Introductıon to Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

I. It must be in the public interest
II. It should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality
III. It is local and not regional
IV. It is determined by a public decision
V. It is free
Which of the above are the features of public service according to Gözübüyük?

I, II, III, IV and V

I, II, III and V

I, II and V

II, III, IV and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The right answer is C, as the items III and IV are incorrect according to the following list of public service by Gözübüyük. I. It must be in the public interest. II. It should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality. III. It can be local or regional. IV. It is determined by a political decision. V. It is carried out continuously and regularly. VI. It is free.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

___________ is everything that the government decides to do or not to do. Which of the following completes the sentence above ?

Public good

Public policy

Public benefit

Impure public

Pure public

Açıklama:

Public policy is the right option to complete the statement: Public policy is everything that the government decides to do or not to do. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

I. Public administration is involved in the public policy-making process through parliament, ministries, or consultancies.
II. Public administration is the enforcement of laws.
III. Public administration can also be defined as a profession.
IV. Public administration is also an academic field.
V. Public administration structurally refers to organizations of the state.
Which of the above are true about public administration?

I, II, and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

I, II and IV

I, II, III and V

Açıklama:

The right option is C, because all the statements about the term public administration related to its definition are true.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

I. A collection of academic and practical knowledge applied for service to the
community.
II. A theoretically measured standard of success by serving the needs of society rather than pursuing purely personal gain.
III. A system of control over a professional practice that regulates the training of new members and both maintains ethical rules and enforces proper sanctions.
The criterias above are used to understand what aspect of public administration?

to understand if public administration is an academic field

to understand if public administration is an organization

to understand if public administration is legal action

to undersatnd if public administration is a profession

to undersatnd if public administration as execution

Açıklama:

Scholars argue that to understand if public administration is a profession, it is necessary to test whether it has certain features of traditional professions (Shafritz et al., 2017:23). They list these features as follows:
1. A collection of academic and practical knowledge applied for service to the
community.
2. A theoretically measured standard of success by serving the needs of society rather than pursuing purely personal gain.
3. A system of control over a professional practice that regulates the training of new
members and both maintains ethical rules and enforces proper sanctions.
The answer is D, as a profession.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following is true related to the differences between public and private administration in terms of "goal" in public administration, as mentioned in the studies by Allison in his article and the literature on this subject ?

Maximization of profit

Public Service

Wider scope

Accountable to public

Emphasis on equity

Açıklama:

Option B , public service is true related to differences between public and private administration in terms of goal in public administration as mentioned in the studies by Allison in his article and the literature on this subject.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

I. Profits
II.Taxes
III. Duties
Which of the above is/are the source of income for private administrations?

Only I

I and II

Only II

I, II and III

Only III

Açıklama:

Revenues: The main sources of income for public administration are taxes. They meet their expenses with taxes they collect from the citizens. In addition to these, fees from some services (i.e. passport fees) are also important sources of income. As for the
private administrations, the only source of income is the revenues they get from sales
or the services they provide in other words their profits (as also mentioned in the list on page 12). The answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following are responsible for leading and coordinating the operations of member countries’ administrations on environmental issues within the United Nations system?

UNICEF

UNEP

UNESCO

UNDP

UNFPA

Açıklama:

UNEP is responsible for leading and coordinating the operations of member countries’ administrations on environmental issues within the United Nations system. The answer is B, United Nations Environment Programme.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

____________is a state that performs the functions of justice, security, foreign relations, and tax collection. Which of the following completes the sentence above?

An interventionist state

A social state

A regulatory state

A classical state

A secular state

Açıklama:

A classical state is a state that performs the functions of justice, security, foreign relations, and tax collection. The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

I. Public administration operates in the political environment and is the same as politics.
II. Public administration is the enforcement of laws.
III. Public administration is an art and science; therefore, it is an academic field.
IV. Public administration is not a profession.
Which of the above are true about public administration?

I and II

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

II, III and IV

III and IV

Açıklama:

I, Public administration operates in the political environment and is the same as politics.
II. Public administration is the enforcement of laws.
III. Public administration is an art and science; therefore, it is an academic field.
IV. Public administration is a profession.
The right answer is B, because item IV. is not included as it must be public administration "is a profession" and not "is not a profession. "

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

______________ is a state that directly influences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

A regulatory state

A federal state

A social welfare state

A classic state

An interventionist state

Açıklama:

An interventionist state is a state that directly influences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following cannot be considered one of the characteristics of public services?

Public services must be in the public interest.

Public services should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality.

Public services should be provided only by public institutions.

Public services are determined by a political decision.

Public services are carried out continuously and regularly.

Açıklama:

The characteristics of public services can be summarized as follows:
1. It must be in the public interest.
2. It should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality.
3. It can be local or regional.
4. It is determined by a political decision.
5. It is carried out continuously and regularly.
6. It is free.
The above list suggests that public services can be provided on a local or regional basis. A specific public service should not necessarily be provided nationwide.
Thus, the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which of the following can be an example of impure public goods or services?

Healthcare services

A public park

National defense

A beautiful view

Law Enforcement Services

Açıklama:

Pure public goods are non-rivalry and non-excludable goods and services such as justice and
security. For this kind of public goods, there is no competition in consumption and no one can be excluded from their benefits.
Impure public goods are subject to certain conditions. There is competition in its consumption
and people can be excluded from its benefits. The benefit of impure public goods is shared between
the community and the beneficiary. The cost of these goods may be covered by public and/or private institutions or individuals. To benefit from these goods and services, people usually pay a
fee. When this fee is not paid, the beneficiary can be excluded. Education and health can be designed as impure goods and services.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Any order of the President, any decision of the Minister of Health, or any operation performed by a doctor in the local hospital is an example of public administration. The decisions made by the
political power or senior bureaucrats, and then the works carried out by the public personnel
refer to the implementation of the public administration.
In the above passage, public administration is defined in terms of ---------------------------.

Politics

Legal action

Organization

Execution

Profession

Açıklama:

One of the most significant aspects of public administration is execution. Public administration
is everything that is put into practice by public administrators, from the highest to the lowest
officials. Every order of the President, every decision of the Minister of Health, or an operation performed by a doctor in the local hospital is an example of public administration put into practice. The decisions made by the political power or senior bureaucrats, and then the works carried out by the public personnel refer to the executive function of the public administration.
The correct answer is then D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Laws made by the parliament, decisions made by courts, and regulations of the ministries gain value only when they are put into action by public bureaucrats. Public administration is the enforcement of laws.
In the above passage, public administration is defined in terms of -----------------------.

Execution

Legal action

Organization

Politics

Constitution

Açıklama:

Laws made by the parliament, decisions made by courts, and regulations of the ministries gain value only when they are put into action by public bureaucrats. Most countries have specific laws regarding public administration. The main task of the public administration is to implement these laws.
These statements draw attention to the role of public administration in the legal system, and define the role of public administration in terms of legal action.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

I. Public and private administrations have certain management functions, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling.
II. Public and private administrations are organized according to the principles of administration, even though they differ in degree.
III. Public and private administrations take the same approaches to solve financial problems.
IV. Public and private administrations function independently and cannot cooperate with each other.
Which of the above information regarding the similarities between public administration and private administration is true?

I and II

I, II and III

II and III

II, III and IV

III and IV

Açıklama:

Public and private administrations have some similarities. One of these similarities is that they have certain management functions, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. Another similarity is that public and private administrations are organized according to the principles of administration, even though they differ in degree. Public and private administrations are faced with similar kinds of problems; however, they do not necessarily take the same approaches to solve these problems. Thus, the information in III is not always true. Furthermore, public and private sectors are interdependent. There has been cooperation between public and private institutions in many fields such as health,transportation, and the arms industry. Therefore, information in IV is not true.
The correct answer is then A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

In the below table, the information in which line is false?

	Points of Comparison	Public Administration	Private Administration
I	Source of revenues	Taxes, sales, fees, duties, etc.	Profits
II	Equity and Efficiency	Emphasis on equity	Emphasis on efficiency
III	Performance Measurement	Hard to measure performance	Explicit measurements
IV	Structure	Bureaucratic, less flexible	More flexible
V	Dealing with Social Cost	Voluntary	Mandatory

III

Açıklama:

Public administration has to bear the social cost of externalities. For example, the social and
economic cost of an environmental disaster is something that the public administration must bear. There is no such requirement for private management.
Thus, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

Public administration is accountable to the political leadership, parliament and the public, whereas private administration is theoretically accountable to ----------------------------
Which of the following best completes the above sentence?

Customers

Media

Banks

Shareholders

Parliament

Açıklama:

The public sector and private sector have different forms of accountability. Public management is
accountable to the political leadership, parliaments, and the public, whereas private management is theoretically accountable to shareholders.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

A/An ------------------ is a state that directly influences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy.
Which of the following terms can be used to complete the above sentence?

Interventionist state

Classical state

Social welfare state

Regulatory state

Democratic state

Açıklama:

An interventionist state is a state that directly influences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy.
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Many public institutions have been privatized. Regulations have been made to facilitate the private sector to produce services in many areas that were previously considered only as the business of public administration, such as health, education, and security. Management approaches such as new public management, reinventing government, strategic and performance management emerged.
Which of the following eras in the transformation of public administration is defined above?

Classical state era

Interventionist state era

Social state era

Regulatory state era

Future state

Açıklama:

The characteristics defined are related with the regulatory state era, which started in the 1980s. Countries led by England and the USA have started to downsize the public administration. In this period, it has been suggested that public administration should be regulating rather than executing. A smaller public administration would offer better services and improve economics.
The correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the social state era?

It started as a result of the turmoil in world politics at the beginning of the 20th century.

The main purpose of the public administration intervention was to strengthen the conditions of socially weak groups.

The application of the welfare state principles changed from one country to another.

Public administration began to provide services in every field, and to provide employment to people by establishing institutions and public companies.

The expenditures and functions of public administration were so balanced that it became the main solution of the economic, political, and social problems experienced in the 1970s.

Açıklama:

As public administration began to provide services in every field, to set rules in all areas, and to provide employment to people by establishing institutions and public companies, the scope, expenditures and functions of public administration expanded so much that it became the main cause of the economic, political, and social crises experienced in the 1970s.
The correct answer is thus E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

__________refer to all decisions made by a public authority at the local and national levels.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Public policies

Public personnel

Public resources

Public organizations

Public goods

Açıklama:

Doğru seçenek A'dır.
Public policies refer to all decisions and policies made by a public authority at the local and national levels.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which of the following is not among the features of public services?

It should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality.

It can be local or regional.

It is determined by the community.

It is carried out continuously and regularly.

It is free of charge for all people.

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap C seçeneğidir.
Gozubuyuk lists the features of public service as follows (2001, 27-28): 31 Defining Public Administration 1. It must be in the public interest. 2. It should be carried out under the principle of equality and impartiality. 3. It can be local or regional. 4. It is determined by a political decision. 5. It is carried out continuously and regularly. 6. It is free.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the following is not true about the the similarities between public and private administration?

Both public and private administrations have certain management functions.

Both public and private administrations are organized according to administrative principles.

Both public and private administrations use similar management techniques.

Both public and private administrations are faced with similar problems.

Both public and private administrations aim for maximum profit.

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap E seçeneğidir.
Points of Similarities 1. Management Functions: Both public and private administrations have certain management functions, which are developed by scholars such as Fayol (2012), Gullick and Urwick (1937). According to Fayol, there are five functions: planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. Drawing on Fayol’s description, Gullick and Urwick offered seven functions as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting (e.g. Abbreviated as POSDCORB). 2. Management Principles: Both public and private administrations are organized according to the principles of administration, even if they differ in degree. For instance, both are organized on hierarchy, chain of control, division of labor, and so on.. 3. Management Techniques: Both public and private administrations use similar management techniques to be successful in implementing the tasks. Maintaining open communication channels, preparing strategic plans, delegating authority, and motivating employees are some management techniques that are commonly used in both the public and the private sector at different degrees. 4. Management Problems: Both public and private administrations are faced with similar problems.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which of the following is not true about the the similarities between public and private administration?

Both public and private administrations are faced with similar problems.

Both public and private administrations use similar management techniques.

Both public and private administrations are organized according to the principles of administration.

Both public and private administrations have certain management functions.

Both public and private administrations have the same source of revenue.

Açıklama:

Doğru seçenek E'dir.
1. Management Functions: Both public and private administrations have certain management functions, which are developed by scholars such as Fayol (2012), Gullick and Urwick (1937). According to Fayol, there are five functions: planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. Drawing on Fayol’s description, Gullick and Urwick offered seven functions as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting (e.g. Abbreviated as POSDCORB). 2. Management Principles: Both public and private administrations are organized according to the principles of administration, even if they differ in degree. For instance, both are organized on hierarchy, chain of control, division of labor, and so on.. 3. Management Techniques: Both public and private administrations use similar management techniques to be successful in implementing the tasks. Maintaining open communication channels, preparing strategic plans, delegating authority, and motivating employees are some management techniques that are commonly used in both the public and the private sector at different degrees. 4. Management Problems: Both public and private administrations are faced with similar problems.
The main sources of income for public administration are taxes. They meet their expenses with taxes they collect from the citizens. In addition to these, fees from some services (i.e. passport fees) are also important sources of income. As for the private administrations, the only source of income is the revenues they get from sales or the services they provide.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

I. Goals
II. Management techniques
III. Performance Measurement
IV. Source of revenues
V. Role of the Media
Which of the following shows the differences between public and private administration?

I and II

I,II and III

II, III, IV and V

I, III, IV and V

I, II, IV and V

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap D'dir.
Goals: Public Service -Maximization of profit
Source of revenues: Taxes, sales, fees, duties, etc.Profits
Equity and Efficiency: Emphasis on equity Emphasis on efficiency Performance Measurement: Hard to measure performanceExplicit measurements
Structure: Bureaucratic, less flexible More flexible
Norms, Laws, Rules:
Operates under specific and strict rules-Operates under general rules
Coercive Power: Has coercive power No coercive power
Job Security: Relatively more secureLess secure
Scrutiny, Process: More exposed to public view More open process Less exposed to public view Private process
Scope: Wider scopeNarrow scope
Dealing with Social Cost:Mandatory Voluntary
Accountability: Accountable to public Accountable to shareholders Role of the Media: Decisions regularly reported in the mediaDecisions less often reported in the media

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

__________ is a state that directly infuences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

A classical state

An interventionist state

A social state

A regulatory state

A developed state

Açıklama:

Doğru seçenek B'dir.
An interventionist state is a state that directly inuences the market economy in order to have an impact on the economy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which of the following represents the main source of private administrations?

Property taxes

Passport fees

Duties

Sales taxes

The services they provide

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap E seçeneğidir.
Source of revenues
Public Administration: Taxes, sales, fees, duties, etc.
Private Administration: Profits

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 28

What feature of public administration does "hiring, promotion, rewards, penalties, careers, and layoffs" describe?

Execution

Politics

Legal action

Profession

Academic field

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap D seçeneğidir.
Public administration can also be defined as a profession. The public personnel regime has been designed as a separate profession. Hiring, promotion, rewards, penalties, careers, and layoffs are all subject to different legislation.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

__________is a state that performs the functions of justice, security, foreign relations, and tax collection.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

A classical state

An interventionist state

A social state

A regulatory state

An authoritarian state

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap A seçeneğidir.
A classical state is a state that performs the functions of justice, security, foreign relations, and tax collection.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Public administration operates under specific and strict rules, but private administration operates under general rules.
Based on the sentence above, which of the following describes the point of comparison between public and private administration?

Source of revenues

Equity and efficiency

Norms and laws

Performance measurement

Coercive Power

Açıklama:

Doğru cevap C seçeneğidir.
Norms, Laws, Rules: Public administration operates under specific and strict rules, private administration operates under general rules

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 2

Soru 1

A ___________ is a set of beliefs accepted by a specific group of scientists
or a consensus on how problems should be understood.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

phenomenon

paradigm

paragon

epitome

pendulum

Açıklama:

Paradigm: A paradigm is a set of beliefs accepted by a specific group of scientists
or a consensus on how problems should be understood. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

I. Woodrow Wilson
II. Frederick Taylor
III. Henri Fayol
IV. Max Weber
V. Adam Smith
Who are the pioneers of the traditional public administration approach?

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Traditional public administration approach has been shaped by the views of Woodrow Wilson and Frederick Taylor in the United States, and Henri Fayol and Max Weber in Continental Europe. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

I. Devoting the senior executive's freedom to manage in the public sector
II. Performance measurement
III. Emphasis on procedures rather than outcomes
IV. The division of monolithic and large-scale institutions into small units
V. Increasing competition in the public sector
Which of the above are the main features of NPM according to Christopher Hood?

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

I, II, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

According to its founding father, Christopher Hood (1991: 4-5), the main features of NPM are:
I. Devoting the senior executives freedom to manage in the public sector,
II. Performance measurement,
III. Emphasis on outcomes rather than procedures,
IV. The division of monolithic and large-scale institutions into small units,
V. Increasing competition in the public sector,
VI. The use of private sector management techniques in public administration,
VII. Ensuring financial discipline and economic use of the public budget.
The answer is D. III is emphasis on procedures rather than on outcomes, but should be emphasis on outcomes rather than procedures.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

The new public administration movement emerged in the USA at the end of the 1960s under the leadership of who?

Frederick Taylor

Max Weber

Dwight Waldo

Henri Fayol

Woodrow Wilson

Açıklama:

The new public administration movement that emerged in the USA under the leadership of Dwight Waldo at the end of the 1960s. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

I. social justice defender
II. change agent
III. representative bureaucrat
IV. enabler
V. moderator
Which of the above are roles assigned to bureaucrats by The NPA movement?

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

II, IV and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The NPA movement assigns bureaucrats five roles: (1) social justice defender, (2) change agent, (3) representative bureaucrat, (4) enabler, and (5) moderator. The answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

I. Planning
II. Organizing
III. Execution
IV. Coordination
V. Control
Which of the above are the fundamental functions of management as asserted by Fayol?

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

II, III, IV and V

III, IV and V

Açıklama:

I. Planning: Preparing an activity program by trying to predict the future. II. Organizing: Creating the material and social structure of the business III. Execution: Mobilizing Staff. IV. Coordination: Linking and harmonizing all activities of the organization.
V. Control: To monitor whether the work and operations are carried out in accordance
with the enterprise’s substantial order and within the framework of the rules. Fayol explained the general principle. THe answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

The basic principles of modern bureaucracy were formulated by who?

Frederick Taylor

Henri Fayol

Dwight Waldo

Woodrow Wilson

Max Weber

Açıklama:

The basic principles of modern bureaucracy were formulated by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920). Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) and Henri Fayol (1841-1925) revealed basic assumptions and features of classical public administration theory. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

I. Hierarchy
II. Consensus
III. Co-production
IV. Cooperation
V. Bureaucracy
Which of the above is/are related to the governance approach?

I, II and III

I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

II, III and IV

II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

The concept of governance, which has been discussed intensely both at the global and national level in recent years, is a multi-actor-based management approach that depends on consensus, co-production, cooperation, and partnerships, as well as bottom-up participation processes, instead of top-down authority, hierarchical methods, and bureaucratic solutions in the order-command order (Nelissen, 2002: 19). The answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

________ was developed as the state undertook the arbitrator role and withdrew from the market through privatizations.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Classical Public Administration

New Public Administration

Traditional Public Administration

New Public Management

The governance approach

Açıklama:

The governance approach was developed as the state undertook the arbitrator role and withdrew from the market through privatizations. The answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

_______________Movement gives bureaucrats duties such as social justice and social welfare, managing change, improving democratic participation and representation, and ensuring ethical and fair equality of public service.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

The Traditional Public Administration

The New Public Administration

The New Public Management

The Governance

The Classical Management

Açıklama:

The New Public Administration Movement gives bureaucrats duties such as social justice and social welfare, managing change, improving democratic participation and representation, and ensuring ethical and fair equality of public service. The answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

"...set of beliefs accepted by a specific group of scientists or a consensus on how problems should be understood."
Which of the following concepts corresponds the definition in the sentence above?

Parallax

Parametre

Paradigm

Praxis

Practice

Açıklama:

The definition in the sentence is the definition of Paradigm. C is true.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Which one of the following thinkers does not considered among the pioneers of the traditional public administration?

Woodrow Wilson

Frederick Taylor

Frederich Nietzche

Henri Fayol

Max Weber

Açıklama:

Frederich Nietzche never mentioned among traditional public administration thinkers. C is true.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which concept in 16th century, expresses boldly the distinction between politics and administration
?

Cameralism

Camaradism

Camerism

Camera ethics

Camera approach

Açıklama:

Cameralists published their ideas in Prussia and France in 16th century. A is true.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

What kind of knowledge would replace the intuition and rule of thumb method in organizational behaviour, according to Frederick Winslow Taylor?

Political

Practical

Strategic

Scientific

Sociological

Açıklama:

Taylor is very well known as the leading figure for scientific method of administration field. E is true.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

Which of the following can be included in essential tools for the scientific administration management?

Psychologic Tests

Time and motion surveys

Psychoanalitic Surveys

Weather Forecasts

Happy Hours in workplace

Açıklama:

Time and motion surveys are essential for scientific administration method. B is true.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the following is not included in the Fayol's cathegorization of workload?

Technical

Financial

Security

Accounting

Political

Açıklama:

Political is not a part in the cathegorization of workload according to Fayol. E is true.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

According to Fayol, which of the following fundamental functions of management includes "mobilizing staff" ?

Planning

Organizing

Execution

Coordination

Control

Açıklama:

Mobilizing staff is considered in execution function generally. C is true.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

In accordance with Weber's thought which of the following is one of the legitimate authority types?

Modern Authority

Rigid Authority

Successful Authority

Charismatic Authority

Autonomous Authority

Açıklama:

Charismatic Authority is one of three legitimate authority types for Weber. D is true.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Who is considered as the founding father of New Public Managementm approach ?

Max Weber

Henry Ford

Henri Fayol

Christopher Hood

Frederick Taylor

Açıklama:

Christopher Hood is widely known as the founder father of NPM. D is true

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is one of the five roles the New Public Administration movement assigned to bureaucrats?

Prosumer

Change agent

Liberator

Enthusiast

Collector

Açıklama:

None of them but Change agent is one of the roles assigned to Bureaucrats by NPA. B is true

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 21

Which scholar is associated with the New Public Administration movement rather than the traditional public administration approach?

Frederick Taylor

Henri Fayol

Woodrow Wilson

Max Weber

Dwight Waldo

Açıklama:

Dwight Waldo was a key figure in the New Public Administration movement, while the others contributed to traditional public administration. "E" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

Who introduced the politics-administration dichotomy, emphasizing a clear separation between politics and administration?

Max Weber

Henri Fayol

Frederick Taylor

Woodrow Wilson

Christopher Hood

Açıklama:

Wilson highlighted the need for public administration to be distinct and separate from political influence to ensure professionalism. "D" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which thinker proposed that there is a single best way to perform tasks, emphasizing efficiency through scientific analysis?

Henri Fayol

Dwight Waldo

Frederick Taylor

Max Weber

Luther Gullick

Açıklama:

Taylor's scientific management theory is based on identifying the most efficient way to perform each task through empirical methods. "C" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which of the following actions is least aligned with Frederick Taylor’s principles of scientific management?

Involving workers in strategic decision-making

Applying time and motion studies

Standardizing tools and equipment

Creating a planning department

Using spreadsheets to improve efficiency

Açıklama:

Taylor emphasized top-down control and did not prioritize worker involvement in high-level decisions. "A" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 25

Which function is not included in Henri Fayol’s five basic management functions?

Planning

Budgeting

Organizing

Execution

Coordination

Açıklama:

Fayol’s five management functions are planning, organizing, execution, coordination, and control. Budgeting is not explicitly listed. "B" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which principle is least emphasized in Henri Fayol’s 14 general principles of management?

Participation

Division of Labor

Authority

Executive Union

Hierarchy

Açıklama:

Fayol did not include participation as a principle; his focus was on hierarchy, discipline, and coordination for organizational efficiency. "A" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following played a minor role in the emergence of the New Public Administration movement?

Anti-war protests

Minority movements

Technological advancement

Social inequality

Unemployment problems

Açıklama:

The NPA movement was largely driven by social and political issues, not technological developments. "C" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

In which country did comprehensive New Public Management (NPM) reforms first begin?

Japan

France

USA

New Zealand

Brazil

Açıklama:

New Zealand was the first to fully implement NPM reforms, emphasizing privatization and market-oriented mechanisms in the public sector. " D" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which approach is most contradictory to the principles of New Public Management?

Performance measurement

Focus on outcomes

Use of private sector techniques

Managerial autonomy

Emphasis on centralized decision-making

Açıklama:

NPM promotes decentralization and flexibility, unlike the rigid centralization found in traditional public administration. "E" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 30

Which concept is least compatible with the governance model?

Co-production

Hierarchy

Collaboration

Consensus

Participation

Açıklama:

Governance emphasizes horizontal relations, partnerships, and democratic participation rather than hierarchical command structures. "C" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
".......... are civil servants responsible for carrying out administrative functions in the government."

Professors

Bureaucrats

Teachers

Students

Doctors

Açıklama:

Bureaucrats are civil servants responsible for carrying out administrative functions in the government.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
"Bureaucrats are composed of a small portion of .......... officers, and their distinctive functions are related to the administrative jobs in the governmental structure."

non-elected

volunteering

male

elected

female

Açıklama:

Bureaucrats are composed of a small portion of non-elected officers, and their distinctive functions are related to the administrative jobs in the governmental structure.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
"While public bureaucracy is bound by the government’s goals and officially acts to serve the public interests, private bureaucracy tries to realize the interests of ..........."

neighboring countries only

elected officers

political parties only

non-elected officers

their organizations

Açıklama:

While public bureaucracy is bound by the government’s goals and officially acts to serve the public interests, private bureaucracy tries to realize the interests of their organizations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 4

What is the term described below?
"The ribbon that was once used to bind government documents; the term now stands as the symbol of excessive official formality and over attention to prescribed routines."

Blue Ribbon

Dark Cord

Red Tape

Brown Portfolio

Black Bond

Açıklama:

Red Tape: The ribbon that was once used to bind government documents; the term now stands as the symbol of excessive official formality and over attention to prescribed routines.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
".......... determines the essential characteristics of an institution or a case under analysis and uses them for scientific study as a conceptual instrument."

An elected officer

An ideal type

An authority

A political party

A researcher

Açıklama:

An ideal type etermines the essential characteristics of an institution or a case under analysis and uses them for scientific study as a conceptual instrument.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

Which of the following is the personal authority and stems from the unique personal qualities of leaders?

Patriarchal Authority

Ideal Authority

Patrimonial Authority

Charismatic Authority

Political Authority

Açıklama:

Charismatic authority is the personal authority and stems from the unique personal qualities of leaders.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

Which of the following was the earliest and the most primitive form of authority developed in small groups or extended families?

Patriarchal Authority

Political Authority

Charismatic Authority

Patrimonial Authority

Ideal Authority

Açıklama:

Patriarchal Authority was the earliest and the most primitive form of authority developed in small groups or extended families.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which one of the following political philosophers accuses the bureaucracy as being an instrument of the capitalist class in oppressing the working class?

G. W. F. Hegel

K. Marx

J. S. Mill

M. Weber

V. Gournay

Açıklama:

K. Marx accuses the bureaucracy as being an instrument of the capitalist class in oppressing the working class.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
"Iron Law of .......... asserts that any large-scale organization, whether public or private, has an inevitable oligarchic tendency; thus, democracy is an oxymoron."

Bureaucracy

Authority

Oligarchy

Idealism

Criticism

Açıklama:

Iron Law of Oligarchy asserts that any large- scale organization, whether public or private, has an inevitable oligarchic tendency; thus, democracy is an oxymoron.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which of the following apperaed as a strong reaction to Weberian model of bureaucracy in the late 1970s?

Iron Law of Oligarchy

New Public Management

Critical Approach

Liberal Approach

Rational-Legal Authority

Açıklama:

New Public Management apperaed as a strong reaction to Weberian model of bureaucracy in the late 1970s.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

I. All civil servants are Bureaucrats.
II. Bureaucrats are non-elected officers.
III. Teachers and academicians are bureaucrats.
IV. Bureaucrats are responsible for carrying out administrative functions in the government.
Which of the above are true?

I - II

I - III

I - IV

II - III

II - IV

Açıklama:

For instance, teachers and academicians carrying out education at schools and universities are not called bureaucrats. Bureaucrats are civil servants responsible for carrying out administrative functions in the government (Krutz, 2021: 516). "Therefore, bureaucrats are composed of a small portion of non-elected officers, and their distinctive functions are related to the administrative jobs in the governmental structure.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Which culture had the most developed centralized bureaucracy until modern times?

Roman

Greek

Egypt

China

Sumer

Açıklama:

According to Creel, China had the most developed centralized bureaucracy until modern times among all the traditional societies, including the Roman Empire.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

What Max Weber called modern bureaucracy?

Patrimonial

Rational-legal

Matriarchal

Hereditary

Charismatic

Açıklama:

While he called the traditional bureaucracy patrimonial, he called modern bureaucracy rational-legal bureaucracy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which of the following is the definition of Patrimonial Authority?

It is the personal authority and stems from the unique personal qualities of leaders.

It is a personal type of authority, and there were not any formal rules.

It is authority that belongs to the ruler, and the ruler uses his power through a bureaucracy composed of slaves.

It is authority that derives its legitimacy from adherence to impersonal rules and universal principles.

It is authority gained from divine favor to the ruler.

Açıklama:

In patrimonialism, authority belongs to the ruler (or ruler family/dynasty), and the ruler uses his power through a bureaucracy composed of slaves.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Who was the first person to use the term Bureaucracy?

de Gournay

Clegg

Weber

Dunkerley

Heywood

Açıklama:

The term bureaucracy was first used by the French philosopher Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) and then spread worldwide.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

I. The bureaucrats are free individuals
II. The hierarchy of offices are not defined.
III. The bureaucrats are appointed without examination.
IV. The bureaucrats are paid fixed salaries and receive pension rights.
Which of the above are characteristics of rational-legal bureaucracy?

I - II

I - III

I - IV

II - III

II - IV

Açıklama:

Weber lists the structural and functional characteristics of bureaucracy as follows (Shafritz, Russel, Borick, Hyde, 2017: 254-255):
The bureaucrats are free individuals, unlike slave bureaucracy in patrimonial authority.
There is a clearly defined hierarchy of offices.
Appointment to bureaucratic offices depends on technical qualifications and the basis of objective criteria. Thus, there are examinations to appoint bureaucrats.
The bureaucrats are paid fixed salaries and receive pension rights.
Weber lists the structural and functional characteristics of bureaucracy as follows (Shafritz,Russel, Borick, Hyde, 2017: 254-255):
The bureaucrats are free individuals, unlike slave bureaucracy in patrimonial authority.
There is a clearly defined hierarchy of offices.
Appointment to bureaucratic offices depends on technical qualifications and the basis of objective criteria. Thus, there are examinations to appoint bureaucrats.
The bureaucrats are paid fixed salaries and receive pension rights.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

According to Heywood which is not a function of the bureaucracy?

Policy implementation

Policy advice

Interest articulation

Political stability

Policy determination

Açıklama:

According to Heywood, in addition to the vital function of policy implementation, the bureaucracy has three more functions due to its expertise, knowledge, and experience: Policy advice, interest articulation, and political stability.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

Which philosopher considers bureaucracy a universal class protecting and maintaining the public interest against the particular interests of private groups?

Hegel

Marx

Mill

Weber

Kant

Açıklama:

Hegel considers bureaucracy a “universal class” protecting and maintaining the public interest against the particular interests of private groups.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which philosopher below advocates a limited bureaucracy?

Hegel

Marx

Mill

Weber

Kant

Açıklama:

In other words, Mill as a liberal philosopher advocates a limited state and thus a limited bureaucracy, albeit very e#icient, to provide more space for individual freedom.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which philosopher argued organization implies the tendency to oligarchy?

Hegel

Marx

Mill

Michels

Kant

Açıklama:

As a result, according to Michels, “organization implies the tendency to oligarchy,” and every organization “becomes divided into a minority of directors and a majority of directed.”

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which historical period significantly influenced the development of modern bureaucracy?

Industrial Revolution

Middle Ages

Renaissance

Enlightenment

Cold War

Açıklama:

The Industrial Revolution brought large-scale organizations and complex administrative needs, which accelerated the development of bureaucratic systems. "A" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 22

Which scholar is most closely associated with the development of the ideal type of bureaucracy?

Henri Fayol

Max Weber

Frederick Taylor

Elton Mayo

Herbert Simon

Açıklama:

Weber’s ideal type describes a rational-legal system of administration characterized by hierarchy, rules, and merit-based advancement. "B" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which feature of Weber’s bureaucracy ensures that job positions are clearly defined with specific duties?

Red tape

Flexibility

Informal networks

Rotation of duties

Specialization

Açıklama:

Specialization assigns tasks according to expertise, ensuring efficiency and clarity in roles. "E" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 24

Which element of bureaucracy establishes a formal ranking of authority from top to bottom?

Informal leadership

Lateral communication

Chain of command

Ad hoc committees

Rotational hierarchy

Açıklama:

The chain of command defines authority lines, making decision-making structured and organized. "C" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

What practice in bureaucracy preserves decisions and procedures for future reference?

Verbal reporting

Digital automation

Face-to-face meetings

Written documentation

Symbolic gestures

Açıklama:

Written records ensure continuity, consistency, and accountability in bureaucratic processes. "D" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which principle in bureaucracy promotes fairness by selecting and promoting individuals based on qualifications?

Seniority preference

Merit system

Political loyalty

Informal negotiation

Rotational placement

Açıklama:

The merit system prioritizes competence and skill, reducing bias and favoritism. "B" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which form of authority, according to Weber, is based on formal laws and rules?

Charismatic authority

Traditional authority

Patriarchal authority

Legal-rational authority

Situational authority

Açıklama:

Legal-rational authority is grounded in established legal frameworks and is a defining feature of modern bureaucracy. "D" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which concept refers to excessive adherence to rules that slows down decision-making?

Red tape

Specialization

Legal-rational authority

Coordination

Bureaucratic neutrality

Açıklama:

Red tape describes overly rigid rule-following that can lead to inefficiency and delays. "A" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which phenomenon occurs when officials in bureaucracy focus more on protecting their position than serving the public?

Parkinson’s Law

Bureaucratic inertia

Goal displacement

Principal-agent problem

Status quo bias

Açıklama:

Goal displacement happens when maintaining the organization’s internal stability overshadows its original mission. "C" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which approach to reform aims to reduce bureaucratic inefficiency by simplifying procedures and delegating authority?

Formalization

Centralization

Patronage

Rotation of staff

Decentralization

Açıklama:

Decentralization shifts decision-making to lower levels, improving responsiveness and reducing procedural delays. "E" is the correct answer.

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 4

Soru 1

Who claimed that the various dimensions of decision-making function in organizations include all organizational processes, such as planning and implementation?

Simon

Fesler & Kettl

Starling

Lindblom & Cohen

Stone

Açıklama:

THE CONTEXT OF DECISION-MAKING
Simon (1957: 1, cited in Starling, 2002: 231) claimed that the various dimensions of decision-making function in organizations include all organizational processes, such as planning and implementation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which one of the following is not one of the stages in decision-making process?

diagnosing and clearly stating the problem or opportunity.

talking about the problem or opportunity

reaching a decision regarding the situation under consideration

implementing that decision

evaluating the implementation of the decision

Açıklama:

STAGES AND CRITICAL FACTORS IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The decision-making process has at least five stages: The first is diagnosing and clearly stating the problem or opportunity. The second step is collecting data about the problem or opportunity. The third step is to reach a decision regarding the situation under consideration and implement that decision. The fourth and fifth/final stages are to implement and evaluate the implementation of the decision.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

"This concept describes other missed opportunities when a specific decision is being implemented. In other words, it is the second-best use of the resources used for implementing a decision (Starling, 2002, pp. 243-244). Therefore, the decision maker should also consider the alternative uses of the resources (s) he uses with his/her decision, considering that the resources are scarce".
Which concept is described by the above sentences?

policy transfer

data collection

opportunity cost

strategic factor

lower limit

Açıklama:

STAGES AND CRITICAL FACTORS IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
Another concept that should be considered when making decisions is opportunity cost. This concept describes other missed opportunities when a specific decision is being implemented. In other words, opportunity cost is the second-best use of the resources used for implementing a decision (Starling, 2002, pp. 243-244). Therefore, the decision maker should also consider the alternative uses of the resources (s) he uses with his/her decision, considering that the resources are scarce.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

The first assumption in the rational decision-making approach is that rational individuals make decisions based only on ___________ and they are not affected by other factors such as emotions, intuitions, and experience.

intelligence

power

context

logic

feeling

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
The first assumption is that rational individuals make decisions based only on logic and they are not affected by other factors such as emotions, intuitions, and experience.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

“In this approach, instead of or in addition to the rationality objective of the first approach, the aim is to increase political support for the decision since the decision-making process includes actions such as conflict, negotiation and persuasion between individuals and groups”.
Which approach is described by the above sentences?

Rational Decision-Making

Participatory Approach to Decision-Making

Decision-Making with the Garbage Can Model

Decision-Making with Prospect Theory

Bargaining Decision-Making

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
A second look at the decision-making process can be expressed as the “bargaining approach.” In this approach, instead of or in addition to the rationality objective of the first approach, the aim is to increase political support for the decision since the decision-making process includes actions such as conflict, bargaining, and persuasion between individuals and groups (Fesler and Kettl, 1991: 179, 186).

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

“An essential problem with participation in decision-making is that although some individuals and groups are unwilling (or may be unable) to make a concrete contribution to the idea generation and decision-making processes when they are among the contributing stakeholders”.
What is the name of the above mentioned phenomenon?

social loafing

participation

gender identity

policy-making

public affair

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
An essential problem with participation in decision-making is that although some individuals and groups are unwilling (or may be unable) to make a concrete contribution to the idea generation and decision-making processes when they are among the contributing stakeholders. This phenomenon is called social loafing in social psychology literature, “the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others, and their performance cannot be evaluated” (Aronson, Wilson, Akert, & Sommers, 2015: 279-280).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

The public choice theory presents a/an _________problem in setting up control mechanisms in decision-making to protect the public interest.

optimal

complex

essential

small

certain

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
The public choice theory presents a complex problem in setting up control mechanisms in decision-making to protect the public interest.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

The proposed solutions for the problems presented by the public choice theory are twofold: If it is difficult, if not outright impossible, to __________ the “empire-building” reflexes of the bureaucrats, it is advised to ___________ the size of the bureaucracy by privatization (Kettl, 2016, p. 565). The second solution is to limit the decision-making as well as discretionary powers of the bureaucrats by setting up control mechanisms such as rules of conduct.

limit/increase

increase/decrease

control/decrease

change/control

implement/present

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
The proposed solutions for the problems presented by the public choice theory are twofold: If it is difficult, if not outright impossible, to control the “empire-building” reflexes of the bureaucrats, it is advised to decrease the size of the bureaucracy by privatization (Kettl, 2016, p. 565). The second solution is to limit the decision-making as well as discretionary powers of the bureaucrats by setting up control mechanisms such as rules of conduct.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

I. This model describes the decision-making process as a chaotic environment, an organized anarchy where short and long-term preferences are unclear.
II. This model also presents opportunities to match solutions with problems and vice versa.
III. This model of decision-making argues that even if an organization has ambiguous goals, it lacks a precise definition of the problem to be solved, clear preferences of decision-makers, and chaotic processes, there are still mechanisms by which decisions can be made.
Which model of decision-making is described above?

Rational Decision-Making

Participatory Approach to Decision-Making

Bargaining Decision-Making

The Garbage Can Model

Decision-Making with Prospect Theory

Açıklama:

HEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
The garbage can model describes the decisionmaking process as a chaotic environment, an organized anarchy where short and long-term preferences are unclear. Organizational members dump various ideas, solutions, and problems into a garbage can, the inside of which is messy. However, this model also presents opportunities to match solutions with problems and vice versa. More importantly, the garbage can model of decisionmaking argues that even if an organization has ambiguous goals, it lacks a precise definition of the problem to be solved, clear preferences of decision-makers, and chaotic processes, there are still mechanisms by which decisions can be made.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

If the framework of risk is presented as “being subjected to violence” and “being killed,” both of which are negative deviations from the existing situation (not experiencing violence), what will be the risk-oriented behaviors of decision makers? The more __________the divergence, the greater the tolerance for risk, and the riskier political solutions to adopt will be observed, such as forced confinement and electronic handcuffs.

positive

rational

risky

dangerous

negative

Açıklama:

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DECISION-MAKING
If the framework of risk is presented as “being subjected to violence” and “being killed,” both of which are negative deviations from the existing situation (not experiencing violence), what will be the risk-oriented behaviors of decision makers? The more negative the divergence, the greater the tolerance for risk, and the riskier political solutions to adopt will be observed, such as forced confinement and electronic handcuffs.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which of the following is not one of the five stages in the decision-making process?

Diagnosing the problem

Voting on the decision

Implementing the decision

Collecting data

Diagnosing the problem

Açıklama:

Voting on the decision is not one of the five stages in the decision-making process.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the following approach to decision-making involves bargaining and persuasion among actors to reach decisions?

Rational Decision-Making

Bounded Rationality

Incremental

Garbage Can Model

Propect Theory

Açıklama:

Incremental approach to decision-making involves bargaining and persuasion among actors to reach decisions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

According to the garbage can model, how are decisions typically reached within organizations?

Based on a linear analysis of costs

In a strictly hierarchical structure

Based on expert consensus only

According to collective voting procedures

Through randomized matching of problems and solutions

Açıklama:

-
According to the garbage can model, decisions reached within organizations through randomized matching of problems and solutions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the rational model of decision-making?

Decisions based on emotion

Predictability of outcomes

Full information availability

Logical behavior

Universality of the process

Açıklama:

Decisions based on emotion is not a characteristic of the rational model of decision-making.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 15

Why do large bureaucracies face challenges in effective decision-making?

They always make rational decisions.

They encourage innovation and risk-taking.

Bureaucrats never abuse their decision-making power.

Hierarchical structures slow down decision-making

They completely eliminate all forms of inefficiency.

Açıklama:

Large bureaucracies face challenges in effective decision-making because hierarchical structures slow down decision-making.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

What best defines double-loop learning in the participatory approach?

Repeating the same steps for verification

Revisiting past decisions to undo errors

Questioning not only ideas but also the values behind them

Testing multiple solutions before implementing

Using technology for faster decision-making

Açıklama:

Double-loop learning questions not only ideas but also the values behind them.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the following does not describe a characteristic of the garbage can model?

Clear goals

Random matching of problems and solutions

Organized anarchy

Messy decision environments

Unpredictable outcomes

Açıklama:

-
"Clear goals" is not a characteristic of the garbage can model.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

What does the term “satisficing” mean in decision-making theory?

Always selecting the cheapest option

Prioritizing speed over accuracy

Ignoring emotional inputs

Choosing solutions based on groupthink

Settling for a decision that is “good enough”

Açıklama:

The meaning of “satisficing” in bounded rationality decision-making theory is settling for a decision that is “good enough”

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the following best reflects a technological impact on the participatory decision-making process?

Increased transaction costs

Less transparency

Lower participation rates

Easier communication

Delayed decision processes

Açıklama:

It is widely argued that technological advances make participation and communication easier and more cost-effective.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

What does opportunity cost represent in the context of decision-making?

All available options

Missed alternatives

Expert advice

Crisis outcomes

Group consensus

Açıklama:

Opportunity cost means missed alternatives .n the context of decision-making.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 21

Which of the following best describes the relationship between those who produce and those who use information in the decision-making process?

It is always cooperative and conflict-free

It can involve frustration due to differences in information quality, quantity, or language used

It relies solely on legal frameworks for communication

It happens only in academic research settings

It is irrelevant in public administration

Açıklama:

Both groups may get frustrated and disappointed many times during the decision-making process. Those who produce the information may complain that the data they produce need to be considered more in the decision-making process and those who use information in their decisions may argue that the information they need lacks in terms of quality and quantity.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

In the first stage of decision-making, which question is NOT typically asked to identify the nature of the problem?

How urgently should this problem be solved?

Is it a root problem or a symptom?

Has this problem ever occurred in another country?

Are there similar examples of this problem?

Which political party will benefit from solving this problem?

Açıklama:

In the first step, the text lists three evaluation points (urgency, root problem vs symptom, other examples). “Which political party will benefit…” is not listed anywhere in these questions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 23

Which factor refers to the absolute minimum requirements needed for a solution to be viable?

Strategic factor

Lower limits of a decision

Opportunity cost

Baseline constraint

Permissibility factor

Açıklama:

the lower limits of a decision are the “sine qua non” (indispensable conditions, in Latin) for the solution of the problem under investigation, that is, the lowest level of requirements. In other words, lower limits of a decision means “what at least has to occur for the problem to be solved” (Starling, 2002, p.233). For instance, finding the necessary funds or personnel is required for any action.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which example reflects the use of policy transfer in decision-making?

A city council bans smoking without researching similar bans in other cities

A ministry applies a successful road safety campaign model used in another country

A mayor changes policy every year to match election promises

A government ignores all foreign examples to focus on national traditions

An agency uses trial-and-error without any reference to past cases

Açıklama:

Also,by effectively using mechanisms of policy transfer,political and administrative decision-makers learn about the problems solved in the past or other countries and apply these transferable ideas to solvesimilar problems at hand (Yıldız, 2011).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which approach to decision-making highlights the risk of “groupthink”?

Public choice theory

Participatory approach

Bargaining approach

Garbage can model

Prospect theory

Açıklama:

In extreme cases, there are pressures to reach a consensus in group decisions, called “groupthink” in the literature (Hill & Lynn,2009, pp. 246-247; 250-251). The occurrence of groupthink is highly detrimental to healthy decision-making as it is “a kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and
solidarity are more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

In the garbage can model, which of the following is the most characteristic?

Clear goals and predictable outcomes

A focus on maximizing efficiency

Solutions actively seeking problems to attach to

All decisions are made by consensus

Decisions are based solely on statistical analysis

Açıklama:

Rather than problems seeking solutions to themselves, solutions are seeking a problem to match itself with. Some decision-makers are looking to match a particular solution to a specific problem.All this ambiguity transforms organizations into a“garbage can” in which organizational participants and other actors throw ideas, problems, and goals.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

According to prospect theory, people are generally more willing to take high risks when:

The potential gain is large

They perceive a negative deviation from the status quo

The decision is based on expert opinion

There is no available data

Multiple stakeholders are involved

Açıklama:

When the deviation is positive, individuals are less tolerant of risk. When the deviation is negative, the tolerance for risk increases.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which term describes modifying existing policies or decisions slightly, rather than making drastic changes?

Incrementalism

Rational choice

Strategic planning

Prospect framing

Bounded optimization

Açıklama:

Changing the previously implemented and accepted decisions within the margins also leads to the emergence of more politically acceptable (orless objectionable, less resistible) decisions (Greene, 2005, p. 285). A good example of incremental/
additive decision-making is the budget preparation process in the public sector

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which concept emphasizes that decision-makers cannot achieve perfect rationality due to limitations in information and cognitive capacity?

Total rationality

Strategic factors

Opportunity cost

Bounded rationality

Comprehensive rationality

Açıklama:

” The administrative man wants to maximize his interests but does not always know exactly what these interests are. He is aware of only a few, but not all, of the possible solutions to the problem under consideration. In the end, the decision to be made may not be the best one (optimizing),but a good enough one under these circumstances(satisficing) (Scott & Davis, 2007, p. 53).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 30

In public choice theory, which of the following is considered a potential problem with bureaucratic behavior?

A. Overemphasis on citizen participation

Excessive reliance on foreign models

Empire-building by maximizing budgets and staff

Neglecting technological tools in decision-making

Overuse of incremental change

Açıklama:

According to this model, public administrators,like other people, want to maximize their interests.Therefore, they act in a way that reduces risk and maximize benefits for their careers when making decisions. For example, they want to “build an empire” by maximizing the size of their unit, the number of their subordinates, their budget, etc.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 5

Soru 1

Which of the following is the approach that sees downsizing the government and emphasizing business principles in public administration?

Digitalization

New Public Management

New Right Ideology

Publicalization

Parliamentism

Açıklama:

New Public Management is an approach that sees downsizing the government and emphasizing business principles in public administration as an appropriate approach.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

I. It emphasizes market-based principles and techniques in the public sector.
II. It refers to creating and implementing rules and decisions for a group or organization.
III. Its main aim is to make state institutions more efficient by applying management practices.
IV. It emphasizes business principles in public administration as an appropriate approach.
Which of the above is/are related to New Public Management?

Only I

Only II

I-II and III

III and IV

I-III and IV

Açıklama:

Statements I-III and Iv are related to New Public Management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

I. Participation
II. Sustainability
III. Transparency
IV. Agility
Which of the above is/are related to the features of governance?

Only I

Only III

I and IV

I-II and III

II-III and IV

Açıklama:

Statements I-II and II are related to the features of governance.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

It is Web 3.0 technology allowing us to access Web information more easily and quickly. It is considered a personalized web. Which of the following is described here?

Semantic Web

Emotional Web

Mobile Web

Social Web

Early Web.

Açıklama:

It is called the semantic web.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

I. It presents the Web as a tool controlled by humans that uses algorithms to personalize, improve, and act on behalf of an individual.
II. This technology defines a personal assistant with which you can communicate constantly.
Which of the following is defined here?

Semantic Web

Dark Web

Emotional Web

Early Web

Mobile Web

Açıklama:

Emotional web is described here.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

Which of the following defines Autonomous 5G services?

User-centric computing, crowded area services

Smart transportation, drones, robots

Disaster monitoring, emergency services

Virtual reality/ augmented reality, massive content streaming

Internet of things

Açıklama:

Smart transportation, drones, and robots belong to Autonomous 5G services.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

I. It refers to the modernization of government processes and affairs.
II. It involves access by citizens to information and communication technology-based public services without time and location constraints.
III. It enables citizens, public officials, and businesses to participate in the production and consumption of services.
Which of the following is described above?

E-government

Emotional Web

Governance

New Right Ideology

Semantic Web

Açıklama:

E-government is described above.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which of the following transformation periods refers to the institutions transferring their service delivery to the virtual space?

First Period

Second Period

Third Period

Fourth Period

Fifth Period

Açıklama:

The third period refers to the institutions transferring their service delivery to the virtual space.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

......................... is a system that includes faster access to the Web, mobile service delivery, tele-conferencing, and multi-channel information technology to achieve higher levels of mutual communication

Digital governance

Dark web

Governance

New Public Management

New Right Ideology

Açıklama:

Digital governance is a system that includes faster access to the Web, mobile service delivery, tele-conferencing, and multi-channel information technology to achieve higher levels of mutual communication.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

......................... refers to using electronic and digital technologies to support and increase citizen participation in decision-making processes

E-governance

E-participation

E-public

E-parliament

E-business

Açıklama:

E-participation refers to using electronic and digital technologies to support and increase citizen participation in decision-making processes

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

The definition “converting information or data into a digital format” refers to:

Digitalization

E-government

New Public Management

Governance

Web 3.0

Açıklama:

Digitalization is converting information or data into a digital format or using digital technologies to automate or simplify processes.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the following is one of the fundamental principles of good governance?

Centralization

Participation

One-way communication

High taxation

Closed decision-making process

Açıklama:

The European Commission has defined good governance as a style of governance that involves the use of political powers at the European level, particularly the principles of participation, accountability, transparency, consistency, and effectiveness.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following can be considered within the scope of Global Governance?

Municipal budget meeting

International trade agreements

Neighborhood disaster drill

In-company staff training

Parent-teacher meeting

Açıklama:

“Global governance refers to how countries and international organizations work together to address global issues such as international trade agreements, environmental regulations, and security arrangements.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which of the following is a feature of Web 3.0 technology?

One-way information transfer

Only text-based document presentation

Personalized web experience

Desktop-only access

Colorless and static structure

Açıklama:

“Web 3.0 is the Semantic Web technology, allowing us to access Web information more easily and quickly… Therefore, it can be considered as a personalized web.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is an example of using 5G technology in public services?

Reading offline books

Radio broadcasting

Using drones in disaster area

Sending petitions via postal mail

Manual data entry

Açıklama:

“For example, using drones and robots in disaster areas; using artificial intelligence to prevent the spread of epidemics such as COVID-19, ensure safety, and manage emergencies correctly…”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the expansion of e-government applications?

Decrease in social media usage

Development of telecommunication infrastructure

Increase in paper document usage

Reduction of human resources

Closed information sharing

Açıklama:

“According to the latest 2022 survey, the global E-Government Development Index average has increased due to progress in telecommunications infrastructure and human capital development.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main forms of digital governance?

Digital participation

Digital government services

Digital in government

Governance in the digital world

Digital agricultural planning

Açıklama:

“There are four different ways of shaping digital governance… Digital in government… Digital government services… Digital participation in governance… Governance in the Digital World.”

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

The approach of “bringing together elements separated within public institutions” refers to:

Digitalization

Reintegration

E-participation

Performance measurement

Centralized administration

Açıklama:

“Reintegration: brings many elements that NPM separated into institutional hierarchies together.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Which of the following is one of the opportunities offered by digital-age governance?

Increasing participation and collaboration

Completely eliminating data security

Restricting access to information

High transaction costs

Reducing communication channels to one

Açıklama:

“These technologies enable more efficient, effective, and inclusive governance by providing access to information and opportunities for participation, collaboration, and dialogue.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the following is a key feature of digital governance?

Limited only to internal state processes

Focused solely on electronic service delivery

Covering relationships between citizens, the state, the public, and the private sector

Based entirely on traditional administration principles

Excluding international cooperation

Açıklama:

“Digital governance is a concept that goes beyond the electronic delivery of public services, including processes and relationships among citizens, government, public and private sectors…”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the following best describes good governance according to the European Commission?

Strong central authority without citizen participation

Governance based on principles like participation, accountability, and subsidiarity

Full privatization of public services

Exclusive decision-making by the executive branch

Governance focusing solely on economic growth

Açıklama:

The European Commission hasdefined good governance as a style of governance that involves the use of political powers at the European level, particularly the principles of participation, accountability, transparency, consistency, and
effectiveness, integrated with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality (Keleş, 2010: 64).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which dimension of governance focuses on cooperation between countries to address global issues such as climate change and trade agreements?

Local Governance

Regional Governance

National Governance

Global Governance

Corporate Governance

Açıklama:

Participation dimensions also reveal threedifferent dimensions of governance (Atmaca &Karaçay, 2020): Global Governance, National Governance, and Local Governance.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 23

Which Web generation is characterized by the introduction of artificial intelligence and augmented reality?

Web 2.0

Web 3.0

Web 4.0

Web 5.0

Web 6.0

Açıklama:

Starting in 2020, Web 4.0 technology, which has been accepted, has put artificial intelligence and augmented reality technology at the forefront.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which of the following is not listed as one of the five categories of 5G services by Yu et al. (2017)?

Collaborative services

Intelligent services

Autonomous services

Collaborative services

Public services

Açıklama:

4G is a network currently used worldwide, with fasterdata transfer and capacity than previous ones. 5G provides mobile services with higher speed, higher
reliability, and energy efficiency.Yu et al. (2017:2) analyzed the megatrend of future mobile services and categorized 5G services into the following five
characteristics:
• Immersive 5G services: Virtual reality/
augmented reality (VR/AR), massive
content streaming
• Intelligent 5G services: User-centric
computing, crowded area services
• Omnipresent 5G services: Internet of
things
• Autonomous 5G services: Smart
transportation, drones, robots
• Public 5G services: Disaster monitoring,
private security/public safety, emergency
service

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

In the second wave of Digital Era Governance, which factor significantly changed the communication style between citizens and the state?

Increased use of print media

Development of social media platforms

Expansion of radio broadcasting

Return to traditional bureaucratic structures

Elimination of online services

Açıklama:

While a one-sided structure was dominant in the first three periods, changes began to be experienced in understanding public service delivery with the spread of social media, an interactive communication platform, throughout the world. The inclusion of public institutions in this area has also led to an acceleration and even strengthening of citizen participation and interactions

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which principle of good governance directly relates to making decisions and actions visible and understandable to the public?

Accountability

Effectiveness

Transparency

Sustainability

Participation

Açıklama:

Also it needs to be defined as good governance, as a developed version
of the governance. The European Commission hasdefined good governance as a style of governance that involves the use of political powers at the European
level, particularly the principles of participation, accountability, transparency, consistency, andeffectiveness, integrated with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 27

Which term describes the use of ICT to involve multiple actor groups in the creation, implementation, and monitoring of public policies?

E-participation

E-governance

Digitalization

Digital Government

Reintegration

Açıklama:

E-governance, which constitutes the electronic dimension of governance, refers to the use of information and communication technologies for the participation of different actor groups in creating, implementing, and monitoring public policies (Yavuz, 2015).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

What was the first public service offered online by the US Internal Revenue Service in 1985?

Passport renewal

Tax collection and tax return filing

Social security registration

Vehicle registration renewal

Public health insurance application

Açıklama:

Some public services in the United States were first offered online in 1985. The first example in this context is the tax collection and tax return filing offered by the Internal Revenue Service over the Internet.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which concept in Digital Era Governance refers to combining previously separated institutional elements to work together again?

Digitization

Needs-based Holism

Reintegration

Centralization

Decentralization

Açıklama:

Reintegration: brings many elements that NPM separated into institutional hierarchies together. Needs-based Holism emphasizes developing a more ‘agile’ government that can respond quickly and flexibly to changes in the social environment- for example, by providing access to information or services needed by citizens through a single website.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

Which of the following is a risk associated with digital governance mentioned in the chapter?

Increased citizen participation

Digital divide and unequal access

Reduction in service efficiency

Complete elimination of public institutions

Excessive decentralization

Açıklama:

However, the use of these technologies also brings new challenges and risks, such as the need to ensure data security and privacy, the potential for manipulation and propaganda, and the potential for unequal access and the digital divide. Therefore, using digital technologies in governance requires balancing the potential benefits and risks and effective regulation and oversight mechanisms.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 6

Soru 1

What is the original word that comes from Greek meaning strategy?

Strategos

Stratos

Strats

Strategia

Strateios

Açıklama:

The word “strategy” comes from the Greek strategos, which means a general in command of an army.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

which of the below is the term defined as values that show what changes should be made in the mission of an organization to benefit from future opportunities and compete with other organizations?

Mission

Vision

Philosophy

Principles

Objectives

Açıklama:

Vision refers to the values that show what changes should be made in the mission of an organization to benefit from future opportunities and compete with other organizations. The vision is the imagined future of the organization future.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

What does SWOT stand for?

Strange Word Opportunities Task

Strengths Weaknesses Occurences Task

Strenghts Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Silent Words Or Tasks

Strenghts Weaknesses Organizations Trades

Açıklama:

SWOT stands for Strenghts Weaknesses Opportunities Threats.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which of thebelow is related to Performance Evaluation?

It is carried out by administrators.

It means a broad and comprehensive assessment.

It is held continuously.

It is generally carried out by the human resources department.

It is not connected to remuneration.

Açıklama:

Performance evaluation is generally carried out by the human resources
department.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the below describes the relationship between the input and the output?

Transparency

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Equity

Quality

Açıklama:

Technically speaking, efficiency is the relationship between the input and the output. According to the Turkish Courts of Accounts (2002) definition, efficiency is “achieving the highest output with certain inputs, taking into account the organization’s goals, or achieving a fixed value and quantity of output with the least amount of input.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

I- Utilizing Results
II- Feedback
III- Performance Measurement
IV- Performance Evaluation
V-Performance Planning
Which of the below options show the correct order of performance management process?

I-II-III-IV-V

IV-III-V-II-I

III-II-I-V-IV

II-I-IV-II-III

V-III-II-IV-I

Açıklama:

Performance Planning: Performance planning encompasses the goal-setting processes by the
manager and the employee. Performance criteria and the organization’s strategic objectives are also considered when determining the goals.
Performance Measurement: Performance measurement refers to the stage where the performance of employees is measured after performance criteria are determined.
Feedback: During the evaluation process, managers and employees come together face-to-face or
through different interview methods and give positive and negative feedback by assessing the progress. Employees are thus re-motivated for the goals of the organization.
Performance Evaluation: The results are collected and evaluated during the evaluation phase. In the performance evaluation process, the results are assessed according to their compliance with the targets determined at the beginning of the period.
Utilizing Results: Evaluation at this stage ensures that the results help managers with training,
remuneration, career planning, and promotions by analyzing the results.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the below is NOT one of the criteria to measure performance?

validity

reliability

Flexibility

multidimensionality

utility

Açıklama:

In the performance management system, the issue of how to measure performance is a serious problem. Therefore, the criteria should be determined objectively. In order to ensure objectivity, measurements must be evaluated in the context of criteria such as validity, reliability, multidimensionality, and utility.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

Which public performance types does the following defition explain?
"This method acts as a prevention mechanism whereby the organization avoids making the same mistakes by observing its previous performance shortcomings."

Comparison by Goals

Corporate Performance Management

Individual Performance Managem

Team Performance Management

Comparison with Past Performance

Açıklama:

Comparison with Past Performance: This method acts as a prevention mechanism whereby the organization avoids making the same mistakes by observing its previous performance shortcomings. Additionally, this method helps monitor the development of employees compared to their past performance and ensures the proliferation of valuable techniques.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Which comparison type refers to comparing similar operating institutions in terms of cost, expenditures, service provision, personnel status, and performance results?

Inter-firm Comparison

Intra-firm Comparison

Individual Performance Management

Private Sector Comparison

Comparison with Past Performance

Açıklama:

Inter-firm comparison refers to comparing similar operating institutions in terms of cost, expenditures, service provision,

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

"The most critical issue specified in __________ Law on Public Financial Management and Control Law is citizen satisfaction."
Which of the below options complete the sentence?

Law No. 5017

Law No. 5018

Law No. 5019

Law No. 5020

Law No. 5021

Açıklama:

The most critical issue specified in Law No. 5018 Law on Public Financial Management
nd Control Law is citizen satisfaction.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of strategic management?

It involves long-term planning and data-driven decision-making

It relies solely on the top management’s decisions without input from other levels

It requires internal and external analysis of the organization

It aims to ensure all resources are directed toward a unified goal

It involves defining vision, mission, and strategic objectives

Açıklama:

Strategic management is a top management technique, i.e., the senior managers’ competence
is at the forefront of strategic management. Midlevel and lower-level managers, on the other hand,
play an essential role in creating the organizational culture. In order to determine the right strategy and implement it correctly, various opinions from large segments should be collected. Therefore, in
strategic management, the strategy cannot succeed only with the guidance of a single department.
Strategic management uses analysis, data, and statistics with a long-term perspective to make the
most accurate and efficient decisions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

In which decade did strategic management start to be adopted as an effective tool in public administration?

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Açıklama:

Strategic management, after its applications in the private sector, began to be applied as an effective management tool in public administration in the 1980s. Therefore, option D is correct.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

Which of the following best defines the vision of an organization?

The specific tasks currently being carried out by the organization

A plan for how to allocate resources among departments

The long-term image of what the organization aspires to become

The list of policies and procedures followed by staff

A report evaluating past performance and resource use

Açıklama:

Vision refers to the values that show what changes should be made in the mission of an
organization to benefit from future opportunities and compete with other organizations. The vision is the imagined future of the organization future. Therefore, option C is correct.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

What is the primary purpose of strategic planning?

To increase employee satisfaction and motivation

To enhance marketing strategies and sales

To identify strengths and weaknesses and develop effective strategies

To recruit qualified personnel for leadership roles

To reduce public spending and increase profit

Açıklama:

The purpose of strategic planning is to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the organization,
obtain the information that will enable the organization to maintain its existence, and develop appropriate and effective strategies.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

In the context of SWOT analysis, which of the following is considered an internal factor?

Technological changes

Legislation updates

Trade unions

Budget and human resources

Customer behavior

Açıklama:

Internal factors include resources like executive skills, human resources, budget, and equipment, while the others listed are external factors.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

What is the fundamental difference between "Effectiveness" and "Efficiency" among the principles of performance management?

Effectiveness aims to produce maximum output with a minimal amount of input, while efficiency measures the degree to which objectives are encountered.

Effectiveness ensures equitable service distribution in the public sector, while efficiency focuses on resource conservation in the private sector.

Effectiveness indicates the relationship between output and input, while efficiency measures the degree to which goals and objectives are achieved.

Efficiency is the endeavor to get the maximum output with particular inputs, whereas effectiveness is related to the extent of goal achievement.

Effectiveness is focused on raising motivation among staff, while efficiency aims to save time and money.

Açıklama:

Efficiency: Technically speaking, efficiency is the relationship between the input and the output. Effectiveness is the realization
of goals and objectives and the degree to which a
goal is achieved.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

Which of the following fundamental performance management principles is most emphasized as an important tool for fostering trust and ensuring equal service distribution, particularly in public institutions?

Quality

Equity

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Economy

Açıklama:

Equity ensures equal and fair use of services. It is an essential tool for establishing trust in public institutions. Equity is a characteristic need for public service provision.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

At which stage of the performance management process do managers and employees evaluate progress towards established goals and express their positive or negative opinions?

Performance planning

Performance measurement

Feedback

Performance evaluation

Utilizing Results

Açıklama:

Feedback: During the evaluation process, managers and employees come together face-to-face or through different interview methods and give positive and negative feedback by assessing the progress. Employees are thus re-motivated for the goals of the organization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which fundamental situation is "Team Performance Management" used for among the types of public performance management?

When the goal is to evaluate the contributions and behaviors of individual employees to institutional success.

When the institution needs to set its strategic priorities in accordance with the principles of transparency and accountability.

When the public institution aims to be compared with similar private sector organizations to learn new methods.

When it is not possible to accurately measure and monitor individual performance.

When the institution needs to learn from past performance shortcomings and avoid repeating the same mistakes.

Açıklama:

Team Performance Management: Team performance management is utilized when it is impossible to measure and monitor individual performance. Team or department performance management focuses on the team as the unit of measure, separate from the performance measurement of individuals within that team.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following best describes the key difference between "Strategic Plan" and "Performance Programs" in the public sector's performance management process?

A Strategic Plan focuses on short-term activities and job descriptions, while Performance Programs address long-term organizational goals.

A Strategic Plan is primarily used for monitoring and evaluation, whereas Performance Programs are prepared for annual reports.

A Strategic Plan outlines the organization's long-term and short-term goals, while Performance Programs are the annual, budget-conscious implementation of those strategic goals.

A Strategic Plan is a legal requirement for the Turkish public sector, but Performance Programs are optional.

A Strategic Plan focuses on individual performance, while Performance Programs are concerned with corporate-level performance.

Açıklama:

Strategic Plan: It is the determination of the appropriate short and long-term goals of the organization after examining its current and desired future positions. Performance programs map the way to achieve annual performance targets by considering the budget.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which term refers to the imagined future state of an organization that helps it compete with others?

Mission

Vision

Strategic goal

Management philosophy

Performance criteria

Açıklama:

“Vision refers to the values that show what changes should be made in the mission of an organization to benefit from future opportunities and compete with other organizations. The vision is the imagined future of the organization.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

According to the text, what does the term "economy" mean in performance management?

Achieving goals while saving time and costs

Increasing the number of employees

Achieving maximum output with maximum input

Reducing efficiency to save resources

Only focusing on financial outcomes

Açıklama:

“Economy: refers to achieving the goal while saving time and costs. In other words, it is achieving maximum output with minimum input.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

In strategic management, which group’s competence is most critical for success?

Middle managers

Senior managers

Interns

Stakeholders

Customers

Açıklama:

“Strategic management is a top management technique, i.e., the senior managers’ competence is at the forefront of strategic management.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which stage of the strategic management process involves planning the path between the organization’s current state and its desired goals?

Strategic implementation

Vision setting

Strategic planning

Monitoring and evaluation

SWOT analysis

Açıklama:

“Strategic planning refers to the path between the current standing of the organization and the goal it wants to achieve.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

What is the main purpose of performance programs in the public sector?

To monitor employee absences

To achieve annual performance targets by considering the budget

To replace strategic plans every year

To evaluate only individual achievements

To hire new staff

Açıklama:

“Performance programs map the way to achieve annual performance targets by considering the budget.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which principle of performance management focuses on fair and equal use of services?

Quality

Equity

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Economy

Açıklama:

“Equity: Equity ensures equal and fair use of services. It is an essential tool for establishing trust in public institutions.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 27

Which performance management method is used when it is impossible to measure individual performance?

Corporate performance management

Team performance management

Individual performance management

Private sector comparison

Intra-firm comparison

Açıklama:

“Team performance management is utilized when it is impossible to measure and monitor individual performance.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

What is the primary aim of strategic management in public administration?

To increase the number of departments

To focus only on short-term goals

To reduce employee salaries

To replace private sector methods entirely

To avoid threats and seize opportunities

Açıklama:

“Strategic management aims at avoiding public administration threats and seizing opportunities at the highest capability.”

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 29

Which element of performance management in the public sector checks whether resources are used according to set goals?

Annual reports

Strategic plan

Monitoring and evaluation

Operational plan

Vision statement

Açıklama:

“Monitoring and evaluation… checks whether the organization’s resources are used considering the determined goals.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

In the performance management process, which step involves measuring employee performance after criteria are determined?

Feedback

Performance planning

Performance evaluation

Performance measurement

Utilizing results

Açıklama:

“Performance Measurement: Performance measurement refers to the stage where the performance of employees is measured after performance criteria are determined.”

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 7

Soru 1

Which of the following information regarding public accountability is not true?

Both politicians and administrative personnel are held accountable for their decisions, policy
implementations, and behaviors related to public issues.

Elections do not play any significant roles in public accountability.

The legal system and the courts do have roles in public accountability.

The traditional model of accountability is closely related to the Weberian perception of modern bureaucracy.

A well-designed and implemented public accountability shows that the government is competent, reliable, and practical.

Açıklama:

Politicians in a democratic system are held accountable by the people in each election. In other
words, each election is an opportunity for society to assess the government. The electors punish
or reward the political parties in each election. Elections function as a process of accountability. Therefore, it is not possible to say that elections do not play any roles in public accountability.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

---------------------- stands broadly for the use of private sector management techniques in government and the transfer of government functions to private bodies. The philosophy is that government should ‘steer’ (decide policy) while private bodies should ‘row’ (deliver services), and that public bodies should be imbued with the ‘entrepreneurial spirit’.
Which of the following terms is defined above?

Accountability

Transparency

Traditional model of accountability

Performance-based accountability

New public management

Açıklama:

With the rise of New Public Management in the 1980s due to the neo-liberal wave, the traditional model of public accountability needed to be revised. NPM promotes the market model as a better form of governance: “New public management (NPM) stands broadly for the use of private sector management techniques in government and the transfer of government functions to private bodies. The philosophy of NPM is that government should ‘steer’ (decide policy) while private bodies should ‘row’ (deliver services), and that public bodies should be imbued with the ‘entrepreneurial spirit’. Examples of the latter include the use of performance-related pay, short-term contracts, and open recruitment strategies. NPM is based on assumptions about the inherent inefficiency and unresponsiveness of public bodies” (Heywood, 2013: 367).
The correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

Which of the following information about the principle of transparency is not true?

Transparency enhances the legitimacy of the bureaucracy.

The idea of transparency is an inevitable result of a democratic system that requires active citizens in the public sphere.

Transparency prevents corruption and maladministration by avoiding the misuse of bureaucratic authority and sources.

The main idea behind the principle of transparency is reporting to legal authorities.

Transparency creates trust between the bureaucracy and the citizens.

Açıklama:

The following information is not true: The main idea behind the principle of transparency is reporting to legal authorities.
The main principle of transparency is that public officers should provide necessary information about their decisions to the public. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

In a democratic system, democratic control of public institutions by the people stems from the idea of national sovereignty. In other words, citizens have the right to scrutinize public institutions and whether they act for the benefit of the public. The people need sufficient information from a transparent public administration to realize this function. Although the traditional forms of control of the bureaucracy by the parliament, ombudsmen, auditors, and the courts are still necessary, the recent idea of -------------------- promotes the active participation of the people in the same process. This, of course, requires much more transparent public institutions than traditional ones. Without transparency, people cannot perform this democratic function.
Which of the following terms best completes the above paragraph?

National sovereignty

Participatory democracy

Open public administration

Bureaucratic secrecy

Democratic deficit

Açıklama:

In a democratic system, democratic control of public institutions by the people stems from the idea of national sovereignty. In other words, citizens have the right to scrutinize public institutions and whether they act for the benefit of the public. The people need sufficient information from a transparent public administration to realize this function. Although the traditional forms of control of the bureaucracy by the parliament, ombudsmen, auditors, and the courts are still necessary, the recent idea of participatory democracy promotes the active participation of the people in the same process. This, of course, requires much more transparent public institutions than traditional ones. Without transparency, people cannot perform this democratic function.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

This term refers the simple obligation to inform the citizens with regard to public spending, and it transforms into the obligation to ensure equity of access to public funds for all interested suppliers who are qualified for the field in which the public auction will be held.
Which of the following terms is defined in the above sentence?

Taxparency

Administrative secrecy

Performance-based accountability

Outsourcing

Transparent public administration

Açıklama:

Taxparency (transparency in using public money) is developed from the simple obligation to inform the citizens with regard to public spending, and it transforms into the obligation to ensure equity of access to public funds for all interested suppliers who are qualified for the field in which the public auction will be held.
The correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which of the following cannot be considered one of the reasons behind the growing interest in ethical issues in public administration?

Maladministration

Widespread corruption

Politicization of bureaucracy

Democratic deficit

Public policies

Açıklama:

Professional ethics is about norms, values, and attributes desirable in the personnel of both public and private institutions. Each institution might require a different set of values and attributes. Ethics in public administration is one of the rising topics recently, especially with the rise of public concern about maladministration, widespread corruption, the politicization of bureaucracy, and the democratic deficit.
Legitimally adopted public policies cannot be one of the main ethical concerns in public administration. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following options includes all three components of democratic ethos?

Efficiency, accountability, and social equity

Efficiency, expertise, and efficacy

Citizenship, public interests, and social equity

Accountability, transparency, and loyalty

Citizenship, social equity, and loyalty

Açıklama:

There are two dominant traditions for public administration ethics - bureaucratic ethos and democratic ethos in democratic societies. The bureaucratic ethos, as the professional ethics of the bureaucracy, includes efficiency, expertise, accountability, efficacy, and loyalty. The democratic ethos has three components: Citizenship, public interests, and social equity.
Thus, the correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Which of the following principles of public life is defined above?

Selflessness

Integrity

Objectivity

Openness

Leadership

Açıklama:

The Seven Principles of Public Life was developed by the Committee on Standards in Public Life in Great Britain. One of these principles is integrity which may be defined as follows: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Which of the following is one of the regulations adopted by the OECD countries to increase the quality of public administration?

Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Service

Copenhagen Criteria

Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

Anti-Corruption Action Plan for Asia and the Pacific

New Partnership for Africa’s Development

Açıklama:

OECD countries are developed and wealthy countries primarily located in western Europe and North America. The OECD countries have introduced many regulations to increase the quality of public administration. They adopted the Anti-Bribery Convention in 1997 to fight against foreign official bribery. They also introduced the Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Service in 1998 and issued Guidelines for Managing Conflict-of-Interest in the Public Sector in 2003.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

Which of the following best describes administrative secrecy?

The obligation of government officials to disclose all information to the public.

The principle that information held by the government should be accessible to the public.

The right of government officials to withhold information from the public in order to protect national security or other important interests.

The policy that government officials should never disclose information about their personal lives to the public.

The principle that government officials should only disclose information to the public if it benefits their personal interests.

Açıklama:

Administrative secrecy is to be abhorred as characteristic of an authoritarian society and repugnant
to the spirit and practice of constitutionalism. It should, therefore, be held within the narrowest
limits consistent with the safety of such state secrets as must of absolute necessity be concealed from unfriendly foreign eyes.
It is simply defined as the right of government officials to withhold information from the public in order to protect national security or other important interests.
The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

Which of the following best explains why bureaucratic accountability has become increasingly important in modern democratic systems?

Bureaucracies have become accountable not only to rulers but also to market actors.

The expansion of the welfare state has made the oversight of public resources and power more critical.

Since ancient times, all regimes have left bureaucracies entirely under the direct control of the people.

Accountability has remained limited to bookkeeping practices and has not influenced administrative governance.

In modern states, transparency has entirely replaced the need for accountability.

Açıklama:

The welfare state grows, the amount of public resources used and the number of governmental functions increase. This expansion necessitates stronger bureaucratic accountability to ensure resources are used efficiently, legally, and in the public interest-especially within democratic governance frameworks. Other options either contradict the passage or introduce unrelated or inaccurate claims.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which of the following statements best reflects the essential elements and dimensions of public accountability as described?

Public accountability is only applicable to elected politicians, as they are directly responsible to the public.

Public accountability excludes informal mechanisms such as traditional authority and ombudsmanship.

Public accountability involves elected and non-elected officials, and requires clearly defined responsibilities and mechanisms of oversight.

Elections are the only legitimate mechanism through which public accountability can be ensured in a democratic system.

Transparency and responsibility are two separate ideas that do not fall under the scope of public accountability.

Açıklama:

public accountability is multi-dimensional and includes various actors (politicians, bureaucrats), mechanisms (elections, legal systems, ombudsmanship, public reporting), and components (accountant, account holder, and clear rules). It extends beyond elections and involves both transparency and responsibility. Options A, B, D, and E either oversimplify or misrepresent these points.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the traditional model of public accountability?

It primarily relies on citizen participation and public forums to ensure transparency in bureaucratic decision-making.

It emphasizes both internal and external mechanisms, such as hierarchical supervision and legal oversight, based on clearly defined rules.

It rejects the hierarchical relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in favor of a decentralized network structure.

It holds bureaucrats accountable for policy outcomes, regardless of whether they followed the instructions of their superiors.

It promotes bureaucratic flexibility and discretion over strict adherence to procedures and standardized rules.

Açıklama:

The traditional model as grounded in the Weberian bureaucracy, highlighting internal accountability (within the hierarchy and to politicians) and external accountability (through legal institutions). It stresses rule-based operations, standardized procedures, and legal conformity.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

How did the emergence of the "New Public Management" (NPM) approach transform the traditional accountability model?

It completely abandoned the principle of legality in the traditional model, replacing it with performance-only.

It made accountability more difficult by strengthening the veil of bureaucratic secrecy.

It introduced performance-based accountability as a new paradigm by enabling the use of private sector management techniques in the public sector.

It limited accountability to reporting only to parliament.

It eliminated the need for accountability by completely privatizing public services.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is a main reason why performance-based public accountability is considered more complex than the traditional model?

It completely removes legal accountability and relies solely on political oversight.

It requires careful design of performance indicators, consideration of program-specific contexts, and continuous adaptation in implementation.

It focuses only on the financial efficiency of public programs, ignoring legality and effectiveness.

It applies the same performance criteria to all public institutions regardless of their specific functions.

It simplifies decision-making by reducing the role of bureaucracy in performance evaluation

Açıklama:

Performance-based accountability requires an elaborate design of performance indicators and implementation, for it is more complex than conventional accountability focusing on legality

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the following best describes the relationship between transparency and the traditional bureaucratic secrecy model?

Transparency and bureaucratic secrecy are complementary concepts that work together to improve public trust.

Transparency is a relatively new principle that challenges the traditional bureaucratic secrecy, which tends to protect bureaucratic power by limiting information access.

The traditional bureaucratic model prioritizes transparency over secrecy to ensure better democratic governance.

According to Weber, bureaucratic secrecy is primarily unjustified and unrelated to any functional needs.

The idea of transparency first emerged in the United States with the Administrative Procedures Act of 1946.

Açıklama:

The traditional bureaucracy indeed relies on the principle of secrecy. That is why the principle of transparency is a relatively new idea.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which of the following is NOT a reason why transparency has become increasingly important in contemporary democratic systems?

Traditional legal accountability is insufficient to monitor the growing power and influence of bureaucracy.

The expansion of the welfare state has significantly increased the scope of bureaucratic authority.

Transparency has replaced the need for legislative and judicial oversight in modern democracies.

Representative democracy lacks sufficient participatory opportunities for citizens.

The rise of delegated legislation increases the risk of abuse of executive power, requiring public scrutiny.

Açıklama:

Because the passage does not suggest that transparency replaces legislative and judicial oversight-it emphasizes that these traditional forms of control are still necessary and that transparency is complementary to them

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the following best explains the relationship between ethics, transparency, and accountability in public administration?

Ethics replaces the need for legal regulations in maintaining accountability.

Transparency is achieved independently of ethical behavior in the bureaucracy.

Ethics is essential for transparency, which in turn is necessary for accountability.

Accountability ensures that ethical standards are upheld even without transparency.

Bureaucratic accountability is only a matter of adhering to administrative procedures.

Açıklama:

Ethics is another significant dimension of contemporary public administration.
Accountability, transparency, and ethics are all interrelated. As explained above, to realize accountability in public administration, we need adequate information about bureaucratic decisions and policies, which requires transparency. In turn, to realize a transparent public bureaucracy, we need bureaucratic ethics internalized by the bureaucracy. Without ethics, transparency would be in danger,
and accountability would be inadequate.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the distinction between general ethics and professional ethics in public administration?

General ethics is limited to the public sector, while professional ethics applies to all sectors.

Professional ethics includes universal moral values that apply to all professions equally.

General ethics consists of specific rules for each occupation, unlike professional ethics.

Professional ethics refers to field-specific values layered on top of general ethical principles.

There is no practical difference between general ethics and professional ethics in bureaucracy.

Açıklama:

professional ethics is a narrower term. Each professional field could have its specific values and attributes besides general requirements of ethics in the broader sense.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following statements best describes a major challenge in the current (third) stage of promoting accountability, transparency, and ethics in public administration?

Corruption has been completely eradicated in OECD countries due to their strong legal systems.

The main difficulty lies in identifying ethical values shared by all professional sectors.

The implementation of international standards requires institutional changes that vary across countries due to political and bureaucratic differences.

Developing countries are no longer affected by corruption thanks to international conventions.

The current stage focuses solely on theoretical research rather than practical measures.

Açıklama:

that the third stage is focused on implementation, which is challenging due to different state-society relations, political cultures, and bureaucratic traditions. This makes institutional reform complex across countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Accountability ________ .

stands broadly for the use of private sector management techniques in government and the transfer of government functions to private bodies

is a principle according to which a person or institution is responsible for a set of duties and can be required to give an account of their fulfillment to an authority that is in a position to issue rewards or punishment

is the process through which public authorities make decisions should be understandable and open; the decisions themselves should be reasoned; as far as possible, the information on which the decisions are based should be available to the public

is developed from the simple obligation to inform the citizens with regard to public spending, and it transforms into the obligation to ensure equity of access to public funds for all interested suppliers who are qualified for the field in which the public auction will be held

is a system or code of conduct based on universal moral duties and obligations which indicate how one should behave; it deals with the ability to distinguish good from evil, right from wrong and propriety from impropriety

Açıklama:

Although accountability is a complex term, it can be defined in the broadest sense as a “principle according to which a person or institution is responsible for a set of duties and can be required to give an account of their fulfillment to an authority that is in a position to issue rewards or punishment” (Castiglione, 2022).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

The philosophy of NPM is that government should ‘steer’ ______ while private bodies should ‘row’ _______, and that public bodies should be imbued with the ‘entrepreneurial spirit’.
What item/items can correctly fill in the blanks to complete the sentence?

decide policy/ deliver services

deliver policy / decide services

produce policy/ apply services

apply policy/ produce services

act accordingly/ obey the rules

Açıklama:

NPM promotes the market model as a better form of governance: “New public management (NPM) stands broadly for the use of private sector management techniques in government and the transfer of government functions to private bodies. The philosophy of NPM is that government should ‘steer’ (decide policy) while private bodies should ‘row’ (deliver services), and that public bodies should be imbued with the ‘entrepreneurial spirit’. Examples of the latter include the use of performance-related pay, short-term contracts, and open recruitment strategies. NPM is based on assumptions about the inherent inefficiency and unresponsiveness of public bodies” (Heywood, 2013: 367).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 23

Which is NOT listed in Peters’ eight steps of performance-based accountability?

Developing effective measurement mechanism

Defining responsibility

Defining adequate improvement

Linking programs to measurement mechanism

Linking inputs to outputs

Açıklama:

Peters listed eight steps of performance-based accountability (Peters, 2007: 20-21):
• Defining Outcomes: The first step in this model is to describe the expected or desired outcomes from a program or an institution.
• Defining Outputs: The second step is to define intermediate stages in the process, which will lead to the outcomes.
• Developing effective measurement mechanisms: To measure the performance of an institution or a program, there must be effective mechanisms or tools of measurement.
• Linking programs to outputs and outcomes: The general policies of a government must be connected with the specific program under consideration. For instance, the success of an education program might depend on health programs.
• Defining adequate standards: A reasonable performance standard must be determined to measure the outcomes of a program. For instance, a too-low or too-high performance standard would be either useless or unrealistic.
• Defining adequate improvement: Expectations from a program or an institution must be reasonable. Resources at hand should be considered when determining a program’s adequacy.
• Defining responsibility: The question of responsibility is a complex issue in performance-based accountability, for NPM creates complex and multi-dimensional programs. For instance, the public-private partnership makes responsibility a complex issue. Therefore, standards of responsibility must be clear and well-defined.
• Linking inputs to outputs: Inputs in a program should be carefully transformed into programs and decisions.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

Which is NOT an act that countries adopt to be transparent?

Freedom of the Press Act

Administration Procedures Act

Freedom of Information

Government in the Sunshine Act

Non-governmental Organization Act

Açıklama:

The idea of transparency, from a historical perspective, was first introduced by Sweden. Sweden adopted the Freedom of the Press Act in 1766. This act includes the idea of transparency. Then, Denmark and other Nordic Countries adopted the principle of transparency into their constitutional system after the Second World War.
The United States is also one of the pioneering countries making the first reforms for open public administration. The USA adopted the Administration Procedures Act (APA) in 1946 and the Freedom of Information and the Government in the Sunshine Act in 1976. All these regulations aimed to create an open, transparent, and more democratic public sector (Bugaric, 2004: 490- 491, 495). Today, many counties have adopted the principle of transparency all over the World.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

Ethical values reflect attitudes about ______ rather than ______.
i. right/ pleasurable
ii. good / useful
iii. proper/ desirable
iv. concerned/ moral duty
What item/items can correctly fill in the blanks to complete the sentence?

i, iv

ii, iii

i, ii, iii

ii, iii, iv

i, ii, iii, iv

Açıklama:

Ethics is defined in general as a “system or code of conduct based on universal moral duties and obligations which indicate how one should behave; it deals with the ability to distinguish good from evil, right from wrong and propriety from impropriety” (Josephson, 1989: 2). In other words, ethical values are guidelines directing individual behavior and decisions by the universal normative principles in all of the domains of society. Ethical values such as fairness, honesty, or caring are “concerned with the notion of moral duty; they reflect attitudes about what is right, good, or proper rather than what is pleasurable, useful, or desirable”(Goss, 1996: 576).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Public bureaucracy also has its ethical requirements.
The bureaucratic ethos includes efficiency, expertise, accountability, efficacy, and loyalty.
The democratic ethos has two components: Citizenship and public interests.

Which of the statements above are TRUE?

iii

i, ii

ii, iii

Açıklama:

According to Goss, there are two “dominant traditions or paradigms for public administration ethics - bureaucratic ethos and democratic ethos” in democratic societies (1996: 578). The bureaucratic ethos, as the professional ethics of the bureaucracy, includes efficiency, expertise, accountability, efficacy, and loyalty. The democratic ethos has three components: Citizenship, public interests, and social equity.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

“In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.”
Which principle of Public-Life can be defined with the statement above?

Selflessness

Objectivity

Integrity

Accountability

Openness

Açıklama:

The Seven Principles of Public Life was developed by the Committee on Standards in Public Life in Great Britain
The Committee has set out “Seven Principles of Public Life,” which it believes should
apply to all in the public service. These are:
Selflessness
Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest. They should
not do so in order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family,
or their friends.
Integrity
Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Objectivity
In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.&
The Seven Principles of Public Life was developed by the Committee on Standards in Public Life in Great Britain
The Committee has set out “Seven Principles of Public Life,” which it believes should
apply to all in the public service. These are:
Selflessness
Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest. They should
not do so in order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family,
or their friends.
Integrity
Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Objectivity
In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
Accountability
Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
Openness
Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands it.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which matching is correct?

The European Union - The Copenhagen Criteria

The Arab countries - Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

The African Union - Good Governance for Development

Asian and Pacific countries - New Partnership for Development

Africa - Anti-Corruption Action Plan

Açıklama:

The European Union creates a strong stimulus for its member states and candidate states to develop an effective public administration. The Copenhagen Criteria impose many regulations on member and candidate states to realize ethics, transparency, and accountability.
The Arab countries introduced Good Governance for Development in Arab Countries in 2005 to promote ethics, transparency, and accountability in the public sector.
Some of the best examples of institutional development implementing these principles are in several Asian and Pacific countries such as Hong Kong and Singapore. They have well-developed and effective legal regulations and institutions “that serve as a model for other countries” (Armstrong, 2005: 6). In 2000, 36 Asian and Pacific countries adopted the Anti-Corruption Action Plan for Asia and the Pacific.
Africa includes many of the World’s poorest countries. “A significant part of Africa’s GDP is estimated to be lost each year. Besides stunting economic growth, corruption carries devastating indirect costs: children drop out of primary school five times more in countries where high corruption is prevalent than in those with low levels of graft; infant mortality rates are twice as high. While corruption affects everyone, it hurts the poorest most by crippling the public services they so badly need” (The AfDBG, 2011:7). The African Union (AU) adopted its Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption in 2003. The Convention aims to promote measures to fight against corruption and support African countries in developing criteria for ethics, transparency, and accountability in the public sector.
Similarly, in 2001 the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was adopted for the same reason. Since there are many widespread problems in Africa, such as corruption, weak state institutions, politicized bureaucracy, political instability, and weak civil society, it is a complex problem to institutionalize the principle of ethics, transparency, and accountability in the short term.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

“Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.”
Which principle of Public-Life can be defined with the statement above?

Honesty

Leadership

Dauntlessness

Fearlessness

Integrity

Açıklama:

Honesty
Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public
duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public
interest.
Leadership
Holders of public office should promote and support these principles through leadership and example.
Integrity
Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which is NOT a principle in the Athenian Oath?

We will never bring disgrace on this our City by an act of dishonesty or cowardice.

We will fight for the ideals and Sacred Things of the City both alone and with many.

We will recreate the City’s laws.

We will do our best to incite a like reverence and respect those above us.

We will strive increasingly to quicken the public’s sense of civic duty.

Açıklama:

The Athenian Oath
“We will never bring disgrace on this our City by an act of dishonesty or cowardice.
We will fight for the ideals and Sacred Things of the City both alone and with many.
We will revere and obey the City’s laws and will do our best to incite a like reverence
and respect those above us who are prone to annul them or set them at naught.
We will strive increasingly to quicken the public’s sense of civic duty.
Thus in all these ways, we will transmit this City, not only not less but greater and more
more beautiful than it was transmitted to us.”

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 8

Soru 1

Which of the following is an example of the political dimension of globalization?

The spread of cultural values and norms across national borders

The increased flow of goods and services across national borders

The increasing interconnectedness of political systems and the creation of global governance institutions

The expansion of multinational corporations and the growth of global financial markets

The movement of people across national borders and the creation of multicultural societies

Açıklama:

The political dimension of globalization is defined as the structural transformation of political power, authority and government forms. It has given rise to one of the most important features of the new understanding and structure of politics expressed under the names of “global politics” and “global governance”. The traditional domestic/foreign policy distinction is becoming increasingly invalid.
Thus, the increasing interconnectedness of political systems and the creation of global governance institutions refer to the political dimension of globalization. The correct answer is C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which of the following is a clear example of the socio-cultural dimension of globalization?

The growth of multinational corporations and their impact on global trade

The spread of democratic governance and human rights norms across national borders

The increasing movement of people across national borders in search of better economic opportunities

The diffusion of popular culture, such as music, movies, and fashion, across national borders

The development of new technologies and communication systems that enable greater connectivity and exchange between individuals and societies

Açıklama:

The socio-cultural dimension of globalization refers to the emergence of a global culture and accumulation. A global culture emerges as a result of the diffusion of cultural elements across national borders. The corrects answer is D) The diffusion of popular culture, such as music, movies, and fashion, across national borders.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

This stage of globalization started in the mid-1920s, and lasted until the end of the 1960s. Two significant developments took place during this period: The establishment of the League of Nations and then the United Nations. Conflict and conflicting understandings of modernity emerged during the period. With the phenomenon of conflict, the Third World began to become more evident.
Which of the following stages of globalization is defined in the above paragraph?

Formation stage

Inception stage

Ascension stage

Stage of Struggle for Hegemony

Stage of Uncertainty

Açıklama:

The stage of globalization defined in this question is the Stage of Struggle for Harmony, the fourth stage in the history of globalization, characterized by the establishment of the League of Nations and the United Nations and by the concept of conflict.
The correct answer is thus D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

Which of the following may reflect the opinions of David Held and his colleagues who adopted a skeptical approach to globalization?

"Globalization is an unstoppable force that will bring economic prosperity to all nations."

"Globalization is a positive force that promotes greater cultural exchange and understanding between nations."

"Globalization has led to the erosion of democratic governance and the concentration of power in the hands of a few global elites."

"Globalization is the only way to address global challenges, such as poverty, disease, and climate change."

"Globalization reinforces national sovereignty and cultural diversity, and empowers local communities."

Açıklama:

According to the Skeptical Approach, there is no such thing as globalization. This is because a large part of the globe and the world’s population has remained outside the processes generally associated with globalization. This is enough to deny that the term globalization refers to a truly global phenomenon.
David Held and his colleagues argue that while globalization has the potential to bring about positive change, it also poses significant challenges and risks, including the concentration of power in the hands of global elites and the erosion of democratic governance.The correct answer is C) "Globalization has led to the erosion of democratic governance and the concentration of power in the hands of a few global elites."

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the following is a clear example of a technological advancement that has contributed to globalization?

The invention of the printing press in the 15th century, which allowed for the mass production of books and the dissemination of knowledge across Europe

The invention of the steam engine in the 18th century, which led to the industrial revolution and the growth of international trade and commerce

The construction of the first transcontinental telegraph in the United States in 1861, which allowed for faster communication across long distances

The launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union in 1957, which sparked the space race and increased global interest in science and technology

The development of the World Wide Web in the 1990s, which revolutionized the way people access and share information across the globe

Açıklama:

The most important opportunities offered by technologies have been the mass media and the easier spread of information. Thanks to technological developments that have the effect of eliminating time and space limitations, globalization has gained great momentum and the world has become a small village.
The correct answer is D) The development of the World Wide Web in the 1990s, which revolutionized the way people access and share information across the globe. Other examples of technological developments that have contributed to globalization include the widespread adoption of mobile phones, and the creation of social media platforms.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which of the following is not one of the values that contributed to the rise of globalism?

Rule of law

Human rights

Democratic governance

Open markets

Nationalism

Açıklama:

While rule of law, human rights, democratic governance, and open markets are all values and concepts that have contributed to the rise of globalism, nationalism is generally seen as an opposing force that can hinder global cooperation and integration.
The correct answer is thus E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following statements best describes the role of multinational companies in the process of globalization?

Multinational companies play a key role in driving global economic growth and facilitating the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.

Multinational companies are primarily responsible for promoting cultural exchange and understanding between nations.

Multinational companies have little impact on the process of globalization, which is primarily driven by technological advancements and government policies.

Multinational companies are a threat to national sovereignty and local autonomy, and should be restricted or banned from operating in foreign countries.

Multinational companies contribute to the spread of democratic values and institutions around the world, and help to promote human rights and social justice.

Açıklama:

Multinational companies are often seen as important actors in the process of globalization, as they have the resources and expertise to operate across national boundaries and to tap into global markets. They can also bring new technologies and ideas to different parts of the world, and can create jobs and economic opportunities in countries where they operate. The correct answer is C) Multinational companies play a key role in driving global economic growth and facilitating the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

What is the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the process of globalization?

To create an international public opinion to influence decision makers

To act as mediators between governments and multinational corporations in order to negotiate better terms for local communities

To support the growth of multinational corporations in order to create jobs and stimulate economic development in developing countries

To promote national sovereignty and resist the forces of globalization

To provide financial support to developing countries in order to promote economic growth and reduce poverty

Açıklama:

Non-governmental organizations are defined as organizations that are organized within or
outside the borders of the state, without any relationship with the states, and that sometimes act in certain areas as an alternative power to the states. The most important reason why international non-governmental organizations are evaluated as global actors is their ability to form an “international public opinion”. Therefore, when international non-governmental organizations engage in activities aimed at influencing decisionmakers, they also have the feature of being a pressure group.
The correct answer is thus A) o create an international public opinion to influence decision makers.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which of the following is an example of socio-cultural impacts of globalization?

The development of new technologies for information and communication

The spread of English as a global language of business, science, and technology

The expansion of international trade and investment

The emergence of new global institutions for economic governance

The rise of multinational companies

Açıklama:

One of the key socio-cultural impacts of globalization has been the spread of English language as a global lingua franca. English is now widely used as a second or third language in many countries around the world, and is often used as the language of business, science, and technology. This has facilitated communication and exchange between different cultures and regions, but has also raised concerns about the potential erosion of local languages and cultures.
While the other options listed (development of new technologies, expansion of international trade and investment, and emergence of new global institutions and multinational companies) are important aspects of globalization, they are more closely associated with economic and political impacts rather than socio-cultural impacts.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

The process of globalization has led to the emergence of state restructuring.
Public administrators have experienced psychological pressure due to the perceived inadequacy of the state under the influence of globalization.
Privatization and market-based approaches have become increasingly adopted as a result of globalization.
The concept of "governance," which emphasizes citizen participation in decision-making processes, has become important with globalization.
Public institutions in different countries around the world have started to interact and collaborate with each other under the influence of globalization.
The removal of state borders has made public administration systems open to change and adaptation under globalization.

Which of the following impacts of globalization do above statements refer to?

Political

Administrative

Economic

Socio-cultural

Environmental

Açıklama:

The above statements refer to various impacts of globalization on public administration. Thus, they are related to administrative impacts of globalization.
The correct answer is B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which is NOT a dimension of Globalization Concept?

Political

Economic

Socio-Cultural

Environmental

Educational

Açıklama:

The dimensions of the concept of globalization are given above. Globalization has conceptual effects in economic, political, technological, environmental and cultural dimensions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

The economic dimension is the most substantial dimension of globalization.
The political dimension of globalization can cause a radical transformation in global production.
The technological dimension of globalization is defined as the structural transformation of political power, authority and government forms.

Which statement/statements is/are true?

iii

i, ii

ii, iii

Açıklama:

The economic dimension is the most substantial dimension of globalization. Globalization is associated with the unique characteristics of international trade in the economic dimension. The contemporary economy is related to the unique volume, depth and diversity of global financial markets and global capital flows. The economic dimension of globalization can cause a radical transformation in global production. The political dimension of globalization is defined as the structural transformation of political power, authority and government forms.
The economic dimension is the most substantial dimension of globalization. Globalization is associated with the unique characteristics of international trade in the economic dimension. The contemporary economy is related to the unique volume, depth and diversity of global financial markets and global capital flows. The economic dimension of globalization can cause a radical transformation in global production. The political dimension of globalization is defined as the structural transformation of political power, authority and government forms.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

What is the correct order of the Historical Development Stages of Globalization?

Ascension Stage
The Stage of Uncertainty
Inception Stage
The Stage of Struggle for Hegemony
Formation Stage

i, ii, iii, iv, v

v, iv, iii, ii, i

v, iii, i, iv, ii

ii, v, iii, i, iv

iv, ii, iii, v, i

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 14

In which stage of the Historical Development Stages of Globalization the League of Nations and then the United Nations were established?

Ascension Stage

The Stage of Uncertainty

Inception Stage

The Stage of Struggle for Hegemony

Formation Stage

Açıklama:

The Stage of Struggle For Hegemony: The fourth stage of globalization is discussed in terms of Hegemony. The process called the Stage of Struggle for Hegemony started in the mid-1920s. The impact of the stage lasted until the end of the 1960s. Two significant developments took place during this period. These were the establishment of the League of Nations and then the United Nations. Conflict and conflicting understandings of modernity emerged during the period. With the phenomenon of conflict, the Third World began to become more evident.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 15

1. Evolutionary Approach	a. the concept of globalization itself is doubtful
2. Skeptical Approach	b. globalization is the driving force at the heart of the social, political and economic changes that will shape modern societies and world order
3. Extreme Globalizationist Approach	c. the fact that only some regions of the world are outside the scope of globalization does not mean that they are not affected by globalization at all

Match the approaches with the ideas.

1- A
2- B
3- C

1- C
2- A
3- B

1- C
2- B
3- A

1- B
2- A
3- C

1- B
2- C
3- A

Açıklama:

Evolutionary Approach: Advocates of the Evolutionary Approach include Rosenau, Giddens, Scholte and Castel. Proponents of the Evolutionary Approach argue that globalization is the driving force at the heart of the social, political and economic changes that will shape modern societies and world order. Extreme globalizers, who accept that the end of nation-states has come, put forward a new regime of sovereignty, in contrast to anti-globalizers who argue that nothing has actually changed. Accordingly, sovereignty is less defined by geographical boundaries and is shaped by more complex transnational networks. The Evolutionary Approach sees globalization as the force behind the rapid social, political and economic changes that are reshaping modern societies and the world order. There is no longer a clear distinction between external or international and internal affairs.

Skeptical Approach: Defined as globalization skeptics by David Held and

Evolutionary Approach: Advocates of the Evolutionary Approach include Rosenau, Giddens, Scholte and Castel. Proponents of the Evolutionary Approach argue that globalization is the driving force at the heart of the social, political and economic changes that will shape modern societies and world order. Extreme globalizers, who accept that the end of nation-states has come, put forward a new regime of sovereignty, in contrast to anti-globalizers who argue that nothing has actually changed. Accordingly, sovereignty is less defined by geographical boundaries and is shaped by more complex transnational networks. The Evolutionary Approach sees globalization as the force behind the rapid social, political and economic changes that are reshaping modern societies and the world order. There is no longer a clear distinction between external or international and internal affairs.
Skeptical Approach: Defined as globalization skeptics by David Held and his colleagues, this group can also be referred to as “anti-globalization opponents”. For anti-globalizers, the concept of globalization itself is seen as suspect. Anti-globalizers question what is global within the concept of globalization. According to this approach to globalization, the concept of globalization itself is doubtful. This approach questions, “what is global within the concept of globalization?”. According to the Skeptical Approach, there is no such thing as globalization. This is because a large part of the globe and the world’s population has remained outside the processes generally associated with globalization. This is enough to deny that the term globalization refers to a truly global phenomenon. Moreover, regional barriers in the form of nation-states largely limit, if not completely prevent, global currents. According to skeptics, there may have once been such a thing as globalization, but this process has ended. Recently, the nation-state has reasserted itself and regained its historical role.
Extreme Globalizationist Approach: Globalization is the name of a new era in which traditional nation states have lost their importance and even become a dysfunctional unit in the global economy. Extreme globalizers argue that economic globalization has changed the structure of national economies by creating international networks of production, trade and finance. According to extreme globalists, the fact that only some regions of the world are outside the scope of globalization does not mean that they are not affected by globalization at all. It is impossible to find a part of the world that has not been affected by globalization. While extreme globalizers do not deny that the discourse of globalization serves the interests of powerful social forces in the West, they also emphasize that it reflects real structural changes on the scale of modern social organization.

Evolutionary Approach: Advocates of the Evolutionary Approach include Rosenau, Giddens, Scholte and Castel. Proponents of the Evolutionary Approach argue that globalization is the driving force at the heart of the social, political and economic changes that will shape modern societies and world order. Extreme globalizers, who accept that the end of nation-states has come, put forward a new regime of sovereignty, in contrast to anti-globalizers who argue that nothing has actually changed. Accordingly, sovereignty is less defined by geographical boundaries and is shaped by more complex transnational networks. The Evolutionary Approach sees globalization as the force behind the rapid social, political and economic changes that are reshaping modern societies and the world order. There is no longer a clear distinction between external or international and internal affairs.

Skeptical Approach: Defined as globalization skeptics by David Held and

Evolutionary Approach: Advocates of the Evolutionary Approach include Rosenau, Giddens, Scholte and Castel. Proponents of the Evolutionary Approach argue that globalization is the driving force at the heart of the social, political and economic changes that will shape modern societies and world order. Extreme globalizers, who accept that the end of nation-states has come, put forward a new regime of sovereignty, in contrast to anti-globalizers who argue that nothing has actually changed. Accordingly, sovereignty is less defined by geographical boundaries and is shaped by more complex transnational networks. The Evolutionary Approach sees globalization as the force behind the rapid social, political and economic changes that are reshaping modern societies and the world order. There is no longer a clear distinction between external or international and internal affairs.
Skeptical Approach: Defined as globalization skeptics by David Held and his colleagues, this group can also be referred to as “anti-globalization opponents”. For anti-globalizers, the concept of globalization itself is seen as suspect. Anti-globalizers question what is global within the concept of globalization. According to this approach to globalization, the concept of globalization itself is doubtful. This approach questions, “what is global within the concept of globalization?”. According to the Skeptical Approach, there is no such thing as globalization. This is because a large part of the globe and the world’s population has remained outside the processes generally associated with globalization. This is enough to deny that the term globalization refers to a truly global phenomenon. Moreover, regional barriers in the form of nation-states largely limit, if not completely prevent, global currents. According to skeptics, there may have once been such a thing as globalization, but this process has ended. Recently, the nation-state has reasserted itself and regained its historical role.
Extreme Globalizationist Approach: Globalization is the name of a new era in which traditional nation states have lost their importance and even become a dysfunctional unit in the global economy. Extreme globalizers argue that economic globalization has changed the structure of national economies by creating international networks of production, trade and finance. According to extreme globalists, the fact that only some regions of the world are outside the scope of globalization does not mean that they are not affected by globalization at all. It is impossible to find a part of the world that has not been affected by globalization. While extreme globalizers do not deny that the discourse of globalization serves the interests of powerful social forces in the West, they also emphasize that it reflects real structural changes on the scale of modern social organization.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Technological Developments
Economic Developments
Educational Developments
Political Developments
Religious Developments

Which of the above are the critical developments that have been effective in the emergence of globalization?

i, iv

iii, v

i, ii, iv

i, iii, iv

i, iii, iv, v

Açıklama:

The critical developments that have been effective in the emergence of globalization and that have accelerated it are generally discussed under three main titles in literature. These are technological developments, economic developments and political developments which have also massive impact on the public administration of the countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

______ globalization refers to the integration of the world into a single market or the integration of national economies with the world economies.
Which concept correcly completes the sentence?

Technological

Economic

Educational

Political

Religious

Açıklama:

Economic Developments
Another important issue that has been influential in the globalization process has been economic developments. The concept of economic globalization has emerged with the adoption of liberalization/ liberal understanding in the economy, the acceleration and spread of these processes. In general terms, economic globalization refers to the integration of the world into a single market or the integration of national economies with the world economies (Aktan &Şen, 1999). With economic globalization, flows of goods, labor and capital between countries have increased; economic relations between countries have intensified and countries have become closer to each other. In this process, the role and support of states in the economy has decreased, and a market structuring has taken place in which privatization has come to the fore (Zencirkıran, 2000).
Economic Developments
Another important issue that has been influential in the globalization process has been economic developments. The concept of economic globalization has emerged with the adoption of liberalization/ liberal understanding in the economy, the acceleration and spread of these processes. In general terms, economic globalization refers to the integration of the world into a single market or the integration of national economies with the world economies (Aktan &Şen, 1999). With economic globalization, flows of goods, labor and capital between countries have increased; economic relations between countries have intensified and countries have become closer to each other. In this process, the role and support of states in the economy has decreased, and a market structuring has taken place in which privatization has come to the fore (Zencirkıran, 2000).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

Which of the statements are TRUE?

Multinational companies generally have a head office, branches, companies and subsidiaries in different countries.
Multinational companies are the only leading actors that shape and accelerate globalization.
According to the 1999 UN Human Development Report, more than half of the world’s one hundred largest economic powers belong to multinational corporations.
One thirds of world trade is done by multinational companies.

i, iii

ii, iv

i, iv

ii, iii

i, iii, iv

Açıklama:

Multinational Companies
Multinational companies are among the leading actors that shape and accelerate globalization. Just as there are differences of opinion within the conceptual framework of globalization, there is no single consensus about the definition of multinational companies (Bolat et al, 2005). Today, many countries are in contact with multinational companies, which are essential in developing the world trade and financial system. Because two thirds of world trade is done by multinational companies (Perraton et al., 2000). Multinational companies can operate in every field regardless of economic and ideological differences and see the whole world as a market (Işık, 2005).
Multinational companies generally have a head office, branches, companies and subsidiaries in different countries. Multinational companies do not need to directly own these resources in order to use resources in any country. Because these companies generally own the resources that are put into production. However, in the formation process of branches, companies and subsidiaries in different countries, multinational companies have to comply with the legal and national regulations of the country where they will operate (Dicken, 2000).
The United Nations defines multinational companies as follows: “a commercial enterprise consisting of economic enterprises that operate in two or more countries, regardless of the legal form and field of activity of the economic enterprise units; that enables the determination of harmonious and common policies among the business units to formulate a global strategy; that has a decision-making system based on the effective control of one or more decision-making centers; and that shares information, resources and responsibilities among the units” (Yavuz & Sivrikaya, 2009).
attention According to the 1999 UN Human Development Report, more than half of the world’s one hundred largest economic powers belong to multinational corporations.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which is an impact of globalization on politics?

Privatization and market-based approaches started to be adopted.

With globalization, a process of state restructuring has emerged.

The mutual interaction of governance systems increases.

Problems of personal data protection and ethical violations have emerged.

It has caused institutions to undergo institutional and structural transformation.

Açıklama:

In this context, the impacts of globalization on politics can be summarized as follows (Çelik, 2012):

The loss of the power of political borders that are absolutely sovereign over a particular piece of land

The increase in the mutual interaction of governance systems

The intensification of foreign interventions and interaction on the basis of pluralist democracy, non-governmental organizations, human rights and freedoms

The change in the functions of the nation-state based on a mono, uniformist structure at the level of political-cultural symbols such as language, religion, race, flag, etc. and the prominence of international supreme organizations

In this context, the impacts of globalization on politics can be summarized as follows (Çelik, 2012):

The loss of the power of political borders that are absolutely sovereign over a particular piece of land
The increase in the mutual interaction of governance systems
The intensification of foreign interventions and interaction on the basis of pluralist democracy, non-governmental organizations, human rights and freedoms
The change in the functions of the nation-state based on a mono, uniformist structure at the level of political-cultural symbols such as language, religion, race, flag, etc. and the prominence of international supreme organizations

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

Which is an impact of globalization on public administration?

The emergence of the concept of “governance”, which refers to the participation of citizens in decision-making processes

The intensification of foreign interventions and interaction on the basis of pluralist democracy, non-governmental organizations, human rights and freedoms

The change in the functions of the nation-state based on a mono, uniformist structure at the level of political-cultural symbols such as language, religion, race, flag, etc. and the prominence

The formation of Anglo-Saxon pressure in the transformation of local cultures

The loss of the power of political borders that are absolutely sovereign over a particular piece of land

Açıklama:

In short, globalization has been an instrument through which developed countries have reinforced their hegemony over developing and underdeveloped countries. The impacts of the globalization process on public administration can be expressed as below (Farazmand, 2001: 264-269):

With globalization, a process of state restructuring has emerged.

Public administrators have come under psychological pressure regarding the inadequacy of the state under the influence of globalization.

Privatization and market-based approaches started to be adopted.

The concept of “governance”, which refers to the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, has emerged.

Public institutions in different countries of the world have started to interact among each other.

With the disappearance of the borders of states, public administration systems have become open to change. They have even become obliged to keep pace with change.

Since the u

With globalization, a process of state restructuring has emerged.
Public administrators have come under psychological pressure regarding the inadequacy of the state under the influence of globalization.
Privatization and market-based approaches started to be adopted.
The concept of “governance”, which refers to the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, has emerged.
Public institutions in different countries of the world have started to interact among each other.
With the disappearance of the borders of states, public administration systems have become open to change. They have even become obliged to keep pace with change.
Since the use of technology in public administration has increased with globalization, it has become possible to resolve issues faster.
Problems of personal data protection and ethical violations have emerged.
It has caused institutions to undergo institutional and structural transformation.
The obligation of public employees to keep up with the requirements of the age has increased.

With globalization, a process of state restructuring has emerged.

Public administrators have come under psychological pressure regarding the inadequacy of the state under the influence of globalization.

Privatization and market-based approaches started to be adopted.

The concept of “governance”, which refers to the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, has emerged.

Public institutions in different countries of the world have started to interact among each other.

With the disappearance of the borders of states, public administration systems have become open to change. They have even become obliged to keep pace with change.

Since the u

With globalization, a process of state restructuring has emerged.
Public administrators have come under psychological pressure regarding the inadequacy of the state under the influence of globalization.
Privatization and market-based approaches started to be adopted.
The concept of “governance”, which refers to the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, has emerged.
Public institutions in different countries of the world have started to interact among each other.
With the disappearance of the borders of states, public administration systems have become open to change. They have even become obliged to keep pace with change.
Since the use of technology in public administration has increased with globalization, it has become possible to resolve issues faster.
Problems of personal data protection and ethical violations have emerged.
It has caused institutions to undergo institutional and structural transformation.
The obligation of public employees to keep up with the requirements of the age has increased.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Which of the following statements best summarizes the comprehensive nature of globalization?

Globalization is primarily an economic phenomenon that promotes global trade and finance

Globalization is a temporary historical phase driven by technological advancements in the 21st century.

Globalization refers to the uniform development of all countries through international cooperation.

Globalization emerged only after the Cold War and mainly benefits underdeveloped nations.

Globalization is a multidimensional process that affects economic, political, cultural, and social aspects of life.

Açıklama:

Globalization affects multiple areas, including the economy, politics, culture, technology, and public administration, making it a multidimensional process

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 22

What has been a significant negative consequence of globalization for developing countries?

Increased access to global information networks

Strengthened autonomy of national governments

Wider economic and social gap between developed and developing nations

Greater participation in global financial markets

Emergence of global governance institutions supporting developing countries

Açıklama:

Developing countries have become more dependent on developed ones, and the gap in economic and social development has widened, highlighting this as a negative effect.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the following correctly matches each stage of globalization with a significant characteristic or development?

Formation Stage - Collapse of the Middle Ages’ transnational system; emergence of nation-states

Inception Stage - Introduction of “modernity” and inclusion of non-European societies into the international community

Ascension Stage - Establishment of the League of Nations and emergence of the Third World

Stage of Struggle for Hegemony - Rise of rights and freedoms after the Cold War

Stage of Uncertainty - Formation of nation-states and collapse of medieval transnational order

Açıklama:

The Formation Stage involved the collapse of the medieval transnational system and the emergence of nation-states. Other options mix characteristics of different stages.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 24

Which statement best reflects the dynamic nature of globalization?

Globalization is a static phenomenon that reached its peak during the Ascension Stage.

Globalization develops through distinct historical stages, each marked by unique changes and transformations.

Globalization began only in the late 20th century with the spread of technology and communication.

Once the Stage of Uncertainty ended, globalization reached its final form without further changes.

The globalization process is confined to the economic domain and lacks cultural impact.

Açıklama:

Above, the development of globalization in the historical process has been approached in terms of stages. By examining the stages, it can be seen that
globalization has not emerged only in a certain period. Due to the developments between stages and periods, there is a development, phenomenon and change in each period. Changes have always been and will continue to be in the process of globalization and will constantly renew itself. Being in the process of renewal and change shows that globalization and the globalization process have dynamic characteristics.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 25

Which of the following best distinguishes the Skeptical Approach from the Extreme Globalizationist Approach?

Skeptics view globalization as an ongoing process that has created a new regime of sovereignty beyond national borders, while extreme globalizers argue that globalization has little real impact on state sovereignty.

Skeptics emphasize the rise of multinational corporations, while extreme globalizers highlight the resurgence of nation-states.

Skeptics see globalization as a driver of modern social and economic change, while extreme globalizers believe globalization has had only minor cultural effects.

Skeptics argue that globalization is not truly global and has largely ended, while extreme globalizers claim that globalization marks a new era in which nation-states have lost much of their significance.

Skeptics and extreme globalizers both argue that globalization has had no impact on economic structures.

Açıklama:

Explanation: Skeptics deny globalization as a truly global phenomenon and see it as diminished or ended, while extreme globalizers claim it has transformed the role of nation-states and created a new global order.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 26

Which of the following reflects a core idea of the Evolutionary Approach to globalization?

Globalization is the driving force behind rapid social, political, and economic changes that shape modern societies and blur the distinction between internal and external affairs.

Globalization is a recent phenomenon limited to economic networks of trade and finance.

Globalization has ended as nation-states have regained their central role in world affairs.

Globalization is primarily a discourse serving Western political and economic interests, with little actual structural change.

Globalization affects only certain regions, leaving most of the world untouched

Açıklama:

The Evolutionary Approach emphasizes globalization’s role as a transformative force shaping modern societies and integrating internal and external affairs.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

Which of the following best explains the fundamental impact of technological developments on the globalization process?

They mainly improved domestic infrastructure without significantly affecting global interactions.

They reduced time and space limitations through advances in telecommunications, mass media, and information technologies, thereby accelerating globalization.

They emerged solely as a result of globalization rather than contributing to it.

They increased national self-sufficiency by reducing transportation and communication costs.

They had little influence on international policy processes and public administration.

Açıklama:

Technological developments removed time-space barriers, strengthened global connections, and promoted policy transfer and learning across countries

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 28

Which political change most directly accelerated globalization after the Cold War?

The revival of protectionist economic policies among developed countries

The establishment of new colonial territories in developing countries

The abandonment of statist economies in favor of liberal market economies by former Socialist Bloc countries

The dissolution of pluralist democracies into authoritarian regimes

The elimination of international organizations in favor of national governance

Açıklama:

The collapse of the Socialist Bloc led many countries to abandon statist economies and adopt liberal market economies, a major factor in accelerating globalization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 29

Which of the following reflects a key aspect of economic developments that contributed to globalization?

Integration of national economies into a single global market through liberalization of trade, capital, and labor flows

Increasing state control over national economies to protect local industries

Limiting cross-border transactions to reduce economic dependence between countries

Replacement of privatization policies with centralized economic planning

Restricting foreign investment to maintain national sovereignty

Açıklama:

liberal economic policies, privatization, and the liberalization of foreign trade, capital, and labor flows integrated national economies into a global market, eliminating many economic borders

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 30

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the distinctive role of international organizations in the globalization process?

They operate primarily as profit-oriented enterprises with branches in multiple countries.

They are voluntary citizen initiatives acting independently from states to influence public opinion.

They function above nation-states, setting inclusive standards and norms for all member countries without granting superiority to any single state.

They mainly focus on resisting the global free market agenda by acting as pressure groups.

They are commercial entities that see the entire world as a market and control a significant share of global trade.

Açıklama:

international organizations have a supranational character, set standards and norms for all member countries, and operate without granting superiority to any one state.

Doğru Cevap: C

Introductıon to Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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Ünite 3

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