Comparatıve Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi (İngilizce)

Ünite 1

Soru 1

Which of the following civilizations belongs to the First Charter of Human Rights?

Persia

Mesopotamia

Egypt

China

India

Açıklama:

The Achaemenid Persians pioneered advanced human rights principles, exemplified by Cyrus the Great’s abolition of slavery through the issuance of the first Human Rights Charter in the sixth century B.C.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

How was the public administration and bureaucracy in Ancient China?

A rivalry relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class

A cooperative relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class

A incursions relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class

A susceptibilities relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class

An open relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class

Açıklama:

In ancient times, the bureaucratic systems of India and China diverged along distinctive trajectories. In China, a cooperative relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

In which of the following options are the works on Turkish-Islamic law and justice given correctly with their authors?

Nizam al-Mulk - Siyasetname
Yusuf Has Hacip - Kutadgu Bilig
Farabi - El Medinatü'l Fazila

Nizam al-Mulk - Kutadgu Bilig
Yusuf Has Hacip - Siyasetname
Farabi - El Medinatü'l Fazila

Nizam al-Mulk - El Medinatü'l Fazila
Yusuf Has Hacip - Kutadgu Bilig
Farabi - Siyasetname

Nizam al-Mulk - Siyasetname
Yusuf Has Hacip - El Medinatü'l Fazila
Farabi - Kutadgu Bilig

Nizam al-Mulk - Ottoman Public Administtation
Yusuf Has Hacip - Kutadgu Bilig
Farabi - Andalusian Public Administtation

Açıklama:

Islamic Public Administration boasts a rich heritage with identifiable traditions and practices in governmental affairs. Nizam al-Mulk’s “Siyasetname” stands as a seminal contribution, offering insights into state administration within the framework of Islamic principles and governance, and presenting practical concepts for governance enhancement (Arefeen et al., 2022). Similarly, Kutadgu Bilig, written by Yusuf Has Hacip, is a work that represents the first period of Turkish-Islamic culture. It contains topics such as the religion of the ancient Turkish society, family order, army, state organization, morality, and customs. This work is important in terms of illuminating the issues of justice and law in Turkish-Islamic culture (Çakan, 2017). In addition, according to Farabi’s book “El Medinatü’l Fazila”, cities are the first place where people come together and reach the greatest perfection.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Which of the following options is the year in which the Comparative Administration Group was established, which played an important role in the advancement of the comparative management movement on a broader scale?

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

Açıklama:

Since its establishment in 1960, the Comparative Administration Group (CAG) has played a pivotal role in propelling the comparative administration movement forward on a broader scale. Guided by Fred W. Riggs, this organization experienced consistent expansion over a decade-long period.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Which of the following is not one of the four different categories identified by Heady (1962) for comparative international administrative studies in the early 1960s?

Modified traditional theory

Development administration theory

General system theory

World war theory

Middle-range theory

Açıklama:

World war theory is not one of the four different categories identified by Heady (1962) for comparative international administrative studies in the early 1960s.
Heady (1962) delineated four distinct categories for comparative cross-national administration studies in the early 1960s, which he contends remain pertinent in contemporary discourse. These categories comprise “modified traditional, development administration, generalsystem theory, and middle-range theory”.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which of the following is the critical domain in development administration mentioned by Farazmand (1996), who defines the important factors that shape the focus of development administration?

Financial reality

Location reality

Nation reality

Norm reality

Public reality

Açıklama:

Farazmand (1996) defines pivotal factors that have shaped the trajectory of development administration’s focus. He underscores the significance of addressing the “financial reality” as a critical domain within development administration.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Which of the following replaced the decline in the conventional public administration model since the mid-1980s?

Market oriented approach

Public-oriented approach

Nation-oriented approach

Women-oriented approach

Derivative instruments-oriented approach

Açıklama:

Since the mid-1980s, there has been a discernible decline in the conventional model of public administration, supplanted by a marketoriented approach emphasizing adaptability.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

Which of the following is the focus area of the New Public Management approach in competitive market conditions?

Customer responses

Customer preferences

Customer strategies

Strategic preferences

Comparative methodology

Açıklama:

The New Public Management approach focuses on customer preferences in competitive market conditions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Three conflicting futuristic paradigms based on the assumption that less developed countries will try to imitate their more advanced counterparts by adopting imported administrative technologies are given correctly in which option below?

independency theory
social movements delimitation
post-industrialism

dependency theory
government systems delimitation
pre-industrialism

dependency theory
social systems delimitation
post-industrialism

independency theory
social systems delimitation
pre-industrialism

independency theory
public delimitation
post-industrialism

Açıklama:

It was posited that less developed nations would endeavor to emulate their more developed counterparts by adopting imported administrative technologies. However, these assumptions were met with challenges posed by three contrasting futuristic paradigms: “dependency theory,” “social systems delimitation,” and “post-industrialism” (
It was posited that less developed nations would endeavor to emulate their more developed counterparts by adopting imported administrative technologies. However, these assumptions were met with challenges posed by three contrasting futuristic paradigms: “dependency theory,” “social systems delimitation,” and “post-industrialism”.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which option below correctly describes comparative public administration addressing global issues?

Artifical lakes
environmental views
maritime disputes

government intelligence
environmental degradation
maritime cruise

Artifical organs
environmental tourism
maritime disputes

Artifical intelligence
social degradation
national disputes

Artifical intelligence
environmental degradation
maritime disputes

Açıklama:

COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Addressing Global Issues
Including Artifcial Intelligence
Including Environmental
Degradation Including Maritime Disputes within Public Administration Frameworks

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 11

What is the challenge of Orientalism in studying Islamic public administration?

Lack of historical documents

Lack of economic aspect

Limited applicability in modern governance

Overemphasis on Western administrative practices

Maintaining objectivity regarding religious aspects

Açıklama:

The discourse on Islamic public administration often intersects with the concept of Orientalism, posing challenges for scholars in maintaining objectivity and avoiding bias towards the religious aspects of the approach.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Which of the following is not an ancient Mesopotamian civilization?

Andalusian civilization

Sumerian civilization

Assyrian civilization

Akkadian civilization

Babylonian civilization

Açıklama:

Ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia such as Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, Akkad, Chaldea, and Elam had great influence on the administrative systems of other regions. Mesopotamia is called the source of civilizations. Andalusian civilizaiton was in Europe, namely Spain.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 13

In ancient times, what type of relationship existed between emperors and scholarly in China?

Authoritarian

Cooperative

Totalitarian

Democratic

Restrictive

Açıklama:

In ancient times, the bureaucratic systems of India and China diverged along distinctive trajectories. In China, a cooperative relationship existed between the emperors and the scholarly class. Conversely, Indian history is marked by the noted rivalry between Brahmin intellectuals and Kshatriya conquerors.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 14

By which actor, the administrative and legal customs of the Roman Empire were perpetuated until 18th century?

King

People

Church

Oligarchy

Aristocracy

Açıklama:

The Roman Empire’s administrative and legal customs were perpetuated by the Church in Europe, even following the Empire’s decline and eventual dissolution. It was only after societal shifts that new manifestations of state bureaucracies began to emerge in the 18th century.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 15

Which of the following sought to assimilate Africans into its culture during colonization centuries?

Germany

France

Russia

Italians

Netherland

Açıklama:

The colonial period left a lasting negative legacy, marked by instances of prejudice and marginalization faced by non-Europeans. Tummala (2009) noted that the British aimed to segregate Africans from themselves, while the French sought to assimilate Africans into their culture. In contrast, the Portuguese pursued both objectives simultaneously.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which of the following is the most influential factor on the administrative structures of the Muslim societies?

Islam

Sultan

People

Military

Oligarchy

Açıklama:

Within Muslim and Islamic-majority countries, Islam plays a pivotal role in Public Administration, owing to its widespread influence and applicability. Despite the secular nature of many societies in Muslim countries, Islam profoundly influences all facets of public administration and governance.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Who is the author of the famous book, namely “Siyasetname”?

Maverdi

Farabi

Kutadgu Bilig

Nizam al-Mulk

Yusuf Has Hacip

Açıklama:

Islamic Public Administration boasts a rich heritage with identifiable traditions and practices in governmental affairs. Nizam al-Mulk’s “Siyasetname” stands as a seminal contribution, offering insights into state administration within the framework of Islamic principles and governance, and presenting practical concepts for governance enhancement.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

Who is the author of “The Study of Administration” that contributed to the emergence of public administration as an academic field?

Karl Marx

Dwight Waldo

Woodrow Wilson

Leonard D. White

Charles Jean Bonnin

Açıklama:

Contemporary public administration finds its roots in Woodrow Wilson’s seminal work “The Study of Administration,” published in 1887, which laid the foundation for subsequent scholarly endeavors in the field.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

What was the main reason behind the decline of academic interest in comparative research during 1970s?

There was a lack of available data

Journals discontinued publishing comparative articles

Statistical tools were not sufficient to analyze big amount of data

Eastern societies did not adopt to the Western-dominated comparative research

Funding organizations suspended financial support for comparative research

Açıklama:

There was a notable surge in scholarly enthusiasm for comparative and development administration, succeeded by a decline within the academic sphere. This downturn was primarily attributable to diminishing support from funding organizations and agencies for research and training endeavors in development and comparative administration throughout the 1970s. Consequently, this decline adversely affected the academic inclination toward pursuing analogous programs in public management.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following is not a development during 1980s that influenced the public administration?

Artificial Intelligence

Market-Oriented Approach

Public-Private Partnerships

Privatization of Public Services

New Public Management Theory

Açıklama:

Artificial Intelligence has emerged during 2010s, not during 1980s.

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 2

Soru 1

Which of the following is not a feature in the framework for comparing public administration systems as mentioned in the text?

Administrative history

Recent administrative reforms

Public-private partnerships

Civil society presence

Legal structure

Açıklama:

This comparative framework includes the following factors: administrative history, the legal structure of the country, local-central government relations, public personnel system, presence of the civil society, and recent administrative reforms.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the decentralization of local governments?

Central monitoring

Privatization

The appointment of local leaders

The national constitution

Political reforms

Açıklama:

and relations between central and local governments can be understood by evaluating the financial and political autonomy of local governments, decentralization types, appointment of mayors, council types, decision-making bodies, central monitoring over local governments, subsidiarity principle

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 3

Which of the following is not part of the "New Public Management" reform trend?

Performance management

Market mechanisms in public sector

E-government services

Emphasis on hierarchy

Accountability to the public

Açıklama:

NPM focuses on introducing market mechanisms in the public sector, performance management, citizen-oriented service delivery, and accountability to the public

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 4

Which of the following is not included in the framework for comparing administrative reforms?

Influence of international organizations

Market economy transitions

The role of private sector in governance

Strengthening of local government authority

Increasing public-private partnerships

Açıklama:

Administrative reforms are shaped by international organizations, market transitions, decentralization, and public-private partnerships.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

What is the primary purpose of public personnel systems?

To promote privatization of public services

To manage public employees effectively

To reduce the size of government

To eliminate public sector unions

To implement performance-based contracts

Açıklama:

The structure of the public personnel systems plays a significant role in the functioning of the administrative system

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 6

In a federal system, how is power distributed?

It is concentrated in the central government

Power is shared between the central and regional governments

Regional governments have complete autonomy

The central government has control over all legislation

The judiciary holds most of the power

Açıklama:

Federalism is a form of government in which power is divided between the central and local governments.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of a parliamentary system?

The head of government is also the head of state

The Prime Minister is directly elected by the people

The President has significant executive powers

The head of government and head of state are separate

Legislative authority is concentrated in regional assemblies

Açıklama:

In parliamentary government systems, there is a clear separation between the head of the government (the Prime Minister) and the head of state (the President).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 8

What is the primary role of Comparative Public Administration (CPA)?

To identify best practices for private sector management

To compare and analyze administrative institutions across different countries

To focus exclusively on bureaucratic systems within Europe

To study the history of public administration in ancient empires

To promote the privatization of public services globally

Açıklama:

Comparative Public Administration (CPA) refers to the investigation and analysis of administrative institutions, processes, and behavior across organizational, state, and cultural differences.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

Which event significantly contributed to the rise of international public administration after 1960?

The creation of the United Nations

The formation of the World Trade Organization

The establishment of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The fall of the Berlin Wall

The signing of the Kyoto Protocol

Açıklama:

The OECD, founded on 14 December 1960, is expected to meet two significant criteria: ‘(i) democratic societies committed to rule of law and protection of human rights; and (ii) open, transparent, and free-market economies.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which method is most commonly used by social scientists for large-scale comparisons in Comparative Public Administration?

Laboratory experiments

Surveys

Comparative analysis

Field experiments

Archival research

Açıklama:

In the social sciences, experimenting on a large scale is very costly and hardly possible due to the validity challenges. In this sense, comparison is the only research lab that most social scientists can access.

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 3

Soru 1

Which of the following in not one of the feature of the Developing Countries?

Agricultural Economy

Higher Poverty Rate

Infrastructure Challenges

Lower Human Development Index

Political Stability

Açıklama:

The Features of Developing Countries:
1. Agricultural Economy: Many developing countries rely heavily on agriculture as a primary economic activity, and industrialization may be limited.
2. Higher Poverty Rate: Developing countries often have higher poverty rates, and there may be significant disparities in access to basic services.
3. Infrastructure Challenges: Developing countries may face challenges in terms of inadequate infrastructure, including issues with transportation, communication, and
energy systems.
4. Low GDP per capita: Developing countries generally have a lower GDP per capita, indicating lower average income levels for their populations.
5. Lower Human Development Index (HDI): Developing countries may have lower scores on the Human Development Index, reflecting challenges in areas such as healthcare, education, and income.
6. Political Instability: Some developing countries may experience political instability, governance issues, and lessestablished political institutions.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 2

Which of the following is not one of the feature of the Developed Countries?

High GDP per capita

Political Instability

High Human Development Index

High Standard of Living

Industrialization

Açıklama:

The Features of Developed Countries
1. High GDP per capita: Developed countries generally have a high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, indicating a high average income for their citizens.
2. High Human Development Index (HDI): Developed countries tend to score high on the Human Development Index, which takes into account factors such as life
expectancy, education, and income.
3. High Standard of Living: Citizens in developedcountries generally enjoy a high standard of living, with access to quality healthcare, education, and other essential services.
4. Industrialization and Infrastructure: Developed countries typically have well-developed industrial sectors and advanced infrastructure, including reliable transportation, communication, and energy systems.
5. Low Poverty Rate: Developed countries typically have lower poverty rates compared to developing countries, and social safety nets are often well-established.
6. Stable Political Environment: Developed countries often have stable political environments, well-established political institutions, and strong governance structures.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Which of the following is one of the feature of Developing Countries?

Higher Poverty Rate

High Human Development Index

High Standard of Living

Low Poverty Rate

High GDP per capita

Açıklama:

The Features of Developing Countries
Higher Poverty Rate: Developing countries
often have higher poverty rates, and there
may be significant disparities in access to
basic services.
The Features of Developing Countries
Higher Poverty Rate: Developing countries often have higher poverty rates, and there may be significant disparities in access to basic services.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 4

Which of the foolowing is one of the feature of Developed Countries?

Political Instability

Low Poverty Rate

Low GDP per capita

Lower Human Development Index

Higher Poverty Rate

Açıklama:

Low Poverty Rate: Developed countries typically have lower poverty rates compared to developing countries, and social safety nets are often well-established.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

There are seven key factors to consider when conducting studies in comparative public administration. Which of the following is not one of them?

Administrative Behavior and Ethics

Cultural and Contextual Influences

Public Sector Reforms

Implementation and Innovation

Global Cooperation and Partnerships

Açıklama:

Global Cooperation and Partnerships are one of the main facilitaty or indicator taken into consideration when comparing the administrations of developed and developing countries. It is not the one of the key factors to consider when conducting studies in comparative public administration.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 6

Which of the following is not one of the level and nature of comparing public administration systems?

Identifying Challenges

Inter-state comparison

Development stages

Ideological orientation

Intra-state comparison

Açıklama:

Levels and Nature ofComparing Public Administration Systems
Inter-state comparison: At this level, the study focuses on comparing administrative systems of countries. This can either be administrative systems of developed vs developing countries or developed countries on their own. The states being compared may need to have similar recognition status. That is, they ought to be recognized as independent states. Such comparisons can either take place among countries in the same continent or across different continents.
Intra-state comparison: In this case, the study focuses on the administrative systems of a particular country. It is a useful approach when studying countries with different administrative systems for example federal and federation systems can offer good examples. The findings in such studies can be useful in determining the factors responsible for varying performance of various administrative units in a country.
Development stages: Another level of comparison can be done by using development as a measure or basis of classification of countries being compared. For example, the comparative study can focus on comparing public administration systems of less developed, developing, developed or highly industrialized countries. This approach is important because it could reveal whether the publicnadministration system has an influence on the development of a country.
Ideological orientation: Given that different countries have different political, economic and even religious ideologies, such ideologies can become the basis for comparing
countries. The findings can help reveal whether certain ideologies have a better impact on the country’s administrative system than others.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 7

Emerging countries are characterized by dynamic economic growth. They are often experiencing various economic indicators. Which of the following is not one of the them?

Market Reforms

Evolving Industrial Base

Technological Advancements

Infrastructure Development

Political Instability

Açıklama:

Dynamic Growth: Emerging countries are characterized by dynamic economic growth. They are often experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization, and improvements in various economic indicators.
1. Evolving Industrial Base: Emerging countries typically have industrial sectors that are evolving and diversifying. They may be transitioning from primarily agrarian economies to economies with a growing industrial and service sector.
2. Market Reforms: Many emerging countries have implemented economic reforms to open up markets, attract foreign investment, and stimulate economic development. These reforms often involve changes in regulatory policies and trade practices.
3. Technological Advancements: Emerging countries often experience advancements in technology and innovation, contributing to economic growth. They may embrace new technologies and industries to drive development.
4. Infrastructure Development: Emerging countries may be in the process of developing or upgrading their infrastructure, including transportation, communication, and energy
systems.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 8

........ is a composite index that considers life expectancy, education (average years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. Using these rates, it is easy to determine the level of economic development of a country.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

Income Inequality

Poverty Rate

Human Development Index

Infrastructure Development

Life Expectancy

Açıklama:

Human Development Index (HDI): HDI is a composite index that considers life expectancy, education (average years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. Using these rates, it is easy to determine the level of economic development of a country. HDI provides a more holistic view of development by incorporating social and economic dimensions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

A crucial indicator of a country’s development is the ................ which measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders. However, although it provides a snapshot of economic activity, it does notaccount for income distribution, inequality, or the composition of economic activities.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

Global Economic Influence

Human Development Index

High Standard of Living

Gross National Income

Gross Domestic Product

Açıklama:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): A crucial indicator of a country’s development is the GDP which measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country’s
borders. However, although GDP provides a snapshot of economic activity, it does notaccount for income distribution, inequality, or the composition of economic activities.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 10

........................ measures the total income generated by a country’s residents, including income from abroad, divided by the population.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

Global Economic Influence

Gross National Income per Capita

Gross Domestic Product

High Human Development Index

Evolving Industrial Base

Açıklama:

Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita: GNI measures the total income generated by a country’s residents, including income from abroad, divided by the population. GNI per capita provides a measure of average income and with that the level of development in the country. GNI per capita accounts for income from abroad, providing a more comprehensive measure of a country’s economic well-being.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 11

Which of the following may not be considered one of the levels and nature of comparing public administration systems?

Inter-state comparison

Intra-state comparison

Development stages

Ideological orientation

Religious affiliation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Which of the following is not one of the critical reasons for comparing public administration systems of developed and developing nations?

Capacity building and training

Enhancing governance practices

Identifying challenges and solutions

Global cooperation and partnership

Downsizing administrative framework

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

I. Cultural and Contextual Influences
II. Implementation and Innovation
III. Cross-country comparison
IV. Institutional and Administrative Structures
Which of the above are among the key factors to consider when conducting studies in comparative public administration

I, II and III

I, III and IV

II, III and IV

I, III and IV

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 14

I. High GDP per capita
II. Low score in High Human Development Index (HDI)
III. High standard of living
IV. Well-developed industrialization and infrastructure
Which of the above are among the key features of developed nations?

I, II, III

I, III, IV

II, III, IV

III, IV

I, II, III, IV

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 15

Which of the following may not be a feature of a developing nation?

Agricultural economy

Higher poverty rate

Low GDP per capita

Political instability

High human development index (HDI) score

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 16

"........ are characterized by dynamic economic growth. They are often experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization, and improvements in various economic indicators."
Which of the following best fills in the blank?

Emerging countries

Economic countries

Developed countries

Superpower nations

Middle-power countries

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 17

Which of the following is not one of the indicators for economic development?

Environmental sustainability

Gross domestic product

Income inequality

Geopolitical location

Human development index

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 18

"Some scholars define ......... in terms of the political system’s improved capacities, while others define it in terms of the national economy’s growth. Another group of scholars has found it difficult to discern between modernization and progress. ....... is multifaceted and includes administrative, political, social, and economic elements."
Which of the following best fits in the blank above?

Development

Administration

Governance

Economy

Stability

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 19

What percentage of the people around the world live in developed nations?

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

"The ................ evaluates the performance of countries by assessing their achievements across three key variables: education, life expectancy, and income. The quartile of the ........ distribution and 753 Public Administration in Developed and Developing Countries the (GNI/n) are used to categorize the nations. The ........ ranges are as follows: Countries scoring between 76 and 100 falls under the category of developed nations, those within the range of 51 to 75 are classified as developing, countries with scores ranging from 26 to 50 are considered as medium development, and those scoring between 1 and 26 are designated as low development."
Which of the following is being described in the quote above?

Human Development Index

Developmental Economy

Life Expentancy Index

National Income Distribution

National Ranking of Governance

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 4

Soru 1

I. Comparative research in public administration aims only to test hypotheses and not to create them.
II. Comparative research helps identify general patterns in public administration that can be used for theory-building.
III. Social, political, and historical factors do not influence comparative research in public administration.
Which of the above statements about comparative public administration is correct?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

Only III

Açıklama:

While comparative research is typically used to test a hypothesis, comparative research can also aim to create hypotheses and achieve theorybuilding (Collier, 1993). As a result, scholars use different frameworks to search for knowledge in their areas of expertise. Comparative research in public administration is mainly concerned with improving administrative practices by comparing experiences in different contexts that are influenced by certain social, political, economic, or historical factors that influence public administration. Comparative research is also regarded as an effective approach for constructing and testing theories, in which the concepts of social systems are replaced by corresponding variables that are “systems” or “cases” including different individuals, groups, public organizations, sectors, and countries (Prezeworski and Teune, 1970: 8-9). In addition, cumulative administrative knowledge can reveal general patterns in public administration. These general patterns can lead to generalizations that can be used for theory-building or reform efforts as application applications (Jreisat, 2011: 86).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 2

In Comparative Public Administration, the framework that analyzes the relationship between institutional structures and their functions is known as __________.
Which of the following best fills the blank above?

Rational Choice Theory

Behavioralism

Structural Functionalism

Bureaucratic Theory

Postmodernism

Açıklama:

In CPA, system theory (structural functionalism) is one of the most popular analytical systems. It was first developed by social scientists in the early 1900s such as T. Parsons and M. Levy to analyze different societies around the world (Heady, 2006: 67). Political scientists then use this framework to examine political systems. This framework is composed of two parts: institutional structures, and the functioning of those institutional structures. This theory believes that the relationship between institutions and their functions is strong. However, in CPA analysis, a researcher needs to choose between an institutionalist approach and a functionalist approach. To decide which approach to take, some fundamental questions may be useful. For example, Peters (1994: 68) poses the following questions: “What are the boundaries of functional and institutional mechanisms? What are the functions, processes, or institutions and bodies that are subject to public administration?”, and “What functions does a given institution perform, and how does it perform them?” (Heady, 2006: 68). This is why a researcher should ask these significant questions before doing comparative research

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

Which of the following is correct about the institutionalist approach in comparative public administration (CPA)?

The state is not considered a distinct actor from society.

Neo-institutionalists emphasize the importance of "stateness" in comparative research.

Institutionalists ignore the historical and cultural context of public institutions.

Comparative research under the institutionalist approach does not focus on power structures.

Neo-institutionalists view the state and society as indistinguishable.

Açıklama:

Neo-institutionalists have recently emphasized the importance of the state as a distinguished actor distinct from both “society” and “government”, although all three are interrelated (Heady, 2006: 70). This has led to an increase in scholars’ attention on the state and public institutions in the field of CPA. Fesler (1988), for example, argues that the state is composed of “large and small parts” that share five interdependent features. And these parts are functioning, holding different values, having a history and organizational culture, and maintaining power structures. Neo-institutionalists, on the other hand, have a particular interest in the notion of “stateness” which they employ when conducting comparative research for different societies (Heady, 2006: 71). Almond (1988: 872) argues that these scholars’ perspective has increased the emphasis on institutional and particularly administrative history in CPA research.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following is true about the concept of power distance?

Power distance refers to equal distribution of power in all organizations.

In high power distance countries, power is decentralized.

Power distance is lower in Western European countries like the UK.

In low power distance countries, autocratic leadership is common.

Power distance is higher in the US compared to Eastern European countries.

Açıklama:

It refers to the extent to which the least powerful members of an institution or organization anticipate and accept the unequal distribution of power in a country. Institutions can be defined as “families, schools, and communities”, whereas organizations can be defined as places where people work. In countries with high power distance, power is concentrated in one place, and there is high-level bureaucracy, autocratic leadership, and obedient people. In countries with low power distance, there are different roles of active people, decentralized hierarchies, and equal treatment of subordinates and superiors. Different power relationships at different levels lead to inequality in public institutions or organizations due to the structure of power distance. Power and inequality are fundamental facts of any society. It is higher in Eastern European countries, Latin America, Asia, and Africa, while it is lower in the US and Western European countries like Germany and the UK.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

I. CPA research focuses on individual and group behavior as one of its units of analysis.
II. The choice of unit of analysis has no impact on the methodologies used in CPA research.
III. Nation-wide characteristics, including the executive branch of government, are considered units of analysis in CPA research.
Which of the above statements about the units of analysis in comparative public administration (CPA) is correct?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

Only III

Açıklama:

The main focus of CPA research is to identify the units of analysis such as: (a)individual and group behavior and performance, (b)organization and its capacity, (c)nation-wide characteristics and performance (including the executive branch of the government) (Jreisat, 2011: 88). Choosing the most appropriate unit of analysis will also help to apply the particular approaches and methodologies in comparative research. Once again, it is important to keep in mind that the different units of analysis are interrelated. For example, a researcher may assess environmental policies by looking at the structure of related public institutions, processes, and actors (the attitudes or beliefs of decision-makers) in various countries.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

The level of analysis that combines both macro and micro approaches, providing robust empirical evidence and is often used for national bureaucracies and case studies, is called __________.
Which of the following best fills the blank above?

Macro-level analysis

Micro-level analysis

Middle-level analysis

Comparative analysis

Case-specific analysis

Açıklama:

The middle-level (meso) analysis plays an important role in CPA because it offers a wide range of functions and a large dimension by using advantages of both macro and micro level of analyses. According to Jreisat (2011), the results of a middle-level study are more specific and robust. Analysis in the mid-level provides more powerful tools for empirical evidence based on real-life experiences. For example, mid-level analysis provides information for national bureaucracies. It is also the most powerful level of organizational analysis used for case studies. On the other hand, national structures and processes are the focus of mid-range research. For instance, social scientists such as Karl Marx, Durkheim, and others focus on national structures and processes to understand the functioning of social reality. Depending on the theory, mid-range research covers specific aspects of social issues. Comparative research on the national bureaucratic and administrative systems works efficiently because it applies to particular and individual cases. In a similar vein, data derived from middle-level models can be used to construct models that are more comprehensive and robust.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

Match the following steps in CPA research to their correct order:
I. Conceptualization of a research problem
II. Hypothesis formulation
III. Operationalization of concepts and variables
IV. Hypothesis testing
A) First step
B) Second step
C) Third step
D) Fourth step
Which of the following correctly matches the steps above?

I - B, II - A, III - D, IV - C

I - A, II - B, III - C, IV - D

I - A, II - C, III - B, IV - D

I - C, II - A, III - B, IV - D

I - D, II - C, III - A, IV - B

Açıklama:

The first step in CPA research is conceptualization of a research problem based on administrative models or theories. The second step is hypothesis formulation. The third step is the operationalization of concepts, factors and variables into specific measures depending on the unit of analysis. The fourth step is hypothesis testing by collected data which determines whether hypotheses are accepted or rejected. The final step is providing detailed findings and discussions, and providing strategic goals and policy recommendations depending on these findings and discussions.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 8

In CPA research, what should a researcher determine after selecting a specific research problem to systematically question the relationship between dependent and independent variables?

Hypothesis

Methodology

Literature review

Data collection method

Research question

Açıklama:

After explaining the reasons for selecting a specific research problem to be analyzed, the researcher must determine the research question which systematically questions the relationship between dependent and independent variables. For instance, “What are the factors influencing the voting behavior of people in Türkiye and the United States (the US)?” is an appropriate question because it questions the influence of independent variables like age, income, gender, and other factors on voting behavior. In addition, this kind of research requires a comparative analysis between Türkiye and the US, both of which have a “presidential system”, but with different governmental and administrative systems in practice. In this sense, it is important to find out the most appropriate research question for a specific study in CPA research.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 9

I. Qualitative research allows for an in-depth understanding due to the scholar's close interaction with the subject.
II. Qualitative analysis eliminates ambiguity in the data to provide a clear-cut understanding of social reality.
III. Qualitative research provides narrative insights that help researchers investigate research problems that may otherwise be inaccessible.
Which of the following statements about the advantages of qualitative research in CPA is correct?

Only I

Only II

I and III

II and III

I and II

Açıklama:

There are some advantages of qualitative research: • The scholar gains an in-depth understanding of the CPA field due to close interaction with the subject. Therefore, the researcher can identify problems that are often ignored (e.g., nuances and complexities) in scientific, more positive inquiries. • Qualitative descriptions are used to illustrate potential cause and effect relationships, and dynamic processes. • Qualitative analysis enables the data to be ambiguous/contradictory in order to reflect social reality. • Qualitative research is narrative. Therefore, it is helpful to the researchers as they may be able to use qualitative reports to investigate research problems that may not be available to them, thereby gaining new insights.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which of the following is not a challenge in comparative research regarding reliability and availability of required data?

Limited availability of data in underdeveloped countries

Lack of reliable data for measuring corruption

Difficulty in comparing cases without sufficient data

Developed countries providing more data than developing countries

The need for institutional mechanisms to ensure reliable data

Açıklama:

Reliability and availability of data is a challenge in comparative research. Without data, it is not possible to efficiently compare two or more cases. Researchers tend to study particular cases that have available data. This is because developed countries provide more data compared to developing or under-developed countries. Without available data, the causes of corruption cannot be measured. The absence of reliable and available data may limit an effective measurement. As a result, data series are necessary to test previously unknown questions. Since there are only a few researchers performing cross-country meta-analyses, the comparative literature is restricted due to the lack of accessible and unreliable data. An institutionalized mechanism that offers data series and maintenance to researchers is necessary, as this mechanism facilitates the availability and reliability of data for cross-country analysis at the macro level. For example, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) offers detailed data on many major topics with numerous subtopics, such as agriculture, development, economy, education, energy, employment, socio-demographic structures, innovation and technology. This data is very important for comparative research.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Which research method uses empirical data analysis techniques such as multiple regression, time series, ANOVA, and network analysis?

Qualitative Research

Cross-Country Research

Quantitative Research

Transnational Research

Organizational Research

Açıklama:

After collecting data (primary, or secondary), it is important to choose the most appropriate analysis method. In quantitative research, there are simple (e.g., descriptive, crosstab, frequency), and advanced (e.g., multiple regression, ANOVA, multiple criteria decision-making) statistical analysis methods because this type of research mainly focuses on the questions of “how many?”, “how much?”, or “how often?” that are based on statistical calculations and assumptions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 12

I.Limited representation of sample
II.Difficulty of categorization
III.Collecting subjective data
IV.Analysis of social and political contexts
Which of the following is one of the disadvantages of case study research?

Only IV

I and III

II and IV

I, II, and III

I, II, III and IV

Açıklama:

The case study research technique looks at social units as a whole, hence no sample is required. In contrast, case studies have some disadvantages. Case study research has limited representation as researchers are looking at a specific group of people. It is difficult to make a categorization in the case studies. Case studies have the potential to be subjective research while collecting data that may have an additional layer of mistakes. The difference between the two emotions is significant, and this can lead to information biases.
Analysis of social and political context are not disadvantages alone. There are other factors.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 13

I.Descriptive Data
II.Explanatory Data
III.Analytical Data
IV.Normative Concepts
V.Raw Data
Which of the following is one of the data types in CPA research?

Only I

II and III

IV and V

I, II, III, and IV

I, II, III, IV and V

Açıklama:

Selecting the type of data construct theories in comparative research, and this selection depends on the purpose of comparative research. Descriptive data, explanatory and analytical data, and also data for prescriptive and normative concepts are the most widely used data types in CPA research. Raw data is not a data type in CPA research.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 14

Which of the following options is not one of the methodological challenges in comparative research?

Causality

Value Bias

Irrelevant Cases

Construct Equivalence

Performance criteria

Açıklama:

There are some methodological challenges for the researchers in the field of comparative analysis such as (1) irrelevant cases, (2) construct equivalence, (3) number of variables and cases, (4) causality, (5) value bias, (6) the impact of transnational factors, and (7) reliability and availability of required data. Performance criteria are not one of them.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 15

“……………. the influence of culture, language, religion, habits, morality, and customs on administrative systems. Understanding the relationship between culture and administrative behavior is important for countries”.
Which of the following context type refers to the definition above?

Political context

Social context

Economic context

Academic context

Organizational context

Açıklama:

Social context is crucial for administrative changes. It refers to the influence of culture, language, religion, habits, morality, and customs on administrative systems. Understanding the relationship between culture and administrative behavior is important for countries.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 16

Which is not one of the six dimensions to differentiate between different administrative systems according to Hofstede et al. (2010)?

Power Distance

Inclusion-Exclusion

Indulgence-Restraint

Masculinity-Feminity

Collectivisim-Individualism

Açıklama:

Inclusion-exclusion is not one of the six dimensions mentioned by Hofstede.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 17

“……………. refers to the extent to which the least powerful members of an institution or organization anticipate and accept the unequal distribution of power in a country”.
Which of the following concept refers to the definition above?

Power Distance

Indulgence-Restraint

Masculinity-Feminity

Long Term-Short Term

Collectivisim-Individualism

Açıklama:

Power distance refers to the extent to which the least powerful members of an institution or organization anticipate and accept the unequal distribution of power in a country.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

Which of the following level of analysis in comparative research focuses on individuals like public servants, bureaucrats, and other decision-makers and their behavior in the public institutions?

Macro level of analysis

Middle-level of analysis

Micro level of analysis

Regional level of analysis

Institutional level of analysis

Açıklama:

The micro-level analysis, on the other hand, focuses on individuals like public servants, bureaucrats, and other decision-makers and their behavior in the public institutions.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 19

Which of the following is not correct about prediction in findings and discussion part of a methodological research?

Predicting about future events, issues and cases

It is a statement that something is going to happen

There is no need for good theoretical and empirical evidence

It is about probabilities that might happen in the future

It is a logical connection of what happens in a particular situation

Açıklama:

A prediction is a statement that something is going to happen, whereas an explanation is a logical connection of what happens in a particular situation. Therefore, an explanation aims to answer the question “why?”. Prediction is simpler than explanation because explanation requires good theoretical and empirical evidence. For instance, a person may predict that tomorrow will be a sunny day because it happens every day. However, at some point in the analysis, they will provide evidence from meteorology to explain why this happens. Therefore, making predictions in CPA research must be made probabilistically.

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 20

Which of the following is not one of the advantages of quantitative research in comparative studies?

There are several ways to analyze quantitative data statistically

Theories can be tested and validated by quantitative methods

Massive amount of data can be analyzed by advanced software

Quantitative data can easily be produced and validated by others

Social analyses are done by researchers on statistical programs on PC

Açıklama:

Option E is an disadvantage.
The context of quantitative analysis isdifferent because uantitative experiments do not take place in the social environments, but rather they are done by researchers on statistical programs on computers and other devices. Therefore, these experiments do not allow participants (sample of the study) to explain their choices or the meaning of the questions the researcher asks.

Doğru Cevap: E

Ünite 5

Soru 1

The German public administration system encourages __________ in decision-making processes, allowing individuals to provide input on policies and regulations through public consultations and advisory boards.
Which of the following best fills the blank above?

Direct democracy

Government centralization

Public participation

Judicial oversight

Bureaucratic efficiency

Açıklama:

Government and citizen cooperation is another key feature in Germany. The public administration system encourages citizen participation in decision-making processes. Citizens have the opportunity to provide input on policies and regulations through various means, including public consultations and advisory boards. Considering that Germany is a federal state, it is quite understandable that local autonomy is important for German local governments. Local governments have a high degree of autonomy and are responsible for providing local services and infrastructure. Local governments have their own elected councils and mayors

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

In Germany, civil service recruitment follows the __________, where positions are filled based on qualifications, skills, and expertise, rather than political affiliations.
Which of the following best fills the blank above?

Merit principle

Political patronage

Rotational system

Arbitrary selection

Temporary appointment

Açıklama:

Germany has a strong welfare state with an extensive social safety net. Public administration plays a central role in the provision of social services, including healthcare, education, and social welfare programs. Therefore, the merit principle is taken care of in the recruitment of public personnel. Civil service positions are filled through a competitive and merit-based process. The selection of civil servants is based on qualifications, skills, and expertise, rather than political affiliations. Civil service operates independently of political changes. Civil servants are recruited based on qualifications, and their positions are protected from political interference.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

I. The UK has a written constitution protected by a qualified majority requirement.
II. The judiciary in the UK is independent and separate from the government.
III. Verdicts in UK courts are based on common law and previous case law decisions.
Which of the above statements about the UK's legal and constitutional system is correct?

Only I

Only II

II and III

I and III

Only III

Açıklama:

“The UK does not have a written constitution protected by a qualified majority requirement. The ‘unwritten’ and ‘unprotected’ constitution is the expression of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty codified in the Bill of Rights of 1689” (Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014: 83). The judiciary in the United Kingdom is independent and separate from the government. It includes various courts, with the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serving as the highest court. Primary legal references in the UK are common law and legislation. Therefore, verdicts in the courts are created concerning the laws and previous similar verdicts (case-law) since there is no constitution in the UK (Eroğul, 2016: 36).

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 4

I. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President without the need for Duma approval.
II. The Federal Assembly of Russia consists of two chambers: the State Duma and the Federation Council.
III. The Federation Council has more legislative power than the State Duma.
Which of the above statements about the Russian government and legislature is correct?

Only I

Only II

II and III

I and III

Only III

Açıklama:

The government, headed by the Prime Minister who is assigned by the president with the approval of the Duma, is responsible for implementing the President’s policies and managing the day-today administration of the country (Özel Özcan, 2018: 476). The Federal Assembly is the national legislature of Russia and consists of two chambers: the State Duma (lower house) of 450 members elected for a five-year term, and the Federation Council (upper house) of 178 members appointed by governors and regional legislatures (Parlak & Caner, 2009: 243; Özel Özcan, 2018: 472; Balcı et al., 2022: 400). While the members of the Federation Council are known as “senators”, the members of the Duma are called “representatives” (Yavuz, 2022: 288). “Comparative power of the Duma is much higher than that of the upper house. Duma considers every single legal bill in the Russian Federation including those proposed by the Federation Council” (Balcı et al., 2022: 401).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 5

Which of the following is incorrect about the German federal system and local governments?

Local governments carry out the majority of federal laws and initiatives.

German municipalities are responsible for local administration and public services.

The mayor of a municipality is elected by the citizens.

The federal government holds the majority of administrative tasks in Germany.

Local councils are responsible for passing local ordinances and budgets.

Açıklama:

In German federal system, local governments (federal states) hold a dominant position since they are responsible for carrying out the majority of federal laws and initiatives, while the federal government is limited to having its own regional and local administrative offices in the areas that are explicitly listed in the federal constitution (such as the federal labor agency, federal defense administration, and the areas of customs, finance, water, and shipping). Based on past procedures, every federal state has its administrative structure (Ayhan & Lahdili, 2022: 229). As a result, Germany has a highly decentralized administrative structure, with the majority of administrative tasks being completed by subnational entities, especially local governments (Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014: 73). German municipalities are responsible for local administration, public services, and decision-making on a wide range of issues. Local elections are held regularly to choose local representatives and leaders. Citizens of the municipality elect the mayor and members of the local council. The local council is the legislative body of the municipality. It is responsible for passing local ordinances, budgets, and policies. Council members represent the interests of the community and may belong to various political parties.

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

I. Devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland handle matters like education and health.
II. The UK central government retains authority over all policy areas in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
III. The National Audit Office (NAO) is responsible for investigating public spending and is impartial.
Which of the above is correct about the UK’s system of government?

Only I

Only II

I and III

I and II

Only III

Açıklama:

In the context of the UK, where there is a complex system of central and local governments, as well as devolved governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the relationships between these levels of government are distinctive. One of the defining features of the UK’s system is the devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each of these devolved administrations has its own parliament or assembly and varying degrees of legislative authority in specific policy areas. This means that the central government retains authority over certain reserved matters (such as defense and foreign affairs) while devolved governments handle a range of devolved matters (such as education and health) within their respective regions. Local administrations are governed by parliament. Parliament has the power to shift the jurisdiction and obligations of local governments from one unit to another as well as alter the organization, function, duties, and service standards of local governments. The National Audit Office (NAO), which is impartial toward both the federal and local governments, investigates public spending on behalf of the legislature (Çolak & Genco, 2022: 162)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

In public administration, __________ refers to the concept that government employees should be selected based on merit or competence rather than personal or political favoritism.
Which of the above best fills the blank above?

Patronage

Nepotism

Meritocracy

Bureaucracy

Political appointments

Açıklama:

Meritocracy refers to “the bureaucracy operated with respect to the concept that selections of government employees should be based on merit or competence rather than personal or political favoritism” (Cimitile, 2000)

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

Which of the following statements about the public personnel system in Russia is not true?

The Russian civil service includes federal, regional, and municipal levels.

The system is entirely career-based with clear qualifications for advancement.

Union membership among Russian public servants is low.

Higher-level officials prioritize political party loyalty.

Russian public servants work in central and local government bodies.

Açıklama:

The public personnel system in Russia governs the recruitment, management, and employment of individuals in the public sector, including government agencies and organizations. It encompasses various aspects of human resource management within the public administration. A portion of the Russian public personnel system is career-based. It indicates that there are no set qualifications to work in the government or to advance in one’s profession, nor is there a clear, gradual path up the ladder. For higher level officials, commitment to oneself and to the political party is crucial (Balcı et al., 2022: 409). The civil service in Russia is organized hierarchically and consists of various levels and ranks. It includes federal, regional, and municipal civil servants. Federal civil servants work in central government agencies, while regional and municipal civil servants work in regional and local government bodies. Although Russian public servants are free to join unions, the ratio of unionization is low. It is assumed that it is quite normal since “Russian bureaucracy is a privileged group and has little to complain about” (Balcı et al., 2022: 410).

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

I. The number of CSOs in the UK has declined since the 1980s with the rise of neoliberal policies.
II. CSOs have been an important part of the UK’s democratic structure for centuries.
III. CSOs in the UK represent various interest groups, including professional, educational, and commercial sectors.
Which of the above statements about civil society organizations (CSOs) in the UK is correct?

Only I

Only II

II and III

I and III

Only III

Açıklama:

One of the important features of developed democracies is the existence of CSOs. The number of CSOs is also one of the important features of Anglo-Saxon culture. There has been a strong foundation of CSOs in the UK for centuries. There are many CSOs related to different interest groups such as professional, educational, ethical, and commercial. There were 870.000 CSOs and 170.000 charities, registered in 2007. They play important roles in putting forward the expectations and demands of people for any amendment or change in the legislation, regulations, or arrangements in the UK (Durgun, 2012: 59-62). Since the 1980s, with the adoption of neoliberal economic policies, CSOs have started to come forward. Governance requires three elements in the decision-making processes as the state, private sector, and CSOs. Therefore, CSOs have started to become indispensable components of the democratic structure

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 10

Which of the following statements about recent administrative reforms in Germany is not true?

The reforms aim to reduce bureaucracy and improve public service delivery.

Performance-based budgeting was part of Germany's public financial management reforms.

Data protection reforms align with European Union regulations like GDPR.

Reforms reduced the focus on merit-based recruitment in civil service.

Administrative simplification aimed to reduce red tape for businesses and citizens.

Açıklama:

Germany has been undergoing administrative reforms in various areas to improve government efficiency, digitalization, and public service delivery. The goal was to make government services more accessible online, reduce bureaucracy, and improve data security. Administrative reforms aimed to modernize the public sector by promoting efficiency, effectiveness, and innovation. These efforts included organizational restructuring, process optimization, and the adoption of modern management practices. Germany continued to enhance its public financial management systems to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficient use of public funds. Reforms included budgetary improvements, financial reporting, and the use of performance-based budgeting. In addition, administrative simplification initiatives sought to reduce red tape and administrative burdens on businesses and citizens. Streamlining regulations and procedures aimed to make it easier to start and operate businesses, obtain permits, and navigate the administrative landscape. Germany aimed to attract and retain qualified talent in the civil service through transparent and merit-based recruitment processes. Training and professional development programs for civil servants were also prioritized. Furthermore, reforms in data protection and privacy aimed to align Germany with European Union regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 11

Which of the following is not one of the administrative traditions in Europe?

Napoleonic

Scandinavian

Germanic

Anglo-Saxon

Romanic

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 12

Which of the following is not one of the features of the German administrative system?

Decentralization

Transparency

Citizen participation

Merit principle

Ultra nationalism

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 13

Which of the following can be referred to as one of the oldest monarchies in the world?

United Kingdom

France

Turkey

United States

Germany

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 14

Which of the following is the first charter of civil rights in the history of mankind?

Magna Carta

American Constitution

French Revolution

Bill of Rights

Charter of Rights

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 15

Which of the following has been set up in Great Britain as part of a major healthcare reform in the aftermath of the Second World War?

WHO

WTO

NHS

NHI

FBI

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 16

"The ..... is a federal state located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia and the largest country in the world. ..... is a federal state consisting of 85 federal subjects, each with varying degrees of autonomy."
Which country is referred to in the quote above?

United States

Germany

Ukraine

India

Russian Federation

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 17

"Much of Russia’s administrative and bureaucratic culture can be traced back to the Soviet Union. In the late 1980s, Soviet state institutions began to deteriorate under the leadership of General Secretary (and future President of the USSR), .... He initiated his five-year perestroika program, which included reforms outlined in three principles: “Glasnost” (openness), “Democratizatsia” (restructuring) and “Novoe Myshlenie” (new thinking)."
Which lead figure is referred to in the quote above?

Mikhail Gorbachev

Josef Stalin

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Putin

Dimitri Medvedev

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 18

What is the official name of the lower house of the federal parliament in Germany?

Reichstag

Bundestag

Bundesliga

Weimar

Lebensraum

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 19

Which of the following does not have a written constitution?

United States

Turkey

United Kingdom

Germany

France

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 20

In which pair of the countries is the financial and political autonomy of the local governments weak?

Turkey-Russia

Russia-Germany

Turkey-Germany

Germany-Great Britain

Russia-Great Britain

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: A

Ünite 6

Soru 1

When was the current constitution adopted in Brazil?

1988

1998

1888

2008

2018

Açıklama:

1988

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 2

When was the current constitution adopted in the USA?

1787

1887

1987

2007

1907

Açıklama:

1787

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 3

Which of the following is both a member of BRICS and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)?

Russia

Brasil

The US

Canada

England

Açıklama:

Brasil

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which country is not among the five permanent United Nations (UN) Security Council members?

Brazil

China

The US

France

Russia

Açıklama:

Brazil

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 5

What concept reflects Brazil’s emphasis on cooperation, coordination, and predictability, its engagement in international forums, its focus on economic issues, and its constructive role in global governance?

Regional power

Middle power

Great power

International manager

Local manager

Açıklama:

International manager

Doğru Cevap: D

Soru 6

Which features of the recent administrative reforms specifically denote merit-based hiring and promotion, promote ethical conduct, and enhance employee development in Brazil?

Administrative Modernization

Innovation and Performance

Data-Driven Decision-Making

E-Government

Public Service Reforms

Açıklama:

Public Service Reforms

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 7

What aspects of the recent administrative reforms specifically focus on efforts to streamline bureaucracy, improve efficiency, and enhance transparency in Brazil?

Administrative Modernization

Performance Management

Entrepreneurial Reforms

Data-Driven Decision-Making

E-Government

Açıklama:

Administrative Modernization

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 8

What name is given to the large-scale corruption and money laundering investigation, also known as Operation Lava Jato, which began in Brazil in 2014?

Car Wash

Money Wash

Corruption Wash

Bribery Wash

Economy Wash

Açıklama:

Car Wash

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 9

What is the oldest phase that Brazilian public administration has undergone?

Bureaucracy

Patrimonialism

Managerialism

E-government

Digitalization

Açıklama:

Patrimonialism

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

What is the most recent phase of development that the public administration in Brazil has gone through?

Patrimonialism

Bureaucracy

Managerialism

Digitalization

E-democracy

Açıklama:

Managerialism

Doğru Cevap: C

Ünite 7

Soru 1

Which country's governance is deeply rooted in Confucian values emphasizing hierarchy and harmony?

Iran

Japan

China

South Korea

India

Açıklama:

China’s governance reflects a mix of modern administrative structures and traditional Confucian values, emphasizing hierarchy, harmony, and collective well-being.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

What system of public administration is heavily influenced by the concept of "guanxi" in China?

Merit-based promotion

Network of personal connections

Centralized decision-making

Public-private partnerships

Local autonomy

Açıklama:

In Chinese Public Administration, guanxi plays a crucial role in securing promotions, accessing resources, and navigating bureaucratic obstacles.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 3

Japan's public administration system has been shaped significantly since which historical period?

The Edo Period

The Meiji Period

The Tokugawa Shogunate

Post-World War II

The Kamakura Period

Açıklama:

Japan was already building a solid foundation for a public administration system after the Meiji period in 1868

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

In China's public administration, who is primarily responsible for managing appointments and promotions in the civil service?

The State Council

The Premier

The Organization Department of the Communist Party

The National People’s Congress

The Politburo

Açıklama:

The Communist Party of China (CPC) forms the bedrock of the civil service. Policy formulation lies with the CPC’s Organization Department.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 5

Iran’s public administration is uniquely characterized by what influence in civil service recruitment?

A focus on merit-based promotion

Emphasis on political neutrality

The involvement of religious authorities

Local government autonomy

Secular principles

Açıklama:

Iran’s civil service system operates within the framework of the Islamic Republic’s theocratic government

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 6

Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Japan’s public personnel system?

High levels of politicization in civil service appointments

Strong influence of unions in policy-making

Career-based recruitment with low politicization

Religious influence in recruitment

Local government control over appointments

Açıklama:

Japan’s administrative framework is characterized by consensus-building, efficiency, and a strong emphasis on meritocracy within its civil service.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 7

In Japan, the National Government Organization Law establishes what kind of administrative structure?

Decentralized

Federal

Strong hierarchical and centralized

Military-driven

Confederated

Açıklama:

The National Government Organization Law establishes a hierarchical structure with limited room for local autonomy.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 8

How does the public personnel system in Iran differ from China and Japan?

It includes a meritocratic recruitment system

It has strong religious influences in recruitment

It relies heavily on unions for decision-making

It is a highly decentralized system

It avoids political involvement

Açıklama:

Iran’s civil service system... emphasizes ideological commitment and the principles of the Islamic Republic.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 9

In China’s administrative reforms, investments have been significant in which area, despite incomplete e-government reforms?

Blockchain technology

Artificial Intelligence

Private sector governance

Social welfare systems

Global policy influence

Açıklama:

Governance reforms are the dominant reform paradigm. There are incomplete e-government reforms, but Artificial Intelligence investments are significant

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

Which of the following countries uses a civil service system where the majority of public servants are recruited through nationwide competitive exams?

Iran

Japan

China

South Korea

India

Açıklama:

Japan’s civil service system prioritizes neutrality and professionalism. The National Personnel Authority (NPA) acts as the independent agency governing the system, ensuring recruitment and promotion are based solely on meritocratic principles.

Doğru Cevap: B

Ünite 8

Soru 1

Which of the following county is not one of the neighbour country of the Niger?

Mali

Chad

Cameroon

Libya

Algeria

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 2

Which og the following is the largest and most populated country in the West Africa?

Zambia

Senegal

Nigeria

Cameroon

Angola

Açıklama:

Nigeria is the largest and most populated country in West Africa, with a land area of over 923,768 square kilometers. Lagos is Nigeria’s largest city, financial center, and main port, while Abuja, the official capital, is situated in the center of land.

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 3

When Nigeria gained its independency?

in 1974

in 1960

in 1989

in 1954

in 1969

Açıklama:

On October 1, 1954, the colony renamed itself the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. Nigeria gained independence in 1960 under the Freedom Charter, a constitution that established a parliamentary government and considerable regional autonomy.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 4

Which of the following country is not one of the neighbour country of the South Africa?

Botswana

Namibia

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Zambia

Açıklama:

Doğru Cevap: E

Soru 5

From ..... to ......, South African politics was dominated by “racial separation”, racial segregation and white minority rule.
Which are the options that complete the above blanks place correctly?

1948 / 1994

1956 / 1991

1934 / 1989

1961 / 1974

1939 / 1955

Açıklama:

From 1948 to 1994, South African politics was dominated by “racial separation”, racial segregation and white minority rule.

Doğru Cevap: A

Soru 6

• Current Constitution: Adopted in 1999.
• Framework: Separation of powers but the excessive concentration of power in the hands
of the executive, presidential system and social rights.
• Key Features: Strong executive branch, the lack of effective checks and balance
mechanisms, decentralization of powers.
Which country do the above features indicate to us?

Morocco

Nigeria

South Africa

Egypt

Niger

Açıklama:

Main Features of the Administrative History of Nigeria
• Current Constitution: Adopted in 1999.
• Framework: Separation of powers but the excessive concentration of power in the hands
of the executive, presidential system and social rights.
• Key Features: Strong executive branch, the lack of effective checks and balance
mechanisms, decentralization of powers

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 7

• Current Constitution: Adopted in 1996.
• Framework: Separation of powers, Parliamentary democracy based on the presidential
system and social rights.
• Key Features: A quasi-federal model; decentralization of powers.
Which country do the above features indicate to us?

Chad

Nigeria

Zambia

South Africa

Angola

Açıklama:

Main Features of the Administrative History of South Africa
• Current Constitution: Adopted in 1996.
• Framework: Separation of powers, Parliamentary democracy based on the presidential
system and social rights.
• Key Features: A quasi-federal model; decentralization of powers.

Doğru Cevap:

Soru 8

• Current Constitution: Adopted in 2014.
• Framework: Separation of powers but the excessive concentration of power in the hands
of the executive, semi-presidential system and social rights.
• Key Features: The lack of effective checks and balance mechanisms, unitary state, weberian
bureaucracy, separation of central and local administrations but strong central administration
Which country do the above features indicate to us?

Gabon

Mali

Egypt

Algeria

Sudan

Açıklama:

Main Features of the Administrative History of Egypt
• Current Constitution: Adopted in 2014.
• Framework: Separation of powers but the excessive concentration of power in the hands
of the executive, semi-presidential system and social rights.
• Key Features: The lack of effective checks and balance mechanisms, unitary state, weberian
bureaucracy, separation of central and local administrations but strong central administration

Doğru Cevap: C

Soru 9

............... is an international organization composed of more than 100 nations that do not view themselves as part of any power block. It was a third power block during the Cold War along with the Western Alliance and the East Bloc.
Which is the option that completes the above blank place correctly?

Asia Cooperation Dialogue

The Non-Aligned Movement

African Union

Developing Eight (D-8) Organization for Economic Cooperation

Economic Cooperation Organization

Açıklama:

The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization composed of more than 100 nations that do not view themselves as part of any power block. It was a third power block during the Cold War along with the Western Alliance and the East Bloc.

Doğru Cevap: B

Soru 10

What was the start date of the General Muhammad, Gamal Abdel Nasser era in Egypt?

1952

1982

1970

1964

1955

Açıklama:

The Free Officers coup in 1952 was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Khalid Muhammad and Abdul Rauf. Following the coup, Muhammed el-Nekib became head of state. After a disagreement with General Muhammad, Gamal Abdel Nasser assumed power in April 1954. The 1952 coup involved the military in Egypt’s politics. This was the start of the Nasser era in the country that would last until 1970.

Doğru Cevap: A

Comparatıve Publıc Admınıstratıon (ENG) - Tüm Sorular

Ünite 1

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Ünite 2

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Ünite 4

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Ünite 5

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