirel.

Açıklama:

To the surprise of all the political actors, the Republican People’s Party led by Bülent Ecevit was the winner of the 1973 elections. Until the 1973 elections, this party had actually undergone a fundamental transformation. It adopted a center- left ideology in the political spectrum.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which of the following parties was not part of the first 'Nationalist Front'?

The Justice Party.

The National Salvation Party.

The Reliance Party.

The Republican People’s Party.

The Nationalist Action Party.

Açıklama:

The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), the National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), the Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) .

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

According to the agreement reached in July 1979, new credits would be provided to Turkey from abroad on the condition that Turkish government would introduce economic reforms which included :

Increasing import and export controls.

Increasing subsidies.

Freeing interest rates.

Decreasing prices.

Increasing government expenditure.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which of the following is false regarding the aftermath of the military intervention of September 12, 1980.

All power was concentrated in the newly created National Security Council, headed by Kenan Evren.

The Constitution was suspended.

All mayors and municipal councils were dismissed.

In the new constitution of 1982, powers of the president and the National Security were decreased.

All politicians who had been active before September 1980 were banned from politics for ten years.

Açıklama:

The draft of the new constitution was made public in July 1982. Power was concentrated in the hands of the executive according to this text. Powers of the president and the National Security Council were increased.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the following party is in the coalition of the rightist parties known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government?

Republican Peasant’s Nation Party

National Salvation Party

Republican People's Party

Republican Party

Democratic Party

Açıklama:

The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), The National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), The Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) . Correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which information about the State Planning Organization is correct?

Make legal regulations about state institutions.

It oversees the work of the governments involved in the coalition.

Plans and directs the country's import and export movements

It was principally an advisory body with extensive powers in the fields of economic, social and cultural planning.

Supervises the duties and responsibilities of the government

Açıklama:

State Planning Organisation was principally an advisory body with extensive powers in the fields of economic, social and cultural planning. Correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

In 12 September 1980 generals declared the army intervention. Which of the following is not the reason of this intervention?

Stoppin governmental economic corruption

Ending social division of the people

Political violence

Ending anarchy

Stopping economic disintegration

Açıklama:

The reasons of army intervention were stated as saving the state, ending social division of the people, stopping economic disintegration, and ending anarchy and political violence for which they held the political parties and politicians responsible. Correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 31

Which of the following succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly in 1965 elections?

Adalet Partisi

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi

Serbest Cumhuriyet Partisi

Milli Selamet Partisi

Demokrat Parti

Açıklama:

In 1965, the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 32

Members of which political party were sentenced to death on the island of Yassıada?

Demokrat Parti

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi

Milli Selamet Partisi

Adalet Partisi

Serbest Cumhuriyet Partisi

Açıklama:

The trials of the Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti) members began on the island of Yassıada in the fall of 1960. The cases brought against them consisted of criminal and corruption cases as well as cases of the violation of the constitution. The verdicts of the trials were announced on September 15. Fifteen people were sentenced to death; yet, except for three, the verdicts were commuted by the National Unity Committee. Hasan Polatkan, the former minister of finance and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, the former minister of foreign affairs were executed on September 16, and the former prime minister Adnan Menderes the day after.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 33

Which of the following political parties gained the biggest amount of votes in 1961 elections?

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi

Adalet Partisi

Yeni Türkiye Partisi

Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi

Milli Selamet Partisi

Açıklama:

In the elections held in 1961, the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi-CHP) gained approximately 37 % (173 seats),the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi-AP) 35 % (158 seats), the New Turkey Party (Yeni Türkiye Partisi-YTP) 14 % (65 seats), and Republican Peasants’ Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi-CKMP) won only 13.4 % of the votes (54 seats).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 34

Which of the following was the leader of the Justice Party during 1965 elections?

İsmet İnönü

Cemal Gürsel

Adnan Menderes

Hasan Polatkan

Süleyman Demirel

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 35

In which year was the Democrat Party established?

1958

1963

1967

1970

1974

Açıklama:

41 representatives and senators resigned from the Justice Party and established the Democratic Party (Demoktratik Parti-DP) in December 1970.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 36

In which year was the military memorandum of March 12 announced?

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

Açıklama:

The military memorandum of March 12, 1971 demanded the formation of a strong and credible government that would be able to end the ‘anarchy’ and make reforms inspired by Atatürk’s views.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

Which of the following was officially asked to form a government after the military memorandum of March 12, 1971?

Süleyman Demirel

İsmet İnönü

Cemal Gürsel

Nihat Erim

Bülent Ecevit

Açıklama:

Nihat Erim, a conservative member of the Republican People’s Party was officially asked to form a government. His nomination was confirmed by the majority of the parties in the parliament.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 38

Which of the following gained the biggest number of votes in 1973 elections?

Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi

Millî Nizam Partisi

Demokrat Parti

Türkiye İşçi Partisi

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi

Açıklama:

To the surprise of all the political actors, the Republican People’s Party led by Bülent Ecevit was the winner of the elections in 1973.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which of the following did Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi go into a coalition with after 1973 elections?

Türkiye İşçi Partisi)

Millî Nizam Partisi

Millî Selamet Partisi

Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi

Adalet Partisi

Açıklama:

The election results were actually indecisive: the Republican People’s Party got 33.5 % of the votes while the Justice Party took approximately 30 %. The Democratic Party and the National Salvation Party took 11.9 % and 11.8 %, respectively. A coalition government seemed inevitable. The coalition that emerged was between Republican People’s Party and the National Salvation Party.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 40

Which of the following was among the three guarantors of the founding treaty of the Republic of Cyprus?

Great Britain

France

Italy

Syria

Russia

Açıklama:

Turkey’s intervention in Cyprus was the result of a coup d’ètat against Makarios, the President of the Cyprus Republic. He was overthrown on the orders of the junta government in Athens, which aimed at the annexation of the island to Greece. Turkey asked Britain for a joint intervention, but this proposal was declined. Then, the Turkish government decided to act unilaterally as one of the three guarantors of the founding treaty of the Republic of Cyprus -the others were the Great Britain and Greece.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 41

Who was the head of the National Unity Committee after the military takeover on May 27, 1960?

Cemal Gürsel

İsmet İnönü

Alpaslan Türkeş

Kenan Evren

Fahri Korutürk

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 42

Which of the following parties was the winner of the 1965 elections?

The Republican People’s Party

Justice Party

The Democrat Party

The New Turkey Party

The Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

Açıklama:

The winner of the 1965 elections was the Justice Party founded in 1961.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 43

Who was the leader of the Justice Party?

Adnan Menderes

Bülent Ecevit

Alpasla Türkeş

Süleyman Demirel

İsmet İnönü

Açıklama:

The Leader of the Justice Party was Süleyman Demirel elected to the post in
November 1964 in party convention. Under his leadership, the Justice Party won a landslide victory in the 1965 elections.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 44

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the political life between the years 1960 and 1970?

In the 1960s, the Turkish society was highly politicized.

Toward the end of 1960s, leftist movements grew in the Turkish society.

The industrial working class was very active in the late 1960s.

University students organized their associations through which they intervened in actual politics.

Emphasizing the leftist worldview was a tactic adopted by Süleyman Demirel to preserve the unity of the party.

Açıklama:

Demirel had to spare much of his time to keep his cabinet and party intact. He adopted two tactics to preserve the unity of the party and his own position at its top. First, he frequently emphasized the Islamic character of the party and its respect for traditional values. Secondly, he constantly waged in an anti communist propaganda and targeted leftist movements. Therefore the option E is not true.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 45

Which of the following parties was the winner of 1973 Elections?

The Democratic Party

The Justice Party

The Republican People’s Party

The Nationalist Action Party

The National Order Party

Açıklama:

To the surprise of all the political actors, the Republican People’s Party led by Bülent Ecevit was the winner of the elections.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 46

Who was the founder of the National Order Party?

Necmettin Erbakan

Alpaslan Türkeş

Süleyman Demirel

Bülent Ecevit

İsmet İnönü

Açıklama:

Another party that emerged at the end of the 1960s was the National Order Party (Millî Nizam Partisi). It was founded by Necmettin Erbakan, who adopted an Islamic discourse in criticizing Süleyman Demirel and the Justice Party for being subservient to big business and foreign capital.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 47

Which of the following parties formed a coalition government after 1973 Elections?

The Democratic Party and the National Salvation Party

The Republican People’s Party and the National Salvation Party

The Justice Party and the Republican People’s Party

The Democratic Party and the Justice Party

The Justice Party and The National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

Despite the fragmentation of the right and the absence of of any strong rival on the left, the Republican People’s Party did not win sufficient votes and assembly seats to form a majority government. The election results were actually indecisive: the Republican People’s Party got 33.5 % of the votes while the Justice Party took approximately 30 %. The Democratic Party and the National Salvation Party took 11.9 % and 11.8 %, respectively. A coalition government seemed inevitable. The coalition that emerged was between Republican People’s Party and the National Salvation Party.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 48

Which of the following parties is NOT included in the coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government?

The Justice Party

The National Salvation Party

The Republican People’s Party

The Reliance Party

The Nationalist Action Party

Açıklama:

The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), The National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), The Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 49

By whom was the National Security Council headed after the military intervention of September 12, 1980 ?

Talat Aydemir

Cemal Gürsel

Tahsin Sahinkaya

Haydar Saltık

Kenan Evren

Açıklama:

On the day of the military intervention of September 12, 1980, the parliament was dissolved, the cabinet was deposed, and the political immunity of the
members of the parliament was lifted. All power was concentrated in the newly created National Security Council, headed by Kenan Evren, formerly the chief of staff and the head of the state after the intervention.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 50

Which of the following parties was the winner of the elections held on November 6, 1983?

The Nationalist Action Party

the Republican People’s Party

The Populist Party

The Motherland Party

The Nationalist Democracy Party

Açıklama:

The elections were held on November 6, 1983. The Motherland Party took an overwhelming victory in the elections with its liberal and anti-statist image promising a swift return to democracy.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 51

Which of the following political parties gained the majority of votes in the 1965 elections?

The Justice Party

The Republican People's Party

The Democrat Party

The Motherland Party

The Justice and Development Party

Açıklama:

Coalition governments led by the Republican People’s Party were in rule until 1965. In 1965, the Justice Party succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly. Its first incumbency from 1965 to1969 witnessed considerable economic growth as well as a wide political spectrum including, actors besides political parties. As a result, the Justice Party repeated its electoral success in the 1969 elections.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 52

Which of the following took up the political power immediately after the military intervention in 1960?

The Democrat Party

The National Unity Committee

The Republican People’s Party

The Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

The Justice Party

Açıklama:

The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) took up the political power immediately after the military intervention.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 53

How many members who were mostly junior officers did The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) have?

Açıklama:

The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) took up the political power immediately after the military intervention. The Committee was led by Cemal Gürsel and consisted of 38 members who were mostly junior officers. The Committee gave the professors of law from Istanbul University the task of preparing a constitution, which would allow transition back to civilian politics.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 54

Which of the following succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly in 1965?

The Republican People’s Party

The Nation Party

The Democrat Party

The Justice Party

The Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

Açıklama:

In 1965, the Justice Party succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 55

In the 1973 elections, the Republican People’s Party, which adopted a center-left ideology, gained the majority of votes, but this was not enough to rule by itself. Therefore, it formed a coalition government with the ...............................
Which of the following is the correct answer to complete the sentence above?

The National Salvation Party

The Justice Party

The Nation Party

The Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

The Democrat Party

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 56

Where did the trials of the Democrat Party members begin in the fall of 1960?

Heybeliada

Büyükada

Gökçeada

Bozcaada

Yassıada

Açıklama:

The trials of the Democrat Party members began on the island of Yassıada in the fall of 1960.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 57

Who was the Leader of the Justice Party elected to the post in November 1964 in party convention?

Süleyman Demirel

Cemal Gürsel

İsmet İnönü

Osman Bölükbaşı

Bülent Ecevit

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 58

Because of the ............................ policy followed in the 1960s the industrial working class grew quantitatively.
Which of the following is the correct answer for the blank in the sentence above?

human rights

industrialization

international

economic

westernization

Açıklama:

The industrial working class was very active in the late 1960s. Because of the industrialization policy followed in this decade,
this class grew quantitatively.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 59

Süleyman Demirel frequently complained about the 1961 Constitution which had enlarged the scope of ......... and ............ and he claimed that it was not possible to run the country with this Constitution.
Which of the following word pair is the correct answer for the blanks in the sentence above?

liberties - rights

commerce - trade

import - export

society - culture

laws - punishment

Açıklama:

Süleyman Demirel frequently complained about the 1961 Constitution which had enlarged the scope of liberties and rights widely and he claimed that it was not possible to run the country with this Constitution.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 60

Süleyman Demirel's government could not make any decisions aiming to resolve the social and economic problems as it had lost the majority in the parliament.
In which year, the military’s memorandum was handed to the Prime Minister in this context?

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

Açıklama:

By 1971, his government could not make any decisions aiming to resolve the social and economic problems as it had lost the majority in the parliament. The military’s memorandum of March 12, 1971 was handed to the Prime Minister in this context.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 61

Which of the following did not found between 1960 - 1980?

The Justice Party

The Nationalist Action Party

The Worker’s Party of Turkey

The Motherland Party

The National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

Ecevit’s success in the 1973 elections was undoubtedly the result of the party’s new orientation. Yet, equally important was the fragmentation of the right in this regard. There were at least four parties in the right wing competing for the votes of the similarly inclined population. The Justice Party was the strongest among them and actually seemed to be best placed to win in the elections. However, it was divided in 1970. A group of deputies who resigned from the party founded the Democratic Party (see below). Two other significant parties arose toward the end of the 1960s. The first was the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi). It was led by Alpaslan Türkeş, who, after his return to Turkey in 1963, had joined the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and became its chairman. In 1969, the party’s name was changed to Nationalist Action Party. It adopted an ideology based on Turkish nationalism with an emphasis on Islam as a part of the Turkish national heritage. Another party that emerged at the end of the 1960s was the National Order Party (Millî Nizam Partisi). It was founded by Necmettin Erbakan, who adopted an Islamic discourse in criticizing Süleyman Demirel and the Justice Party for being subservient to big business and foreign capital. He defended the interests of small businessmen and artisans whose socioeconomic situation deteriorated as a result of the economic policy followed by the Justice Party. The party was closed down following the military memorandum. Erbakan resumed his political activity in 1972 when he founded the National Salvation Party (Millî Selamet Partisi). The Republican People’s Party also took advantage of the closure of the Worker’s Party of Turkey (Türkiye İşçi Partisi) in the aftermath of the military memorandum. This party had been founded in 1961 by trade unionists.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 62

The power to govern was in the hands of the National Unity Committee.
The National Unity Committee consisted of 38 officers.
The National Unity Committee's head was Cemal Gürsel.
From the very beginning, the Committee was divided into two factions: the moderates and the radicals.

Which of these statements are true for the National Unity Committee?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Following the military takeover on May 27, 1960, the power to govern was in the hands of the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi), which consisted of 38 officers. Its head was Cemal Gürsel, who was appointed as the Head of State, Prime Minister, and Minister of Defense at the same time. From the very beginning, the Committee was divided into two factions: the moderates and the radicals. Led by Gürsel and the generals, the former faction demanded the restoration of power to civilians as soon as possible. The latter faction consisted of junior officers led by Colonel AlpaslanTürkeş. It aimed to change the political structure of the country before it took a turn back to civilian politics. This would necessitate a long military rule (Ahmad, 1977, p. 165). A struggle for power between these groups started immediately after the military takeover.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 63

It was fundamentally different from its predecessor, the 1924 constitution.
The overall aim of the constitution was the prevention of one-party monopoly on power.
A bicameral parliament including a national assembly and a senate was established.
It guaranteed freedom of thought, expression, association, and publication.

Which of the statements are true for the 1961 Constitution?

I, II, III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The new constitution was fundamentally different from its predecessor, the 1924 constitution. The overall aim of the constitution was the prevention of one-party monopoly on power, the kind of power which had been previously held by the Democrat Party or the Republican Party in the 1930s. To this end, the national assembly was counterbalanced with other institutions. A bicameral parliament including a national assembly and a senate was established. All legislation would have to pass through both chambers. In addition, an independent constitutional court was introduced. The court could throw out all legislation that it regarded as unconstitutional. In order to lessen the chance of one party getting an overwhelming majority in the assembly, a new electoral law based on proportional representation was introduced. The judiciary, the universities, and the media were granted full autonomy. The constitution also guaranteed freedom of thought, expression, association, and publication

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 64

The military emerged as an autonomous institution.
The military was given a constitutional role through the establishment of the National Security Council.
The function of the National Security Council was to advise the government on internal and external security.

Which of these statements are true for the 1961 Constitution?

Only II

I and II

II and III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The military was given a constitutional role through the establishment of the National Security Council (Millî Güvenlik Kurulu).The Councils constituted the ministers who were identified by law, the chief of the general staff, and the representatives of the armed forces. Its main function was to advise the government on internal and external security.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 65

Which of these parties claimed to have inherited the legacy of the Democrat Party after its dissolution by the military regime and got approximately 35% of the votes in the 1961 elections?

The Republican People’s Party

The Justice Party

The New Turkey Party

Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

The National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

The Constituent Assembly decided to hold general elections on October 15, 1961. The ban on political activities was already lifted in January. In addition to the Republican People’s Party and the Republican Peasants’ Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi), which had continued to exist after the military intervention, new parties registered for the elections. Among the newly formed political parties, the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) emerged as the most significant one since it claimed to have inherited the legacy of the Democrat Party after its dissolution by the military regime.
In the elections held a month later, the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi-CHP) gained approximately 37 % (173 seats),the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi-AP) 35 % (158 seats), the New Turkey Party (Yeni Türkiye Partisi-YTP) 14 % (65 seats), and Republican Peasants’ Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi-CKMP) won only 13.4 % of the votes (54 seats).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 66

Turkey was ruled by four coalition governments.
This period was marked by political instability as the threat of a military intervention held the coalition governments together.
The first coalition was between the Justice Party and Republican People's Party and it did not last long.
The second coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and two smaller parties: the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and the New Turkey Party.

Which of the statements were true for Turkish political life form 1961 to 1980?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The results of the 1961 elections caused disappointment among some segments of the armed forces since the successors of the Democrat Party emerged as the real winners of the elections. Some influential factions mostly formed by junior officers wanted to annul the election results, abolish political parties and the National Unity Committee, and establish the rule of military for an indefinite time. The Armed Forces Union would prevent this type of action from happening. The Parliament convened on October 26, following the signature of a protocol by the party leaders who were actually summoned by the army commanders. They agreed not to seek amnesty for the Democrat Party members sentenced at Yassıada. They agreed to elect Cemal Gürsel as President and accepted İsmet İnönü to be the Prime Minister although the Republican People’s Party did not have the sufficient votes to form a majority government. As a result, under heavy pressure from the military, the Justice Party agreed to collaborate in a coalition led by İsmet İnönü. From November 1961 to 1964, Turkey was ruled by four coalition governments, three of which led by the Republican People’s Party under military pressure. This period was marked by political instability as the threat of a military intervention held the coalition governments together. The first coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and the Justice Party (November 1961-May 1962). It did not last long since there were fundamental differences between the two parties toward the issue of amnesty for the former Democrat Party politicians as well as an economic policy based on state planning (see below). The second coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and two smaller parties: the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and the New Turkey Party (June 1962-December 1963). It was followed by the last İsmet İnönü-led coalition: a minority coalition by the Republican People’s Party which was supported by independents (December 1963-February 1965). The last coalition was formed by the an independent elected from the Justice Party list. Its role was to lead the country to the parliamentary elections, which would be held in October 1965.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 67

Which party won a landslide victory in 1965 elections gaining almost 53% of the votes?

The Justice Party

The Nationalist Action Party

The Republican Peasant’s Nation Party

The National Order Party

The National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

The winner of the 1965 elections was the Justice Party founded in 1961. The Leader of the Justice Party was Süleyman Demirel elected to the post in November 1964 in party convention. Under his leadership, the Justice Party won a landslide victory in the 1965 elections. The party gained almost 53 % of the votes through which it had a solid majority in the parliament. The Justice Party was made up of socio-economic and cultural groups with conflicting interests, e.g., industrialists, small traders and artisans, peasants, big landowners, religious reactionaries and Western-oriented liberals.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 68

Which party won the 1973 Elections?

The Republican People’s Party

The Nationalist Action Party

The Democratic Party

The National Order Party

The National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

To the surprise of all the political actors, the Republican People’s Party led by Bülent Ecevit was the winner of the elections. Until the 1973 elections, this party had actually undergone a fundamental transformation. It adopted a centerleft ideology in the political spectrum. This emphasized social justice and social security. The election of Bülent Ecevit as secretary-general of the party in 1966 was a critical step, which would shape the future of the party. Ecevit viewed the center-left policy as the one that could transform the Republican People’s Party into an organization that could and would accommodate the social and economic changes of the 1960s and 1970s. He wanted to identify the party with people and end its elitist image. This would enable the party to broaden its popular base by having the peasantry and working class on its side. Ecevit’s popularity within the party increased when he resigned from the secretary-general post in a protest of the support given by İsmet İnönü, chairman of the party, to the Nihat Erim government which had been established after the military memorandum of March 12, 1971. In 1972, Ecevit was elected as the chairman of the party in the party congress by defeating İsmet İnönü, much to everyone’s surprise, and became the third chairman after Atatürk and İsmet İnönü.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 69

The Justice Party
The Reliance Party
The Nationalist Action Party
The Republican People’s Party

Which of the parties above were among the Nationalist Front?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), The National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), The Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) . It was supported by the independents who had defected from the Democratic Party.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 70

Abolishing import and export controls
Cutting subsidies
Freeing interest rates
Cutting down government expenditure

Which of the above was included in the reform package of 1980?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

When Ecevit became prime minister in 1978, he launched negotiations with IMF, the World Bank, and the OECD for new credits. An agreement was reached in July 1979. New credits were provided on the condition that the Turkish government introduced a reform package which would include the following: • abolishing import and export controls, • cutting subsidies, • freeing interest rates, • raising prices, • cutting down government expenditure (Zürcher, 1993, pp. 278-281). The implementation of this program became the priority of the Demirel government, which succeeded Ecevit in October 1979. Demirel gave the task of preparing a reform package to Turgut Özal, and he, then, became the under-secretary for economic affairs in charge of planning. The reform package was announced on January 24, 1980. Because of the measures introduced by this package, Turkey devalued her Lira by 30 per cent.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 71

Saving the state
Ending social division of the people
Stopping economic disintegration
Ending anarchy and political violence

Which of the above was stated by the army to be among the aims of intervention of September 12, 1980?

I, II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The military intervention of September 12, 1980 took place when political violence was at its peak, problems related to law and order increased considerably, Kurdish separatism was on the rise, economy was in dire straits and the political system was deadlocked. The rise of Islamic fundamentalism was also one of the causes that incited the army for intervention. Six days before the intervention, there was a mass demonstration of the Islamists in Konya. They demanded a return to şeriat rule, the Islamic holy law. The September 12, 1980 military intervention was a hierarchical intervention led by the hight command, e.g. the generals, contrary to the May 1960 when it was the junior officers who instigated the intervention. The generals declared on September 12, 1980 that the army intervened because the state organs had not been functioning. The aims of their intervention were stated as saving the state, ending social division of the people, stopping economic disintegration, and ending anarchy and political violence for which they held the political parties and politicians responsible (Ahmad, 2003, p. 149). They were to restore the authority of the state immediately.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 72

How many members did the National Unity Committee have?

Açıklama:

The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) took up the political power immediately after the military intervention. The Committee was led by Cemal Gürsel and consisted of 38 members who were mostly junior officers.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 73

Who was the leader of the National Unity Committee?

Bülent Ecevit

Cemal Gürsel

Kenan Evren

Alpaslan Türkeş

Adnan Menderes

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 74

"___________would extend its influence on politics in the coming decades and actually become a center of power."
Which of the following can be used to complete the sentence given?

The National Security Council

the Democrat Party

The Constituent Assembly

the Justice Party

National Unity Committee

Açıklama:

The National Security Council would extend its influence on politics in the coming decades and actually become a center of power.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 75

I- not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain
II- to protect Atatürk’s reforms
III- not to exploit Islam for political gain
Which of the above are among the protocol which National Unity Committee imposed political parties?

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

the National Unity Committee imposed political parties a protocol through which they agreed:
- not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain,to protect Atatürk’s reforms,not to exploit Islam for political gain,not to exploit the verdicts of the Yassıada trials.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 76

"The trials of the Democrat Party members began on the ________ in the fall of 1960. The cases brought against them consisted of criminal and corruption cases as well as cases of the violation of the constitution."
Which of the following can be used to complete the sentence above?

Istanbul

Büyükada

Yassıada

Ankara

İmralı

Açıklama:

The trials of the Democrat Party members began on the island of Yassıada in the fall of 1960. The cases brought against them consisted of criminal and corruption cases as well as cases of the violation of the constitution. The verdicts of the trials were announced on September 15. Fifteen people were sentenced to death; yet, except for three, the verdicts were commuted by the National Unity Committee. Hasan Polatkan, the former minister of finance and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, the former minister of foreign affairs were executed on September 16, and the former prime minister Adnan Menderes the day after.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 77

Which of the following political parties is the winner of 1961 elections?

Justice Party

Nationalist Action Party

National Salvation Party

Republican People’s Party

Democrat Party

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 78

Which of the following is the leader of the Justice Party which was the winner of of the 1965 elections?

Bülent Ecevit

Adnan Menderes

Alpaslan Türkeş

Süleyman Demirel

Cemal Gürsel

Açıklama:

The winner of the 1965 elections was the Justice Party founded in 1961. The Leader of the Justice Party was Süleyman Demirel elected to the post in November 1964 in party convention.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 79

When was the National Order Party founded by Necmettin Erbakan?

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

Açıklama:

Another party that emerged at the end of the 1960s was the National Order Party (Millî Nizam Partisi). It was founded by Necmettin Erbakan, who adopted an Islamic discourse in criticizing Süleyman Demirel and the Justice Party for being subservient to big business and foreign capital.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 80

abolishing import and export control

cutting subsidies

freeing interest rates

Supporting small business

cutting down government expenditure

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 81

Which party won the elections in 1969?

Democrat Party

Justice Party

Republican People’s Party

National Salvation Party

Nationalist Movement Party

Açıklama:

In 1965, the Justice Party succeeded in receiving the majority votes that allowed it to assume rule single handedly. Its first incumbency from 1965 to1969 witnessed considerable economic growth as well as a wide political spectrum including, actors besides political parties. As a result, the Justice Party repeated its electoral success in the 1969 elections. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 82

Which political party below did not attend the 1961 elections?

Justice Party

Republican People’s Party

New Turkey Party

Republican Peasants’ Nation Party

Democrat Party

Açıklama:

The Democrat Party was dissolved upon the military intervention in 1960; therefore, the answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 83

By whom was The National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) led after the military intervention of 1960?

Fahri Korutürk

Cemal Gürsel

Cevdet Sunay

Celal Bayar

Tekin Arıburun

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 84

The military memorandum of March 12, 1971 demanded the formation of a strong and credible government that would be able to end the ‘anarchy’ and make reforms inspired by Atatürk’s views. Who was asked by the military to form an above-party government for this purpose?

Nihat Erim

Süleyman Demirel

Talat Aydemir

Cemal Gürsel

Bülent Ecevit

Açıklama:

Upon this memorandum, the Demirel government resigned immediately. The military favored an above- party government to carry out the reforms with no attachments to party loyalties. Nihat Erim, a conservative member of the Republican People’s Party was officially asked to form a government. His nomination was confirmed by the majority of the parties in the parliament. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 85

When did the Justice Party government adopt measures, which aimed the liberalization of the Turkish economy as a remedy to the economic crisis before the military intervention in 1980?

May 20, 1980

April 21, 1980

March 22, 1980

February 23, 1980

January 24, 1980

Açıklama:

On January 24, 1980, the Justice Party government adopted measures, which aimed the liberalization of the Turkish economy as a remedy to the economic crisis.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 86

Which party’s name was changed to the Nationalist Action Party in 1969?

Democrat Party

Justice Party

Republican Peasant’s Nation Party

National Order Party

National Salvation Party

Açıklama:

Alpaslan Türkeş, after his return to Turkey in 1963, joined the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and became its chairman. In 1969, the party’s name was changed to Nationalist Action Party. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 87

Who was the president before the 1980 military intervention?

Cemal Gürsel

Fahri Korutürk

Cevdet Sunay

Celal Bayar

İsmet İnönü

Açıklama:

Fahri Korutürk was the president before the intervention.The generals emphasized the incompetence of politicians in electing a new president in place of Fahri Korutürk, whose term ended in 1980. When the military intervention occurred, the new president had not been elected yet. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 88

When was the Higher Education Council founded?

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

Açıklama:

In November 1981, the Higher Education Council (Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu) was founded. This was to put the universities under tight centralized control. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 89

Which one below was allowed by the new Law on Political Parties proclaimed after the intervention in 1980?

Formation of new political parties

Women’s or youth branches of the parties

Forming connections with trade unions

Forming branches in villages

Civil cervants’ membership to political parties

Açıklama:

Following the adoption of the new constitution and Kenan Evren’ s installation as the president, a new Law on Political Parties was proclaimed. All politicians who had been active before September 1980 were banned from politics for ten years. The new political parties were allowed to be formed; yet, their founders had to get the approval of the National Security Council. The newly established political parties were not allowed to have women’s or youth branches, to have connections with trade unions or to have branches in villages. Students, teachers and civil servants could not join and become members of a political party. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 90

Who was the leader of the Motherland Party during the elections in 1983?

Turgut Sunalp

Turgut Özal

Necdet Calp

Necmettin Erbakan

Mesut Yılmaz

Açıklama:

Several parties were founded accordingly with the new Law on Political Parties. Nevertheless, only three of them were allowed to participate in the elections by the National Security Council. These were Turgut Sunalp’s Nationalist Democracy Party (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi), which was closely identified and supported by the generals; Necdet’s Calp’s Populist Party (Halkçı Parti), which aimed to fill the vacuum created by the dissolution of the Republican People’s Party; and finally, Turgut Özal’s Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi), which claimed to represent all political tendencies that had existed before 1980. The elections were held on November 6, 1983. The Motherland Party took an overwhelming victory in the elections with its liberal and anti-statist image promising a swift return to democracy. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 91

Which one below is false for the political life between 1961-1971?

It was pluralistic.

Several parties and associations were founded.

Trade unions were active in political life.

Students and workers were active in political life.

The freedom of the press was limited.

Açıklama:

The period was pluralistic. The political spectrum widened in this decade. Several political parties and associations with different worldviews were founded, and they actively participated in politics. Trade unions also became part of the political life. Politicization reached to the extent which had been unprecedented in the history of modern Turkey. Students and workers emerged as the new actors of political life. With the rights and freedoms granted in the 1961 Constitution and because of the social and economic developments in this decade, all actors were engaged in disseminating their ideas. The freedom of the press was limited in the 1980 intervention. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 92

When was the State Planning Organization founded?

1960

1961

1970

1971

1981

Açıklama:

Founded in September 1960, the State Planning Organization assumed responsibility for economic planning. The main instruments of its policy were the imposition of import restrictions and high tariffs, keeping the value of the Turkish Lira artificially high, and the creation of a buoyant domestic market. The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 93

What was the approximate percentage of the votes for the approval of the new constitution in July 1961?

59%

60%

61%

62%

63%

Açıklama:

In July 1961, a referendum was held on the issue of the new constitution and was approved by approximately 62 % of the votes.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 94

When did The Constituent Assembly decide to hold general elections?

on August 17, 1961.

on September 16, 1961.

on October 15, 1961.

on November 14, 1961.

on December 13, 1961.

Açıklama:

The Constituent Assembly decided to hold general elections on October 15, 1961.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 95

From November 1961 to 1964, Turkey was ruled by four coalition governments, three of which led by the Republican People’s Party under military pressure. Between which parties was the first coalition government?

The Republican People’s Party and the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party

The Republican People’s Party and the Democrat Party

The Republican People’s Party and the Justice Party

The Republican People’s Party, the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party and the New Turkey Party

The Republican People’s Party and the New Turkey Party

Açıklama:

From November 1961 to 1964, Turkey was ruled by four coalition governments, three of which led by the Republican People’s Party under military pressure. The first coalition was between the Republican People’s Party and the Justice Party (November 1961-May 1962).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 96

When was the military memorandum of 1971 that demanded the formation of a strong and credible government, would be able to end the ‘anarchy’ and make reforms inspired by Atatürk’s views?

March 12

April 13

May 14

June 15

July 16

Açıklama:

The military memorandum of March 12, 1971 demanded the formation of a strong and credible government that would be able to end the ‘anarchy’ and make reforms inspired by Atatürk’s views.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 97

When was the Republican Peasant’s Nation Party's name changed to Nationalist Action Party?

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

Açıklama:

In 1969, the party’s name was changed to Nationalist Action Party.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 98

What was the reason for appointing some members of the National Unity Committee as attachés to Turkish embassies abroad?

To conduct preliminary research on constitutional changes

To carry out the program of returning to the parliamentary democracy

To gain an international support for the military intervention

To replace existing attachés who were critical of the military intervention

To equip those members of the committee with diplomatic skills

Açıklama:

-
From the very beginning, the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) was divided into two factions: the moderates and the radicals. Led by Gürsel and the generals, the former faction demanded the restoration of power to civilians as soon as possible. The latter faction consisted of junior officers led by Colonel AlpaslanTürkeş. It aimed to change the political structure of the country before it took a turn back to civilian politics. This would necessitate a long military rule.
On November 13, Cemal Gürsel suddenly announced the dissolution of the National Unity Committee and the foundation of a new one, which excluded fourteen members from the radical wing. They were mostly appointed as attachés to Turkish embassies abroad. This move paved the way for the moderates to carry out their program of returning to the parliamentary democracy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 99

I. A bicameral parliament including a national assembly and a senate was established.
II. An independent constitutional court was introduced.
III. The judiciary, the universities, and the media were granted full autonomy.
Which of above came with the 1961 Constitution?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 100

Which of the below is NOT one of the conditions on the protocol that the National Unity Committee imposed on political parties before the 1961 election campaigns began?

Not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain

To protect Atatürk’s reforms

Not to give interviews to international newspapers

Not to exploit Islam for political gain

Not to exploit the verdicts of the Yassıada trials

Açıklama:

-
Before the election campaigns began, the National Unity Committee imposed political parties a protocol through which they agreed:
• not to question or exploit the May 27 Revolution for political gain,
• to protect Atatürk’s reforms,
• not to exploit Islam for political gain,
• not to exploit the verdicts of the Yassıada trials.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 101

Which Party won a landslide victory in the 1965 elections, gaining almost 53 % of the votes?

Justice Party

Republican People's Party

Democrat Party

Republican Peasant’s Nation Party

New Turkey Party

Açıklama:

-
The winner of the 1965 elections was the Justice Party founded in 1961. The Leader of the Justice Party was Süleyman Demirel elected to the post in November 1964 in party convention. Under his leadership, the Justice Party won a landslide victory in the 1965 elections. The party gained almost 53 % of the votes through which it had a solid majority in the parliament.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 102

Which of the below is NOT one of the reasons for the government being unable to maintain law and order in the late 1960s?

Student movements

High inflation

Unemployment

Imprisonment of journalists

Working class militancy

Açıklama:

-
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the economic and social problems as well as the political tension caught the Demirel government at a time when it lost the majority in the parliament. Under the circumstances shaped by high inflation, unemployment and working class militancy along with student movements that gained impetus under the impact of the events of 1968 in the West, the government was unable to maintain law and order. Demirel frequently complained about the 1961 Constitution which had enlarged the scope of liberties and rights widely and he claimed that it was not possible to run the country with this Constitution. By 1971, his government could not make any decisions aiming to resolve the social and economic problems as it had lost the majority in the parliament. The military’s memorandum of March 12, 1971 was handed to the Prime Minister in this context.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 103

When did Turkey land troops on the northern section of Cyprus?

April 17, 1974

May 18, 1974

June 19, 1974

July 20, 1974

August 21, 1974

Açıklama:

The Turkish government decided to act unilaterally as one of the three guarantors of the founding treaty of the Republic of Cyprus -the others were the Great Britain and Greece. Turkey landed troops on the northern section of the island on July 20, 1974.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 104

Which party below does not belong to the Nationalist Front?

Justice Party

National Salvation Party

Reliance Party

National Order Party

Nationalist Action Party

Açıklama:

The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), e National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), the Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) .

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 105

When was the new constitution voted in a referendum after the 1980 military intervention?

on December 6, 1982

on November 7, 1982

on October 8, 1982

on September 9, 1982

on August 10, 1982

Açıklama:

The new constitution voted for on November 7, 1982 in a referendum.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 106

Which of the below was able to form a coalition of the rightist parties led by his party in March 1975 following Bülent Ecevit's resignation after the Cyprus intervention?

Necmettin Erbakan

Alpaslan Türkeş

Turgut Özal

İsmet İmönü

Süleyman Demirel

Açıklama:

-
The military intervention in Cyprus brought Bülent Ecevit tremendous prestige in Turkey. His growing popularity had already created tension with his coalition partner. The intervention increased this tension further. Ecevit decided to resign, and this led the country to an early election at a time when his popularity was at its zenith. If happened, gaining absolute majority that would allow the formation of a Republican People’s Party government alone was quite possible. Yet, the parties of the Right were aware of the fact that going to elections under the existing circumstances would be a political suicide for them. While Ecevit wanted the elections to take place as soon as possible, they aimed to avoid early elections as long as possible. As Ecevit resigned, there would be no government for months. A caretaker government was established, but it did not get a vote of confidence from the parliament. In the end, Süleman Demirel was able to form a coalition of the rightist parties led by his party in March 1975.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 107

Which journalist was assassinated on February 1, 1979 amidst the political violence that swept Turkey?

Hasan Tahsin

Abdi İpekçi

Sami Başaran

Uğur Mumcu

Ahmet Taner Kışlalı

Açıklama:

-
On February 1, 1979, Abdi Ipekci, the editor of Milliyet daily was assassinated.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 108

I. The West wanted the state of political turmoil that Turkey was in to end.
II. The general population did not welcome the takeover.
III. Newly arising Kurdish separatism was one of the reasons for the takeover.
Which of the above is/are true about the military intervention of 1980?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

The preparations for a military intervention had already been started when Demirel formed a minority government in November 1979.. Political violence and newly arising Kurdish separatism seemed to be the legitimate ground for the army to intervene in the situation. Yet, it was after the crucial developments in the region in which Turkey was situated that preparations for a military intervention gained impetus. The 1978- 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran, and the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union at the end of 1979 increased the strategic importance of Turkey for the West, specifically NATO and the United States. They needed a stable regime in Turkey. However, she was in a state of political turmoil that made her incapable of assuming responsibilities in face of the recent developments in the region. On the grounds that politicians were not able to effectively combat the constant political violence, the army took over the rule of government on September 12, 1980. The general population welcomed this takeover as it ended the anarchy that had been prevailing since the mid-1970s.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 109

I. It was compulsory to participate in the referendum.
II. All criticism against the constitution was banned.
III. Evren was allowed to make propaganda for the ‘yes’ votes.
Which of the below is/are true about the 1982 New Constitution referendum?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

-
The new constitution voted for on November 7, 1982 in a referendum. The result of this referendum was rather crucial. Its approval by the general population meant that Kenan Evren would automatically be considered as the president. It was compulsory to participate in this referendum. All criticism against the constitution was banned. Evren was allowed, however, to make propaganda for the ‘yes’ votes. The new constitution was approved by over 90 % of the votes.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 110

Which party won the 1983 elections following the 1980 military intervention?

Motherland Party

Nationalist Democracy Party

Populist Party

Republican People's Party

Justice Party

Açıklama:

Several parties were founded accordingly with the new Law on Political Parties. Nevertheless, only three of them were allowed to participate in the elections by the National Security Council. These were Turgut Sunalp’s Nationalist Democracy Party (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi), which was closely identified and supported by the generals; Necdet’s Calp’s Populist Party (Halkçı Parti), which aimed to fill the vacuum created by the dissolution of the Republican People’s Party; and finally, Turgut Özal’s Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi), which claimed to represent all political tendencies that had existed before 1980. The elections were held on November 6, 1983. The Motherland Party took an overwhelming victory in the elections with its liberal and anti-statist image promising a swift return to democracy.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 111

Following the military takeover on May 27, 1960, how many officers did the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) consist of?

Açıklama:

Following the military takeover on May 27, 1960, the power to govern was in the hands of the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi), which consisted of 38 officers. The correct answer is option “D”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 112

From the very beginning, the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) was divided into two factions: the moderates and the radicals. Who was the soldier who assumed the leadership of the radical group of junior officers, who aimed to change the political structure of the country with a long military rule before turn back to civilian politics?

Dündar Taşer

Alparslan Türkeş

Dündar Seyhan

Orhan Kabibay

Cemal Madanoğlu

Açıklama:

From the very beginning, the National Unity Committee (Millî Birlik Komitesi) was divided into two factions: the moderates and the radicals. Led by Gürsel and the generals, the former faction demanded the restoration of power to civilians as soon as possible. The latter faction consisted of junior officers led by Colonel AlpaslanTürkeş. It aimed to change the political structure of the country before it took a turn back to civilian politics. This would necessitate a long military rule. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 113

Which of the following is one of the former ministers who were executed as a result of the trials of the Democrat Party members that began on the island of Yassıada in the autumn of 1960?

Ahmet Tevfik İleri

İbrahim Ethem Menderes

Hasan Polatkan

Lütfi Kırdar

Nedim Ökmen

Açıklama:

The trials of the Democrat Party members began on the island of Yassıada in the fall of 1960. Hasan Polatkan, the former minister of finance and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, the former minister of foreign affairs were executed on September 16, and the former prime minister Adnan Menderes the day after. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 114

Which party among the newly formed political parties that participated in the general elections held in 1961, claimed to have inherited the legacy of the Democrat Party after its dissolution by the military regime?

Justice Party (Adalet Partisi)

Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi)

New Turkey Party (Yeni Türkiye Partisi-YTP)

National Salvation Party (Millî Selamet Partisi)

Republican Peasants’ Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi)

Açıklama:

The Constituent Assembly decided to hold general elections on October 15, 1961. In addition to the Republican People’s Party and the Republican Peasants’ Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi), which had continued to exist after the military intervention, new parties registered for the elections. Among the newly formed political parties, the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) emerged as the most significant one since it claimed to have inherited the legacy of the Democrat Party after its dissolution by the military regime. The correct answer is option “A”.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 115

When did the Justice Party win the elections for the first time?

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

Açıklama:

The winner of the 1965 elections was the Justice Party founded in 1961. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 116

By whom was the government formed in 1971, which formed a of managers and technocrats whose members came largely from outside the political parties, with the aim of restoring law and order and achieve socio-economic reforms, giving priority to the suppression of anarchy spearheaded by radical leftist organizations?

Fuat Köprülü

Nihat Erim

İlhan Lütem

Şemsettin Günaltay

Ferit Melen

Açıklama:

Nihat Erim, a conservative member of the Republican People’s Party was officially asked to form a government. His nomination was confirmed by the majority of the parties in the parliament. Nihat Erim formed a cabinet of managers and technocrats whose members came largely from outside the political parties. The aims of the cabinet were to restore law and order and achieve socio-economic reforms. Priority was given to the suppression of anarchy spearheaded by radical leftist organizations. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 117

Bülent Ecevit, who won the 1973 elections by surprising all political actors, was the leader of which party?

Justice Party (AP)

Democratic Party (DP)

Republican People’s Party (CHP)

Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP)

Democratic Left Party (DSP)

Açıklama:

To the surprise of all the political actors, the Republican People’s Party led by Bülent Ecevit was the winner of the 1973 Elections. The correct answer is option “C”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 118

Which of the following was the first party founded by Necmettin Erbakan, who was the coalition partner of the Republican People's Party after the 1973 elections?

National Salvation Party (Millî Selamet Partisi)

National Order Party (Millî Nizam Partisi)

Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi)

Welfare Party (Refah Partisi)

Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi)

Açıklama:

Another party that emerged at the end of the 1960s was the National Order Party (Millî Nizam Partisi). It was founded by Necmettin Erbakan. The party was closed down following the military memorandum. Erbakan resumed his political activity in 1972 when he founded the National Salvation Party (Millî Selamet Partisi). The coalition that emerged was between Republican People’s Party and the National Salvation Party after the 1973 elections. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 119

In March 1975, Süleyman Demirel was able to form a coalition of the rightest parties led by his party, also known as the 'Nationalist Front' government. Which of the following parties was not present in this coalition?

Justice Party (Adalet Partisi)

The National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi)

The Reliance Party (Güven Partisi)

Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi)

Democratic Party (Demokratik Parti)

Açıklama:

Süleman Demirel was able to form a coalition of the rightist parties led by his party in March 1975. The coalition of the rightist parties came to be known as the ‘Nationalist Front’ government or the ‘Rightist front against the Left’. It was made up of four parties: the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi), The National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), The Reliance Party (Güven Partisi), and the Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) . It was supported by the independents who had defected from the Democratic Party. The correct answer is option “E”.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 120

Maraş massacre

Attacks on the party meetings of the Republican People’s Party

The murder od Sabahattin Ali

Assassination of Abdi İpekçi

The abduction and murder of the Istanbul Consul General of Israel

Which of the above violent events occurred in the second half of the 1970s?

I, II, III

I, II, IV

I, II, V

II, III, IV, V

III, IV, V

Açıklama:

In 1949, Sabahattin Ali, a novelist and known for his leftist ideas, was murdered. The persecution of the left gained impetus especially after the abduction and murder of the Istanbul Consul General of Israel in May 1971 by the members of the Turkish People’s Liberation Army (Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu). Attacks on the party meetings of the Republican People’s Party began to be frequently seen. On December 25, 1978, the Alevi community in Maraş was targeted by the Grey Wolves of the Nationalist Action Party. Over 100 people were massacred. On February 1, 1979, Abdi Ipekci, the editor of Milliyet daily was assassinated. The correct answer is option “B”.

Doğru Cevap: B

Prıncıples of Atatürk and the Hıstory of Turkısh Revolutıon II (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

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