Political Communication and Media (ENG) - Tüm Sorular
Ünite 1
Soru 1
Which of the following concepts signifies the affairs of the cities in Ancient Greek, but also associated with power, administration and governmental affairs?
Seçenekler
A
Communication
B
Politics
C
Public sphere
D
Ideology
E
Power
Açıklama:
The word politics is derived from the Greek word “politika” (πολιτική), which means affairs of the cities; is often associated with power, administration, and governmental affairs, but it is about more than what governments choose to do or not to do; it is about the unequal distribution of power in society; how power struggles are shepherded and the impact this has on the creation and distribution of wealth, life chances and wellbeing.
Soru 2
I. Message
II. Political actors
III. Target audience
IV. Academy
V. Mass media
Which of the above elements are fundamental elements of political communication?
II. Political actors
III. Target audience
IV. Academy
V. Mass media
Which of the above elements are fundamental elements of political communication?
Seçenekler
A
III and IV
B
I and V
C
II, III and V
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II and V
Açıklama:
Özer (2014) mentions that public relations and marketing activities influence political communication and possess three fundamental elements. Özer identifies these elements as mass media, the target audience and political actors.
Soru 3
Which of following mode of political communication refers to feedback that individuals receive from their exposure to any mass communication medium?
Seçenekler
A
Receptive mode
B
Social mode
C
Interpersonal mode
D
Participatory mode
E
Communication mode
Açıklama:
According to Emmer, Füting and Vowe, as reported by Hanel & Schultze (2014), political communication is divided into three structures: receptive, interpersonal and participative. In the receptive mode, the emphasis is on the feedback that individuals receive from their exposure to any mass communication medium. Interpersonal describes the communication traffic established by individuals in a one-on-one sense, such as email, phone and messaging. Participative describes the individual’s involvement in a participatory sense, such as voting or participating in surveys and taking on roles.
Soru 4
Which of the followings is also known as fourth estate in political communication processes and seen as a bridge between society and political organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Court
B
Public sphere
C
NGO's
D
Media
E
Social groups
Açıklama:
The media acts as a bridge between political organizations and citizens. This bridge can be a single way or two ways in terms of communication. However, media, positioned as significantly influential, can also be defined as an effective force in its own right. For this reason, it often becomes what is typically described as the fourth estate.
Soru 5
Which of following theory explains the practice of mass media prioritizing specific topics to present to the public over others, thereby attempting to decide which issues to highlight?
Seçenekler
A
Technological determinism
B
Cultivation theory
C
Schema theory
D
Critical theory
E
Agenda setting theory
Açıklama:
Agenda setting can be described as the practice of mass media prioritizing specific topics to present to the public over others, thereby attempting to set the agenda. The theoretical framework of agenda setting is based on the work published in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, which evaluated the 1968 United States presidential elections. The theory, which has been the subject of many different studies, not only emphasizes what the news shows but also how it shows it.
Soru 6
Which of the following theorists is known as the founder of Cultivation Theory?
Seçenekler
A
Harold D. Laswell
B
George Gerbner
C
Marshall McLuhan
D
Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw
E
Jürgen Habermas
Açıklama:
Alongside agenda setting, another topic that can be considered on a similar plane is the cultivation theory. It is known that the theory was shaped during studies conducted by George Gerbner and colleagues. The theory focuses on the effects that television, one of the foremost mass communication tools of the era, has on the masses.
Soru 7
Which off the following theories focuses on the media as an area of influence that not only shapes viewers’ perspectives on particular ideas or topics but also changes their moral values and general beliefs?
Seçenekler
A
Agenda setting theory
B
Gratification theory
C
Cultivation theory
D
Framing theory
E
Spiral of Silence
Açıklama:
Alongside agenda setting, another topic that can be considered on a similar plane is the cultivation theory. It is known that the theory was shaped during studies conducted by George Gerbner and colleagues. The theory focuses on the effects that television, one of the foremost mass communication tools of the era, has on the masses. It is reported that the theory describes an area of influence that not only shapes viewers’ perspectives on particular ideas or topics but also changes their moral values and general beliefs.
Soru 8
Which of the following theories emphasizes that an individual, influenced by their social environment, will proportionally moderate their expression process and hesitate to express themselves if they start feeling like a minority?
Seçenekler
A
Framing theory
B
Cultivation theory
C
Spiral of silence
D
Agenda setting
E
Gratification theory
Açıklama:
One of the significant studies indicating that an individual may enter or will enter such a search and perhaps one of the most important, is The Spiral of Silence. Here, the theory attempts to lay the groundwork for explaining situations where individuals are caught in a spiral of silence, being directed or directing themselves within it. It is emphasized that an individual, influenced by their social environment, will proportionally moderate their expression process and hesitate to express themselves if they start feeling like a minority.
Soru 9
Which of the following concepts signifies the process where individuals are trapped in a narrow space, constantly exposed to similar ideas in the social media?
Seçenekler
A
Public sphere
B
Echo chambers
C
Technological determinism
D
Big data
E
Social interaction
Açıklama:
In their studies, Arguedas et al. (2022) refer to the book titled Echo Chamber, written by Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Frank Capella in 2008 as a source for echo chambers. The concept, which started to spread in the literature from there, describes the process where individuals are trapped in a narrow space, constantly exposed to similar ideas. Consequently, the shaping of perceptions in a vicious cycle occurs because individuals do not learn new ideas or opposing views.
Soru 10
Which of the following theorists is the writer of "The Filter Bubble"?
Seçenekler
A
George Gerbner
B
Kathleen Hall Jamieson
C
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
D
Eli Pariser
E
Marshall McLuhan
Açıklama:
The Filter Bubble was written by Eli Pariser. While there is no clear conceptual definition -as they mentioned- distinguishing echo chambers from filter bubbles, they describe the difference in terms of control over the filtering process. Echo chambers are defined as a process where an individual creates their own bubble in response to a demand; filter bubbles, on the other hand, are described as recommendation systems where algorithms start the personalization process, taking over control.
Soru 11
_________ signifies the efforts to establish order while simultaneously representing the processes that emerge in representation of a specific group’s identity.
Which of the following best fills the black in the above sentence?
Which of the following best fills the black in the above sentence?
Seçenekler
A
Media convergence
B
The fourth estate
C
Political communication
D
Communication
E
Politics
Açıklama:
Politics, from a conceptual standpoint, signifies the efforts to establish order while simultaneously representing the processes that emerge in representation of a specific group’s identity.
Correct answer is "Politics"
Politics, from a conceptual standpoint, signifies the efforts to establish order while simultaneously representing the processes that emerge in representation of a specific group’s identity.
The correct answer is "Politics".
Correct answer is "Politics"
Politics, from a conceptual standpoint, signifies the efforts to establish order while simultaneously representing the processes that emerge in representation of a specific group’s identity.
The correct answer is "Politics".
Soru 12
Which of the following refers to a process where political discourses produced and exchanged by different actors are conveyed by the media?
Seçenekler
A
Media convergence
B
The fourth estate
C
Political communication
D
Communication
E
Politics
Açıklama:
Wolton (1990) states that political communication is as old as politics itself and extends back to Ancient Greece. In his description at this point, it actually presents evidence of persuasive and ornamental speech rituals like rhetoric. In his work, he defines political communication as a process where political discourses produced and exchanged by different actors are conveyed by the media.
Correct answer is "Political communication".
Wolton (1990) states that political communication is as old as politics itself and extends back to Ancient Greece. In his description at this point, it actually presents evidence of persuasive and ornamental speech rituals like rhetoric. In his work, he defines political communication as a process where political discourses produced and exchanged by different actors are conveyed by the media.
The correct answer is "Political communication".
Correct answer is "Political communication".
Wolton (1990) states that political communication is as old as politics itself and extends back to Ancient Greece. In his description at this point, it actually presents evidence of persuasive and ornamental speech rituals like rhetoric. In his work, he defines political communication as a process where political discourses produced and exchanged by different actors are conveyed by the media.
The correct answer is "Political communication".
Soru 13
Which of the following offers an essential field for grounding political communication especially in earlier works?
Seçenekler
A
Communication
B
Philosophy
C
Sociology
D
Social Psychology
E
Psychology
Açıklama:
Social psychology offers an essential field for grounding political communication. Social psychology is a scientific research that describes how individuals are influenced alone or among groups, what they interact with, what they think and what they feel. In this sense, assuming that politics also aims to ground the realities of life on a standard basis, we can see that social psychology will provide significant insights for understanding this field. The similarity in the literature is not the only commonality between political communication and social psychology. They also support each other in terms of research methods. Surveys and experimental studies, which are frequently used data collection tools in political communication, were developed by social psychologists.
Correct answer is "Socail Psychology"
Social psychology offers an essential field for grounding political communication. Social psychology is a scientific research that describes how individuals are influenced alone or among groups, what they interact with, what they think and what they feel. In this sense, assuming that politics also aims to ground the realities of life on a standard basis, we can see that social psychology will provide significant insights for understanding this field. The similarity in the literature is not the only commonality between political communication and social psychology. They also support each other in terms of research methods. Surveys and experimental studies, which are frequently used data collection tools in political communication, were developed by social psychologists.
The correct answer is "Social Psychology".
Correct answer is "Socail Psychology"
Social psychology offers an essential field for grounding political communication. Social psychology is a scientific research that describes how individuals are influenced alone or among groups, what they interact with, what they think and what they feel. In this sense, assuming that politics also aims to ground the realities of life on a standard basis, we can see that social psychology will provide significant insights for understanding this field. The similarity in the literature is not the only commonality between political communication and social psychology. They also support each other in terms of research methods. Surveys and experimental studies, which are frequently used data collection tools in political communication, were developed by social psychologists.
The correct answer is "Social Psychology".
Soru 14
Which of the following is among the means political organizations respond to the media with?
Seçenekler
A
Appearances
B
Interviews
C
Comments
D
Analyses
E
Research
Açıklama:
The media reaches political organizations through interviews, comments and analyses; and political organizations, in turn, respond to the media with party programs, appearances, advertisements and public relations activities.
The correct answer is "Appearances".
The correct answer is "Appearances".
Soru 15
In which one of the following political communication structures (or modes) offered by Emmer, Füting and Vowe, the emphasis is on the feedback that individuals receive from their exposure to any mass communication medium?
Seçenekler
A
Interpersonal
B
Receptive
C
Participative
D
Communicative
E
Intrapersonal
Açıklama:
According to Emmer, Füting and Vowe, political communication is divided into three structures: receptive, interpersonal and participative. In the receptive mode, the emphasis is on the feedback that individuals receive from their exposure to any mass communication medium.
The correct answer is "Receptive".
The correct answer is "Receptive".
Soru 16
Which of the following is among the general principles of the public sphere?
Seçenekler
A
Being free from privileges
B
Being unreachable
C
Being free from norms
D
Staying away from logical justifications
E
Being unconstitutional
Açıklama:
Caselunghe, Bergea and von Essen (2019) discuss Habermas’s proposal of three principles. They describe the general principles of the public sphere as: being accessible, being free from privileges and being constructed around norms and rational legitimations.
The correct answer is "Being free from privileges".
Caselunghe, Bergea and von Essen discuss Habermas’s proposal of three principles. They describe the general principles of the public sphere as: being accessible, being free from privileges and being constructed around norms and rational legitimations.
The correct answer is "Being free from privileges".
The correct answer is "Being free from privileges".
Caselunghe, Bergea and von Essen discuss Habermas’s proposal of three principles. They describe the general principles of the public sphere as: being accessible, being free from privileges and being constructed around norms and rational legitimations.
The correct answer is "Being free from privileges".
Soru 17
___________ can be described as the practice of mass media prioritizing specific topics to present to the public over others, thereby attempting to set the agenda.
Which of the following best fills in the blank in the above sentence?
Which of the following best fills in the blank in the above sentence?
Seçenekler
A
The fourth estate
B
Seventh power
C
Watchdog
D
Agenda setting
E
Public communication
Açıklama:
Agenda setting can be described as the practice of mass media prioritizing specific topics to present to the public over others, thereby attempting to set the agenda.
The correct answer is "Agenda setting"
The correct answer is "Agenda setting"
Soru 18
Evaluating a presidential candidate's overall performance by emphasizing their competence and integrity over other aspects is an example of which of the following?
Seçenekler
A
Agenda setting
B
Priming
C
Framing
D
Scheming
E
Structuring
Açıklama:
Priming is attempted to be explained in connection with the psychological network models of memory. Its focus symbolizes the differentiation of evaluation criteria for specific topics or names. For example, evaluating a presidential candidate’s overall performance by bringing to the forefront levels of competency and integrity more than other aspects. It can be understood as a form of prioritizing different evaluation criteria. Later, it can also be looked at how individuals perceive these prioritized parts.
The correct answer is "Priming"
The correct answer is "Priming"
Soru 19
At what level is the content framed to make the message more understandable?
Seçenekler
A
Micro level framing
B
Meso level framing
C
Macro level framing
D
Micro level priming
E
Macro level priming
Açıklama:
Framing has two levels: micro construct and macro construct. On the macro level, the aim is to simplify more complex structures to make them understandable for the reader, follower or listener. In other words, content is framed to make the message more understandable.
The correct answer is "Macro level framing".
The correct answer is "Macro level framing".
Soru 20
Which of the following theories focuses on the existence of a process in which the individual, not the media, is at the center and what the individual wants to do with the media?
Seçenekler
A
Spiral of Silence Theory
B
Uses and Gratifications Theory
C
Framing Theory
D
Agenda Setting Theory
E
Cultivation Theory
Açıklama:
In the uses and gratification theory the focus is known to be on the existence of a process where the individual, not the media, is at the center and on what the individual wants to do with the media.
The correct answer is "Uses and Gratification Theory".
The correct answer is "Uses and Gratification Theory".
Ünite 2
Soru 1
Which of the following is true about political communication?
Seçenekler
A
Its task is to facilitate communicative links between citizens and power holders in societal formations.
B
Political communication is merely a state-driven process.
C
It takes only the form of a hierarchical sort between political players or members of the public.
D
It cannot originate in the grassroots to reach political figures and institutions at the top.
E
Political communication does not cover the media.
Açıklama:
The correct answer is A. Political communication's task is to facilitate communicative links between citizens and power holders in societal formations. Political communication is not merely a state-driven process. It might take the form of a horizontal sort between political players or members of the public. It can also originate in the grassroots to reach political figures and institutions at the top. In its literal meaning, political communication refers to a mutual political and communicative interaction based on persuasion between political actors, the media and citizens
Soru 2
What are the sources of soft power?
Seçenekler
A
Historical experiences, social norms, and international relations
B
Culture, political values, and foreign policy
C
Social structures, economic interests, and state strategies
D
Religious beliefs, the role of the media, and diplomatic approaches
E
Education systems, ideological tendencies, and international co-operation
Açıklama:
According to Nye, who coined the concept of soft power, soft power is associated with three sources. These are culture, political values, and foreign policy. The correct answer is B.
Soru 3
Which component of the public diplomacy consists of an actor collecting data on foreign public opinion and their opinions and using this data to implement its public diplomacy policy?
Seçenekler
A
Cultural diplomacy
B
Advocacy
C
Listening
D
Exchange diplomacy
E
International broadcasting
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C. Listening as a component of public diplomacy consists of an actor collecting data on foreign public opinion and their opinions and using this data to implement its public diplomacy policy. In this way, the actor endeavors to manage the international environment.
Soru 4
Which component of public diplomacy is defined as an actor’s endeavor to manage the international environment by sending its own citizens abroad for cultural interaction during a period of study and reciprocally receiving citizens of other countries from abroad?
Seçenekler
A
Listening
B
Cultural diplomacy
C
International broadcasting
D
Exchange diplomacy
E
Advocacy
Açıklama:
The correct answer is D. Exchange diplomacy is an actor’s endeavor to manage the international environment by sending its own citizens abroad for cultural interaction during a period of study and reciprocally receiving citizens of other countries from abroad.
Soru 5
Which dimension of public diplomacy is the daily communications that explain the context of domestic and foreign policy decisions?
Seçenekler
A
Strategic communication
B
To develop long-lasting relationships with central personalities
C
To develop international relations
D
Short term interactions
E
Daily communication
Açıklama:
The dimensions of public diplomacy policies implemented today are important for understanding the relationship between public diplomacy and soft power or how soft power is used in public diplomacy practices. Nye clarifies this issue in his study, “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.” Accordingly, the dimensions of public diplomacy are divided into three. The foremost dimension is the daily communications that explain the context of domestic and foreign policy decisions.The correct answer is E.
Soru 6
Which country serves as a prime example of the global influence generated through nation-branding by the Hallyu phenomenon?
Seçenekler
A
South Korea
B
USA
C
UK
D
Japan
E
Taiwan
Açıklama:
South Korea might be a case in point. The Hallyu (Korean Wave) and K-Pop phenomenon stand out as good examples to illustrate the global influence generated through nation-branding. The globalization of the Korean Wave first took place in China and Japan. It then became prevalent in America, Europe and the Middle East. Korean Wave represents the increase in popularity of South Korean cultural products such as music, television dramas, films, digital games, food and fashion, a cultural phenomenon known as K-pop. As a result, a variety of Korean materials with a capital “K” now represent a culture that seeks value and reputation to all “K-contents”. The correct answer is A.
Soru 7
What is the term for the extensive media coverage of a specific content that manufacturers consent to, which emphasizes the ability of governments and media patrons to influence the way we see the world?
Seçenekler
A
ABC Effect
B
CNN Effect
C
TRT Effect
D
VOA Effect
E
Zero Effect
Açıklama:
For viewers worldwide, CNN is the main source of world news. Its extensive coverage, up-todate information, and broad dissemination are said to form global perspectives on politics and international relations, causing many to argue for or against the notion of ‘CNN effect’. The correct answer is B.
Soru 8
Which of the following concepts is defined as an industrial environment that facilitates the distribution of various content and embedded meanings to a wide and diverse audience?
Seçenekler
A
Broadcasting
B
Communication devices
C
Media
D
Medium
E
Environment
Açıklama:
Media is an industrial environment that disseminates various contents with embedded meanings to a wide range of heterogeneous audiences. Depending on the transformations in the field of telecommunication technology, it differs in its structural characteristics. The correct answer is C.
Soru 9
What is the concept that assumes territorial entities such as countries, regions, and cities can have brands similar to companies, cultural artifacts, or products?
Seçenekler
A
Tourism marketing
B
Global branding
C
City branding
D
Nation branding
E
Country of origin effect
Açıklama:
Nation branding can be defined as a cluster of efforts by commercial and public sectors alike to communicate a positive image of a nation among domestic and international populations in the service of many ends. It can help, on the one hand, to strive for international capital. Tourism, import-export trade, higher education, and service sectors illustrate some examples. The basic assumption behind that kind of branding is that territorial entities such as countries, regions, and cities can have brands in a similar fashion as companies, cultural artifacts, or products. The idea underlines the use of all national resources that can be employed to improve a country’s reputation overseas. The correct answer is D.
Soru 10
Which concept has a narrow definition that includes inducement and propaganda methods and a broad definition that encompasses communication techniques such as movies, TV series, exhibitions, and language courses?
Seçenekler
A
Political communication
B
Governance
C
Diplomacy power
D
Soft power
E
Public diplomacy
Açıklama:
The concept of public diplomacy is defined in two ways in terms of methods and tools in the literature. The first is a narrow definition and includes inducement and propaganda methods. The second is a broad definition and includes communication techniques such as movies, TV series, exhibitions, language courses. The correct answe is E.
Soru 11
In its literal meaning, political communication refers to a mutual political and communicative interaction based on persuasion between .................................
Which of the following completes the above blanks?
Which of the following completes the above blanks?
Seçenekler
A
Attraction, persuasion, and the dissemination
B
Political actors, the media and citizens
C
Public diplomacy and soft power
D
Cultural values, political ideologies, and global influence
E
Local, national, and transnational public spheres.
Açıklama:
Political Communication
Political actors, the media and citizens
Political actors, the media and citizens
Soru 12
The flow of information might operate in three ways. Which of the following statements is one of them?
Seçenekler
A
Upward from citizens toward politicians and governing bodies.
B
Horizontally in between political players and citizens.
C
Upward from political figures toward the public and institutions.
D
Downward from citizens toward politicians and governing bodies.
E
Horizontally in between political players themselves.
Açıklama:
Political Communication
Horizontally in between political players themselves.
Horizontally in between political players themselves.
Soru 13
According to Nye, power is the capacity to do things, but more specifically, in social situations, the ability...........................
Which of the following completes the statement above?
Which of the following completes the statement above?
Seçenekler
A
The ability to shape the preferences and policies of others through values and ideas.
B
Another country through policies such as “reward, punishment, persuasion and coercion”
C
The ability to affect others to achieve one’s desired outcomes.
D
The ability to convince and influence through values and cultural attractions.
E
The ability of the general public to make informed decisions on everyday issues
Açıklama:
The Concept of Soft Power and Its Emergence
The ability to affect others to achieve one’s desired outcomes.
The ability to affect others to achieve one’s desired outcomes.
Soru 14
According to Nye, which of the following are the three sources on which soft power is based?
Seçenekler
A
Culture, foreign policy and political values.
B
Culture, domestic policy and political values.
C
Foreign policy, political values and democracy.
D
Culture, soft power and public diplomacy,
E
Foreign policy, democracy and culture.
Açıklama:
The Concept of Soft Power and Its Emergence
Culture, foreign policy and political values.
Culture, foreign policy and political values.
Soru 15
According to a general definition, diplomacy is defined as any method of interaction, other than war, that an international actor applies to manage foreign policy. This international actor cannot be which of the following?
Seçenekler
A
A state
B
An international organization
C
A non-governmental organization
D
A multinational corporation
E
An individual
Açıklama:
Sources of Soft Power and Public Diplomacy
An individual
An individual
Soru 16
............... is an actor’s endeavor to manage the international environment by using radio, television, and internet technologies to communicate and interact with foreign audiences.
Which of the following fills in the blank?
Which of the following fills in the blank?
Seçenekler
A
Exchange Diplomacy
B
International broadcasting
C
Cultural Diplomacy
D
Advocacy
E
Listening
Açıklama:
Sources of Soft Power and Public Diplomacy
International broadcasting
International broadcasting
Soru 17
Which of the following means selecting and organizing the ideas of a nation's own story?
Seçenekler
A
Artificial Intelligence
B
Reception
C
Framing
D
Mainstream
E
Decoded
Açıklama:
Media Coverage and Representation
Framing
Framing
Soru 18
Which of the following serves as a valuable tool for analyzing soft power processes?
Seçenekler
A
Religion
B
Films
C
Television
D
Media
E
Communicaton
Açıklama:
MEDIA AND SOFT POWER
Soru 19
Where were the first foreign markets for Turkish entertainment products?
Seçenekler
A
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
B
Middle East
C
North Africa (MENA)
D
Arab nations
E
Korea
Açıklama:
Popular Culture and Entertainment Industry
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
Soru 20
The recent success of seven-member male idol group BTS and girl group TWICE's CD sales in overseas music markets prove which country's pop culture has become globally popular in recent years?
Seçenekler
A
Türkiye
B
Korea
C
India
D
China
E
Brasil
Açıklama:
Popular Culture and Entertainment Industry
Korea
Korea
Ünite 3
Soru 1
What is the most important element of the concept of propaganda?
Seçenekler
A
Public opinion
B
Environmental setting
C
Clear vision
D
Attractiveness
E
Social dilemma
Açıklama:
Please refer to Introduction section.
Public opinion is the correct answer.
Public opinion is the correct answer.
Soru 2
Who is the person that clarified what public opinion is?
Seçenekler
A
Walter Lippmann
B
Walter Benjamin
C
Marshal McLuhan
D
Aldous Huxley
E
Emile Durkheim
Açıklama:
Please refer to Introduction section.
Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann
Soru 3
What defines "an artificial environment that affects the development of public opinion and has cut off any relationship with reality"?
Seçenekler
A
Pseudo-environment
B
Persuasion
C
Situational conflict
D
Social unrest
E
Pseudo-science
Açıklama:
Please refer to the Introduction section.
Pseudo-environment is the correct answer.
Pseudo-environment is the correct answer.
Soru 4
According to Walter Lippmann, there is no public opinion. Accordingly, what is possible to mention?
Seçenekler
A
Phantom public
B
Phenomenological approach
C
Public stress
D
Social movement
E
Social change
Açıklama:
Please refer to the Introduction section.
Phantom public is the correct answer.
Phantom public is the correct answer.
Soru 5
When and by whom the phrase "public opinion" was used?
Seçenekler
A
By British, in 1741.
B
By British, in 1604.
C
By Greek, in 1100.
D
By French, in 1712.
E
By French, in 1699.
Açıklama:
Please refer to the "A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC OPINION" section.
"By British, in 1741" is the correct answer.
"By British, in 1741" is the correct answer.
Soru 6
What defines "a group of individuals who have encountered a certain problem and gathered around this problem"?
Seçenekler
A
Public
B
Phenomenon
C
Panicked society
D
Social protest
E
Public disorder
Açıklama:
Please refer to the A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC OPINION section.
Public is the correct answer.
Public is the correct answer.
Soru 7
According to Karl Marx, what produces the public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
False consciousness
B
Direct assessment
C
False negotiation
D
Direct demand
E
Social unrest
Açıklama:
Please refer to the A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC OPINION section.
False consciousness is the correct answer.
False consciousness is the correct answer.
Soru 8
What is the first stage of formation of public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Transmission of information
B
Perception of information
C
News gathering
D
Information flow
E
Communication disorder
Açıklama:
Please refer to the Formation of Public Opinion section.
Transmission of information is the correct answer.
Transmission of information is the correct answer.
Soru 9
What is consisted of emotion, thought, and behavior components?
Seçenekler
A
Attitude
B
Normative discussion
C
Social phenomenon
D
Social group
E
Emotional intelligence
Açıklama:
Please refer to the Formation of Public Opinion section.
Attitude is the correct answer.
Attitude is the correct answer.
Soru 10
What is "making a systematic attempt to control or influence the attitudes and actions of other individuals by using persuasion through the relevant individuals"?
Seçenekler
A
Intentional propaganda
B
Structured propaganda
C
Spreading the word
D
Dissemination of orders
E
Intended audience
Açıklama:
Please refer to the Concept of Propaganda section.
Intentional propaganda is the correct answer.
Intentional propaganda is the correct answer.
Soru 11
By "pseudo-environment"' Walter Lippmann means a/an ________.
Seçenekler
A
media environment full of opinions
B
setting where propaganda is created
C
artificial environment disconnected from reality
D
official political environment
E
democratic society with limited press
Açıklama:
Pseudo-environment: An artificial environment that affects the development
of public opinion and has cut off any relationship with reality.
of public opinion and has cut off any relationship with reality.
Soru 12
According to Edward Bernays, what is essential for creating and changing public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Understanding human motivations
B
Technological development
C
Legal systems
D
Media censorship
E
Eliminating stereotypes
Açıklama:
In his work titled Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and The How, Edward Bernays (1928a) defines public opinion as the opinion of a society about a certain object at a certain time. As viewed in a broad sense, public opinion is the group’s power to influence the public with their attitude. Public opinion can be manipulated, but for this it is necessary to benefit from the opportunities
provided by psychology. To create and change public opinion, it is essential to understand human motivations, to know which special interests a certain population represents, and to understand the function and limits of approaching the public through mass media (Bernays, 1928a, p. 958).
provided by psychology. To create and change public opinion, it is essential to understand human motivations, to know which special interests a certain population represents, and to understand the function and limits of approaching the public through mass media (Bernays, 1928a, p. 958).
Soru 13
According to Münci Kapani, which two factors determine dominant public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Emotion and perception
B
Majority and intensity
C
Ideology and belief
D
Media and politics
E
Stereotypes and values
Açıklama:
Münci Kapani states that two factors are effective in forming a dominant opinion. The first of these is the number factor, that is, the majority factor. There is a second element that outweighs the majority factor in determining public opinion: intensity or effectiveness. In other words, public opinion is the opinion that makes itself known effectively (Kapani, 2014, p. 162)
Soru 14
What event marked the beginning of political propaganda in its true sense?
Seçenekler
A
American Civil War
B
World War I
C
Russian Revolution
D
French Revolution
E
Cuban Revolution
Açıklama:
Political propaganda in its true sense began after the French Revolution. The first propaganda speeches and the first propaganda officers started from the revolutionary committees, clubs, and assemblies.
Soru 15
What are the two basic types of Bolshevik-style propaganda?
Seçenekler
A
Fear and control
B
Persuasion and censorship
C
Education and mobilization
D
Loyalty and obedience
E
Political inspiration and password
Açıklama:
Communist propaganda constantly acts with an understanding that binds the Bolshevik-style propaganda is summarized in two basic terms. These are: political inspiration and password. The purpose of political inspiration is to show the masses the nature of the deceptions used by the ruling classes to cover their selfish interests.
Soru 16
According to Jean M. Domenach, what are the three types of propaganda?
Seçenekler
A
Black, white, and gray
B
Soft, moderate, and extreme
C
Verbal, visual, and written
D
Positive, negative, and neutral
E
Direct, indirect, and emotional
Açıklama:
According to Jean M. Domenach, propaganda is handled in three different ways: white, gray, and black propaganda.
1. White propaganda: It is a type of propaganda that gives importance to the
accuracy of the message whose source is known and backfires when lies are used. While one announces their own truths to the masses, they try to gain by highlighting the weaknesses of the targets he has set as rivals.
2. Gray propaganda: It uses a technique where the source is not clear and is generally based on sensation and pushes logic into the background.
3. Black propaganda: Unreal information, slander, fraud, fabricated information, and documents are used uninterruptedly and recklessly to achieve the goal. A discourse is developed specifically for provocation.
1. White propaganda: It is a type of propaganda that gives importance to the
accuracy of the message whose source is known and backfires when lies are used. While one announces their own truths to the masses, they try to gain by highlighting the weaknesses of the targets he has set as rivals.
2. Gray propaganda: It uses a technique where the source is not clear and is generally based on sensation and pushes logic into the background.
3. Black propaganda: Unreal information, slander, fraud, fabricated information, and documents are used uninterruptedly and recklessly to achieve the goal. A discourse is developed specifically for provocation.
Soru 17
Which of the following is NOT one of the rules of propaganda according to Domenach?
Seçenekler
A
Rule of Indoctrination
B
Rule of Simplicity and Single Enemy
C
Rule of Unity and Contagion
D
Rule of Rational Debate
E
Rule of Organization
Açıklama:
Jean M. Domenach (1995) lists the main rules of propaganda as follows:
1. Simplicity and the single enemy rule
2. The rule of magnification and distortion
3. Rule of Organization
4. Indoctrination Rule
5. Rule of Unity and Contagion
1. Simplicity and the single enemy rule
2. The rule of magnification and distortion
3. Rule of Organization
4. Indoctrination Rule
5. Rule of Unity and Contagion
Soru 18
Which of the following terms completes the definition below:
"________ serves purposes such as making the best decision by getting rid of prejudices, creating a logical basis for the decision, clarifying the choice by eliminating doubts, making evaluations for individual and social interests, being hopeful about the future and voting consciously."
"________ serves purposes such as making the best decision by getting rid of prejudices, creating a logical basis for the decision, clarifying the choice by eliminating doubts, making evaluations for individual and social interests, being hopeful about the future and voting consciously."
Seçenekler
A
Individual satisfaction
B
Political interaction
C
Rational choice
D
Political comparison
E
Political information
Açıklama:
Rational choice: It serves purposes such as making the best decision by getting rid of prejudices, creating a logical basis for the decision, clarifying the choice by eliminating doubts, making evaluations for individual and social interests, being hopeful about the future and voting consciously.
Soru 19
What has replaced traditional party organizations in modern campaigns?
Seçenekler
A
Political protests
B
Voter and public opinion surveys
C
National assemblies
D
Legal institutions
E
Parliamentary lobbying
Açıklama:
Election strategies have also begun to change, and emphasis has been placed on systematic research on campaign variables such as political party, candidate, rival party, rival candidates, and elections. However, party organizations, which used to be the only source of information gathering, have surveys.
Soru 20
According to Aysel Aziz, what is political communication?
Seçenekler
A
Transmission of cultural values
B
Use of poetry and art in persuasion
C
Strategy to entertain the masses
D
Use of communication techniques to impose ideological aims
E
Journalism focused on political analysis
Açıklama:
Aysel Aziz defines political communication as “using various communication types and techniques to impose certain ideological aims of political actors on certain groups, masses, countries or blocs, and to put them into action when necessary” (Aziz, 2007, p. 3).
Soru 21
Which concept introduced by Walter Lippmann is the basis of prejudice in the formation of public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Phantom public
B
Pseudo-environment
C
Stereotype
D
Selective perception
E
Group effect
Açıklama:
In this study, Lippmann introduced the concept of stereotype, which is the basis of prejudice.
Soru 22
According to Hans Speier, what led to the political importance of public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Modern communication tools
B
Bourgeoisie's economic rise
C
Press development
D
Political regimes
E
Religious influence
Açıklama:
The political importance of public opinion was realized through economic and class changes in the social sphere.
Soru 23
Which two factors are essential for forming a dominant opinion according to Münci Kapani?
Seçenekler
A
Free press and mass communication
B
Public access and democracy
C
Number and intensity
D
Censorship and media
E
Ideology and religion
Açıklama:
Kapani states that two factors are effective in forming a dominant opinion. The first of these is the number factor...
Soru 24
Which element is not listed as a factor in the formation of public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Mass media
B
Opinion leaders
C
Economic status
D
Religion
E
Culture
Açıklama:
Factors affecting public opinion: attitudes, social groups, ideology, culture, religion, mass media, opinion leaders, political leaders.
Soru 25
Which regime allows free formation and dissemination of public opinion according to Kapani?
Seçenekler
A
Totalitarian regime
B
Democracy
C
Autocracy
D
Monarchy
E
Oligarchy
Açıklama:
A true public can flourish in an environment where news and ideas can be freely disseminated... the pluralistic democratic system
Soru 26
According to Lawrence A. Lowell, public opinion must meet which requirement to be real in a democracy?
Seçenekler
A
Inclusion of elites
B
Universal participation
C
Minority’s voluntary obedience
D
Press freedom
E
Complete harmony
Açıklama:
Lowell accepted the minority’s participation in the majority as an indispensable condition of political life.
Soru 27
What marked the beginning of propaganda analysis according to the text?
Seçenekler
A
World War I
B
The Cold War
C
Mass media rise
D
French Revolution
E
Hitler’s speeches
Açıklama:
Especially with the first application of psychological warfare in WWI... the phenomenon of propaganda came to the fore.
Soru 28
Which propaganda type includes lies and fabricated information for provocation?
Seçenekler
A
White
B
Gray
C
Black
D
Unintentional
E
Emotional
Açıklama:
Black propaganda: Unreal information, slander, fraud, fabricated information, and documents are used
Soru 29
Which is not listed as one of the three main purposes of political campaigns?
Seçenekler
A
Mobilizing the public
B
Informing voters
C
Creating laws
D
Persuading voters
E
Shaping opinions
Açıklama:
Political campaigns have three main purposes. The following purposes are informing, persuading, and creating public mobilization.
Soru 30
What change occurred in modern election campaigns?
Seçenekler
A
Focus on ideology
B
More candidate-focused
C
More face-to-face talks
D
Less reliance on media
E
Full party control
Açıklama:
In election campaigns, the emphasis has begun to shift from party to candidate.
Ünite 4
Soru 1
Which of the following can be used to measure public opinion?
Seçenekler
A
Polls
B
TV shows
C
Political campaigns
D
Interviews with politicians
E
Maintaining media freedom
Açıklama:
Public opinion is crucial in democratic societies, influencing political decisions and policy formulation. It is measured through methods like surveys and polls to gauge the perspectives of a population at a given time. The correct answer is A.
Soru 2
Which of the following can be considered cornerstone of democratic societies?
Seçenekler
A
Informed and active citizens
B
Stable economy
C
Developed education system
D
Young people making up the majority of the society
E
Urbanisation
Açıklama:
The role of media in broadcasting political debates, interviews, and electoral coverage contributes to an informed and active citizenry, a cornerstone of democratic societies. The correct answer is A.
Soru 3
Where did printing methods exist before Gutenberg's invention?
Seçenekler
A
China
B
Türkiye
C
United States
D
Russia
E
Rome
Açıklama:
Before Johannes Gutenberg refined the printing process by inventing the movable metal type and the printing press around 1446 (Baran, 2014, p.19), it’s crucial to acknowledge that printing methods, especially block printing, were already well-established and practiced in China and Korea as early as the 3rd century. The correct answer is A.
Soru 4
A magazine is a collection of articles, stories, advertisements and other miscellaneous items. What is the original meaning of the word "magazine"?
Seçenekler
A
Storehouse
B
Manuscript
C
Article
D
Paparazzi
E
Contents
Açıklama:
Magazine, derived from the French word meaning storehouse, refers to a nondaily periodical. Essentially, a magazine is a collection of articles, stories, ads, and other assorted items meticulously curated by editors to engage and captivate their audience. The correct answer is A.
Soru 5
Which of the following is not one of the cultural products produced and distributed by mass media to a broad audience?
Seçenekler
A
Designs
B
Songs
C
Novels
D
News
E
Movies
Açıklama:
Simultaneously, mass media represent the cultural industries, serving as channels of communication responsible for producing and distributing a wide array of cultural products such as songs, novels, news, movies, and online computer services to a broad audience (Campbell, 2017).
Soru 6
What is an interactive process concerning the transmission of information among politicians, the news media, and the public called?
Seçenekler
A
Political communication
B
Mass media
C
Public opinion
D
Tabloid
E
Digital media
Açıklama:
Political communication can be simply defined in Norris’ words as “an interactive process concerning the transmission of information among politicians, the news media, and the public” (2001, p. 11631)
Soru 7
- Access diverse viewpoints
- Engage in political discussions
- Make well-informed decision
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only III
C
I & II
D
II & III
E
I, II & III
Açıklama:
Mass media acts as a facilitator of the democratic process by providing a platform for informed deliberation. It enables citizens to access diverse viewpoints, engage in political discussions, and make well-informed decisions
Soru 8
While mass media contributes significantly to fostering an informed and engaged citizenry in the contemporary landscape, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the challenges and ethical considerations inherent in this dynamic interplay between ____________ and politics.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
Media
B
Public
C
Communication
D
Opinions
E
Corporations
Açıklama:
While mass media contributes significantly to fostering an informed and engaged citizenry in the contemporary landscape, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the challenges and ethical considerations inherent in this dynamic interplay between media and politics (Sunstein, 2017).
Soru 9
The ____________ played a pivotal role in catalyzing the Industrial Revolution, promoting assembly-line production, shaping modern capitalism, and contributing to the ascent of consumer culture.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
Printing press
B
Block printing
C
Mass media
D
Political communication
E
Human communication
Açıklama:
The printing press played a pivotal role in catalyzing the Industrial Revolution, promoting assembly-line production, shaping modern capitalism, and contributing to the ascent of consumer culture.
Soru 10
Which of the following word derived from the French word meaning storehouse, refers to a nondaily periodical?
Seçenekler
A
Magazine
B
Song
C
Novel
D
New
E
Movie
Açıklama:
Magazine, derived from the French word meaning storehouse, refers to a nondaily periodical.
Soru 11
According to the evolution of mass communication which stage does come after printed communication?
Seçenekler
A
The electronic era
B
Early oral communication
C
Early oral communication
D
Printing press
E
The digital era
Açıklama:
Figure 4.1 The Evolution of Mass Communication.
Soru 12
Which one of the following was the first US President to employ radio for political communication?
Seçenekler
A
Warren Hardin
B
Woodrow Wilson
C
Calvin Coolidge
D
Herbert Hoover
E
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Açıklama:
The US President Warren Harding was the first president to employ radio for political communication (Delli Carpini, 1993)
Soru 13
The _____________, initially envisioned as “an information superhighway,” has evolved into an expansive global network connecting digital information through various means such as telephone lines, cable, wireless connections, and satellite systems
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
Internet
B
Media
C
Public
D
PC
E
Communication
Açıklama:
The Internet, initially envisioned as “an information superhighway,” has evolved into an expansive global network connecting digital information through various means such as telephone lines, cable, wireless connections, and satellite systems (Campell et al. 2016, p. 39).
Soru 14
What does refer to the role of news and information dissemination in the context of the media?
Seçenekler
A
Surveillance
B
Interpretation
C
Socialization
D
Internet
E
Communication
Açıklama:
Surveillance, in the context of the media, refers to the role of news and information dissemination.
Soru 15
Which type of journalism made newspapers easier to read in the 19th century?
Seçenekler
A
Yellow journalism
B
Investigative journalism
C
Ethical journalism
D
Cheap journalism
E
Broadsheet papers
Açıklama:
During the late 1800s, yellow journalism prioritized financially lucrative publications, focusing on compelling human-interest narratives, crime reports, bold headlines, and easily digestible content. The correct answer is A.
Soru 16
What kind of newspaper gives more importance to popular and sensational events?
Seçenekler
A
Tabloid
B
Broadsheet
C
Journal
D
Magazine
E
Press release
Açıklama:
Tabloids are newspapers that concentrate on popular and sensational events. Their editors aim to boost sales through provocative headlines, often sacrificing objectivity in reporting by presenting stories with editorial biases. The correct answer is A.
Soru 17
What is the term that describes the media's role in watching over and protecting the public interest?
Seçenekler
A
Watchdog
B
Protector
C
Objectivity
D
Unbiased
E
Penny press
Açıklama:
The term “watchdogs” pertains to the media’s function as vigilant monitors and protectors of the public interest. Journalists, when taking on the role of watchdogs, assume a pivotal responsibility in ensuring that those in positions of authority are held responsible for their conduct. The correct answer is A.
Soru 18
Which television channel played an important role during the Gulf War in 1990-1991?
Seçenekler
A
Al Jazeera
B
BBC
C
TRT
D
TV5 MONDE
E
CNN
Açıklama:
During the 1990-1991 Gulf conflict, CNN emerged as a significant player in international relations. The correct answer is E.
Soru 19
What is the name of the members of a generation who have never had the experience of a world without the internet?
Seçenekler
A
Internet addicted generation
B
Digital natives
C
Generation Y
D
Digital immigrants
E
Audience
Açıklama:
Digital natives are the people belonging to a generation that has never experienced a world without the Internet. The correct answer is B.
Soru 20
What theory in media studies suggests that media cues, such as headlines and prominent coverage, influence what the public considers important?
Seçenekler
A
Gatekeeping
B
Cultivation
C
Agenda setting
D
Uses and gratifications
E
Magic bullet
Açıklama:
Agenda setting theory suggests that the media plays a pivotal role in shaping public attention and perceptions of important issues. This theory proposes that media cues, such as headlines and prominent coverage, influence what the public deems significant. The correct answer is C.
Soru 21
What does mass communication involve, according to Turow (2011)?
Seçenekler
A
Personal messages between known individuals
B
Public communication via speeches
C
The industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages through technological devices
D
Entertainment content shared on social media
E
Traditional storytelling and oral communication
Açıklama:
As Turow (2011) points out, mass communication involves “the industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages through technological
devices”.
devices”.
Soru 22
What was the key innovation by Johannes Gutenberg around 1446?
Seçenekler
A
The phonograph
B
Wireless telegraphy
C
The political newspaper
D
The steam-powered rotary press
E
Movable metal type and the printing press
Açıklama:
Johannes Gutenberg refined the printing process by inventing the movable metal
type and the printing press around 1446 (Baran, 2014, p.19), it’s crucial to acknowledge that printing methods, especially block printing, were already well-established and practiced in China and Korea as early as the 3rd century.
type and the printing press around 1446 (Baran, 2014, p.19), it’s crucial to acknowledge that printing methods, especially block printing, were already well-established and practiced in China and Korea as early as the 3rd century.
Soru 23
What was the role of the newspaper during the era of yellow journalism?
Seçenekler
A
Prioritized financially lucrative publications and sensational human-interest stories
B
Focused on academic reports
C
Delivered only official government information
D
Functioned primarily as opinion journals
E
Targeted elite audiences with detailed legal news
Açıklama:
The emergence of rival daily newspapers and the advent of affordable penny press marked a pivotal era in European and American journalism.
During the late 1800s, yellow journalism ocusing on compelling human-interest narratives, crime reports, bold headlines, and easily digestible content.
During the late 1800s, yellow journalism ocusing on compelling human-interest narratives, crime reports, bold headlines, and easily digestible content.
Soru 24
What is the function of the term “watchdogs” in journalism?
Seçenekler
A
Promoting the government’s agenda
B
Monitoring sports and entertainment
C
Reporting on natural disasters only
D
Ensuring public authorities are held accountable for their actions.
E
Investigating crimes and writing fiction stories
Açıklama:
The term “watchdogs” pertains to the media’s function as vigilant monitors and protectors of the public interest. Journalists, assume a pivotal responsibility in ensuring that those in positions of authority are held responsible for their conduct. Rather than simply endorsing the government or influential entities, journalists in this capacity actively strive to reveal and bring to light instances of misconduct, corruption, or the misuse of power.
Soru 25
What term refers to the fusion of mass media, computers, and telecommunications?
Seçenekler
A
Narrowcasting
B
Convergence
C
Gatekeeping
D
Personalization
E
Broadcasting
Açıklama:
The ongoing convergence of newspapers with the Internet poses additional uncertainties for the future of digital news. This convergence involves news organizations integrating various media formats within the same newsroom or collaborating with other media outlets, a phenomenon referred to as convergence.
Soru 26
What does the “cocoon effect” describe?
Seçenekler
A
People reading newspapers in isolation
B
The blending of digital and print journalism
C
Journalists avoiding controversial stories
D
Individuals immersing themselves only in information that aligns with their views
E
Governments hiding sensitive information
Açıklama:
The cocoon effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals deliberately immerse themselves in a bubble of political and social information that aligns with their preferences, providing comfort, appeal, or acceptability. It’s as if people create an informational cocoon to shield themselves from the uncertainties of modern life and simplify decision-making in a society with
myriad choices.
myriad choices.
Soru 27
Which model of government regulation promotes responsible media while allowing freedom?
Seçenekler
A
Authoritarian Model
B
Social Responsibility Model
C
Communist Model
D
Libertarian Model
E
State Broadcasting Model
Açıklama:
Social Responsibility Model balances control and freedom.
Governments encourage responsible media behavior, promoting a socially responsible approach to content creation and dissemination.
Governments encourage responsible media behavior, promoting a socially responsible approach to content creation and dissemination.
Soru 28
According to the gatekeeping theory, who decides which news gets published?
Seçenekler
A
Government ministers
B
Local citizens
C
Online influencers
D
International regulators
E
Media managers and editors
Açıklama:
According to the gatekeeping theory (Shoemaker, 1991; White, 1949), media managers and editors have a critical role in shaping how stories are presented or opening and closing the gate on stories. A small number of gatekeepers, especially those responsible for making news choices for nationwide audiences, hold significant political power because their decisions determine what becomes widely available as news. These gatekeepers also play a crucial role in selecting
news sources.
news sources.
Soru 29
What does the agenda-setting theory suggest?
Seçenekler
A
Media influences what the public thinks is important
B
Media decides election results directly
C
Media teaches citizens how to vote
D
Media prevents misinformation through fact-checking
E
Media promotes only government-endorsed topics
Açıklama:
Agenda-setting theories generally posit that mass media play a crucial role in guiding public attention to events and issue areas deemed most important.
In a fairly uniform manner, the media influence perceptions, highlighting specific individual issues and activities that deserve to be ranked highly on the public’s agenda of political concerns.
In a fairly uniform manner, the media influence perceptions, highlighting specific individual issues and activities that deserve to be ranked highly on the public’s agenda of political concerns.
Soru 30
What does "framing" in media involve?
Seçenekler
A
Broadcasting only local news
B
Editing videos for entertainment
C
Choosing and presenting news with specific tone, words, and emphasis
D
Excluding foreign perspectives
E
Quoting only verified political figures
Açıklama:
While media agenda-setting guides us on what topics to consider, framing theory explores how writers shape our perspective on those topics. Framing involves the decisions made by reporters about what to include and exclude in a story. This includes considerations like tone, words, facts, and the conceptual framework, providing a context and interpretation of the presented information.
Soru 31
Which term does Turow use to define mass communication?
Seçenekler
A
Dissemination of oral messages in traditional societies
B
Exchange of ideas through public forums
C
Industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages
D
Real-time interaction of politicians and public
E
Printing of newspapers on a daily basis
Açıklama:
As Turow (2011) points out, mass communication involves “the industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages through technological devices” (p. 14).
Soru 32
According to Eisenstein, what was one major effect of the printing press?
Seçenekler
A
Limiting literacy to religious elites
B
Suppressing regional languages
C
Fostering accumulation of knowledge and cosmopolitanism
D
Preventing the rise of consumerism
E
E) Centralizing political authority in monarchies
Açıklama:
Eisenstein (1980) argues that this technological advancement, by allowing the accumulation of knowledge, brought about a shift in the conventional approach to learning and fostered a more cosmopolitan atmosphere in the West
Soru 33
What was the primary goal of yellow journalism?
Seçenekler
A
To provide balanced and objective news
B
To educate readers with factual content
C
To attract readership through sensational stories
D
To maintain government-approved narratives
E
To offer scholarly economic analyses
Açıklama:
Yellow journalism prioritized financially lucrative publications, focusing on compelling human-interest narratives, crime reports, bold headlines, and easily digestible content.
Soru 34
What is the CNN effect associated with?
Seçenekler
A
Reduction of TV news viewership
B
Increased voter turnout
C
Media’s role in influencing foreign policy through real-time news
D
Decline of press freedom worldwide
E
Growth of political newspapers in the US
Açıklama:
This elevation of CNN to a leading and impactful global news network led to the development of a novel communication perspective in international relations, commonly referred to as the “CNN effect”.
Soru 35
What does convergence refer to in media studies?
Seçenekler
A
The merging of traditional newsrooms into a single entity
B
The integration of mass media, computers, and telecommunications
C
Limiting content to elite audiences only
D
Shifting focus from political to social content
E
Consolidating entertainment and educational content
Açıklama:
Convergence refers to the fusion of mass media, computers, and telecommunications, occurring when news organizations collaborate to present various information formats for multimedia news.
Soru 36
What does the cocoon effect lead to in media consumption?
Seçenekler
A
Increase in objective journalism
B
Greater national unity
C
Fragmentation and polarization of audiences
D
More consumption of print newspapers
E
Enhanced media literacy in children
Açıklama:
The cocoon effect not only shapes individuals’ perspectives but also has profound implications for societal cohesion. The potential for echo chambers and polarization becomes evident...
Soru 37
Which media function involves providing useful day-to-day information such as stock prices and weather forecasts?
Seçenekler
A
Interpretation
B
Entertainment
C
Instrumental Surveillance
D
Gatekeeping
E
Political Socialization
Açıklama:
Instrumental surveillance, which transmits useful information for daily life, such as movie listings, stock prices, and fashion trends.
Soru 38
According to gatekeeping theory, who primarily controls which news stories are selected?
Seçenekler
A
General public
B
Government spokespersons
C
Media managers and editors
D
News sources
E
Digital platform users
Açıklama:
According to the gatekeeping theory (Shoemaker, 1991; White, 1949), media managers and editors have a critical role in shaping how stories are presented...
Soru 39
What does political media bias refer to?
Seçenekler
A
Favoring particular emotional tones in news
B
Avoiding political topics in reporting
C
Partisanship or ideological leaning in news content
D
Limiting news to economic issues only
E
Promoting scientific facts over opinions
Açıklama:
Political media bias, or politically slanted news, denotes news content that exhibits partisanship or ideological leaning, favoring one perspective over another...
Soru 40
Which theory focuses on how media determines what topics are important?
Seçenekler
A
Framing
B
Priming
C
Agenda-setting
D
Socialization
E
Narrowcasting
Açıklama:
Agenda-setting theories generally posit that mass media play a crucial role in guiding public attention to events and issue areas deemed most important.
Ünite 5
Soru 1
Which one of the followings is not a result of the emergence of the social networks, when compared to traditional media?
Seçenekler
A
Spatial independence
B
Low cost
C
Direct access to information
D
Speed
E
Objective news
Açıklama:
Social networks, which are the sources of participatory culture, affect political participation with their low cost compared to traditional media, direct access, speed, spatial independence, and globalization. This participation effect is observed in the form of easy access to information, mutual and direct communication among political actors, and the opportunity for voters to influence the campaign.
Soru 2
.................. is an unforeseen event that threatens stakeholders’ expectations and produces negative outcomes, seriously affecting the performance of the organization.
Fill in the blank to complete the sentence.
Fill in the blank to complete the sentence.
Seçenekler
A
Fake news
B
Crisis
C
Disinformation
D
Post-truth
E
Scandal
Açıklama:
Coombs (2007, pp. 2-3) synthesizes various definitions and perspectives and defines a crisis as “an unforeseen event that threatens stakeholders’ expectations and produces negative outcomes, seriously affecting the performance of the organization.” One element of this definition is the perception of crisis, and ultimately public perception is reality.
Soru 3
Which of the followings signifies the crises that occur gradually and are unpredictable?
Seçenekler
A
Crisis that last for a long time
B
Natural disasters
C
Crisis caused by human errors
D
Crisis that unfold over time
E
Sudden crisis
Açıklama:
Parsons (1996, pp. 26-27) divides the crisis, which has various definitions, into three parts.
• Sudden crises: Crises that give little or no warning of their arrival,
• Crises that unfold over time: They occur gradually and are unpredictable,
• Crises that last for a long time: Crises that last for weeks, months or even years.
• Sudden crises: Crises that give little or no warning of their arrival,
• Crises that unfold over time: They occur gradually and are unpredictable,
• Crises that last for a long time: Crises that last for weeks, months or even years.
Soru 4
I. Reporting
II. Response
III. Preparation
IV. Research
V. Revision
Which of the above-mentioned items can be considered as the steps of the crisis managements according to Coombs?
II. Response
III. Preparation
IV. Research
V. Revision
Which of the above-mentioned items can be considered as the steps of the crisis managements according to Coombs?
Seçenekler
A
I, III and IV
B
II, III and V
C
III and V
D
I, II and III
E
II and IV
Açıklama:
As outlined by Coombs (2000), the process of crisis communication unfolds through four separate phases: prevention, preparation, response, and revision.
Soru 5
Which of the following stances in crisis communication seeks to minimize attributions to the organization and mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis through excuses and justifications?
Seçenekler
A
Rebuild
B
Bolstering
C
Diminish
D
Denial
E
Defame
Açıklama:
Coombs (2007) categorizes crisis response strategies into four stances. The “denial” stance aims to sever any connection between an organization and a crisis, employing strategies such as “attack the accuser,” “simple denial,” and “scapegoating.” The “diminish” stance seeks to minimize attributions to the organization and mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis through excuses and justifications. The “rebuild” stance endeavors to enhance the organization’s reputation by taking some degree of responsibility and incorporating measures like compensation and apology. The “bolstering” stance aims to foster a positive relationship between the organization and the public by demonstrating support for the organization to its stakeholders, encompassing elements such as reinforcing friendship and asserting innocence.
Soru 6
Which of the above-mentioned "crisis management stance and strategy" matchings is not correct?
Seçenekler
A
Diminish stance - justification
B
Rebuild stance - apology
C
Denial stance - attack the user
D
Diminish stance - scapegoating
E
Bolstering stance - asserting innocence
Açıklama:
Coombs (2007) categorizes crisis response strategies into four stances. The “denial” stance aims to sever any connection between an organization and a crisis, employing strategies such as “attack the accuser,” “simple denial,” and “scapegoating.” The “diminish” stance seeks to minimize attributions to the organization and mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis through excuses and justifications. The “rebuild” stance endeavors to enhance the organization’s reputation by taking some degree of responsibility and incorporating measures like compensation and apology. The “bolstering” stance aims to foster a positive relationship between the organization and the public by demonstrating support for the organization to its stakeholders, encompassing elements such as reinforcing friendship and asserting innocence.
Soru 7
Which of the followings is not one of the methods that can be useful to be successful in crisis management?
Seçenekler
A
Brainstorming method
B
Strategic thinking
C
Delphi method
D
Quick response method
E
Decision conferencing method
Açıklama:
Dallaryan (2006, pp.23-25) states that four methods should be applied in order to be successful in crisis management; strategic thinking, brainstorming method, Delphi method and decision conferencing method.
Soru 8
Which of the following crisis management methods assert that managers should think collectively to solve a problem instead of seeking individual solutions?
Seçenekler
A
Quick response method
B
Brainstorming method
C
Strategic thinking
D
Decision conferencing model
E
Delphi method
Açıklama:
Brainstorming Method: The purpose here is principally described as solving a problem by thinking collectively. This method is used not only in crisis environments but also in many other areas. However, here, instead of seeking individual solutions, team members think collectively about the solution and make joint decisions about the crisis.
Soru 9
Which of the following models emphasis that it is not possible to prepare a crisis scenario that organizations can apply in a real crisis?
Seçenekler
A
Mittrof's Portfolio Planning Approach
B
Six Step Crisis Model
C
Crisis Classification Matrix
D
Brainstorming Method
E
Comprehensive control model
Açıklama:
Mitroff’s Portfolio Planning Approach emphasizes crisis scenarios. According to this model, it is not possible to prepare a crisis scenario that organizations can apply in a real crisis. Nevertheless, crises can be classified into groups based on similarities in structure. Each crisis group constitutes a category and preventive measures can be taken by preparing scenarios that are likely to occur. The crisis scenario provides the opportunity to be prepared for various other similar crises or related scenarios.
Soru 10
If a crisis manager tries to establish the crisis management organizational structure, select members of the crisis team, train them using simulations and training tools, create and monitor crisis, evaluate the scenario and prepare an emergency plan, what sort of models of crisis management he/she might be using?
Seçenekler
A
Crisis Classification Matrix
B
Delphi Method
C
Mitroff’s Portfolio Planning Approach
D
Comprehensive Control Model
E
Six Step Crisis Model
Açıklama:
Six Step Crisis Model provides a framework that prescribes the principles of basic crisis management development. Accordingly, the first step is to establish the crisis management organizational structure. This is followed by selecting the members of the crisis team. Once the crisis management team is in place, it should be trained to use simulations and training tools. The next step is to create and monitor a crisis, evaluate the scenario, and prepare an emergency plan. The last step of the model is to manage the crisis.
Soru 11
According to statistical data how many of the world’s 8.1 billion population are classified as internet users as of January 2023?
Seçenekler
A
5.1 billion
B
6.1 billion
C
7.1 billion
D
4.1 billion
E
3.1 billion
Açıklama:
According to statistical data, 5.1 billion of the world’s 8.1 billion population are classified as internet users as of January 2023.
Soru 12
According to statistical data, how much time do internet users between the ages of 16-64 spend on social media in a day?
Seçenekler
A
2 hours 54 minutes
B
2 hours 45 minutes
C
3 hours 54 minutes
D
1 hours 45 minutes4
E
4 hours 34 minutes
Açıklama:
Internet users between the ages of 16 and 64 spend an average of 7.5 hours a day on the internet, 2 hours 54 minutes on social media, and 1 hour 49 minutes monitoring the media on any device.
Soru 13
Fake news is not always false. It may show us ___________ image of reality
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Seçenekler
A
An inaccurate
B
A wrong
C
A false
D
An incorrect
E
A bad
Açıklama:
Fake news is not always false. It may show us an inaccurate image of reality.
Soru 14
What is technology, a visual form of disinformation, called?
Seçenekler
A
Deepfake
B
PC
C
Software
D
Internet
E
Communication
Açıklama:
This technology, called deepfake, is a visual form of disinformation
Soru 15
Parties, leaders, and voters have immediate access to all information.
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Seçenekler
A
High production low cost
B
Receivers’ communication choices
C
Information speed
D
Feedback ability
E
Worldwide
Açıklama:
Table 5.1 The Impact of Social Networks on Political Participation
Soru 16
Election campaigns in the direction that voters expect
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Receivers’ communication choices
B
High production low cost
C
Information speed
D
Feedback ability
E
Worldwide
Açıklama:
Table 5.1 The Impact of Social Networks on Political Participation
Soru 17
Fast, continuous, and up-to-date information on every subject
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Information speed
B
Receivers’ communication choices
C
High production low cost
D
Feedback ability
E
Worldwide
Açıklama:
Table 5.1 The Impact of Social Networks on Political Participation
Soru 18
Positive and negative feedback from voters about the election campaign carried out by the parties
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Feedback ability
B
Information speed
C
Receivers’ communication choices
D
High production low cost
E
Worldwide
Açıklama:
Table 5.1 The Impact of Social Networks on Political Participation
Soru 19
Various sources of information around the World
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Which of the following social network feature is mentioned above as an effect on political participation?
Seçenekler
A
Feedback ability
B
Information speed
C
Receivers’ communication choices
D
High production low cost
E
Worldwide
Açıklama:
Table 5.1 The Impact of Social Networks on Political Participation
Soru 20
- Crises caused by mechanical problems
- Crises caused by human errors
- Natural disasters
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only III
C
I & II
D
II & III
E
I, II & III
Açıklama:
The Institute of Crisis Management (ICM) in the United States of America divides crises into four categories. These are categorized as (Kadıbeşegil, 2002, pp. 38-39):
- Natural disasters (Acts of God)
- Crises caused by mechanical problems
- Crises caused by human errors
- Crises caused by managerial decision/ indecision
Ünite 6
Soru 1
"... It is possible to consider the brand not only as a name but also as a communication tool that represents vision, values and .........."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Personality
B
Capacity
C
Identity
D
Strategy
E
Value
Açıklama:
INTRODUCTION
As a broad concept, the brand is an important tool for modern political communication and marketing. The brand can be developed not only for products, companies, and organizations, but also for individuals, cities and even nations. It is possible to consider the brand not only as a name but also as a communication tool that represents vision, values and personality
As a broad concept, the brand is an important tool for modern political communication and marketing. The brand can be developed not only for products, companies, and organizations, but also for individuals, cities and even nations. It is possible to consider the brand not only as a name but also as a communication tool that represents vision, values and personality
Soru 2
"... The product/service is produced, and the brand is ........."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space coreectly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space coreectly?
Seçenekler
A
Designed
B
Advertized
C
Created
D
Generated
E
Planned
Açıklama:
DEFINITION OF BRAND
The product/service is produced, and the brand is created. (Keller, 2013, p.31).
The product/service is produced, and the brand is created. (Keller, 2013, p.31).
Soru 3
Which of the following is not a specification of Brands when compared with the product?
Seçenekler
A
It is offered
B
It is wanted
C
It is personalized
D
Useful for customer
E
Recognizable
Açıklama:
DEFINITION OF BRAND
Table 6.1 Relationship between product and brand.
It is offered
Table 6.1 Relationship between product and brand.
It is offered
Soru 4
".......... ..... is the level to which consumers are familiar, acceptable, and able to recall a certain brand in any given circumstance..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Brand Personality
B
Brand Image
C
Brand Equity
D
Brand awareness
E
Brand Identity
Açıklama:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF BRAND
Brand Awareness
Brand awareness is the level to which consumers are familiar, acceptable, and able to recall a certain brand in any given circumstance (Percy & Rossiter, 1992, p. 264; Perreault et al., 2013, p. 437).
Brand Awareness
Brand awareness is the level to which consumers are familiar, acceptable, and able to recall a certain brand in any given circumstance (Percy & Rossiter, 1992, p. 264; Perreault et al., 2013, p. 437).
Soru 5
"... According to Aaker, ......... ....... is commonly understood as a combination of brand assets and liabilities associated with a brand, its name, and symbols that increase or decrease the value offered to a company and/or to that company’s customers.
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Brand Management
B
Brand Image
C
Brand Personality
D
Brand Awareness
E
Brand Equity
Açıklama:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF BRAND
Brand Equity
Aaker provided one of the most thorough descriptions of brand equity, describing it as a behaviorally oriented structure impacted by the consumer’s perception and attitude toward the behavior’s object. According to Aaker, brand equity is commonly understood as a combination of brand assets and liabilities associated with a brand, its name, and symbols that increase or decrease the value offered to a company and/or to that company’s customers.
Brand Equity
Aaker provided one of the most thorough descriptions of brand equity, describing it as a behaviorally oriented structure impacted by the consumer’s perception and attitude toward the behavior’s object. According to Aaker, brand equity is commonly understood as a combination of brand assets and liabilities associated with a brand, its name, and symbols that increase or decrease the value offered to a company and/or to that company’s customers.
Soru 6
"......... ....... refers to a comprehensive concept that includes the hard and soft components of voter choice, the major aspects of political reputation, and the ostensibly insignificant details of appearance and other factors like tone of voice...."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Political Party
B
Political Brand
C
Political Advertising
D
Political Publicity
E
Political Awareness
Açıklama:
POLITICAL PARTY OR CANDIDATE AS BRAND
In the political market, political parties can be seen as a brand to be developed to offer functional and emotional values to voters as part of their appeal. Brand is the basic element of strategic political communication. Party brands are the sum of all concrete and intangible communications. While politicians, party name and party colors represent tangible components, values such as images, message, symbolism, and personality represent intangible elements. In line with the analogies between a political party and a brand, it can be said that both use similar marketing tools to create images. As stated by Scammell (2007), political brand refers to a comprehensive concept that includes the hard and soft components of voter choice, the major aspects of political reputation, and the ostensibly insignificant details of appearance and other factors like tone of voice.
In the political market, political parties can be seen as a brand to be developed to offer functional and emotional values to voters as part of their appeal. Brand is the basic element of strategic political communication. Party brands are the sum of all concrete and intangible communications. While politicians, party name and party colors represent tangible components, values such as images, message, symbolism, and personality represent intangible elements. In line with the analogies between a political party and a brand, it can be said that both use similar marketing tools to create images. As stated by Scammell (2007), political brand refers to a comprehensive concept that includes the hard and soft components of voter choice, the major aspects of political reputation, and the ostensibly insignificant details of appearance and other factors like tone of voice.
Soru 7
Which of the following does not take place in the Aaker's Brand Awareness Pyramid?
Seçenekler
A
Unaware of a Brand
B
Brand recognition
C
Brand Recall
D
Top of Mind
E
Brand Personality
Açıklama:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF BRAND
Brand Awareness
(Figure 6.1 The Awareness Pyramid)
Brand Personality
Brand Awareness
(Figure 6.1 The Awareness Pyramid)
Brand Personality
Soru 8
"........ ....... is anything in a consumer’s memory linked to a specific brand..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Brand Identity
B
Brand Equity
C
Brand Image
D
Brand Management
E
Brand Personality
Açıklama:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF BRAND
Brand Image
important = Brand image is anything in a consumer’s memory linked to a specific brand (Aaker, 1991, p.109).
Brand Image
important = Brand image is anything in a consumer’s memory linked to a specific brand (Aaker, 1991, p.109).
Soru 9
Under which of the following perspectives does the The Symbolic Voter takes place when the Actor Assumptions are concerned due to Nielsens six political brand perspectives chart?
Seçenekler
A
Political brand personality perspective
B
Economic political brand perspective
C
Relational political brand perspective
D
Political brand community perspective
E
Votercentric political brand perspective
Açıklama:
COMPONENTS OF POLITICAL BRAND MANAGEMENT
Political Brand- Voter Relation
(Table 6.3 The six political brand perspectives.)
Political brand personality perspective
Political Brand- Voter Relation
(Table 6.3 The six political brand perspectives.)
Political brand personality perspective
Soru 10
"... Proponents of the community perspective argue that it is the community and the interactions between voters in communities that drive the political brand forward. The community influences and mobilizes community members. This approach perceives communities of voters largely as communities of supporters
who advocate for the common good and give them electoral confidence..."
Which of the following is the correct Political Brand Perspective for the upper given definition?
who advocate for the common good and give them electoral confidence..."
Which of the following is the correct Political Brand Perspective for the upper given definition?
Seçenekler
A
Economic Political Brand Perspective
B
Political Brand Community Perspective
C
Relational Political Brand Perspective
D
Political Brand Personality Perspective
E
Cultural Political Brand Perspective
Açıklama:
COMPONENTS OF POLITICAL BRAND MANAGEMENT
Political Brand- Voter Relation
Political Brand Community Perspective
Proponents of the community perspective argue that it is the community and the interactions between voters in communities that drive the political brand forward. The community influences and mobilizes community members. This approach perceives communities of voters largely as communities of supporters
who advocate for the common good and give them electoral confidence.
Political Brand- Voter Relation
Political Brand Community Perspective
Proponents of the community perspective argue that it is the community and the interactions between voters in communities that drive the political brand forward. The community influences and mobilizes community members. This approach perceives communities of voters largely as communities of supporters
who advocate for the common good and give them electoral confidence.
Soru 11
What is defined as a name, sign or visual element that differentiates it from competitors?
Seçenekler
A
Service
B
Product
C
Brand
D
Corporation
E
Symbol
Açıklama:
Brand is a concept that is explained by many different definitions and approaches. In the most basic approach, it is defined as a name, sign or visual element that differentiates it from competitors. The American Marketing Association defines the brand as “a name, term, design, symbol, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from competitors”.
Soru 12
Considering the relationship between product and brand, which one of the following statements is true for brand?
Seçenekler
A
Brand is impersonal.
B
Brand is offered.
C
Brand is unrecognizable.
D
Brand has intangible value.
E
Brand serves seller's market.
Açıklama:
Soru 13
What is defined as the level to which consumers are familiar, acceptable, and able to recall a certain brand in any given circumstance?
Seçenekler
A
Brand personality
B
Brand awareness
C
Brand image
D
Brand identity
E
Brand equity
Açıklama:
Brand awareness is the level to which consumers are familiar, acceptable, and able to recall a certain brand in any given circumstance. Brand awareness is correlated with brand knowledge, which measures people’s capacity to recognize brands under different conditions.
Soru 14
Which dimension of brand personality traits possesses the qualities of being upperclass and charming?
Seçenekler
A
Sincerity
B
Excitement
C
Competence
D
Sophistication
E
Ruggedness
Açıklama:
The personality traits that brands possess have been addressed in five basic dimensions. These are sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness. Dimension of sophistication is represented by the personality traits of upperclass and charming.
Soru 15
Which of the following is not an element of brand equity?
Seçenekler
A
Brand competence
B
Brand loyalty
C
Brand awareness
D
Perceived quality
E
Brand associations
Açıklama:
The five elements/ dimensions that make up Aaker’s (1991) brand equity model are brand awareness, association, loyalty, perceived quality and other proprietary assets. The consumer is the focus of the first four elements, while the financial worth of assets like patents and trademarks is the subject of the final dimension.
Soru 16
- Party members
- Party brands
- Party leader brands
- Policy brands
- Policy endorsers
Seçenekler
A
I and III
B
II and IV
C
I, II and III
D
II, III and IV
E
II, III and V
Açıklama:
Political brands are generally considered to include political parties, candidate politicians, party leaders, election campaigns, political organizations, policy ideas, and legislators. Traditional approaches characterized political brands as a triple dimension involving party, leader, and policy.
Soru 17
Which of the following is a value provided by brand equity to customers?
Seçenekler
A
Enhancing brand loyalty
B
Enhancing price margins
C
Enhancing use satisfaction
D
Enhancing trade leverage
E
Enhancing competitive advantage
Açıklama:
Brand equity provides value to customer by enhancing customers':
- Interpretation Processing of Information
- Confidence in the Purchase Decision
- Use Satisfaction
- Efficiency and Effectiveness of Marketing Programs
- Brand Loyalty
- Prices Margins
- Trade Leverage
- Competitive Advantage
Soru 18
Which of the following concepts is based on the perceptions of voters?
Seçenekler
A
Political brand identity
B
Political brand image
C
Political brand personality
D
Political brand awareness
E
Political brand equity
Açıklama:
Political brand image is about how the brand is perceived by voters and what kinds of associations and attitudes it creates. Within a political context, a voter’s or citizen’s views, associations, and attitudes are merged with their expressed identity to form their political brand image. Political brand image is a differentiation factor for the brand.
Soru 19
Which one pf the following represents the perspective that argues that the persona of the political brand is important for a strong and favorable perception among voters?
Seçenekler
A
Economic Political Brand Perspective
B
Relational Political Brand Perspective
C
Political Brand Community Perspective
D
Political Brand Personality Perspective
E
Cultural Political Brand Perspective
Açıklama:
The political brand personality perspective argues that the persona of the political brand is important for a strong and favorable perception among voters. The image and reputation of the leader or leaders’ values and even their personalities should match the feelings and values of the targeted voters.
Soru 20
Which one of the following is not one of the steps to building a strong brand?
Seçenekler
A
Relationships
B
Meaning
C
Response
D
Identity
E
Perspective
Açıklama:
Brand equity is viewed as an accumulation of goodwill and positive effects and the brand equity pyramid includes four steps to building a strong brand and is very important in understanding voters’ reaction in political brand management. Identity is the key step in the model. To develop deep and effective brand awareness, the brand needs to be identified with people.
The second step of the model is to establish the meaning of the brand, that is, to create a strong, positive and unique brand connotation.
The third step should aim to develop positive, accessible responses to brand identity and meaning.
The top of the pyramid is the building of strong relationships to develop loyalty. It focuses on the customer’s ultimate relationship and level of identification with the brand.
The second step of the model is to establish the meaning of the brand, that is, to create a strong, positive and unique brand connotation.
The third step should aim to develop positive, accessible responses to brand identity and meaning.
The top of the pyramid is the building of strong relationships to develop loyalty. It focuses on the customer’s ultimate relationship and level of identification with the brand.
Ünite 7
Soru 1
"... One of these responsibilities is the necessity of conducting national and international .......... approaches with consideration for human values..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Ideological
B
Political
C
Social
D
Economical
E
Sociopsychological
Açıklama:
INTRODUCTION
For politics to be interpreted and gain a directive power, it may present a valid solution to feed on effective communication mechanisms. However, in the exertion of all these efforts, the responsibilities towards the individual and society must not be forgotten. One of these responsibilities is the necessity of conducting national and international ideological approaches with consideration for human values.
For politics to be interpreted and gain a directive power, it may present a valid solution to feed on effective communication mechanisms. However, in the exertion of all these efforts, the responsibilities towards the individual and society must not be forgotten. One of these responsibilities is the necessity of conducting national and international ideological approaches with consideration for human values.
Soru 2
"... in terms of consistent learning from the past to the present, we can say that theoretical integrity will guide us in placing ........ in political communication..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Politics
B
Ethics
C
Media
D
Morality
E
Philosophy of knowledge
Açıklama:
INTRODUCTION
Means of communication are changing and political figures are trying to keep up with them. Therefore, in terms of consistent learning from the past to the present, we can say that theoretical integrity will guide us in placing ethics in political communication.
Means of communication are changing and political figures are trying to keep up with them. Therefore, in terms of consistent learning from the past to the present, we can say that theoretical integrity will guide us in placing ethics in political communication.
Soru 3
Which of the folowing is the correct path of theoretical structure examining value judgments separately from morality?
Seçenekler
A
Ethical Theories
B
Normative Ethical Theories
C
Meta Ethical Theories
D
Applied Ethical Theories
E
Descriptive Ethics
Açıklama:
BASIC THEORIES OF ETHIC
Proceeding from this point, when we try to look at the theoretical structure, we encounter four different paths. These can be described as; Meta ethical theories that examine value judgments separately from morality; normative ethical theories focused on the decision-making processes regarding the rightness or wrongness of an action; applied ethical theories that are reduced to more specific areas, focusing on criteria that frame ethical issues in human behaviors, capable of forming their own field in politics and encountered in life and professional settings; and descriptive ethics, which examines how people actually behave and what moral beliefs they hold.
Proceeding from this point, when we try to look at the theoretical structure, we encounter four different paths. These can be described as; Meta ethical theories that examine value judgments separately from morality; normative ethical theories focused on the decision-making processes regarding the rightness or wrongness of an action; applied ethical theories that are reduced to more specific areas, focusing on criteria that frame ethical issues in human behaviors, capable of forming their own field in politics and encountered in life and professional settings; and descriptive ethics, which examines how people actually behave and what moral beliefs they hold.
Soru 4
Which of the following has declared feasiblity of the statement that "a conceptual thought, founded on an intellectual basis, can be defined by its sustainability in terms of its results"?
Seçenekler
A
John Dewey
B
Charles Sanders Peirce
C
Jeremy Bentham
D
William James
E
John Stuart Mill
Açıklama:
BASIC THEORIES OF ETHICS
William James’s pragmatism and its context in ethics are evaluated in terms of results. In this sense, pragmatism can be said to represent a process that signifies the outcomes produced by practical applications. That is, it’s feasible to
state that a conceptual thought, founded on an intellectual basis, can be defined by its sustainability in terms of its results.
William James’s pragmatism and its context in ethics are evaluated in terms of results. In this sense, pragmatism can be said to represent a process that signifies the outcomes produced by practical applications. That is, it’s feasible to
state that a conceptual thought, founded on an intellectual basis, can be defined by its sustainability in terms of its results.
Soru 5
Which of the following describes the pursuit of knowledge not as a matter confined to a single subject, but as a process encompassing all topics that the human mind can comprehend?
Seçenekler
A
Immanuel Kant
B
William James
C
Plato
D
Karl Popper
E
René Descartes
Açıklama:
ETHICAL PATHS ON KNOWLEDGE
Moving further along the historical timeline, the 17th-century philosopher René Descartes is encountered. Descartes approaches the pursuit of knowledge not as a matter confined to a single subject, but as a process encompassing all topics that the human mind can comprehend. He presents a range of subjects that extend from managing everyday life to the knowledge of crafting.
Moving further along the historical timeline, the 17th-century philosopher René Descartes is encountered. Descartes approaches the pursuit of knowledge not as a matter confined to a single subject, but as a process encompassing all topics that the human mind can comprehend. He presents a range of subjects that extend from managing everyday life to the knowledge of crafting.
Soru 6
"........... refers to the deliberate dissemination of information to the public, often using various communication tools..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Disinformation
B
Misinformation
C
Assimilation
D
Manipulation
E
Malinformation
Açıklama:
ETHICAL PATHS ON KNOWLEDGE
Firstly, let’s begin with disinformation and misinformation. These concepts are closely related to the manipulation and it’s important to note that their primary distinguishing feature is human origin. The track focusing on manipulation will be resumed right after the explanation of both terms
Firstly, let’s begin with disinformation and misinformation. These concepts are closely related to the manipulation and it’s important to note that their primary distinguishing feature is human origin. The track focusing on manipulation will be resumed right after the explanation of both terms
Soru 7
Which of the following term defines a flow of data that is based on accurate information but carried with malicious intent. At this point, it can encompass information leaks made internally with the intention of harming individuals, institutions or even countries on a larger scale, including harassment and hate speech. In malinformation, although the disseminated information has accurate foundations, its sharing is aimed at having a destructive effect?
Seçenekler
A
Malinformation
B
Disinformation
C
Misinformation
D
Manupilation
E
Post-truth
Açıklama:
ETHICAL PATHS ON KNOWLEDGE
Another concept bearing similarities to these terms is malinformation. This term defines a flow of data that is based on accurate information but carried with malicious intent. At this point, it can encompass information leaks made internally with the intention of harming individuals, institutions or even countries on a larger scale, including harassment and hate speech. In malinformation, although the disseminated information has accurate foundations, its sharing is aimed at having a destructive effect.
Another concept bearing similarities to these terms is malinformation. This term defines a flow of data that is based on accurate information but carried with malicious intent. At this point, it can encompass information leaks made internally with the intention of harming individuals, institutions or even countries on a larger scale, including harassment and hate speech. In malinformation, although the disseminated information has accurate foundations, its sharing is aimed at having a destructive effect.
Soru 8
"... pathos deals with the style and presentation of speech from a psychological
perspective..."
Which of the folowing fills in the dotted space correctly?
perspective..."
Which of the folowing fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Pathos
B
Ethos
C
Logos
D
Rhetoric
E
Propaganda
Açıklama:
MEDIA ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY
pathos deals with the style and presentation of speech from a psychological perspective
pathos deals with the style and presentation of speech from a psychological perspective
Soru 9
"... In the context of the media, considering the attitudes towards political identities, it’s necessary to state that an ......... framework has been established in journalism, as in many different professions..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Information
B
Ethical
C
Normative
D
Ethnological
E
Social
Açıklama:
MEDIA ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY
In the context of the media, considering the attitudes towards political identities, it’s necessary to state that an ethical framework has been established in journalism, as in many different professions.
In the context of the media, considering the attitudes towards political identities, it’s necessary to state that an ethical framework has been established in journalism, as in many different professions.
Soru 10
"... It is known that studies on data validation analysis through neural networks, focusing on cultural communication differences report that individuals sharing .......... news tend to rely on a narrower range of news sources, whereas those sharing true news strive to access sources from a much broader spectrum..."
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Which of the following fills in the dotted space correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Reliable
B
True
C
False
D
Political
E
Conflict
Açıklama:
MEDIA ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY
During this process, some findings are observed. For example, it is known that studies are being conducted on data validation analysis through neural networks, focusing on cultural communication differences. These studies report that individuals sharing false news tend to rely on a narrower range of news sources, whereas those sharing true news strive to access sources from a much broader spectrum.
During this process, some findings are observed. For example, it is known that studies are being conducted on data validation analysis through neural networks, focusing on cultural communication differences. These studies report that individuals sharing false news tend to rely on a narrower range of news sources, whereas those sharing true news strive to access sources from a much broader spectrum.
Soru 11
Morality deals with the evaluation of 'good' and 'bad'. So which concept deals with their theoretical aspects?
Seçenekler
A
Law
B
Psychology
C
Self-respect
D
Ethics
E
Self-esteem
Açıklama:
While morality deals with the assessments of ‘good’ and ‘bad’, ethics are concerned with their theoretical aspects. The correct answer is D.
Soru 12
What, in Popper's view, would be the result of a focus on verification in the scientific problem-solving process?
Seçenekler
A
Dogmatism
B
Post positivism
C
Truth
D
Findings
E
Falsifiability
Açıklama:
It’s conveyed that Popper argued focusing on verification in the scientific problem solving process would lead to dogmatism and erroneous conclusions (Taner, 2022). Popper didn’t consider the positivist approach sufficient for scientific hypotheses to be verified under certain conditions and times; he pointed out that this outcome doesn’t offer an absolute representational power all the time (Temiz, 2017). The correct answer is A.
Soru 13
Which of the following political events popularised the term post-truth?
Seçenekler
A
Russia-Ukraine war
B
Brexit
C
Local elections in Germany
D
Referendum on the Lisbon Treaty
E
US-China trade disputes
Açıklama:
Post-truth was popularized in the context of two different things. The first one is Brexit, symbolizing the United Kingdom’s exit process from the European Union in 2016, and the second one is Donald Trump’s influence in the United States elections. The correct answer is B.
Soru 14
What does ethos represent in Aristotle's Rhetoric?
Seçenekler
A
Logos
B
Pathos
C
Speech
D
Idea
E
Charisma
Açıklama:
In Aristotle's Rhetoric, ethos symbolises charisma, which reflects character focus, image and reputation as a whole. The correct answer is E.
Soru 15
If you were to analyse a politician's speaking style, which of the following concepts would help you in your analysis?
Seçenekler
A
Ethos
B
Pathos
C
Logos
D
Idea
E
Reputation
Açıklama:
Pathos deals with the style and presentation of speech from a psychological perspective. In other words, it can also be described as the methodological attitude in the delivery of the message in terms of intonation and speaking style. The correct answer is B.
Soru 16
What is shown as the first example of propaganda in world history?
Seçenekler
A
Nazi Germany's policy before the Second World War
B
The British Empire's desire to improve its image
C
Pope XV. Gregory's method
D
Patriarchal initiatives during the Byzantine Empire
E
US propaganda after WWII
Açıklama:
Propaganda, first used in 1622 by Pope XV. Gregory, as a method outside of warfare to improve the image of the Roman Catholic Church. The correct answer is C.
Soru 17
Which of the following can be seen as a problem for both digital and traditional media?
Seçenekler
A
Violation of privacy
B
Violation of personal data security
C
Data mining
D
The phenomenon of digital surveillance
E
Misleading tagging
Açıklama:
Ethical problems arising from social media as identified in the literature can be listed as follows: invasion of privacy, lack of attribution, copyright infringement, unverified information, breach of personal data security, data mining, the phenomenon of digital surveillance, blurring of the boundaries between news and commercial information, intensive advertising, misleading tagging and titling, hate speech. Violations of privacy can be seen in both traditional and digital media. The correct answer is A.
Soru 18
Some applications can mimic the voices, images and speech patterns of political identities, individuals who are considered influencers or opinion leaders in society. What are these applications commonly called?
Seçenekler
A
Deep fakes
B
Video editing
C
Photo editing
D
AI editing
E
Storyboard
Açıklama:
Some applications can mimic the voices, images and speech patterns of political identities, individuals considered to be influencers or opinion leaders in society. Commonly referred to as deep fakes (Yu, Xia, Fei & Lu, 2020; Westerlund, 2019), these images or audio recordings can have a directive effect on society through various manipulation techniques. The correct answer is A.
Soru 19
Which of the following has become an initiative of news organisations in recent years to deal with fake news?
Seçenekler
A
Blog publishing
B
Legal action
C
Software developments
D
Stopping publication
E
Educating the public
Açıklama:
In recent years, many major media organisations have started their own fact-checking programmes and continue this process in the form of up-to-date blog publications. Examples include two major media organisations in the United States: The New York Times and CNN. The correct answer is A.
Soru 20
Imagine a news organisation that does not take sides. It gives equal space to all, in accordance with the law, and it considers the needs of society with public responsibility, keeping an equal distance from all sides. Which concept of professional ethics would you associate with this news organisation?
Seçenekler
A
Transparency
B
Accountability
C
Integrity
D
Conflict of interest
E
Sensitivity
Açıklama:
Integrity in the political context can be illustrated in the media context. Suppose, for example, that a newspaper or other means of communication aspires to integrity. In this case, it would be expected not to take sides on an issue, to give equal space to everyone in accordance with the law, to consider the needs of society with public responsibility, and to maintain an equal distance from all sides. The correct answer is C.
Ünite 8
Soru 1
Which one of the components below doesn’t signify the digital revolution?
Seçenekler
A
the rise of the Internet
B
advancements in computing technology
C
the world wide web
D
communication with smoke
E
digital communication tools
Açıklama:
The digital revolution was characterized by several ground-breaking developments.
Soru 2
Which one of the elements below doesn’t signify how new media differs from traditional media?
Seçenekler
A
numerical representation
B
one-way communication
C
modularity
D
automation
E
variability
Açıklama:
Manovich (2001, pp. 43-63) offers a framework to help us grasp how new media differs from traditional media. These principles are numerical representation (digital code as the foundation), modularity (content made of interchangeable modules), automation (computerdriven processes), variability (customization and personalization), and transcoding (conversion into a common digital language).
Soru 3
- It gives rise to novel genres, textual forms, and entertainment, redefining the patterns of media consumption.
- This includes immersive computer games, simulations, and cutting-edge cinematic special effects.
Seçenekler
A
new ways of representing the world
B
new relationships with media technologies
C
new textual experiences
D
new experiences of embodiment, identity and community
E
new conceptions of the biological body and technology
Açıklama:
Lister et al. (2009, p.12-13) offer a useful categorization to understand what is “new” in new media.
Soru 4
- It instigates shifts in how individuals use and engage with image and communication media in their daily lives.
- It also alters the meanings and significance attributed to these technologies.
Seçenekler
A
new textual experiences
B
new patterns of organization and production
C
new ways of representing the world
D
new experiences of embodiment, identity and community
E
new relationships with media technologies
Açıklama:
Lister et al. (2009, p.12-13) offer a useful categorization to understand what is “new” in new media.
Soru 5
What is called to a large group of people who arrange (by mobile phone or email) to gather in a public place at exactly the same time, spend a short time doing something there and then quickly all leave at the same time?
Seçenekler
A
protestors
B
flash mob
C
campaign organizers
D
revolutionists
E
politicians
Açıklama:
Flash Mob is a large group of people who arrange (by mobile phone or email) to gather in a public place at exactly the same time, spend a short time doing something there and then quickly all leave at the same time. (Oxford Dictionary Online).
Soru 6
Which one of the items below involves collecting large amounts of data about voters, including both political and non-political information, to create tailored messages based on individual preferences?
Seçenekler
A
flash mob
B
digital diplomacy
C
target group
D
targeted advertisements
E
microtargeting
Açıklama:
Microtargeting involves collecting large amounts of data about voters, including both political and non-political information, to create tailored messages based on individual preferences.
Soru 7
Which one of the elements below isn’t an equivalent term of digital diplomacy?
Seçenekler
A
network diplomacy
B
e-diplomacy
C
digital community
D
cyber diplomacy
E
online diplomacy
Açıklama:
The correct answer is C. The term digital diplomacy is often used interchangeably with other phrases such as network diplomacy, e-diplomacy, online diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, and Twitter diplomacy or Twiplomacy. Naci Koru, the former deputy secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye, describes digital diplomacy in the following manner: “Utmost utilization of technological infrastructure in the production and implementation of external policies”
Soru 8
What is the definition of the deliberate sharing of false information with the specific intention of causing harm, reflecting an awareness of the information’s falsity and harmful consequences?
Seçenekler
A
disinformation
B
misinformation
C
malinformation
D
creation
E
production
Açıklama:
Misinformation pertains to the dissemination of false information without any malicious intent, where the sharing of inaccurate information occurs unintentionally, and no harm is intended. Malinformation involves sharing genuine information, typically intended to remain private, with the explicit purpose of causing harm, often by exposing private information to the public sphere.
Soru 9
Which one of the definitions below refers to content that is designed to provoke strong emotional reactions, often by using exaggerated, sensational, or offensive language, and its purpose is to generate outrage or polarize audiences?
Seçenekler
A
false content
B
imposter content
C
inflammatory content
D
fabricated stories
E
manipulated media
Açıklama:
Inflammatory Content refers to content that is designed to provoke strong emotional reactions, often by using exaggerated, sensational, or offensive language. Its purpose is to generate outrage or polarize audiences.
Soru 10
Which one of the definitions below involves presenting genuine information or events in a misleading manner by altering their context?
Seçenekler
A
imposter content
B
false connections
C
fabricated stories
D
false context
E
imflammatory content
Açıklama:
False context involves presenting genuine information or events in a misleading manner by altering their context. This can involve manipulating images, quotes, or videos to distort their original meaning.