Contemporary Approaches in Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the classical theory?

Transparency

Written rules

Expertise

Neutrality

Written duties

Açıklama:

The classical theory was characterised by hierarchical organisational structure and functioning, neutrality, expertise, written rules and duties.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which of the following is Weber's ideal type of formal hierarchical organisation governed by written rules and duties, rationality, efficiency, expertise, and neutrality?

Public model

Bureaucratic model

Sector model

Democratic model

Authority model

Açıklama:

Weber’s ‘bureaucratic model’ referred to an ideal type of formal hierarchical organization governed by written rules and duties, rationality, efficiency, expertise, and neutrality.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following is a situation caused by the rigidity that Downs (1967) characterised as the inability of bureaucratic organisations to adapt to changes in their environment and learn from their mistakes?

inertia and ritualism

goal displacement and red tape

inertia and red-tape

trained and incapacity

original and specialization

Açıklama:

Public managers or policymakers did not have the amount of specialisation that many bureaucrats had, which conflicted with the classical model’s basic assumptions. Downs (1967) criticised the rigidity of bureaucratic organisations since they could not adapt to changes in their environment and not learn from their mistakes, causing inertia and red tape.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which one of the following approaches is that the political or public organisations are systems composed of interdependent parts or subsystems that interact with and are connected to more comprehensive and broader systems?

Public approach

Organisational approach

Interact approach

System approach

Administrative approach

Açıklama:

According to the system approach, political or public organisations are systems composed of interdependent parts or sub-systems that interact with and are connected to more comprehensive and broader systems.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following describes the behaviour of individuals-voters, politicians, and bureaucrats- in the theory of public choice?

Minimise their societies's market

Maximize their organisational decision

Maximize their personal qualifications

Minimise their personal interests

Maximize their personal interests

Açıklama:

All voters, politicians, and bureaucrats are perceived as individuals trying to maximize their personal interests.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which one of the following can be defined as the use of public resources and opportunities for the benefit of a certain person or group in a way that leads to waste of public resources and that is contrary to the interests of the majority?

Public rent-seeking

Free-riding

Externalities

Political market

Maximise the interest

Açıklama:

“Public rent-seeking” can be defined as the use of public resources and opportunities for the benefit of a certain person or group in a way that leads to waste of public resources and that is contrary to the interests of the majority.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which one of the following is known as the formal and informal administrative and participatory institutional settings and arrangements that determine how public policies and decisions are made, how related actors interact and cooperate in policy-making processes, and “how public actions are carried out from the perspective of maintaining a country’s constitutional values in the face of changing problems, actors, and environments”?

Public choice theory

Public governance

Classic approach

Neoclassical approach

Public-private partnership

Açıklama:

OECD (2005: 16) defines public governance as the formal and informal administrative and participatory institutional settings and arrangements that determine how public policies and decisions are made, how related actors interact and cooperate in policy-making processes, and “how public actions are carried out from the perspective of maintaining a country’s constitutional values in the face of changing problems, actors, and environments.”

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which one of the following refers to integrating new digital technologies in the operations and functions of public administration so that public services are provided in a more accessible, effective, efficient, economical, and equal manner?

Public values

Public principles

E-government

Public choice

Public governance

Açıklama:

Electronic government, e-government, e-state, mobile, or digital government concepts are often used interchangeably. These terms refer to integrating new digital technologies in the operations and functions of public administration so that public services are provided in a more accessible, effective, efficient, economical, and equal manner.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which one of the following is not one of the market-oriented approaches that underline the free market mechanisms and values in public service production and delivery?

Competitiveness

Choice

Efficiency

Solidarity

Customer orientation

Açıklama:

The market-oriented approaches underline the free market mechanisms and values such as competitiveness, choice, efficiency, economy, and customer orientation in public service production and delivery.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which one of the following is not a change of focus in public administration towards digital government and participatory governance?

Participatory governance

Involving multi-actor cooperation

Partnerships based on interaction

Networking in public decision-making

Hierarchical organizational structures

Açıklama:

Köseoğlu and Sobacı (2015: 307) also underline a change of focus in public administration towards digital government and participatory governance, involving the development of horizontal and multi-actor cooperation and partnerships based on interaction and networking in public decision-making and policy-making processes, and such principles as transparency, participation, accessibility, speed, and accountability by taking advantage of the opportunities of digital technologies.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

Which theory is characterized by hierarchical organizational structure and functioning, impartiality, expertise, written rules and tasks?

the Classical Theory

Organizational theory

Market based theory

Change theory

The Neoclassical Theory

Açıklama:

The classical theory was characterized by hierarchical organizational structure and functioning, neutrality, expertise, written rules and duties.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the following referred to an ideal type of formal hierarchical organization governed by written rules and tasks, rationality, efficiency, efficiency, expertise and impartiality?

Weber’s ‘bureaucratic model’

Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow's "separation of politics-administration"

Frederick Winslow Taylor's "scientific management"

Henry Fayol's "the principles approach"

Gulick and Urwick’s "the principles approach"

Açıklama:

Weber’s ‘bureaucratic model’ referred to an ideal type of formal hierarchical organization governed by written rules and duties, rationality, efficiency, expertise, and neutrality

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following is not among the fundamental tenets of the classical theory?

Recognition of management’s role in effective communication, coordination, and decision-making

Authority, chain of command, and control

Rationally structured hierarchical organizational structure

Formal rules and procedures, and a commitment to serving the public interest

Division of labor, specialization, and separation of politics and administration

Açıklama:

The fundamental tenets of the classical theory
Basic features, values and principles
1 Authority, chain of command, and control
2 Rationally structured hierarchical organizational structure
3 Formal rules and procedures, and a commitment to serving the public interest
4 Division of labor, specialization, and separation of politics and administration
5 Neutrality, merit, rationality, predictability, efficiency, effectiveness, and economy as the main
principles guiding public (and private) organizations

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following are among the issues that the classical theory is concerned with?

well-structured configurations for official roles, rules, procedures, and guidelines

environmental factors

informal group dynamics in organizations

human relations or behavioral approach

organizational subsystems

Açıklama:

It was not much concerned with environmental factors, organizational subsystems, personnel issues, and
informal group dynamics in organizations. Thus, neoclassical theory, also called human relations or
behavioral approach, was developed to meet such shortcomings.
The classical theory viewed all organizations as well-structured configurations involving
official roles, rules, procedures, and guidelines It was not much concerned with environmental factors, organizational subsystems, personnel issues, and informal group dynamics in organizations. Thus, neoclassical theory, also called human relations or behavioral approach, was developed to meet such shortcomings.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

What distinguishes neoclassical theory from classical theory in the study of organizations?

Emphasis on the human side of the organization and social relations between staff.

Adopting a holistic and unified approach to organizations.

Emphasizing the need for greater institutional flexibility and change.

responding to environmental changes requires fostering adaptability in organizations and promoting changes in organizational culture.

Focusing on centralized and flexible organizational structures and teams.

Açıklama:

What differentiates the neoclassical theory from the classical theory in studying organizations
is the emphasis it places on the human aspect of organization and social relationships among personnel.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following also focus on leadership, organizational change and culture?

Modern theorists

Classical theorists

Neo-Classical theorists

The new public reformers

the traditional public administratiors

Açıklama:

Modern theorists consider organizations as
complex and diverse entities that include various
social groups. These groups interact among
themselves and with the environment but may
not necessarily share common values.
They further focus on leadership,
organizational change, and culture.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following did not contribute to The New Public Administration Movement (NPA movement)?

David Easton

Dwight Waldo

George Frederickson

Michael Harmon

Frank Marini

Açıklama:

The scholars such as Dwight Waldo, George Frederickson, Michael Harmon, and Frank Marini contributed to the NPA movement.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

In which of the following theories are politicians compared to businessmen or entrepreneurs, bureaucrats to company managers and voters to customers?

Public Choice Theory

Theory Z

System approach

Total Quality Management

The Public Governance theory

Açıklama:

Public choice theorists compare politicians to businessmen or entrepreneurs; bureaucrats to corporate executives; and voters to customers

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

Which of the following is the correct match for the classical theory in terms of structure, the role of the state and the management?
Structure: Z. Centralized&hierarchical W. Top-down&decentralized Y. Participative&collaborative
Role of the state: I. Strong and intervening state&a weak market II. Minimal state presence&market focus and domination III. A balanced presence of civic-public-private sectors&supervising state
Management: K. Bureaucratic administrator L. Entrepreneur manager M. Coordinating&facilitating leader

Z-I-K

Z-II-L

W-III-M

Y-I-M

W-I-M

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the following can be considered the best defining characteristic of a future public administration?

More participatory and pluralistic democratic public governance, shared and facilitative public leadership, continuous improvement and adaptation

A top-down and hierarchical public administration

A customer and technology friendly public administration

More rule-based and hierarchical organizational structures on the basis of the principles of neutral competence, rationality, control and command culture, and politics-administration separation.

More emphasis the market-based public management

Açıklama:

The future prospects of public administration
seem to dwell upon the development of
more participative and pluralistic democratic
public governance, shared and facilitative
public leadership, continuous improvement
and adaptation.
The future prospects of public administration seem to dwell upon the development of
more participative and pluralistic democratic public governance, shared and facilitative
public leadership, continuous improvement and adaptation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 2

Soru 1

Which one of the followings are the events that shaped the new public administration?

Civil rights movements, anti-war protests, demands for greater accountability in governance

Military intervention, anti-war protests, demands for greater accountability in governance

Civil rights movements, anti-war protests, demands for greater competitiveness

Civil rights movements, for war protests, demands for greater competitiveness

Military movements, anti-war protests, demands for greater effectiveness

Açıklama:

It was shaped by a confluence of social upheaval, including civil rights movements, anti-war protests, and demands for greater accountability in governance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

Which one of the following is the Nobel laureate public administration theorist that was very influential in the formation and development of the NPA movement?

Jan Tinbergen

Herbert Simon

Paul Samuelson

John Hicks

Wassily Leontief

Açıklama:

The opposing ideas and critiques by some public administration theorists, such as Nobel laureate Herbert Simon, were also very influential in the formation and development of the NPA movement.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which one of the following is the theme of the Minnowbrook at 50 Conference?

Revisiting the Administrative Organizations

Do not visit the Administrative State

Revisiting the Administrative State

Revisiting the Alternative State

Revisiting the Alter Organizations

Açıklama:

Organizers agreed on the theme of “Revisiting the Administrative State,” which connected well to the Minnowbrook legacy and Dwight Waldo’s concerns about public administration and democracy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which one of the following terms was added to the principles of public administration that have shaped both the study and practice of public administration in the first conference?

Public administration

Bureaucracy

Hierarchy

Social equity

Public managment

Açıklama:

This first conference made essential contributions to the discipline of public administration but specifically played a key role in adding social equity to the principles of public administration that have shaped both the study and practice of public administration.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which one of the following is not one of NPA's values?

Humanistic

Democratic

Flexible

Responsive

Rule-bound

Açıklama:

The classical theory was considered overly mechanical, depersonalised, hierarchical, and rule-bound.
The advocates of the NPA movement noticed and criticised the predominance of bureaucratic ideals in public administration (Denhardt, 1997: 1096). The NPA movement argued for a more humanistic, value-based, democratic, flexible, and responsive model of public administration.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which one of the following is not one of the similar aspects of NPA with the previous movements?

Humanistic approach

Human relations

Organizational learning

Reinventing or refounding government

PUblic service

Açıklama:

As discussed above, despite being labelled “new”, the NPA movement is not a totally new movement that is completely separate from previous movements. It has some similar aspects to other approaches, such as human relations, organisational learning, organisational change and development, reinventing or refounding government, public service, public value, or democratic public governance approaches.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which one of the following is not one of the members of the NPA movement?

Gaus (1947)

Debreu (1981)

Rawls (1971)

Husserl (1980)

Ramos (1981)

Açıklama:

The members of the NPA movement have referred to some intellectuals and scholars and tried to apply them to the field and issues of public administration, such as Maslow, Mosher (1941), Pfifner (1946), Gaus (1947), Kaufman (1956; 1971), Kuhn (1962/1991), Rawls (1971), Husserl (1980), and Ramos (1981/1984), among others.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following factors does the NPA movement consider when making decisions and policies?

Efficient

Neutral

Social justice

Economic

Coherent

Açıklama:

According to the NPA movement, public officials should consider social justice in their decisions and policies and treat citizens fairly while delivering public services.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

Which one of the following is the reason for critics of the NPA movement?

Not changing the existing environmental pollution

Not changing the existing hierarchy

Not changing the existing bureaucracy

Not changing the existing status quo

Not changing the existing administration

Açıklama:

Despite this opposing stand, the NPA movement has been criticised for not changing the existing status quo or understanding much, not deviating from the modernist line, not substantially criticising the status quo, and not being radical and proactive enough for change.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which one of the following is the person whose understanding of justice developed and became vital since it formed the basis of the NPA movement for correcting social injustices?

Özgür (2002)

Haque (1996)

Ventriss (1997)

Ostrom (1989)

Rawls (1971)

Açıklama:

At this point, the understanding of justice developed by Rawls (1971) becomes vital since it formed the basis of the NPA movement for correcting social injustices.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 11

The ..............................movement emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a
response to the limitations of traditional public administration, driven by a growing recognition
of the need for governments to address social issues and promote equity.
Which of the following correctly completes
the sentence above?

New Public Administration

Classical Public Administration

Postmodern Public Administration

New Public Service

Systems Theory

Açıklama:

The New Public Administration movement emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a
response to the limitations of traditional public administration, driven by a growing recognition
of the need for governments to address social issues and promote equity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

The ................................. goes beyond the self-interested individualistic and rational analysis and adopts a broader and long-term public interest.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Classical Public Administration

New public service model

New Public Management

Postmodern Public Administration

Systems Theory

Açıklama:

The new public service model goes beyond the self-interested individualistic and rational analysis and adopts a broader and long-term public interest.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 13

Which of the following isnot one of the fundamental tenets of the new public administration (NPA) movement?

Public administrators and agencies are not and cannot be neutral or objective; they are value-driven and protect citizens’ rights and social equity.

Technology is often dehumanizing but can be integrated to improve responsiveness, equity, and
justice.

Classic authority and hierarchy are often ineffective, and classics tend toward
goal displacement and survival.

The NPA movement attempts to define and improve theory-practice relations.

Participation and citizen-focus, leadership, cooperation, responsiveness, interdependency, social
equity, adaptability, democracy, humanism, relevance, and adaptation to change are the main
principles guiding organizations, as are efficiency, effectiveness, and economy.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 14

Which of the following is one of the features of the NPM approach?

Policy orientation

Belief in the power of public administration to achieve socio-economic progress in the regulated and controlled market system

Public interest and common good

Citizen and rights-centered

Managerial focus

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

............. in the NPA movement implies a policy-oriented public administration with an active responsibility to resolve social problems and issues.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Movement

Coordination

Approach

Control

Administration

Açıklama:

“administration” in the NPA movement implies a policy-oriented public administration with an active responsibility to resolve social problems and issues.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

...................came after decades of theorizing a neutral public administration that was technically driven and separated from politics and policymaking.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Minnowbrook II

Minnowbrook I

Minnowbrook III

Minnowbrook at 50

The New Public Management movement

Açıklama:

Minnowbrook I came after decades of theorizing a neutral public administration that was
technically driven and separated from politics and policymaking.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which of the following is one of the feature of the NPM approach?

Citizen and rights-centered

Public interest and common good

Belief in the power of the free market and limited state intervention

Policy orientation

Solidarity, efficiency, fairness, social equity, responsiveness

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the following is one of the feature of the NPA movement?

Citizen and rights-centered

Customer- and choice-oriented

Public interest and common good Individual interest and personal benefit

Belief in the power of the free market and limited state intervention

Managerial focus

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

........... argued for developing a theory of public administration with an overarching, encompassing epistemology and research methodology by drawing from the various disciplines that intersect the field and questioning the underlying premises.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Dubnick, 1999

Bailey (1989)

Stivers (1998)

Henry (1975)

Ventriss (1997)

Açıklama:

Bailey (1989) argued for developing a theory of public administration with an overarching, encompassing epistemology and research methodology by drawing from the various disciplines that intersect the field and questioning the underlying premises.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 20

.......................... claim that public administrators should see citizens as citizens rather than customers or voters, show shared leadership, develop trust, and collaborate with citizens.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Rawls (1971)

Ventriss (1997)

Haque (1996)

Hummel and Stivers (1998)

Ostrom (1989)

Açıklama:

Hummel and Stivers (1998) claim that public administrators should see citizens as citizens rather than customers or voters, show shared leadership, develop trust, and collaborate with citizens.

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Which of the following is not true about Keynesianism?

Argues that state intervention in the market economy is both desirable and necessary.

Constructed in response to the economic and political difficulties of the 1920s and 1930s.

It is an economic theory based on the work of Keynes.

The post-World War II period was accompanied by the emergence of social democracy in many Western capitalist countries.

It reached the peak of its popularity in the 1970s and 1980s.

Açıklama:

This question is derived from part Economic/Fiscal Factors.
Keynesianism is an economic theory based on the works of John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). Keynes argues state intervention in a market economy is both desirable and necessary to avoid destabilizing levels of social unrest and high unemployment. Constructed in response to the economic and political difficulties of the 1920s and 1930s, Keynesian economic policies reached the height of their influence during the post- World War II period, accompanying the emergence of social democracy in many Western capitalist nations. During the 1970s, however, Keynesian economic theory was largely discredited following its apparent inability to account for rising levels of unemployment, inflation, and economic stagnation. Since the 1980s, Keynesianism has been superseded by neoliberalism as the dominant economic policy framework for the capitalist West. The correct answer is option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

The role of the state in provision of public services should be maintained at a maximum level.
Market mechanisms should be used as much as possible, even though a fully free market for services is not feasible.
Individualism and individual choice should be pursued rather than collective decisionmaking.

Which of the above themes shows the influence of new right ideas on public sector changes?

III

I and II

II and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

This question is derived from Political/Ideological Factors.
Flynn (1990) pinpoints four themes that show the influence of New Right ideas on public sector changes.

Market mechanisms should be used as much as possible, even though a fully free market for services is not feasible.
Competition should be encouraged among providers, and more choices should be given to clients. Besides, the choice to opt out of state provision should be allowed because this would increase competition among the public providers and also between them and the private and voluntary sectors. Competition is considered a way to increase efficiency and customer orientation.
Individualism and individual choice should be pursued rather than collective decisionmaking.
The role of the state in provision of public services should be maintained at a minimum level.

The correct answer is option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

Which of the following is not one of the social changes that have influenced the emergence of the new public management?

Better education of population

Expectation of better quality provisions

Decreasing life expectancy

Shift from blue-collar to white-collar employment

Active and demanding citizen image

Açıklama:

This question is derived from "Social Change".
Life expectancy increased during this period. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

"For Hood (1991), the new public management model was shaped by two different streams of ideas: ---------- and ----------."
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

New institutional economics / business-type managerialism

Classical economics / business-type managerialism

New institutional economics / authoritarianism

Classical economics / authoritarianism

Keynesian economics / authoritarianism

Açıklama:

The correct answer is option A.
For Hood (1991), the new public management model was shaped by two different streams of ideas. The first one was “new institutional economics,” built on the post World War II development of public choice theory, transaction cost theory, and principal-agent theory. It provided ‘a set of administrative reform doctrines built on ideas of contestability, user choice, transparency, and close concentration on incentive structures’. The second stream of ideas shaping the NPM was business-type “managerialism.”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following is a means by which public choice theory examines the decision-making behaviors of government officials?

Statistics

Historical analysis

Maths

Economic theory

Literature

Açıklama:

This question is derived from Public Choice Theory.
Public choice theory studies the decisionmaking behaviors of government officials from the perspective of economic theory. The correct answer is option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which of the following is not one of the dogmatic principles affecting the characteristics of New Public Management?

Management is superior to administration.

Good management is the key to resolving economic and social problems.

Management consists of a discrete body of knowledge that is universally applicable and, therefore, portable.

Management in the private sector is superior to that in the public sector.

The administration should encourage anti-democratic practices.

Açıklama:

This question is derived from Managerialism.
Wilson and Doig argue that the characteristics of NPM are based on the following dogmatic principles:

Management is superior to administration.

Management in the private sector is superior to that in the public sector.

Good management is the key to resolving economic and social problems.

Management consists of a discrete body of knowledge that is universally applicable and, therefore, portable (1996: 53).

The correct answer is option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following is not one of the seven overlapping principles argued by Hood?

A shift towards integration of units in the public sector

Hands-on professional management

A shift to greater competition in the public sector

Explicit standards and measures of performance

A stress on private sector styles of management practice

Açıklama:

This question is derived from "MAIN FEATURES OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT".
Hood (1991: 4-5) argues that it is possible to identify its core elements and offers seven overlapping principles that appear in most discussions of NPM. These are as follows:

Hands-on professional management in the public sector
Explicit standards and measures of performance
Greater emphasis on output controls
A shift to disaggregation of units in the public sector
A shift to greater competition in the public sector
A stress on private sector styles of management practice
A stress on greater discipline and parsimony in resource use

The correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which of the following is not one of the ten principles of entrepreneurial government?

Prefer market mechanisms to bureaucratic mechanisms

Redefine their clients as customers and offer them choices

Promote competition among service providers

Centralize authority, limited participatory management

Empower citizens by shifting control from the bureaucracy to the community

Açıklama:

This question is derived from MAIN FEATURES OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT.
Osborne and Gaebler (1992: xix) use the phrase entrepreneurial government to describe the new model. They identified ten principles that represent ‘entrepreneurial government.’
Entrepreneurial governments:

Promote competition among service providers.

Empower citizens by shifting control from the bureaucracy to the community.

Measure the performance of their agencies, focusing not on inputs but on outcomes.

Are driven by their goals-their missions- rather than by their rules and regulations.

Redefine their clients as customers and offer them choices.

Prevent problems before they emerge, rather than simply offering services afterward.

Focus their energy on earning money, not simply spending it.

Decentralize authority, embracing participatory management.

Prefer market mechanisms to bureaucratic mechanisms.

Focus not simply on providing public services but on catalyzing all sectors- public, private, and voluntary-into action to solve their community’s problems (1992: 19-20).

The correct answer is option D.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

"The initial focus of managerial reforms in the public sector is expressed by the concept of the 3Es: economy, efficiency, and ----------."
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

education

effectiveness

equality

consciousness

environment

Açıklama:

This question is derived from "NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT".
The initial focus of managerial reforms in the public sector is expressed by the concept of the ‘3Es’: economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The correct answer is option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

"---------- (also known as outsourcing), an essential feature of the New Public Management, became a prevalent method of public service delivery."
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

The Purchaser-Provider Split

Privatization

Contracting out

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)

Forward contracts

Açıklama:

This question is derived from "MAIN FEATURES OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT".
Contracting Out: Contracting out (also known as outsourcing), an essential feature of NPM, became a prevalent method of public service delivery. The correct answer is option C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 11

What does NPM stand for in public administration?

New Parliamentary Mechanism

New Public Management

National Policy Management

Nonprofit Public Model

Profit Public Model

Açıklama:

NPM stands for New Public Management in public administration

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 12

Which concept is central to New Public Management?

Bureaucratic hierarchy

Centralized control

Efficiency and effectiveness

Political neutrality

Decentralized control

Açıklama:

At its core, NPM reforms aim to improve public administration by achieving the three “E’s”- economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Who are considered the intellectual founders of "entrepreneurial government"?

Hayek and Friedman

Osborne and Gaebler

Keynes and Smith

Hood and Dunleavy

Cotler and Taylor

Açıklama:

Osborne and Gaebler use the phrase entrepreneurial government to describe the new model. They identified ten principles that represent ‘entrepreneurial government.’

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

What does the "3 E's" in NPM stand for?

Employment, Environment, Equity

Efficiency, Equality, Empowerment

Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness

Enforcement, Ethics, Energy

Enforcement, Ethics, Efficiency

Açıklama:

NPM reforms aim to improve public administration by achieving the three “E’s”- economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following is not a feature of NPM?

Hands-on professional management

Strong reliance on hierarchy

Explicit standards and measures of performance

Competition in service delivery

Output-based performance measurement

Açıklama:

Hood (1991: 4-5) argues that it is possible to identify its core elements and offers seven overlapping
principles that appear in most discussions of NPM. These are as follows:
1. Hands-on professional management in the public sector. This means freeing the managers to
manage, or, as Hood puts it, ‘active, visible, discretionary control of organizations from named persons
at the top’. The justification for this is that ‘accountability requires clear assignment of responsibility for
action, not diffusion of power’.
2. Explicit standards and measures of performance. This requires goals and targets to be defined and
performance indicators to be set. The typical justification for this is that ‘accountability requires a clear
statement of goals; efficiency requires a ‘hard look’ at objectives.
3. Greater emphasis on output controls. Resources are allocated to areas according to measured
performance due to the ‘need to stress results rather than procedures.’
4. A shift to disaggregation of units in the public sector. This involves breaking up large entities into
‘corporatized units around products, operating on decentralized ‘one-line’ budgets and dealing with one
another on an ‘arm’s-length’ basis.’ The typical justification for this is a ‘need to create manageable units’
and ‘to gain efficiency advantages of use of contract.’
5. A shift to greater competition in the public sector. This requires ‘the move to term contracts and
public tendering procedures.’ ‘Rivalry as the key to lower costs and better standards’ is seen as the typical
justification for this point.
6. A stress on private sector styles of management practice. This involves a ‘move away from militarystyle
‘public service ethic’ and ‘flexibility in hiring and rewards.’ This is justified by ‘need to use ‘proven’
private sector management tools in the public sector’.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

According to public choice theory, public officials are primarily motivated by:

Social justice

Altruism

Centeralism

Personal interests

Religious beliefs

Açıklama:

public choice theory
argues that the relative strengths of interest groups
will determine public expenditure patterns due to
the fact that the taxpayers are more diverse and
disorganized but interest groups are well organized.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 17

What is "contracting out" in the context of NPM?

Hiring government officials permanently

Eliminating private contractors

Merging ministries for effectiveness

Merging ministries for efficiency

Delegating public services to private entities

Açıklama:

Contracting out (also
known as outsourcing), an essential feature of
NPM, became a prevalent method of public
service delivery. It involves the delegation of certain
government functions and services to external
entities through contractual arrangements. Instead
of delivering services directly with government
resources and staff, public agencies engage external
contractors, which may include private companies,
nonprofit organizations, or other public
institutions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 18

What is the main criticism of applying private sector techniques in public management?

They may not suit the nature of public services

They reduce costs too much

They over-professionalize public servants

They decrease citizen participation

They increase citizen participation

Açıklama:

the
main criticisms include its limited geographic
reach, confined primarily to Anglo-American,
Australasian, and some Scandinavian contexts,
while the bureaucratic paradigm remained prevalent
in other regions. Additionally, it has been criticized
for lacking a strong theoretical foundation and
conceptual clarity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

In which countries did NPM reforms primarily originate and develop?

Eastern Europe and Asia

Middle East and Latin America

Middle East and Asia

Anglo-Saxon countries

Scandinavian countries only

Açıklama:

New Public Management reforms first
emerged in developed countries, particularly in the
Anglo-Saxon states, and were later spread through
much of Europe and to developing and transitional
states

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

What is the principal-agent theory mainly concerned with?

Promoting nationalism in public policy

Promoting nationalism in private policy

Explaining international treaties

Aligning interests between delegators and executors

Reducing tax burdens for agents

Açıklama:

The primary intellectual foundation for
NPM reform comes from theories rooted in new
institutional economics, with public choice theory
and principal-agent theory being particularly
significant.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 21

Which of the following is a primary factor in the emergence and rise of New Public Management (NPM)?

The ascendancy of traditional public administration

The establishment of a unified global economic system

The convergence of economic/fiscal, political/ideological, and social factors

The success of the Keynesian economic policy in the 1970s

A decrease in public demand for services and a stable demographic structure

Açıklama:

The other options are either contradictory or incomplete explanations based on the text. For example, the Keynesian economic policy was largely discredited in the 1970s , and NPM arose from a decrease in economic growth and an increase in public demand for services
The unit states, "The rise of NPM as an international trend is attributed to particular economic, social, and political factors". It further breaks these down into "economic/fiscal, political/ideological, and social factors, respectively".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

What two main streams of ideas, according to Hood (1991), shaped the New Public Management model?

Public Choice Theory and Keynesian economics

Managerialism and Traditional Public Administration

New Institutional Economics and business-type managerialism

Neo-liberalism and Social Democracy

The Welfare State and Marketization

Açıklama:

The other options are either contradictory or incomplete explanations based on the text. For example, the Keynesian economic policy was largely discredited in the 1970s , and NPM arose from a decrease in economic growth and an increase in public demand for services
the text explicitly states that for Hood (1991), the NPM model was shaped by two different streams of ideas: "new institutional economics," and "business-type 'managerialism".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

The concept of "Welfare State" is described as a state that has assumed responsibility for the well-being and social security of its citizens. The chapter mentions this was replaced by what?

Laissez-faire policies

The New Right ideology

A mixed economy with Keynesian policies

A post-war settlement

Social democracy principles

Açıklama:

Laissez-faire was considered "dead" with the rise of the welfare state. A mixed economy, welfare state, and political consensus were principles of the post-war settlement that NPM sought to reform. Social democracy was a dominant value in British politics before the NPM shift
The unit explains that following the recession of the mid-1970s, "Keynesian economic theory was largely discredited". This led to the rise of neoliberalism and the ideas of the New Right, which questioned state intervention and reasserted the importance of market forces , ultimately superseding Keynesianism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 24

Which of the following is NOT one of the core elements of New Public Management as identified by Hood (1991)?

Hands-on professional management in the public sector

Explicit standards and measures of performance

A stress on greater discipline and parsimony in resource use

A shift to greater competition in the public sector

An increase in the size of public sector monopolies

Açıklama:

The other options are all explicitly listed as core principles of NPM by Hood (1991)
This is a negative question. The document lists several core elements of NPM identified by Hood, including hands-on professional management, explicit performance standards, and a shift to greater competition. An increase in public sector monopolies is contrary to the NPM principle of disaggregation and introducing competition.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 25

According to public choice theory, what is a central problem that leads to policy outcomes favoring certain interests over the general public?

The presence of effective incentives for cost control

The influence of self-interested politicians, bureaucrats, and special interest groups

The emphasis on collective decision-making over individualism

The success of the welfare state in providing social services

The lack of clear assignment of responsibility for action

Açıklama:

Public choice theorists argue that the public sector lacks effective incentives for cost control. The theory promotes individualism over collective decision-making
The text states, "A central problem for public choice theorists is the influence of self-interested politicians, bureaucrats, and special interest groups on the political and bureaucratic process, leading to policy outcomes that favor certain interests at the expense of the general public"

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 26

Which statement best describes the concept of "managerialism" as presented in the unit?

It is a set of beliefs and practices that assumes better management can solve a wide range of social ills

It is a strictly technocratic approach to administrative reform, devoid of ideological influence.

It promotes a military-style "public service ethic" and rigidity in hiring practices.

It argues that the public sector model is superior to the private sector model.

It is primarily a method used by Labour governments to reduce state intervention.

Açıklama:

The text explicitly states that managerialism is considered an ideology and is politically driven. It involves a move away from a "military-style 'public service ethic
Pollitt's definition of managerialism, as quoted in the unit, is "A set of beliefs and practices, at the core of which burns the seldom-tested assumption that better management will prove an effective solvent for a wide range of economic and social ills".

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

In the context of NPM reforms, what is the meaning of the three "E's"?

Empathy, equality, and ethics

Engagement, empowerment, and effectiveness

Economy, efficiency, and effectiveness

Education, employment, and empowerment

Equilibrium, enterprise, and evaluation

Açıklama:

The other options are not mentioned in the text as the "three E's" of NPM reforms.
The unit explicitly states that "At its core, NPM reforms aim to improve public administration by achieving the three "E's"- economy, efficiency, and effectiveness"

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

The rise of NPM is attributed as a response to several factors, including a decline in economic growth and what other public-related issue?

A decrease in public demand for public services

A decline in public trust in politicians

An increase in the political consensus among parties

Increasing demands from the public for public services

A surplus of economic resources

Açıklama:

The document notes a decline in economic growth, not a surplus of resources. The other options are not mentioned in this context as factors that forced governments to seek new ways of managing public services
The text states, "The decline in economic growth, on the one hand, and increasing demands from the public for public services, on the other hand, forced governments to seek new ways of managing and delivering public services"

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 29

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of "entrepreneurial government" as introduced by Osborne and Gaebler?

Empowering citizens by shifting control from bureaucracy to the community

Operating with rigid rules rather than mission-driven goals

Prioritizing measuring outcomes over inputs

Fostering competition among service providers

Encouraging collaboration across public, private, and voluntary sectors

Açıklama:

All other options are listed as key features of entrepreneurial government.
This is a negative question. The unit states that entrepreneurial governments, as described by Osborne and Gaebler, operate with "mission-driven goals rather than rigid rules".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

How does the unit characterize the Conservative Government's view on the British public sector, which led to radical reform?

As being highly efficient and well-managed

As being a model of success that should be emulated

As being costly, wasteful, and in need of radical reform

As an area that requires increased public spending and larger government

As a system that benefits from a lack of competition

Açıklama:

The other options contradict the view of the Conservative government, which sought to reduce costs and state activity
he document states that "Since 1979, the Conservative Government's view concerning the public sector has been that it is costly, wasteful, and in need of radical reform". This is also reiterated in the suggested answers for a self-review question, where the view of the civil service was that it was "inefficient and wasteful"

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 4

Soru 1

Which of the following is the author of the 1995 publication "Towards a New Public Service"?

Richard Boyle

David Farnham

Allen Schick

Sylvia Horton

Dwight Waldo

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "The Irish Experiences with the NPS Approach".
Richard Boyle’s 1995 publication, “Towards a New Public Service” was a study on the evolving principles of public service management within the Irish context. The correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

"The New Public Service (NPS), as suggested by ---------- and Robert B. Denhardt in their book, “The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering” is an account of normative shortcomings of New Public Management (NPM)."
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Dwight Waldo

George H. Frederickson

Janet V. Denhardt

Frank Marini

Richard Boyle

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW PUBLIC SERVICE (NPS)".
The New Public Service (NPS), as suggested by Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt in their book, “The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering” (2003 and later editions of 2007; 2011; and 2015b) is an account of normative shortcomings of New Public Management (NPM). The correct answer is option C.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following did not contribute to the rise of the New Public Administration (NPA) movement, emphasizing social equality and responsiveness to citizen needs and choices?

Rapid suburbanization

Increasing population diversity

Urban riots

Economic growth

Citizen demands

Açıklama:

This question is generated from topic The Other American NPS Experiences and Approaches.
Significant social, economic, and administrative changes became evident in the United States and much of the developed world during the 1960s. Factors such as increasing population diversity, citizen demands, rapid suburbanization, social issues, war on poverty programs, new social movements, urban riots, anti-war protests, and the U.S. failure in the Vietnam War contributed to the rise of the New Public Administration (NPA) movement, emphasizing social equality and responsiveness to citizen needs and choices.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

According to Farnham and Horton (1996), which of the following was not a supporting element to the emergence of the New Public Service model?

The military coup in Chile in 1973 and the economic policies implemented afterwards

Increasing demand for accountability, efficiency, and improved service delivery

New managerialism influenced by New Right economic policies

The shift to market-based governance in the United Kingdom

Public sector growth and increasing economic dependence on the state

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic The British Experiences with the NPS Approaches.
According to Farnham and Horton (1996a), the idea of New Public Service was imminent, and it emerged as a response to the above-mentioned economic challenges. Besides the economic burdens, there were also ideological shifts in governance during the late 20th century. The 1980s saw the rise of “new managerialism that was heavily influenced by New Right economic policies that emphasized market mechanisms, deregulation, and an enterprise culture. Under successive Conservative governments in the United Kingdom, public sector reforms shifted its focus from politics to markets, state monopolies to an Enabling State model, and welfare provision to private-sector efficiency. Managerialism as illustrated in figure 4.3 had a bad image but was central to these reforms, introducing private-sector practices into public organizations to improve accountability, efficiency, and service delivery. The election of Tony Blair and the rebranding of the Labour Party brought further and deeper reforms on market principles. Blair was in favour of free-market dynamics and stakeholderdriven governance underlined a bipartisan consensus on the importance of private-sectorinspired public management strategies. The correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

Which of the following is not one of the common features of the New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Service (NPS) movements?

Focus on citizen-centered services and democratic values

Emphasis on a market-oriented approach in governance

Collaboration between public, private, and non-profit sectors

Engagement with stakeholders in the governance process

Focus on improving service delivery through efficiency and accountability

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW PUBLIC SERVICE (NPS).
An emphasis on a market-oriented approach to management is not a common feature of these two movements.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

NPA reflects a policy-oriented approach.
NPS reflects a citizen and democracy-oriented approach.
NPA advocates participatory governance.
NPS focuses on public policy implementation and the delivery of goods and services.

Which of the above statements regarding the New Public Administration (NPA) and the New Public Service (NPS) are correct?

I and II

III and IV

I, II, and III

II, III, and IV

I, II, III. and IV

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "A Brief Comparison on the NPS and NPA Movements".
The term “administration” in the New Public Administration (NPA) movement reflects a policy-oriented approach, emphasizing an active responsibility to address social issues and “public service”. The New Public Service (NPS), on the other hand, reflects a citizen and democracyoriented approach. As Graham and Hays (1993) note, the latter integrates public, political, and bureaucratic dimensions, focusing on public policy implementation and the delivery of goods and services. This broader conception involves values such as justice, equity, representation, responsiveness, effectiveness, trust, and accountability. The NPA extends beyond public agencies, advocating participatory governance where citizens and actors from public, private, and civic sectors collaborate in policy-making and decision-making processes (Frederickson, 1997). The correct answer is option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

"Scholars like S. P. Osborne, Z. Radnor, and G. Nasi have expanded the American version of the NPS approach in England and ----------."
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Germany

Italy

Greece

Spain

Portugal

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "Americanization, Continuation, Dissemination, and Other Problems of the NPS Approach by Denhardt and Denhardt".
Scholars like S. P. Osborne, Z. Radnor, and G. Nasi extended the American version of the NPS approach in the UK and Italy, publishing in “The American Review of Public Administration” rather than British or European journals. The correct answer is option B.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Denhardt and Denhardt did make an attempt to address issues of practicality of the NPS with cases and examples in ---------- and Italy in their book “The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering”.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?

Sweden

Norway

Finland

Denmark

Türkiye

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "Future Prospects of the NPS Movement".
Denhardt and Denhardt did make an attempt to address issues of practicality of the NPS with cases and examples in Sweden and Italy in their book “The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering”. The correct answer is option A.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

Which of the following represented the waste treatment disputes in Turin?

Positive Externality

Principal-Agent Problem

Participatory Governance

Gresham's Law

Not in My Backyard

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "Future Prospects of the NPS Movement".
The second example Denhardt and Denhardt used was the Italian case, experimenting with the NPS principles. In Turin there were waste treatment disputes at the time, which prompted the use of deliberative democracy to resolve the problem. This dispute was also known as “Not in My Backyard” (NIMBY) locations. The correct answer is option E.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which of the following bridged the ongoing relevance of ethical considerations in public administration?

Sylvia Horton

David Osborne

Ted Gaebler

Jonathan Rauh

David Farnham

Açıklama:

This question is generated from the topic "Future Prospects of the NPS Movement".
Among the limited exceptions was Jonathan Rauh (2018), who explored ethical concerns within the field in his article “The New Public Service: Back to a Service Ethic?” that was published in “Public Integrity”. Rauh’s work bridged the ongoing relevance of ethical considerations in public administration, though broader theoretical advancements in the NPS remained scarce. The correct answer is option B.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Which of the following are the main proponents of the so-called New Public Service (NPS) approach?

J. V. Denhardt and R. B. Denhardt

David Easton

H. Fayol, L. Gulick, and L. Urwcik

F.W. Taylor

M. Weber

Açıklama:

J. V. Denhardt and R. B. Denhardt are the main proponents of what is labeled as the New Public Service (NPS) approach.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

"The Old Public Administration (OPA) is considered to prioritize ................ in relation to public interest as politically defined and expressed through law. This traditional approach basically assumes a bureaucratic organizational structure that has limited administrative discretion, and brings about public servant motivation that is driven by pay and benefits."
Which of the following options correctly completes the blank in the sentence?

rationality and hierarchical accountability

technical and economic rationality

market-driven accountability

collaborative structures and multifaceted accountability

centralizing public interest as the outcome of shared values

Açıklama:

"The OPA is considered to prioritize rationality and hierarchical accountability in relation to public interest as politically defined and expressed through law. This traditional approach basically assumes a bureaucratic organizational structure that has limited administrative discretion, and brings about public servant motivation that is driven by pay and benefits."

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

Which of the following is not among the main characteristics of the New Public Service (NPS) according to Light?

government-centered roles

diversity in race, gender, and professional backgrounds

a growing interest in nonprofit and nongovernmental roles

increased sectorswitching among employees

a strong commitment to contributing to societal betterment

Açıklama:

According to Light (199a; 2001), the NPS is characterized by four key attributes:
Diversity in race, gender, and professional backgrounds;
a growing interest in nonprofit and nongovernmental roles;
increased sectorswitching among employees;
and a strong commitment to contributing to societal betterment.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following is not among the seven core principles of the comprehensive framework proposed by Janet and Robert Denhardt for the New Public Service (NPS) to reassert democratic values, citizenship and public service?

value productivity, not just people

serve citizens, not customers

seek the public interest

prioritize citizenship and public service over entrepreneurship

think strategically but act democratically

Açıklama:

“TheNew Public Service is about Serving, Not Steering” by Janet and Robert Denhardt (2015b) offers a comprehensive framework for reasserting democratic values, citizenship, and public service.
It is structured around seven core principles: (1)
serve citizens, not customers; (2) seek the public interest; (3) prioritize citizenship and public service
over entrepreneurship; (4) think strategically but
act democratically; (5) acknowledge the complexity
of accountability; (6) serve rather than steer;
and (7) value people, not just productivity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following envisioned the first Minnowbrook Conference in 1968 as a platform to guide public administration as an independent discipline, separate from political science, and as a means to respond to administrative problems arising from rapid societal change?

Dwight Waldo

Peter DeLeon

Robert B. Denhardt

John Kamensky

Woodrow Wilson

Açıklama:

Waldo envisioned the first Minnowbrook Conference in 1968 as a platform to guide public administration as an independent discipline, distinct from political science, and as a means to respond to the administrative problems emerging from rapid societal changes.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 16

Which of the following is not one of the countries covered in Denhardt and Denhardt's book (“The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering”), which addresses the practical issues of NPS with cases and examples?

Türkiye

Sweden

Italy

Korea

Brazil

Açıklama:

According to Denhardt and Denhardt, the NPS (American version or the version coined and developed by them) was studied around the world, to which they referred with examples in Sweden, Italy, Korea, Brazil, and the Netherlands. Besides, the NPS gathered some academic attention from Turkish scholars and was utilized in some master’s theses with special topics to be implemented. The attraction of the NPS among Turkish scholars and graduate students was never mentioned by Denhardt and Denhardt with
the possible language barrier, Turkish, to them and with the possibility of publication years of Turkish literature on the movement after their own interest faded.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following is specifically mentioned by Denhardt and Denhardt as an example of a system for registering and addressing complaints that is implemented to increase accountability in order to support the fundamental principles of NPS?

The Kungsbacka community

Netherlands

“My Backyard” (MBY) locations

The City of New York

Continental Europe and Türkiye

Açıklama:

The Kungsbacka (Figure 4.6) community is specifically referred to by the authors as an example where a system for registering and addressing complaints to enhance accountability was introduced.
While such examples are not immediate examples of the NPS approach, such examples are utilized by the authors to endorse the core principles of the NPS.
The Kungsbacka community is specifically referred to by the authors as an example where a system for registering and addressing complaints to enhance accountability was introduced.
While such examples are not immediate examples of the NPS approach, such examples are utilized by the authors to endorse the core principles of the NPS.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following is one of the basic principles of NPS?

Serving citizens rather than directing

Ensuring a clear distinction between politics and administration

Giving priority to the interests of the organization over those of citizens.

Focusing primarily on quantifiable outputs and outcomes.

Prioritizing market-oriented strategies over public service values

Açıklama:

“TheNew Public Service is about Serving, Not Steering” by Janet and Robert Denhardt (2015b) offers a comprehensive framework for reasserting democratic values, citizenship, and public service.
It is structured around seven core principles: (1) serve citizens, not customers; (2) seek the public interest; (3) prioritize citizenship and public service over entrepreneurship; (4) think strategically but act democratically; (5) acknowledge the complexity of accountability; (6) serve rather than steer; and (7) value people, not just productivity.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

What is the main focus of the New Public Service (NPS)?

Citizen and democracy oriented approach

Productivity-enhancing approach

Hierarchical control approach

Strict commitment to rules and regulations

Privatization of local public services

Açıklama:

This paradigm emphasizes a citizen-centric approach,
advocating for public administrators to act as
facilitators of citizen engagement and democratic
governance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

"The ..... has an unwavering commitment to democratic values and citizen-centered focus."
Which choice is the correct answer for the blank in the sentence above?

New Public Service (NPS)

New Public Administration (NPA)

New Public Management (NPM)

Traditional Public Administration (TPA)

American New Public Administration

Açıklama:

The NPS has an unwavering commitment to democratic values and citizen centered focus.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 21

Who are the main proponents of the New Public Service (NPS) approach?

F. C. Mosher and Dwight Waldo

David Farnham and Sylvia Horton

Robert B. Denhardt and Janet V. Denhardt

H. George Frederickson and Henry Lambright

P. W. Ingraham and D. H. Rosenbloom

Açıklama:

They are also referred to as "the most-well known proponents of NPS approach within the NPS movement".
The unit explicitly states that "J. V. Denhardt and R. B. Denhardt are the main proponents of what is labeled as the New Public Service (NPS) approach".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 22

The New Public Service (NPS) approach is described as a response to the limitations of which two public administration movements?

New Public Administration (NPA) and New Public Governance (NPG)

Traditional Public Administration (TPA) and New Public Management (NPM)

New Public Governance (NPG) and Collaborative Governance

Managerialism and the New Right ideology

Old Public Administration (OPA) and the Welfare State

Açıklama:

The document positions NPS as a critique of OPA (TPA) and NPM. New Public Governance (NPG) and Collaborative Governance are other post-NPM approaches, but not the movements NPS directly responds to. Managerialism and the New Right are the ideological foundations of NPM, not separate movements being critiqued. The Welfare State is a political concept, not a public administration movement.
The text introduces NPS as an approach that "challenges both the Old Public Administration (OPA) and the New Public Management (NPM)" and is "an account of normative shortcomings of New Public Management (NPM)".

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which of the following is a key attribute of the NPS according to Paul C. Light?

An inflated performance appraisal system

A focus on profit and competition over public interest

A lack of an efficient hiring system

A strong commitment to contributing to societal betterment

An overly bureaucratic structure

Açıklama:

The other options (A, B, C, and E) are either criticisms of the public sector or characteristics of other models like NPM.
The document lists four key attributes of the NPS according to Paul C. Light, and one of them is "a strong commitment to contributing to societal betterment".

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

The New Public Administration (NPA) movement formally began at which event?

The Minnowbrook II conference in 1988

The publication of "Democracy and the Public Service" in 1968

The first Minnowbrook conference in September 1968

The launch of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK

The publication of "Towards a New Public Service" in 1995

Açıklama:

The Minnowbrook II conference and the publication of Mosher's book were significant events but did not mark the formal beginning of the NPA movement. The launch of the NHS and Boyle's publication are unrelated to the start of the NPA movement.
The document states, "The movement [New Public Administration] formally began in September 1968 at the first Minnowbrook Conference, organized by Dwight Waldo".

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the three challenges Paul C. Light identified that the public sector faces in attracting talent?

An overly bureaucratic structure that fails to deliver stimulating work

An inefficient hiring system

A lack of commitment to public values

An inflated performance appraisal system

The declining attractiveness of public service careers

Açıklama:

This is a negative question. Light explicitly listed the inefficient hiring system, inflated performance appraisals, and overly bureaucratic structure as the three specific challenges. A lack of commitment to public values is not one of these three.
This is a negative question. The unit lists the three main challenges Light identified as: "The lack of an efficient hiring system, an inflated performance appraisal system, and an overly bureaucratic structure that fails to deliver the stimulating work today's workforce demands". A lack of commitment to public values is not listed as one of these three specific challenges.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 26

Which statement best describes the difference between New Public Management (NPM) and the New Public Service (NPS) regarding the role of public administrators?

NPM advocates for public administrators as facilitators, while NPS sees them as entrepreneurial innovators.

NPM focuses on "serving" with a smile, while NPS is characterized by "steering."

NPM is a citizen-centered model, while NPS is a market-driven model.

NPS calls for public administrators to act as facilitators and empower citizens, whereas NPM grants them wider discretion for market-oriented goals.

NPM and NPS both prioritize efficiency and cost-cutting over citizen engagement.

Açıklama:

This question is about the different roles of public administrators in NPM and NPS. The other options either reverse the characteristics of the two movements (e.g., NPM is not citizen-centered, and NPS is not market-driven) or are incorrect descriptions of their core principles.
The text directly contrasts the two approaches, stating that NPM grants "administrators wider discretion to innovate" with a "strong market orientation" , while NPS "calls for public administrators to act as facilitators, empowering citizens to participate actively in shaping public policy and services"

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

Richard Boyle's 1995 publication, "Towards a New Public Service," focused on which country?

United States

United Kingdom

Sweden

Ireland

Türkiye

Açıklama:

Boyle's work is specifically linked to Ireland, as indicated by a dedicated section in the document. While the document discusses other countries' experiences, they are not the focus of Boyle's publication.
The document has a specific section titled "The Irish Experiences with the NPS Approach" and states that Boyle's publication "was a study on the evolving principles of public service management within the Irish context"

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

According to the New Public Service (NPS) movement, what is the stance on a consensus on common values?

Agreement on shared common values is not a necessary condition.

Agreement on shared common values is essential for governance

Shared values are only important in the private sector, not the public sector

Consensus on values is only required for high-level policy decisions

Shared values are a foundational principle inherited from Old Public Administration

Açıklama:

B. Agreement on shared common values is essential for governance:
This is a direct contradiction of the NPS's stance as stated in the document.
C. Shared values are only important in the private sector, not the public sector: The document does not make this distinction. It focuses on the NPS's view on common values, not a sectoral comparison.
D. Consensus on values is only required for high-level policy decisions:
The document
The document states, "The NPS movement embraces the idea that agreement on shared common values is not a necessary condition"

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which of the following is a criticism of the NPS framework mentioned by scholars such as Gerry Stoker and J. O’Flynn?

Its overemphasis on individualistic values.

Its failure to address issues of practicality and bureaucratic realities.

Its lack of attention to democratic principles and citizen participation.

Its overemphasis on market mechanisms and deregulation.

Its focus on efficiency and cost-cutting over public interest.

Açıklama:

Stoker and O'Flynn's criticism focuses on the practicality of the NPS framework. The other options are either criticisms of NPM or misinterpretations of the scholars' views, as the document states they appreciate NPS's emphasis on participatory governance and ethical leadership.
The unit cites Stoker and O'Flynn, stating they "mainly believe that the NPS movement overlooks bureaucratic realities" and "fails to perceive the constraints of bureaucratic systems and the inherent resource limitations". They also question "how the NPS movement is going to translate institutional reforms in a practical fashion"

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

F.C. Mosher's foundational ideas for the New Public Service movement were centered around which of the following?

The need for bureaucratic efficiency and rule-based operations.

The use of private-sector management practices in the public sector.

The idea that public service should be grounded in citizen engagement rather than bureaucratic efficiency.

The importance of market forces and technical rationality.

The concept of the public interest as a mere aggregation of individual interests.

Açıklama:

A. The need for bureaucratic efficiency and rule-based operations:
This is a characteristic of traditional public administration, which Mosher and other NPS proponents critiqued.B. The use of private-sector management practices in the public sector:
This is a core principle of New Public Management (NPM), which is distinct from Mosher's ideas.
D. The importance of market forces and technical rationality:
The document states that Mosher "had argued that public service should have transcended bureaucratic efficiency and be grounded in citizen engagement"

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 5

Soru 1

The concept of “yönetişim” entered the Turkish language as the equivalent of the English term .............................. in the 1996 Istanbul Habitat II Conference.

finance

state

direction

manage

governance

Açıklama:

T he concept of “yönetişim” entered the Turkish language as the equivalent of the English term “governance” in the 1996 Istanbul Habitat II Conference.
T he concept of “yönetişim” entered the Turkish language as the equivalent of the English term “governance” in the 1996 Istanbul Habitat II Conference.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

The term “governance” has gained popularity in the social sciences as it reflects a shift from .................... power to a more inclusive approach.

state-centric

ego-centric

economic

authentic

static

Açıklama:

The term “governance” has gained popularity in the social sciences as it reflects a shift from state-centric power to a more inclusive approach.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Polycentricism describes a framework in which multiple .............................. actors operate rather than a single, centralized authority.

trivial

bounded

autonomus

stated

free-lance

Açıklama:

Polycentricism describes a framework in which multiple autonomous actors operate rather than a single, centralized authority.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

Which of the following is not one of the usages of governance that Rhodes stated?

Minimal state

Automatically-organized networks

International interdependence

New public management

New political economy

Açıklama:

Rhodes (1996) provides different applications of “governance” in the field of public administration. They are governance as:
• Minimal state
• Corporate governance
• New public management
• Good governance
• International interdependence
• Socio-cybernetic system
• New political economy
• Self-organizing networks.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

Multi-level governance refers to the dispersion of ..................... power across various territorial levels and consists of both vertical and horizontal dimensions.

political

nuclear

man

decision-making

breath-taking

Açıklama:

Multi-level governance refers to the dispersion of decision-making power across various territorial levels and consists of both vertical and horizontal dimensions.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

.............................. is defined as ‘regular, long-term relationships between professionalized service providers (in any sector) and service users or other members of the community, where all parties make substantial resource contributions.

Reproduction

Production

Co-production

Partnership

Apprentice

Açıklama:

Co-production is defined as ‘regular, long-term relationships between professionalized service providers (in any sector) and service users or other members of the community, where all parties make substantial resource contributions’.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of networks that are generally agreed upon by network theorists?

Interdependency

Complex interaction patterns

Diverse actors

Complex decision-making

Flexibility

Açıklama:

Klijn and Koppenjan outline the key characteristics of networks that are generally agreed upon by network theorists as follows:
• Interdependency: Networks arise and persist due to resource interdependencies between actors.
• Complex interaction patterns: These interdependencies lead to complex interactions characterized by intensity, centrality, directness, etc.
• Diverse actors: A wide range of actors is involved in policymaking, bringing diverse perspectives on the issue.
• Complex decision-making: The variety of actors, each with its own strategy, makes decision-making in networks relatively complex.
• Networks as interaction systems: Networks are patterns of social relations.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

............................... governance refers to an explicit and formal strategy of incorporating stakeholders into multilateral and consensus-oriented decisionmaking processes.

Central

Collaborative

Local

Autonomous

Self-directed

Açıklama:

Collaborative governance refers to an explicit and formal strategy of incorporating stakeholders into multilateral and consensus-oriented decisionmaking processes.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

.................................... deals with the disclosure of information refers to the availability of relevant, timely, high-quality and reliable information on governmental functions.

Availability

Validity

Ultimacy

Transparency

Supremacy

Açıklama:

Transparency deals with the disclosure of information refers to the availability of relevant, timely, high-quality and reliable information on governmental functions.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which of the following is not among the dimensions of governance?

People's wishes

Government effectiveness

Regulatory quality

Control of corruption

Rule of law

Açıklama:

The World Bank has compiled a list of six dimensions of governance that are used in an aggregate fashion to measure the quality of governance:
• Voice and accountability
• Political stability and absence of violence
• Government effectiveness
• Regulatory quality
• Rule of law
• Control of corruption.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 11

I. refers to activities carried out with formal authority,
II. enforces activities through legal means,
III. uses coercive means to ensure compliance with established policies,
IV. avoids using enforcement mechanisms to overcome defiance,
Which of the above are the characteristics of a “government”?

I and III

II and IV

I, II and III

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

There has been a shift from government, seen
as a hierarchical form of governing, to governance,
which emphasizes a more decentralized and
participatory approach to public policy-making.
Ultimately, neither government nor governance
are theories; rather, they describe different types
of relationships between the state and its citizens.
Rosenau (1992) addresses that governance and
government are not the same, though both involve
purposeful actions, goal-driven processes, and
systems of rule. Government refers to activities
carried out with formal authority, often enforced
through legal and coercive means to ensure
compliance with established policies. In contrast,
governance encompasses a wider range of activities
driven by shared objectives, which may or may not
stem from legal mandates and do not necessarily
depend on enforcement mechanisms to overcome
defiance and attain compliance.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

I. may operate without formal legal mandates,
II. relies primarily on shared goals,
III. uses coercive means to ensure compliance,
IV. does not necessarily depend on enforcement to overcome resistance,
Which of the above are the characteristics of “governance”?

I and II

II and III

I, II and IV

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

Which of the below describes a framework in which multiple autonomous actors operate rather than a single, centralized authority?

Centralization

Hierarchical governance

Authoritarianism

Polycentricism

Unitary state

Açıklama:

-
Polycentricism describes a framework in which
multiple autonomous actors operate rather than a
single, centralized authority. In governance systems,
interactions among these actors are not strictly
hierarchical but instead involve various forms of
coordination and collaboration.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of the below refers to the complex process through which a plurality of social and political actors with diverging interests interact in order to formulate, promote, and achieve common objectives by means of mobilizing, exchanging, and deploying a range of ideas, rules, and resources?

Interactive governance

Managerial coordination

Network administration

Centralized administration

Top-down regulation

Açıklama:

-
Interactive governance refers to “the complex process
through which a plurality of social and political actors
with diverging interests interact in order to formulate,
promote, and achieve common objectives by means
of mobilizing, exchanging, and deploying a range of
ideas, rules, and resources”

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Rhodes (1996) outlines several applications of “governance” in the field of public administration. Which of the below are identified by Rhodes (1996) as an application of “governance”?
I. Socio-cybernetic system
II. New public management
III. Legal positivism
IV. Self-organizing networks

I and III

III and IV

I, II and III

I, II and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Rhodes (1996) provides different applications of
“governance” in the field of public administration.
They are governance as:
• Minimal state
• Corporate governance
• New public management
• Good governance
• International interdependence
• Socio-cybernetic system
• New political economy
• Self-organizing networks.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

Multi-level governance involves both vertical and horizontal dimensions of decision-making.
I. The vertical dimension refers to the interaction between government actors at different territorial levels.
II. The horizontal dimension involves cooperation among supranational and subnational governments.
III. The horizontal dimension includes the participation of non-governmental actors in decision-making.
IV. The vertical dimension reflects the interdependence between supranational, national, and subnational levels.
Which of the above accurately describe aspects of multi-level governance?

I and III

II and IV

I, III and IV

III and IV

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Multi-level governance refers to the dispersion of
decision-making power across various territorial
levels and consists of both vertical and horizontal
dimensions. The vertical dimension (multi-level)
refers to the growing interdependence among actors
at different territorial levels, including supranational,
national, and subnational. The horizontal dimension
(governance) emphasizes the expanding involvement of
non-governmental actors in decision-making processes.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

Which of the below refers to regular, long-term relationships between professionalized service providers (in any sector) and service users or other members of the community, where all parties make substantial resource contributions?

Top-down management

Co-production

Bureaucratic control

Centralized administration

Managerial oversight

Açıklama:

Co-production is defined as ‘regular, long-term
relationships between professionalized service providers
(in any sector) and service users or other members of the
community, where all parties make substantial resource
contributions’

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 18

I. Networks address complex policy issues that require collective action rather than a single actor.
II. Actors within networks are highly interdependent, as resources are distributed among different parties.
III. Network interactions are simple and predictable because actors share identical perspectives.
IV. Actors are autonomous, leading to differences in perceptions, value conflicts, and disagreements.
V. Network interactions demonstrate durability over time.
Which of the above are characteristics of governance networks according to Klijn and Koppenjan (2016)?

III and IV

I, II and V

I, III and IV

I, II, III and V

I, II, IV and V

Açıklama:

-
Klijn and Koppenjan (2016) put forward
certain common characteristics of governance
networks as follows:
• Networks are defined by complex policy
issues that cannot be resolved by a single
actor, but instead require the collective
actions of multiple actors.
• Networks involve considerable
interdependence among actors, as the
resources needed to address problems are
held by different parties.
• This interdependence leads to significant
strategic complexity and an unpredictable
course of interactions, where the actions
of one actor influence the interests and
strategies of others.
• Networks involve complex interactions
because each actor is autonomous, with its
own perspective on problems, solutions,
and strategies. This autonomy results insignificant differences in perceptions, value
conflicts, and disagreements over policies
to be implemented and services to be
delivered.
• Network interactions also demonstrate a
certain level of durability over time.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 19

Which of the below refers to the collaboration of organizations from the public, private, and voluntary sectors, working together as stakeholders through deliberative consensus and collective decision-making to achieve shared objectives that would not be attainable individually?

Collaborative governance

Network administration

Multi-level governance

Managerial coordination

Self-organizing networks

Açıklama:

Collaborative governance is defined as the
collaboration of organizations from the public,
private, and voluntary sectors, working together
as stakeholders through deliberative consensus
and collective decision-making to achieve shared
objectives that would not be attainable individually.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 20

Which of the below is not considered one of the six dimensions of governance used by the World Bank to measure the quality of governance?

Voice and accountability

Political stability and absence of violence

Market liberalization

Government effectiveness

Control of corruption

Açıklama:

-
The World Bank has compiled a list of six
dimensions of governance that are used in an
aggregate fashion to measure the quality of
governance (Kaufmann et al., 2010: 4):
• Voice and accountability
• Political stability and absence of violence
• Government effectiveness
• Regulatory quality
• Rule of law
• Control of corruption.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 21

Which of the following best reflects the essence of “governance” as described in the chapter?

The exclusive control of public services by government ministries

The interaction between public, private, and civil society actors in managing public affairs

The legal authority of the state to regulate citizens’ rights

The bureaucratic hierarchy in public administration

The election process of national governments

Açıklama:

Governance encompasses decision-making processes, relationships, and mechanisms involving multiple actors, not just government. It is about “how” decisions are made, rather than only “what” decisions are made
Governance is defined as the process involving various actors (state, market, and civil society) in decision-making and managing public affairs, emphasizing collaboration and interaction rather than solely hierarchical control

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with governance as a concept?

Involvement of multiple stakeholders.

Horizontal decision-making processes.

Focus solely on hierarchical authority.

Inclusion of both formal and informal mechanisms.

Engagement with civil society.

Açıklama:

Governance often involves collaboration, negotiation, and partnerships rather than purely top-down, hierarchical control

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 23

Which of the following governance types emphasizes collaboration across government, private sector, and civil society actors to achieve public value?

Corporate Governance

Old Public Administration

Managerial Governance

New Public Governance

Network Bureaucracy

Açıklama:

New Public Governance stresses inter-organizational collaboration, shared decision-making, and networked approaches for public value creation

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 24

Which is a key feature of New Public Governance (NPG) that distinguishes it from New Public Management (NPM)?

Prioritizing cost efficiency over participation.

Emphasis on market-based reforms.

Reliance on network governance and collaboration.

Focus on hierarchical control mechanisms.

Limiting the role of non-governmental actors.

Açıklama:

While NPM focuses on efficiency and market principles, NPG highlights governance through networks, partnerships, and co-production

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 25

In New Public Governance, the term “network governance” refers to _____.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Decision-making through interconnected actors and organizations.

The privatization of government services.

Coordination through formal authority alone.

Exclusive reliance on central government agencies.

The use of digital technologies in administration.

Açıklama:

Network governance in NPG means policy decisions and implementation involve multiple interconnected actors in mutual coordination

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight principles of good governance identified by the UN?

Participation

Consensus orientation

Accountability

Profit maximization

Effectiveness and efficiency

Açıklama:

The eight UN principles focus on democratic, transparent, and accountable governance-not on private-sector profit motives

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 27

“Decisions are made based on rules and regulations that are applied equally to all citizens.” This statement reflects which principle of good governance?

Effectiveness and efficiency

Accountability

Rule of law

Consensus orientation

Responsiveness

Açıklama:

Rule of law in good governance ensures fairness and equality in applying laws and policies

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 28

Which good governance principle ensures that public institutions serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe?

Transparency

Responsiveness

Accountability

Equity

Participation

Açıklama:

Responsiveness is about timely and appropriate reactions to citizens’ needs

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 29

Which of the following statements best describes the “accountability” principle in good governance?

Citizens must comply with all rules regardless of fairness.

Decision-makers are answerable for their actions and can be sanctioned for misconduct.

Authorities should prioritize efficiency over public involvement.

Public decisions must always be unanimous.

Policies must be implemented without public scrutiny.

Açıklama:

Accountability ensures that officials are answerable to the public and oversight bodies for their decisions and actions

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 30

Which principle of good governance focuses on decision-making processes that consider different viewpoints and aim for broad agreement?

Transparency

Equity

Consensus orientation

Effectiveness and efficiency

Participation

Açıklama:

Consensus orientation seeks decisions that reflect the best interests of the community by reconciling differing interests

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 31

Which of the following is one of the three key elements highlighted in the definition of 'governance‘ by Torfing et al.?

Existence of a single central authority

Constantly increasing legal enforcement

Role of government institutions only

Common objectives

Only economic activities

Açıklama:

According to Torfing et al., three elements stand out in the definition of governance: 'the process of steering', 'collective action', and 'common objectives'. Common objectives are one of them.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 32

What makes the concept of ‘governance’ different from ‘government'?

Governance is narrower in scope than government.

Government relies solely on voluntary participation.

Governance is broader than government and includes non-governmental actors.

Government emphasizes the active role of civil society.

Governance refers only to formal institutions.

Açıklama:

It is emphasized that governance is a broader concept, including both governmental and non-governmental mechanisms.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 33

Which of the following is included in the vertical dimension of ‘multi-level governance’?

Cooperation between public and private sectors

Interdependence among supranational, national, and subnational levels

Participation of civil society actors

Use of market mechanisms

Setting performance indicators

Açıklama:

The vertical dimension refers to the growing interdependence among actors at supranational, national, and subnational levels.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 34

What is the main reason for the emergence of network governance?

Complex policy issues require cooperation among multiple actors

Resource interdependencies have disappeared

A single actor can solve all problems

Increased centralization

Disappearance of market competition

Açıklama:

Network governance arises when complex policy issues cannot be resolved by a single actor, requiring the collective action of multiple actors.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 35

Which of the following is a key feature of collaborative governance?

Strict top-down regulatory enforcement

Formal, consensus-oriented decision-making process

Involvement of only public institutions

Exclusion of civil society

Focus solely on economic goals

Açıklama:

Ansell and Gash define collaborative governance as involving a formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative decision-making process.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 36

In which organization's Africa Report was the concept of ‘good governance’ first introduced?

United Nations

OECD

World Bank

European Union

IMF

Açıklama:

The concept of good governance was first introduced in the World Bank’s 1989 Africa Report.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 37

According to the UN Development Programme (UNDP), which of the following is one of the principles of good governance?

Participation

Political stability

Market liberalization

Military power

Centralization

Açıklama:

The UNDP lists participation as one of the principles of good governance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 38

Which of the following is NOT among the Council of Europe’s ‘Principles of Good Democratic Governance’?

Democratic participation

Human rights

Rule of law

Transparency

Military guardianship

Açıklama:

Military guardianship is not included among the Council of Europe’s principles of good governance.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 39

Which statement best explains the relationship between good governance and New Public Management (NPM)?

Good governance deals only with technical management.

NPM’s market-based reforms require appropriate political and administrative institutions to be effective.

NPM and good governance are completely unrelated.

Good governance focuses solely on economic growth.

NPM has replaced good governance.

Açıklama:

It is stated that the effectiveness of NPM reforms depends on the existence of political and administrative institutions consistent with the principles of good governance.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 40

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of New Public Governance (NPG)?

Emphasis on collaboration among multiple actors

Reliance on network structures

Top-down hierarchical decision-making

Focus on long-term relationships

Inclusion of non-governmental organizations

Açıklama:

NPG emphasizes collaboration, networks, long-term relationships, and the involvement of various actors. It does not rely on strict top-down hierarchical decision-making.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 6

Soru 1

According to Mark H. Moore's conceptualization, which of the following best defines the concept of public value?

A set of universal standards for evaluating public administrators' performance based solely on citizen satisfaction

A framework adapted from private sector strategic management to guide public administrators in identifying, generating, and evaluating improvements within the public sector

A reform agenda focused on transforming government structures at the macro-political level through citizen activism

A cost-benefit analysis model designed to increase financial efficiency in public service delivery through privatization

A bureaucratic model that emphasizes adherence to existing rules and policies without consideration of innovation or societal outcomes

Açıklama:

Mark H. Moore (1995) introduced the concept of public value in his book Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government to better conceptualize and understand the return or benefit of activities in the public sector. He did this by adapting strategic management principles from the private sector to the public sector.
Rather than advocating for sweeping governmental reform at the macro level, Moore aimed to improve the performance of individual public administrators and public organizations (micro and meso levels). He placed public administrators at the center of his framework, emphasizing their active role in evaluating, generating, and creating public value.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

In Mark H. Moore's (1995) public value framework, the strategic triangle is a tool used by public administrators to identify, generate, and evaluate public value. Which of the following correctly represents the three components of Moore's strategic triangle?

Efficiency, accountability, and citizen satisfaction

Transparency, policy continuity, and public funding

Legitimacy and support, operational capabilities, and public value

Rule compliance, administrative hierarchy, and legal enforcement

Budget allocation, performance metrics, and media visibility

Açıklama:

In Mark H. Moore's (1995) public value framework:

Legitimacy and support refer to the approval and endorsement by the authorizing environment (i.e., citizens, elected officials, etc.).
Operational capabilities refer to the capacity to use available resources effectively.
Public value refers to the desired outcomes and impacts of public sector activities.

Each element supports and reinforces the others, making the triangle a strategic tool for aligning goals, resources, and legitimacy in public administration.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following best explains how the public value framework critiques the principles of New Public Management (NPM)?

It agrees with NPM that market mechanisms and consumer choice are the most effective ways to define public value.

It critiques NPM for its overemphasis on individualism and customer orientation, promoting instead a collective, community-based approach to value creation.

It claims that NPM offers a more inclusive and democratic method for defining value than public value frameworks.

It supports NPM's rejection of bureaucracy and emphasizes the need for strict economic models in public management.

It adopts NPM's focus on outputs and transactional efficiency as the main indicators of public value.

Açıklama:

The NPM framework treats citizens as individual consumers and relies on market-like mechanisms where individuals decide what is valuable. In contrast, the public value framework expands the scope of value creation beyond the individual level, involving communities, public agencies, and networks of organizations. This broader, collective approach to determining public value stands in direct contrast to the more individualistic, consumer-oriented logic of NPM.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following best describes how the concept of public value has evolved over time?

It has remained limited to improving internal processes within single government organizations.

It was originally intended for nonprofit organizations but later adopted by government managers.

It rejected the idea that individuals can contribute to public value unless they are part of a formal organization.

It has shifted from a government-focused framework to one that also includes nonprofit sectors, individual actors, and network-based governance.

It has become solely focused on improving private sector management techniques and business models.

Açıklama:

The concept of public value, initially coined by Moore for public administrators, has broadened its focus over time. It expanded to include managers in the nonprofit sector, individual actors contributing as social entrepreneurs, and a network setting for public value creation. This shift moves away from the original government-centric approach to encompass a broader ecosystem involving multiple sectors and actors, including networks of organizations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following best describes how the context influences the creation and measurement of public value?

The context determines which public values are applicable in a given situation, affecting the public value output or impact.

The context is irrelevant to the public value creation process and only the policies themselves matter.

The context limits the types of policies that can be implemented, but not the values that emerge from them.

Public value is created only by top-level politicians, with little regard for contextual factors.

Context does not affect the public value creation process in nonprofit organizations.

Açıklama:

The creation and measurement of public value are highly context-dependent. The specific values that emerge from public policies or services vary based on the context in which they are applied. This means that the context greatly influences which values are included in the public value output or impact categories for a given situation.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

Which of the following best reflects the role of Jørgensen and Bozeman's work on public value creation?

They identified a single public value that applies universally across all contexts.

They criticized the public value framework for ignoring the importance of individual actors.

They argued that public value is solely determined by political leaders and cannot be influenced by citizens.

They focused on the role of private sector values in public value creation.

They developed an inventory of 72 public values and categorized them into seven constellations of value categories.

Açıklama:

Jørgensen and Bozeman (2007) conducted a detailed study of 230 public value framework studies and created an inventory of 72 different public values. These values were then categorized into seven constellations or value sets, with higher-order values and subcategories under each constellation, helping to better understand the complexity of public value creation.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

Which of the following criticisms of digital government research is addressed by integrating the public value perspective?

It is overly focused on the political consequences of digital government.

It primarily emphasizes the economic and administrative values, neglecting a broader range of public sector values.

It overlooks the ethical considerations in the implementation of digital government projects.

It fails to consider the role of technology in government practices.

It fails to account for the transparency of government operations.

Açıklama:

Integrating the public value perspective addresses the criticism that digital government research has been limited in its focus, mainly prioritizing economic and administrative values. The integration allows for a broader set of public sector values to be considered, offering a more comprehensive understanding of digital government practices.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

Which of the following is a critical application area of the public value framework in the context of smart cities?

Addressing trade imbalances in urban areas

Promoting privatization of city services

Enhancing governmental secrecy and control in city governance

Solving urban problems like traffic congestion and urban sprawl

Promoting privatization of city services

Açıklama:

One of the key application areas of the public value framework in smart city research is using digital transformation to address urban problems, such as traffic congestion and urban sprawl, which are essential challenges for smart city development.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 9

Which of the following is one of the criticisms of the concept of public value in the public sector?

Its focus on promoting privatization over public governance

Its overemphasis on economic values over social values

Its limited application to digital governance only

Its narrow focus on global issues, excluding local governance

The lack of clarity in the concept

Açıklama:

In the text, Moore's original proposal of the public value concept in 1995 did not offer a clear-cut definition, which led to criticisms about the ambiguity of both "public" and "value" within the public value framework. As a result, competing and conflicting values exist under this concept, which makes it unclear how public value should be defined or measured. Additionally, public value is inherently pragmatic and contingency-oriented, meaning that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to its creation and evaluation. Public value creation and assessment can vary significantly based on the context, the task at hand, and even the specific time or circumstances. This lack of a consistent and clear framework contributes to the criticism of definitional ambiguity, which is a central issue in understanding and applying public value in public sector management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

Which issue related to the public value framework is discussed in terms of operationalization and measurement?

The absence of clear public values in the framework

The lack of empirical research in developing countries

The inconsistency of public value creation across different sectors

The difficulty in defining and measuring public value

The focus on economic and administrative values in digital government

Açıklama:

The public value framework has faced significant criticism due to the difficulty in defining and measuring public value. This challenge stems from the framework's lack of clear definitions and empirical proposals for assessing public value, making it hard to apply consistently across different contexts.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

According to Moore, which of the below is not considered a cost subcategory in the public value account?

Use of collectively owned assets and associated costs

Financial costs

Unintended negative consequences

Achievement of social outcomes

Social costs of using state authority

Açıklama:

-
Moore argued that the public value account helps build, integrate, and test a strategy for public
value creation (Moore, 2013: 105). A detailed list of the specific dimensions of the public value
account is presented below in Figure 6.3. The main dimensions of the public value account are the
costs and benefits of creating public value. The left side of the public value account requires the public
administrator to think about the cost subcategories such as (1) use of collectively owned assets and
associated costs, (2) financial costs, (3) unintended negative consequences (in other words, the negative
externalities of public value creation), and (4) social costs of using state authority. The right side of the
public value account includes the benefit subcategories such as (1) achievement of collectively valued
social outcomes, (2) mission achievement, (3) unintended positive consequences (in other words, the
positive externalities of public value creation), (4) client satisfaction of service recipients and obligatees,
and finally (5) justice and fairness at two levels, at an individual level in operations and the aggregate
level in results.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 12

Which of the below is considered a benefit subcategory in Moore’s public value account?

Negative externalities

Financial costs

Justice and fairness

Use of state authority

Asset depreciation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

According to the comparison between New Public Management and Public Value frameworks, which of the below correctly describes how the individual is viewed in each approach?

New Public Management sees the individual as a collective stakeholder, while Public Value sees them as a customer.

New Public Management sees the individual as a customer, while Public Value sees them as a citizen.

In both frameworks, the individual is seen as a consumer.

Both frameworks see the individual primarily as part of a collective group.

Public Value considers the individual an isolated market actor.

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

I. Public interest
II. Human dignity
III. Business-like approach
IV. Voice of the future
V. Regime stability
Which of the above are value sets or subcategories associated with the public sector’s contribution to society?

I, II and III

II, III and IV

III, IV and V

I, II, III and IV

I, II, IV and V

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

Which of the below is a value set or subcategory heading associated with the intra-organizational aspects of public administration?

Accountability

Enthusiasm ✅

Social cohesion

Citizen involvement

Protection of individual rights

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the below correctly matches a Public Value Category with an example of a Public Value under that category?

Infrastructure-general social effects → Economic development

Infrastructure-(regional) economy → Mobility

Employers-employees/customers → Legitimacy

Government-society in general → Universal access

Infrastructure-target groups → Health

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

Which of the below best describes the concept of value divergence in the context of multiple public values?

Similar public values becoming more aligned over time

Different public values merging into one unified standard

Similar public values differentiating from each other over time

Public values being replaced by private interests

Conflicting values being resolved through consensus

Açıklama:

-
A final discussion within the context of
the existence of multiple public values is the
scenarios of “value divergence” (similar public
values differentiating from each other over time)
versus “value convergence” (different public values
becoming more similar with each other over
time).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

Which of the below best describes the concept of value convergence in the context of multiple public values?

Different public values becoming more similar to each other over time

Public values being eliminated in favor of market-based principles

The rise of new public values unrelated to previous ones

Similar public values splitting into opposing ideologies

Public values becoming more ambiguous and harder to define

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

I. The Criticism of Having an Unclear Definition
II. The Criticism of Operationalization and Measurement Problems
III. The Criticism of Lacking Consistency
IV. The Criticism of Excessive Stakeholder Participation
Which of the above are commonly discussed criticisms of the Public Value Framework?

I and II

II and III

III and IV

I, II and III

I, III and IV

Açıklama:

-
The concept of public value and its application in the public sector has been subject to multiple
criticisms. These criticisms can be summarized under three headings. First, there is a criticism regarding
the lack of clarity of the concept. The second one mentions the problems with its operationalization and
the measurement of its outputs and impacts. The third and final criticism revolves around the lack of
consistency among the different parts and constructs of the public value approach.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 20

Which of the following is not one of the four perspectives on the impact of the Public Value Framework as outlined by Alford & O’Flynn?

A paradigm for understanding how meaningful value is created in government

A rhetorical strategy used to protect bureaucratic interests

A performance measurement and management framework

A narrative framework that helps public administrators make sense of their roles

A financial accounting tool for evaluating public expenditures

Açıklama:

Alford & O’Flynn (2009: 178-185)
categorized the impact of the public value
framework from four different perspectives. First,
public value functions as a paradigm that is used
for explaining how meaningful value is created
in government. Second, public value works as
a rhetorical strategy to protect the interests of
bureaucrats and government agencies. Third,
public value can be perceived as a performance measurement or management framework to be
used by both the practitioners and theoreticians
of government. Finally, public value may be seen
as a narrative framework, a set of stories that
public administrators both tell others and listen
to themselves, to make sense of what they do in
government and why they do it.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 21

Which of the following best defines public value in the context of public administration?

The amount of revenue generated by public organizations

The overall trust and satisfaction citizens have with public services

The total number of public projects completed annually

The degree of compliance with legal frameworks by government agencies

The efficiency of administrative processes measured by cost reduction

Açıklama:

Public value refers to the trust, satisfaction, and perceived benefits citizens derive from public services and governance practices

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 22

Public value is conceptually linked to which of the following ideas?

Market share and competition

Democratic legitimacy and public trust

Personal wealth accumulation

International trade efficiency

Cultural heritage preservation

Açıklama:

Public value is tied to democratic legitimacy, citizen trust, and the perception that government actions align with societal needs and values

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 23

Which scholar is most associated with the introduction of the public value concept in public administration?

Max Weber

Herbert Simon

Mark H. Moore

Woodrow Wilson

Elinor Ostrom

Açıklama:

Mark H. Moore introduced the concept of public value in the 1990s, linking it to public managers’ roles in creating value for society

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 24

Which of the following represents the strategic triangle in Moore’s public value framework?

Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity

Policy, politics, and performance

Authority, accountability, and affordability

Legitimacy & support, operational capacity, and public value

Transparency, participation, and responsiveness

Açıklama:

Moore’s strategic triangle emphasizes that public value creation requires legitimacy & support, operational capacity, and clear public value goals

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 25

In practical terms, public value creation involves _____.
Which of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Increasing the GDP per capita

Limiting citizen participation in decision-making

Reducing the number of public employees

Privatizing all public services

Balancing efficiency with citizen satisfaction and trust

Açıklama:

Public value creation balances operational efficiency with the need to maintain citizen trust and satisfaction through inclusive and transparent processes

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 26

Which of the following is an example of applying public value principles in urban governance?

Engaging citizens in co-designing public transportation routes

Increasing parking fees to boost municipal revenue

Outsourcing all city services to private firms

Focusing only on cost-cutting measures

Limiting public access to municipal data

Açıklama:

Involving citizens in co-designing services aligns with public value principles of participation, transparency, and responsiveness

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 27

A major criticism of the public value framework is that it _____.

Relies too heavily on legal compliance

Discourages citizen participation

Overemphasizes profit-driven performance

Lacks clear measurement tools for evaluating outcomes

Ignores efficiency considerations

Açıklama:

Critics argue that while the public value concept is appealing, it lacks universally agreed-upon metrics for measurement

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 28

Which of the following is a noted impact of adopting the public value framework in public administration?

Improved collaboration between government and stakeholders

Decreased citizen trust in government

Elimination of all public services

Decline in democratic participation

Over-reliance on market competition

Açıklama:

The public value framework encourages collaboration with stakeholders and strengthens the alignment between government actions and societal needs

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 29

Which governance trend is most compatible with the public value approach?

New Public Management’s focus on privatization

Centralized bureaucratic control

Collaborative governance with multi-actor engagement

Minimal state intervention

Strict hierarchical decision-making

Açıklama:

Public value aligns with collaborative governance, emphasizing co-creation with multiple stakeholders to address complex public issues

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 30

In Moore’s strategic triangle, legitimacy and support refers to _____.
WHich of the following correctly completes the sentence above?

Following only legal regulations

Gaining citizen and stakeholder endorsement for public initiatives

Ensuring the lowest possible cost for services

Avoiding political involvement in decision-making

Prioritizing technical expertise over public opinion

Açıklama:

Legitimacy and support involve obtaining backing from citizens, political authorities, and stakeholders to ensure successful implementation

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 7

Soru 1

Which of the following is not one of the values modern public administration was based on?

authority

impartiality

nationalism

unity of command

discipline

Açıklama:

Modern public administration was based on such values and techniques as authority, unity of command, merit, specialization, rationalism, impartiality, coordination, control, discipline, planning, and standardization.
Rationalism, not nationalism

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Modernism rejected .................. for holding back human improvement.

wealth

education

culture

religion

tradition

Açıklama:

Modernism rejected tradition for holding back human improvement.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 3

The professionalization and construction of rational administration mainly in the form of bureaucracies was what distinguished the administration of the modern state from the ................... organizations.

political

national

financial

local

international

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Which of the following is not one of the Bennis' four major threats and challenges to public bureaucracies?

Rapid and unexpected changes

Growth in the size of and diversity in bureaucracy

The complexity of modern technology and its integration into bureaucracy

Local or international financial fluctuations

Threat of organizational, managerial, and cultural change

Açıklama:

Bennis (1993: 423) lists at least four major threats and challenges to public bureaucracies:
• Rapid and unexpected changes,
• Growth in the size of and diversity in bureaucracy,
• The complexity of modern technology and its integration into bureaucracy,
• Threat of organizational, managerial, and cultural change.
Local or international financial fluctuations.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 5

Which of the following is not emphasized by postmodernism?

diversity

proximity

irregularity

unpredictability

disorder

Açıklama:

Thus, postmodernism emphasizes the “coexistence of differences and diversity,” unpredictability, disorder and irregularity.
proximity

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

In postmodern thinking, organizational values and purposes emerge from ....................... processes and communication.

public

complex

individual

expensive

intelligent

Açıklama:

In postmodern thinking, organizational values and purposes emerge from public processes and communication.
In postmodern thinking, organizational values and purposes emerge from public processes and communication.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following is not among the concepts Bogosan underlines a decline in?

national and state focus

modernity

tranquillity

centralization

nationalization,

Açıklama:

Bogosan (2005) sees a decline in national and state focus, modernity, centralization, collectivism and nationalization.
tranquility

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

Economic transformation lies at hearth of transition to post- .................... .

feodalism

modernism

humanism

realism

Fordism

Açıklama:

Economic transformation lies at hearth of transition to post-Fordism.
Economic transformation lies at hearth of transition to post-Fordism.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Nietzsche’s idea of “................................ ” refers to a construct of individuals or groups replacing facts or objective truths.

nationalism

realism

surrealism

perspectivism

modernism

Açıklama:

Nietzsche’s idea of “perspectivism” refers to a construct of individuals or groups replacing facts.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 10

Which of the following is not among the concepts that postmodernism focuses on?

power relations

integrity

unpredictability

relativity

diversity

Açıklama:

Postmodernism focuses on cultural identities and symbols, power relations, diversity, multiplicity, relativity unpredictability.
integrity

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following was not a principle emphasized in modernist public administration?

Authority and unity of command

Merit and specialization

Diversity and fragmentation

Coordination and planning

Predictability and standardization

Açıklama:

This question aligns with the first learning outcome: Explain modernism and modernist public administration.
Modern public administration was based on such values and techniques as authority, unity of command, merit, specialization, rationalism, impartiality, coordination, control, discipline, planning, and standardization.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

Modernist public administration theories are products of which broader intellectual and historical movement?

Post-Fordism

Romanticism

Neoliberalism

Post-structuralism

Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

Açıklama:

This question aligns with the first learning outcome.
Modernism (or modernity) refers to a certain
style of social life and organization that has shaped
or reshaped human life and perceptions. Thus, it
attempted to define a new society and organization
style and a new type of individual. It emerged in
Europe in the 17th to 19th centuries and spread
almost all over the world in the 20th century. In the
context of Enlightenment, modernization, and the
Industrial Revolution, significant advancements
and innovations in technology, science, medicine,
communications, architecture, etc. radically
altered human lives and the urban environment.
Public administration theories are
considered to be products of the modernist era
and, thus, have modernist features because they
have built their key ideas and tenets on modernism
and positivist social science.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Postmodernism in public administration tends to decrease emphasis on which values?

Flexibility and competition

Equality and social justice

Self-interest and individual choice

Tolerance for ambiguity

Diversity and fragmentation

Açıklama:

This question aligns with the first learning outcome.
Postmodernism has paved the way for management
approaches aiming at enhancing marketbased
values and principles such as flexibility,
competition, self-interest, self-sufficiency, freedom
of individual choice, and tolerance for economic
inequalities, ambiguity, uncertainty, diversity, and
fragmentation. Thus, there is a much-decreased
emphasis placed on values such as equality, social
justice, solidarity, unity, public interest, belief
in progress, and universal social or citizenship.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

Which concept, introduced by Baudrillard, refers to the replacement of reality with symbols and images?

Hyper-reality

Perspectivism

Meta-narratives

Disciplinary power

Creative destruction

Açıklama:

Discuss critical perspectives on modernism and postmodernism.
According to Baudrillard, commodities,
media, and technologies provide cyberspace and
an imaginary world in which individuals become
overpowered by consumer values, media ideologies
and role models, and seductive technologies like
the Internet, social media, and computer games.
Television, film, and the internet separate us from
the real, create the hyperreality of communication and of meaning, and abolish the real (Kellner,
2020). Hence, Baudrillard offered the concept of
‘hyper-reality’ as the model or representation of
the real above the real world without actual contact
with reality (Cook, 1994).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Rule-bound
Political
Facilitative
Centralized

Which of the concepts above describe the role of a leader in postmodern public administration?

I and II

II and III

II and IV

I, II and III

II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Describe postmodern thinking in public administration
In postmodern thinking, the role of leaders is
seen to be more freewheeling, facilitative, and
more political required by the complex process
of governance (Frederickson, 1997: 86).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the following is a core feature of chaos and complexity theory in public administration?

Reliance on stable cause-and-effect relationships

Emphasis on linear and predictable systems

Acceptance of nonlinearity and unpredictability

Complete rejection of environmental influences

Exclusive focus on quantitative measurement

Açıklama:

Describe postmodern thinking in public administration
Chaos and complexity theory is very helpful to understand today’s environment and
the organizations in such an environment. Kiel (1993) argued that it is not possible to resolve an issue or
problem if we do not have cause-effect relationships.
In chaos and complexity
theory, it is accepted that since our world, events,
and problems are complex and chaotic, their causes
and solutions will also be complex and nonlinear.
According to chaos and complexity
theory, public policies cannot be considered
as linear results of the actions of individual or
collective actors. Public policy processes complex
systemic processes with multiple actors, factors,
undetermined and unpredictable consequences.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 17

It has no influence on public administration theory.
It fully supports centralized bureaucracies.
It overlooks inequalities and the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Which of the statements above can be considered as a criticism of postmodernism?

III

I and III

I, II and III

Açıklama:

Discuss critical perspectives on modernism and postmodernism
It is unclear whether postmodernism shows
any concerns for the real problems of the
underprivileged or disadvantaged.
Postmodern thought has proved helpful in
showing how human reasoning and rationality
became dominant, alienating, and restrictive
over humans, human attitudes, life, and thinking
via centralized and hierarchical bureaucratic
organizational structures, control and command
culture, discipline, and positivist reasoning.
Instead, it proposes democratized, decentralized,
flatter, flexible, and adaptable structures, diversity
and relativity of values and ideas, plural and
participatory decision-making and networking,
and empowered and involved personnel systems
as opposed to bureaucratized, centralized,
hierarchical, and standardized systems (Clegg,
1990: 203; Naisbett, 1982: 219; Thompson,
1993: 184-185). Postmodern thought also
promotes competitiveness, creativity, risk-taking,
experimentation, quality, individualized and local
responses to the needs of citizens, among others.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 18

In the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism, which of the following changes occurred?

From flexible production to mass industrial production

From decentralization to centralized planning

From globalization to strict national economic boundaries

From stable employment to short-term and part-time work

From industrial society to post-industrial society

Açıklama:

Discuss critical perspectives on modernism and postmodernism
The transition to
post-Fordism involved a neoliberal understanding,
limited state intervention, decentralization,
differentiation, and increased focus on flexibility
in results and quality in production and work.
Assembly-line mass production has been automated,
and a mode of more individualized short-run
flexible production model has become dominant.
Full-time permanent employment dramatically
decreased, whereas self-employment and shortterm
and part-time employment significantly
grew. Post-Fordism is also characterized by
increased free trade, globalization, competition,
and multinational corporations and mergers. The
free market ideology replaced the view of a mixed
or Keynesian economy and has become the new
norm. Moreover, post-Fordism involves changes in
culture, family life, and the role of women in social
life. The culture of commitment to the common
good and the public interest has been transformed
into a culture of contentment or concern for selfinterest
(Galbraith, 1992). The concept of social
class, concern for the needs of the disadvantaged,
and belief in progress and in public capacity to solve
social problems and inequalities have dramatically
diminished, and more tolerance for economic
inequalities has developed (Castells, 2004; Harvey,
1989: 135; Lash and Urry, 1987: 16; Taylor-Gooby,
1997: 173-175). Besides

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 19

Which change is part of the shift from industrial capitalism to post-industrial capitalism?

Increased monopolistic markets

Less concern for environmental issues

Greater reliance on long-term stable employment

Stronger separation of administration and politics

Mass industrial production replaced by flexible production

Açıklama:

Mass industrial production replaced by flexible production during the shift from industrial capitalism to post-industrial capitalism.
Study Table 7.1 on page 194 for further information.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following is not typically associated with postmodern public administration values?

Responsiveness to individual needs

Flexibility and adaptability

Diversity and multiplicity

Centralization of authority

Network governance

Açıklama:

Table 7.2
Here are the concepts associated with postmodern public administartion:

Relativity of values, views & interests

• Change & unpredictability
• Interdependency
• Fragmentation & personalization
• Diversity & multiplicity
• Responsiveness to individual needs
• E-government, e-democracy
• Network governance and negotiation
• Flexible and flatter organizational structures
• Influence through shared values & facilitation
• Proactive, situational, facilitative and shared
leadership
• Small and decentralized state
• Policy & management convergence
• Proliferation of big-data, high-tech & knowledgebased
sectors
• Continuous renewal and learning
• Responsiveness, innovation, quality, design, choice
& accessibility
• Customer orientation, individual choice & individual
interest

Doğru Cevap: D

Ünite 8

Soru 1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the historical relationship between technology and public administration?

The use of technology in public administration began in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution.

Technological innovations have been selectively applied to public administration only in times of national crisis.

Governments have historically been early adopters of new technologies to improve administrative efficiency and control.

The introduction of computers in the 1950s marked the first major technological shift in government administration.

Digital transformation has had minimal impact on administrative functions compared to its effects on commerce and communication.

Açıklama:

Governments have adopted technologies from ancient times-such as writing and arithmetic-to modern innovations like computers and digital platforms. This long-standing and proactive engagement with technology demonstrates that public administration has historically been shaped by technological adoption to improve control and efficiency.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

What was the primary reason governments began using computers in the 1950s?

To monitor citizens’ private communications

To replace manual labor in military operations

To substitute clerks for data processing and record keeping

To promote digital trade and e-commerce

To decentralize administrative decision-making

Açıklama:

In the 1950s, computers were primarily seen as a tool to replace the "army of clerks" responsible for record keeping, helping public officials manage data more efficiently.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following is one of the main contradictions in the use of information technologies in public administration?

They reduce the need for any form of government intervention.

They eliminate the need for private sector involvement in governance.

They only benefit authoritarian regimes by enhancing state control.

They can simultaneously promote democratic participation and enable mass surveillance.

They make all forms of traditional bureaucracy obsolete.

Açıklama:

Information technologies are seen by some as tools that enhance decentralization and democratic governance, while others view them as mechanisms for surveillance and control. This contradiction lies at the heart of ongoing debates about their impact on public administration.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

Why has the terminology for technology use in public administration evolved from "e-government" to terms like "digital governance"?

Because governments have fully replaced traditional services with technology.

To emphasize the decline in citizen involvement in governance.

Due to the introduction of more interactive technologies and broader participation by new actors.

Because e-government was never widely adopted in the 1990s.

To distinguish between government and private sector efforts.

Açıklama:

The shift from terms like “e-government” to “digital governance” reflects the growing complexity and interactivity of technology use in public administration. This includes the involvement of IT firms, NGOs, international organizations, and the use of technologies such as AI, blockchain, and IoT, as well as participatory practices like crowdsourcing and crowd law.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between New Public Management (NPM) and technology use in public administration?
B

NPM reforms focus on decentralizing government functions to the private sector, while technology use in public administration promotes greater government control and centralization.

NPM and technology use in public administration share common goals, such as increasing government regulations and oversight.

NPM focuses on public sector accountability and transparency, while technology use in public administration prioritizes political activism and public protests.

Both NPM and technology use in public administration seek to improve government performance through privatization, deregulation, and efficiency.

Both NPM and technology use in public administration can serve as symbolic reforms that manage citizen perceptions rather than improving efficiency.

Açıklama:

New Public Management (NPM) advocates for privatization and deregulation in the public sector to enhance efficiency. Similarly, technology initiatives in public administration also aim to streamline operations and improve performance. Both seek to achieve more effective governance with fewer resources and enhanced service delivery.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which of the following is an example of "governance by hierarchy"?

The Chilean government allowing citizens to register as virtual senators

The Municipality of Paris using technology for participatory budgeting

The Turkish Informatics Foundation organizing digital government award systems

A government controlling and managing public services like education and infrastructure

A non-governmental organization collaborating with local communities on environmental issues

Açıklama:

"Governance by hierarchy" refers to a system where the government plays a key role and hierarchically intervenes to produce and supply common goods, such as education or infrastructure, defining the legal framework. This example fits that description.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 7

Which type of isomorphic pressure refers to public organizations adopting digital technologies due to the influence of successful organizations or trends?

Coercive isomorphism

Mimetic isomorphism

Normative isomorphism

Technological isomorphism

Institutional isomorphism

Açıklama:

Mimetic isomorphism occurs when organizations imitate other organizations that they perceive as more legitimate or successful. In this case, government organizations adopt digital technologies by modeling themselves after other successful or fashionable organizations, thereby enhancing their legitimacy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

According to the Population Ecology Theory, why do government agencies in different environments adopt varying levels of technology?

Due to international mandates

Because of political pressures from international organizations

Because technology adoption is the primary goal of all government agencies

Because all government agencies follow the same technological standards

Due to the environmental niches created by different social, economic, and political conditions

Açıklama:

The Population Ecology Theory suggests that government agencies adopt different levels of technology use based on the social, economic, and political environments they operate in. These environmental niches create varying pressures and opportunities for technology adoption, leading to differences in how agencies implement digital solutions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

Which of the following groups is typically more disadvantaged in terms of access to and use of technology, according to the concept of the digital divide at the individual level?

An elderly, disabled woman with low education and income living in a rural area

A young, well-educated man with high income living in an urban area

A middle-aged man with moderate education and income living in a suburban area

A young woman with a high school education living in a city

A young, well-educated man with a disability living in an urban area

Açıklama:

The digital divide at the individual level highlights the disparities in access to and use of technology based on factors like age, education, income, location, and disability. Typically, individuals who are elderly, disabled, less educated, have lower income, and live in rural areas face greater disadvantages in accessing and utilizing technology.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 10

Which of the following is the main concern about the increasing power of big technology companies in relation to mass surveillance?

They are helping reduce the need for government surveillance.

They collect and process massive amounts of personal data for commercial and political purposes.

They provide more access to privacy protection for individuals.

They prevent governments from using surveillance technologies altogether.

They help ensure that surveillance systems are only used by law enforcement.

Açıklama:

The main concern about the power of big technology companies is that they collect large amounts of personal data from individuals, which is then used for commercial and political purposes. This can lead to privacy violations and the misuse of data.
A) They are helping reduce the need for government surveillance.
This is incorrect because the book mentions that both governments and big technology companies actively use surveillance technologies. It does not suggest that technology companies are reducing the need for government surveillance; rather, it states that technology companies are contributing to the surveillance process alongside governments.
C) They provide more access to privacy protection for individuals.
This is incorrect because the book emphasizes that the growing power of big tech companies raises concerns about privacy violations and mass surveillance, not the enhancement of privacy protection. It does not mention any actions by these companies to protect privacy.
D) They prevent governments from using surveillance technologies altogether.
This is incorrect because the book does not indicate that big tech companies prevent governments from using surveillance technologies. On the contrary, it discusses how both governments and technology companies utilize these technologies for their own purposes.
E) They help ensure that surveillance systems are only used by law enforcement.
This is incorrect because the book highlights the shift from "surveillance" systems controlled by the state alone to "surveillance governance," where private companies and citizens also play significant roles. It does not support the idea that surveillance is restricted to law enforcement.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Why did some scholars argue that New Public Management (NPM) undermined public accountability?

It reduced parliamentary oversight.

It made all services free of charge.

It eliminated public reporting systems.

It increased bureaucratic centralization.

It removed citizen input from decision-making.

Açıklama:

The NPM movement has materialized in the
US as a series of reforms that have been more gradual than many others, beginning with the Civil
Service Reform Act of 1978 and continuing with
downsizing, personnel, and budget cuts during
the Reagan years, and “smaller and more limited
government” initiatives with no coherent program
(Ingraham, 1997). The final phase of this series was
the “National Performance Review” (NPR) initiative,
popularly known as “reinventing government”
(Osborne and Gaebler, 1992; Kamensky, 1996;
Osborne and Plastrik, 1997; 2000).
The reinvention of government, initiated by the
Clinton Administration and strongly supported
for a significant period (1992-2000), has gone
through three phases: The first phase was to
reorganize government processes through customer
service and procurement reform. The second phase
consisted of asking the fundamental question: what
should the government do? The third and final
stage is to strengthen the movement with new ideas
and to focus on improving “the most problematic
institutions” (Kettl, 1998: v).

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 12

Which of the following is not one of the principles of New Public Management (NPM)?

Emphasis on performance measurement

Citizens percieved as customers

Hierarchical centralization

Quality-oriented approach

Emphasis on privatization

Açıklama:

Toonen (2001: 185) listed the ideal-type
characteristics of NPM reforms as follows:
• A business-oriented approach to
government.
• A quality and performance-oriented
approach.
• Linking public demand, supply, and supply
units through operational tools and quality
management.
• Wherever possible, withdrawal of
(bureaucratic) government agencies in favor
of markets (privatization and deregulation.
NPM advocates strongly emphasized
transforming the culture of public organizations by
emphasizing the importance of perceiving citizens
as customers, focusing on outputs and outcomes
rather than inputs, and providing quality products
and services in the public sector. Greater efficiency
was sought through decentralization, privatization,
or outsourcing. The NPM movement is also closely
linked to the total quality management paradigm
(Deming, 1986) as it provides the basis for
continuous improvement (Kettl, 1997: 447-448).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 13

In which country did New Public Management (NPM) movements first begin?

South Korea

Sweden

Brazil

Portugal

the United Kingdom

Açıklama:

“New Public Management” (NPM) is an
umbrella term for like-minded administrative
reform movements that began in the late 1970s
in several English-speaking countries such as the
United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and a
little bit later in the United States (Kettl, 1997: 446).
This movement later spread to other countries,
such as Brazil, Portugal, Sweden, and South Korea.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

Which of the following occurs when the results of an algorithm give certain individuals or groups an advantage or disadvantage compared to others, without a valid reason for this unequal impact.

The risk of mass surveillance

Algorithmic bias

Digital divide

Isomorphic perspective

Panopticon concept

Açıklama:

Algorithmic Bias: “Algorithmic processes
that are used to automate or assist decisionmaking
about people may produce
discriminatory results that violate the norms
of justice and equality and that adversely
impact particular people or communities in
the workplace or society. This phenomenon
is referred to as algorithmic bias and occurs
when the outputs of an algorithm benefit or
disadvantage certain individuals or groups
more than others without a justified reason
for such unequal impacts” (Kordzadeh and
Ghasemaghaei, 2022: 388).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following term is used for both a prison model and a pessimistic perspective towards the use of technology in public administration?

Mass surveillance

Digital governance

Isomorphism

Panopticon

Benchmarking

Açıklama:

The Panopticon Concept: Panopticon is a model prison imagined by Jeremy Bentham. This prison consists
of a watchtower in the middle and cells surrounding that tower as a circle. The design of the building enables
every cell to be perfectly visible from the guard in the watchtower. However, the prisoners are not able to see
whether there is indeed a guard in the watch tower or not. But they all have to assume that someone is in the
watch tower to monitor what they are doing and saying. The resulting sensation of being watched and the
resulting continuous surveillance ability that the Panopticon creates is a very powerful control mechanism.
A group of people are rather pessimist
and/or cynical about the world information
technologies transform or enable (Forrester, 1992;
Darrier and Mehta, 1998; Stoll, 1995). As an
example, Darrier and Mehta argue that it is already
possible to track the personal lives of people with
the help of financial, security, and health databases,
and hidden surveillance cameras in public spaces.
They emphasize the importance of Foucault’s
‘Panopticon’ concept to enable and enhance mass
surveillance both by the governments and other
actors, such as multinational technology firms.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 16

At the _____ level, the digital divide refers to the differences and inequalities in access to and utilization of technology between developed countries and developing countries.
Complete the sentence with the correct word.

individual

regional

national

international

global

Açıklama:

The concept of the digital divide refers to inequalities in access to technology and, once accessed,
the benefits derived from it (Aydın, Yerlikaya, and Gürcan, 2012). The concept of the digital divide can
be defined at various levels, such as global, international, national, regional/local, and individual levels.
At the global level, it refers to the differences and inequalities in access to and utilization of technology
between countries in various categories such as West and East, North and South, developed countries and
developing countries, global North and the global South.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

At the _____ level, the digital devide emphasizes the differences and inequalities in access to and utilization of technology between those living in the cities and the ones living in rural areas.
Complete the sentence with the correct word.

individual

regional

national

international

global

Açıklama:

When the problem of the digital divide is defined at the individual level, it emphasizes the differences
and inequalities in access to and utilization of technology between individuals and groups that differ from
each other based on characteristics such as age, gender, level of education socioeconomic level/ status,
location/ place of residence, and disability.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

"Biz Bize Yeteriz" campaign in Türkiye is an example of which of the following?

Crowdsourcing

Crowdfunding

Governance by hierarchy

Governance by markets

Governance by networks

Açıklama:

There are examples of electronic governance
practices, especially with the use of crowdfunding
and crowdsourcing strategies, in Türkiye as well.
The crowdfunding “Biz bize yeteriz” (We are
enough for us) campaign (bizbizeyeteriz.gov.
tr) during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Yıldız and
Şahin, 2020), and the crowdsourcing “İhtiyaç
Haritası” (Map of Needs) campaign after several
earthquakes (Saylam, 2023) are cases in point.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

With the aim of using technology in government to create a better world than the one they inherited, what did the United Nations declare in 2000?

Sustainable Development Goals

Map of Needs

Millennium Development Goals

Good governance

National Performance Review

Açıklama:

Technology use in public administration is
just a means to an end, rather than the main
objective itself. The objective of using technology
in government is to create a better world than
the one we inherited. Within this context,
the United Nations declared the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, which aim
to achieve higher levels of human development
(Vandemoortele, 2002).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

When did new norms of online government service provision emerge as the popularity of mobile platforms and social media platforms rose?

1970s

1980s

1990s

2010s

2020s

Açıklama:

during the 2000s, official government
agency websites were the standard, the expected
service provision norm. As the popularity of mobile
platforms and social media platforms rose during
the late 2000s and early 2010s, users of government
services demanded these new platforms to provide norms of online government service provision
emerged.

Doğru Cevap: D

Contemporary Approaches in Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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Ünite 4

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