Technology and Innovatıon Management (ENG) - Tüm Sorular
Ünite 1
Soru 1
Which of the following has become the most frequently used word in popular management books and in academic business literature?
Seçenekler
A
Technology
B
Innovation
C
Management
D
Phenomenon
E
Research policy
Açıklama:
Innovation has become one of the most frequently used words not only in pop-management books but also in academic business literature. Although making things that you have been doing in better ways or coming up with novel solutions to the ongoing problems is almost as old as humankind, the concept of innovation and technology management and research policy has attracted significant interest starting from the second half of the 20th century.
Soru 2
Which of the following is the organizations' and their managers' belief that a brighter future is only possible by?
Seçenekler
A
Finding out novel solutions.
B
Attracting significant interests.
C
Developing and sustaining innovative capabilities.
D
Solving ongoing problems almost as old as humankind.
E
Developing the dominant organizations virtually in every sector.
Açıklama:
Organizations and their managers believe that a brighter future is only possible by developing and sustaining innovative capabilities (Christensen and Raynor, 2003). Trott (2017: 5) states that the dominant organizations virtually in every sector are more innovative than their closest rivals.
Soru 3
Which of the following is true in terms of innovation's effect on today's economical sphere?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation tends to bring novelty into the economic sphere.
B
Innovation is evidently limited in specific applications of companies.
C
Innovation is not behind differences in the performance of organizations.
D
Innovation is influential explanatory factor in the performances of employers
E
Innovation and the performance of regions and countries are strictly limited.
Açıklama:
Today, it is self-evident that innovation tends to bring novelty into the economic sphere, to cluster in specific industries, and is an influential explanatory factor behind differences in the performance of organizations, regions, and countries (Fagerberg,2005: 20).
Soru 4
Which of the following is correct for business administration students?
Seçenekler
A
They should be able to connect the infrastructure with organizational characteristics.
B
They should be able to provide technology management for fundamentals of economy with a broader perspective .
C
They need to complete their bachelor’s degree before they study the fundamentals of innovation management.
D
They should integrate technology, innovation management philosophy and terminology with all they have learned so far.
E
They should contextualize managing technology and innovation when it is required for the history of innovation management.
Açıklama:
As a business administration student, you should be able to connect the dots merging these three rankings. That is why, since you are gradually completing your bachelor’s degree, it is time to integrate all you have learned so far with technology and innovation management philosophy and terminology.
Soru 5
Which of the following is the reason of the fact that the subject changes accordingly?
Seçenekler
A
Because the economists always tend to use some terms out of context.
B
Because technology and innovation management is a multidisciplinary field.
C
Because the economists avoid using an umbrella concept covering all the entities.
D
Because not-for-profit/non-governmental organizations prefer to use many concepts interchangeably .
E
Because the business scholars prefer using “business” and “companies” to denote different concepts.
Açıklama:
Technology and innovation management is a multidisciplinary field, so the subject changes accordingly. Economists tend to use the term “firm”; business scholars prefer using “business” and “companies” while denoting the same entity. Although all of them can be used interchangeably, in this chapter, the term organization is used as an umbrella concept covering all the entities mentioned above and not-for-profit/non-governmental organizations.
Soru 6
Which of the following is NOT one of the technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously?
Seçenekler
A
George Stephenson and locomotive (1829)
B
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780)
C
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820 - 1845)
D
Joseph Alois Schumpeter and modern growth theory (1883-1950)
E
Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840)
Açıklama:
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820 - 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas
Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 7
Which of the following is NOT true in regard to the history of technological innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation has long been regarded as the engine of growth.
B
Technological innovations provide wealth for the innovator.
C
Technological innovations built blockages within the societies for that period.
D
Technological innovations provide wealth for the country where this occured.
E
The industrial revolution was the result of a series of technological innovations.
Açıklama:
Technological innovations not only provide wealth for the
innovator but also to the country where this has occurred. The industrial revolution, as we call it today, was the result of a series of technological innovations realized throughout the 19th century, which in turn became the primary building block of the progress within the societies for that period; thus, innovation has long been regarded as the engine of growth.
innovator but also to the country where this has occurred. The industrial revolution, as we call it today, was the result of a series of technological innovations realized throughout the 19th century, which in turn became the primary building block of the progress within the societies for that period; thus, innovation has long been regarded as the engine of growth.
Soru 8
Which of the following is NOT considered as the sub-fields of systematic analysis of the science policy and innovation studies?
Seçenekler
A
Organizations and innovation.
B
Sociological and other contributions.
C
Measuring technology and innovation.
D
The economics of innovation, technology and growth
E
Systems of the resource-based view in the firm's scope.
Açıklama:
The field now includes sub-fields such as the (a) economics of innovation, technology and growth, (b) management of industrial innovation and the resource-based view of the firm, (c) organizations and innovation, (d) systems of innovation, (e) sociological and other contributions, and (f) measuring technology and innovation.
Soru 9
Which of the following is the definition of the term "creative destruction" put forward by Schumpeter?
Seçenekler
A
A theoretical, historical, statistical analysis of business cycles.
B
An economic growth source driven by profit-seeking entrepreneurs.
C
A cross-disciplinary collaboration and interdisciplinary understanding.
D
A view of innovation as waves of power restructuring the whole market.
E
The importance of innovation to economic development, the role of entrepreneur and later the role of organized research and development.
Açıklama:
Schumpeter popularized the term creative destruction, which views innovation as waves of power restructuring the whole market. Joseph Schumpeter argued that organizations and/or entrepreneurs who grasp the discontinuities faster than others will thrive
Soru 10
Which of the following is known as the economist who is considered as the pioneer of the modern theory of economic growth?
Seçenekler
A
Paul Romer
B
Robert Solow
C
Edwin Mansfield
D
Nikolai Kondratiev
E
Alexander Gerschenkron
Açıklama:
Later, another economist Paul Romer developed these theories further, and he is said to be responsible for the modern theory of economic growth, which is sometimes called the neo-Schumpeterian economic growth theory.
Soru 11
Netflix has been disruptive to existing industries. Netflix has become so popular that it has challenged and had considerable negative effects on industries such as video tape rental business and traditional television channels. Thus, Netflix may be considered a good example of _______________________ in the media sector.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Creative destruction
B
Business growth
C
Black box
D
Technological gatekeeper
E
Roadmapping
Açıklama:
Schumpeter argued that the development and diffusion of new technologies by profit-seeking entrepreneurs formed economic growth sources, and coined the term creative destruction, which views innovation as waves of power restructuring the whole market. Joseph Schumpeter argued that organizations and/ or entrepreneurs who grasp the discontinuities faster than others will thrive. In this example, we see that Netflix, an innovative initiative, has replaced traditional media, causing creative destruction in the sector.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 12
Diffusion of technology and innovation follows the ________________ movement, and the respondents can be classified into various categories such as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
Which of the following terms is used to define the movement of diffusion of technology and innovation?
Which of the following terms is used to define the movement of diffusion of technology and innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Forward
B
Backward
C
Upward
D
Downward
E
S-curve
Açıklama:
Diffusion of technology and innovation follows the S-curve type movement, and the respondents can be classified into various categories such as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
The correct answer is E.
The correct answer is E.
Soru 13
Which of the following is the main role of a technological gatekeeper in an enterprise?
Seçenekler
A
Managing innovation processes of an organization
B
Linking the organization with the external environment and vice versa
C
Introducing organizational theories to the company
D
Promoting flexibility in the organization
E
Managing human resources processes
Açıklama:
Thomas J. Allen introduced the term “technological gatekeepers,” which denotes a crucial role of the people linking the organization with the external environment and vice versa. Characteristics of the technological gatekeepers, or the stars to be in line with Allen’s terminology, are high communicators and high technical performers. These people are seldom found at the top of the hierarchy but are more employed at the lower levels.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 14
A group of R&D engineers brainstorm for a product update in a biomedical company. They cross-functionally use technology to find a suitable solution. This is an example of ____________________ level of technology use in an organization.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Individual
B
Functional
C
Organizational
D
Strategic
E
Instrumental
Açıklama:
Functional level, which can also be classified as departmental level, is about how groups work to perform their work, creating competencies that constitute technology. For example, a group of R&D engineers brainstorm for a product update or an emergency team try to find out a solution for an ongoing crisis. Employees working together at the same department or employees working together cross-functionally use procedures and techniques to find a suitable solution that can be given as an example for this level.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 15
Which of the following is the definition of "innovation as a trajectory"?
Seçenekler
A
Acquiring, supporting, or using a product, method, or idea
B
Inventing or developing new products and new ways of doing things
C
A family of innovations to be derived from the source
D
Minor adjustments or radical changes in the innovation subject
E
A series of activities that are carried out by an organization for innovative outcomes
Açıklama:
Innovation as a trajectory is defined as a family of innovations to be derived from the source.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 16
______________________ is about a fundamental shift in technology that revolutionizes the products or the way they are used.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Disruptive innovation
B
Sustaining innovation
C
Radical innovation
D
Quantum technological change
E
Incremental technological change
Açıklama:
Quantum technological change is about a fundamental shift in technology that revolutionizes the products or the way they are used. Quantum innovations related to quantum technological change are described as new products or operating systems that incorporate quantum technological improvements.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 17
When Apple released iTunes as a media library and music marketplace, it offered convenience and lower price for customers. iTunes has changed the channel through which consumers have access to music. As a result of this, Walkmans, CDs, MP3 players and record stores are generally considered old-fashioned ways of listening to music in today’s market.
Which of the following types of innovation did iTunes cause in the music market?
Which of the following types of innovation did iTunes cause in the music market?
Seçenekler
A
Disruptive innovation
B
Sustaining innovation
C
Process innovation
D
Organizational innovation
E
Management innovation
Açıklama:
Christensen (2003) makes a distinction between disruptive and sustaining innovations. Disruptive innovations are principally not demanded by the current customers; sustaining innovations appeal more to the current customers since these innovations are based on an established product’s betterment. Disruptive innovations introduce improvements more significant than demanded, disrupting established players in the market.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 18
Companies can improve existing products or develop new products thanks to research and development in science. They can introduce an innovative product in the market before there is customer demand for it.
Which of the following types of innovation approaches is defined in the given paragraph?
Which of the following types of innovation approaches is defined in the given paragraph?
Seçenekler
A
Integrated engineering cycle
B
Differentiated services cycle
C
Natural and life sciences cycle
D
Technology push
E
Market pull
Açıklama:
In the technology-push model, the innovation process is initiated by the serendipity of scientists’ unexpected discoveries, technological experts apply these discoveries to new product ideas, engineers and designers transform them into prototypes to be tested before manufacturing experts make the process possible for effective and efficient production. Finally, marketing function comes into play and crafts a sound marketing strategy based on 4Ps. Marketers make decisions mostly on the price, placement, and promotion, and less about the product. The target audience is the passive recipient of the whole process.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 19
______________ is the thinking of new and novel ideas, whereas ____________ is the successful implementation of those ideas.
Which of the two following terms complete the sentence above?
Which of the two following terms complete the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Design - Construction
B
Creativity - Innovation
C
Entrepreneurship - Production
D
Organization - Management
E
Business - Marketing
Açıklama:
Creativity is the thinking of new and novel ideas, whereas innovation is the successful implementation of those ideas.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 20
Which of the following is not among the characteristics of a successful innovator?
Seçenekler
A
Exploring and understanding different dimensions of innovation
B
Managing innovation as a process
C
Providing limited flexibility to employees
D
Creating conditions to enable the organization to repeat the innovation trick
E
Building a dynamic capability
Açıklama:
According to Bessant and Tidd (2015: 16), successful innovators have the following characteristics:
Thus, providing limited flexibility to employees is not one of the characteristics of successful innovators.
The correct answer is C.
- Exploring and understanding different dimensions of innovation,
- Managing innovation as a process,
- Creating conditions to enable the organization to repeat the innovation trick,
- Focusing on creating the innovative capability to move their organization’s forward and
- Building a dynamic capability.
Thus, providing limited flexibility to employees is not one of the characteristics of successful innovators.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 21
Which of the following is not among the sub-fields of technology and innovation management?
Seçenekler
A
Economics of innovation
B
Management of industrial innovation
C
Systems of innovation
D
Measuring technology and innovation
E
History of innovation
Açıklama:
Explain technology and innovation management’s interdisciplinary historical roots
The field in which technology and innovation management related research activities are conducted has matured. The field now includes sub-fields such as the (a) economics of innovation, technology and growth, (b) management of industrial innovation and the resource-based view of the firm, (c) organizations and innovation, (d) systems of innovation, (e) sociological and other contributions, and (f) measuring technology and innovation.
The field in which technology and innovation management related research activities are conducted has matured. The field now includes sub-fields such as the (a) economics of innovation, technology and growth, (b) management of industrial innovation and the resource-based view of the firm, (c) organizations and innovation, (d) systems of innovation, (e) sociological and other contributions, and (f) measuring technology and innovation.
Soru 22
Which of the following is not among the examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously?
Seçenekler
A
James Watt and steam engine
B
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat
C
Christopher Columbus and the discovery of America
D
Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo
E
Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb
Açıklama:
Explain technology and innovation management’s interdisciplinary historical roots
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 23
______ is the combination of skills, knowledge, abilities, materials, machines, computers, tools, and other equipment that people use to convert or change raw materials into valuable goods and services.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Technology
B
Innovation
C
Management
D
Information
E
Organization
Açıklama:
Define the concept of technology management
Technology can be defined as “the combination of skills, knowledge, abilities, materials, machines, computers, tools, and other equipment that people use to convert or change raw materials into valuable goods and services” (Jones, 2013: 263).
Technology can be defined as “the combination of skills, knowledge, abilities, materials, machines, computers, tools, and other equipment that people use to convert or change raw materials into valuable goods and services” (Jones, 2013: 263).
Soru 24
- Individual level
- Functional level
- Organizational level
- Time level
Which of the given levels constitute technology?
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
I-III
C
I-IV
D
I-II-III
E
I-II-IV
Açıklama:
Define the concept of technology management
Technology in organizations exists at three levels, namely individual, functional, and organizational levels.
Technology in organizations exists at three levels, namely individual, functional, and organizational levels.
Soru 25
Which of the following innovation types refers to the introduction of a new/improved structural arrangement?
Seçenekler
A
Process
B
Organizational
C
Product
D
Management
E
Service
Açıklama:
Describe the fundamentals of innovation management
Organizational innovation is the introduction of a new/improved structural arrangement. It is mostly about finding new solutions for the structural design problems of the organizations
Organizational innovation is the introduction of a new/improved structural arrangement. It is mostly about finding new solutions for the structural design problems of the organizations
Soru 26
Henry Ford’s invention of the world’s first moving assembly line changed how automobiles are manufactured at any production facility.
Which of the following innovation types is related to the given example?
Which of the following innovation types is related to the given example?
Seçenekler
A
Production
B
Organizational
C
Process
D
Management
E
Commercial/marketing
Açıklama:
Describe the fundamentals of innovation management
Process innovation is about the development of a new manufacturing process. The aim of introducing a new process can be to decrease production cost, increase product quality, or both. For example, Henry Ford’s invention of the world’s first moving assembly line changed how automobiles are manufactured at any production facility.
Process innovation is about the development of a new manufacturing process. The aim of introducing a new process can be to decrease production cost, increase product quality, or both. For example, Henry Ford’s invention of the world’s first moving assembly line changed how automobiles are manufactured at any production facility.
Soru 27
Which of the following innovation models' primary purpose is to help organizations to understand what has been going on today in the realm of science and technology?
Seçenekler
A
Iterative
B
Nonlinear
C
Linear
D
Cyclic
E
Processual
Açıklama:
Describe the fundamentals of innovation management
The cyclic innovation model’s primary purpose is to help organizations understand what has been going on today in the realm of science and technology and to tell them what position they should take.
The cyclic innovation model’s primary purpose is to help organizations understand what has been going on today in the realm of science and technology and to tell them what position they should take.
Soru 28
Which of the following is not a level of technology-push model of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Marketing insights
B
Research and development
C
Manufacturing
D
Target audience
E
Marketing
Açıklama:
Describe the fundamentals of innovation management
According to Trott (2017: 23) Research and Development, Manufacturing, Marketing and Target Audience is the process of Technology-Push Model of Innovation.
According to Trott (2017: 23) Research and Development, Manufacturing, Marketing and Target Audience is the process of Technology-Push Model of Innovation.
Soru 29
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a successful innovator?
Seçenekler
A
Creating conditions to enable the organization to repeat the innovation trick
B
Exploring and understanding different dimensions of innovation
C
Focusing on creating the innovative capability to move their organization’s forward
D
Managing innovation as a process
E
Building a stable capability
Açıklama:
Describe organizational characteristics required for managing technology and innovation successfully
At the individual level, according to Bessant and Tidd (2015: 16), successful innovators have the following characteristics:
At the individual level, according to Bessant and Tidd (2015: 16), successful innovators have the following characteristics:
- Exploring and understanding different dimensions of innovation,
- Managing innovation as a process,
- Creating conditions to enable the organization to repeat the innovation trick,
- Focusing on creating the innovative capability to move their organization’s forward
- Building a dynamic capability.
Soru 30
Which of the following refers to managing without authority, shared leadership, and building extensive networks as new skills required for success?
Seçenekler
A
Organizational management
B
Virtual management
C
Innovation management
D
Marketing
E
Technology management
Açıklama:
Describe organizational characteristics required for managing technology and innovation successfully
Virtual management, managing without authority, shared leadership, and building extensive networks are new skills required for success.
Virtual management, managing without authority, shared leadership, and building extensive networks are new skills required for success.
Soru 31
Which famous economist has coined the idea that the development and diffusion of new technologies by profit-seeking entrepreneurs formed economic growth sources?
Seçenekler
A
Joseph A. Schumpeter
B
Michael C. Brown
C
James A. Ramsey
D
Martin L. Longwood
E
Timoth D. Taylor
Açıklama:
Joseph A. Schumpeter
Soru 32
Which of the following economists further developed Schumpeter's ideas by moving the attention from how capitalism administers existing structures to how it creates and destroys them?
Seçenekler
A
James Duncan
B
Robert Solow
C
Jason Crane
D
David Bowman
E
William Butler
Açıklama:
Robert Solow
Soru 33
Diffusion of technology and innovation follows the S-curve type movement, and the respondents can be classified into various categories such as ________, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Entrepreneurs
B
Sociologists
C
Economists
D
Innovators
E
Scientists
Açıklama:
Diffusion of technology and innovation follows the S-curve type movement, and the respondents can be classified into various categories such as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
Soru 34
An excellent technological __________ must be both a high communicator and a high technical performer.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Employee
B
Entrepreneur
C
Gatekeeper
D
Executive
E
employer
Açıklama:
An excellent technological gatekeeper must be both a high communicator and a high technical performer.
Soru 35
A good fit between technology and _______ leads to success, whereas a poor fit leads to failure.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Organizational design
B
Finance
C
Workplace
D
Customer
E
Organic marketing
Açıklama:
A good fit between technology and organizational design leads to success, whereas a poor fit leads to failure.
Soru 36
_______ is the knowledge applied to products or production processes.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Marketing
B
Accounting
C
Entrepreneurship
D
Technology
E
Science
Açıklama:
Technology is the knowledge applied to products or production processes.
Soru 37
Technology in organizations exists at three levels: _______, functional, and organizational levels.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Financial
B
Individual
C
Managerial
D
Creative
E
Competitive
Açıklama:
Technology in organizations exists at three levels: individual, functional, and organizational levels.
Soru 38
Which of the following is NOT among the tools used in technology management?
Seçenekler
A
Cost evaluation
B
Roadmapping
C
S-curve
D
Stage-gate
E
Value analysis
Açıklama:
Patent management, portfolio management, roadmapping, S-curve, stage-gate, and value analysis are tools used in technology management.
Soru 39
Schumpeterian view incorporates economic, strategic,and organizational behavior perspectives for better understanding the internal activities while recognizing organizations’ interactions with the _______.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Employers
B
Market
C
Customers
D
External environment
E
Competitors
Açıklama:
Schumpeterian view incorporates economic, strategy,andorganizationalbehaviorperspectives for better understanding the internal activities while recognizing organizations’ interactions with the external environment.
Soru 40
________ technological change is about refinements of the same base technology, which leads to incremental improvements in products and processes.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Radical
B
Cost-effective
C
Incremental
D
Organized
E
Quantum
Açıklama:
Incremental technological change is about refinements of the same base technology, which leads to incremental improvements in products and processes.
Soru 41
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," what is the top company in Fortune Global 500 2020?
Seçenekler
A
Walmart
B
Apple
C
Google
D
Sinopec Group
E
Microsoft
Açıklama:
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," the top company in Fortune Global 500 2020 is Walmart.
Soru 42
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," what is the top company on the Forbes’s The World’s Most Valuable Brands list?
Seçenekler
A
Walmart
B
Apple
C
Microsoft
D
Amazon
E
Google
Açıklama:
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," the top company on the Forbes’s The World’s Most Valuable Brands list is Apple.
Soru 43
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," what is the top company on the BCG The Most Innovative Companies Ranking list for 2020?
Seçenekler
A
Walmart
B
Apple
C
Sinopec group
D
Google
E
Amazon
Açıklama:
According the "Global Rankings in Business Compared," the top company on the BCG The Most Innovative Companies Ranking list for 2020 is Apple.
Soru 44
Whose quote is “not to innovate is to die”?
Seçenekler
A
Christopher Freeman
B
Luc Soete
C
James Watt
D
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
E
George Stephenson
Açıklama:
There is no secret formula, but if we remember one of the most influential innovation theorists Christopher Freeman’s (1982) “…not to innovate is to die” quote (Freeman and Soete, 1997: 266), we have to acknowledge that innovation has a special place in this causation.
Soru 45
Who invented the steam engine?
Seçenekler
A
James Watt
B
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
C
George Stephenson
D
Michael Faraday
E
Joseph Swan
Açıklama:
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 46
Who invented the iron boat?
Seçenekler
A
James Watt
B
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
C
George Stephenson
D
Michael Faraday
E
Joseph Swan
Açıklama:
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 47
Who invented the locomotive?
Seçenekler
A
James Watt
B
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
C
George Stephenson
D
Michael Faraday
E
Joseph Swan
Açıklama:
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 48
Who invented the electromagnetic induction dynamo?
Seçenekler
A
James Watt
B
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
C
George Stephenson
D
Michael Faraday
E
Joseph Swan
Açıklama:
James Watt and steam engine (1770 - 1780), Isambard Kingdom Brunel and iron boat (1820- 1845), George Stephenson and locomotive (1829), Michael Faraday and electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830 - 1840), Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan and electric lightbulb (1879 - 1880) are all examples of technological innovations from the economic history through which innovating company benefited enormously.
Soru 49
During which decades of history innovation was studied as an "artifact"?
Seçenekler
A
the 1920s and 1940s
B
the 1940s and 1950s
C
the 1950s and 1980s
D
the 1980s and 1990s
E
the 1990s and 2000s
Açıklama:
Historically, innovation was studied as an artifact between the 1950s and 1980s, as technology and organization between the 1980s and 1990s, and as networks embraced electronically from 1995 until today (Clark, 2003: 21).
Soru 50
During which decades of history innovation was studied as as "technology and organization"?
Seçenekler
A
the 1920s and 1940s
B
the 1940s and 1950s
C
the 1950s and 1980s
D
the 1980s and 1990s
E
the 1990s and 2000s
Açıklama:
Historically, innovation was studied as an artifact between the 1950s and 1980s, as technology and organization between the 1980s and 1990s, and as networks embraced electronically from 1995 until today (Clark, 2003: 21).
Ünite 2
Soru 1
i-Product versus incremental innovation
ii-Radical versus incremental innovation
iii-Competence-enhancing versus modular innovation
iv-Architectural versus component innovation
v-Process versus component innovation
Which of the innovation types listed above can be accepted as an example of different classifications that are commonly used in the innovation management literature?
ii-Radical versus incremental innovation
iii-Competence-enhancing versus modular innovation
iv-Architectural versus component innovation
v-Process versus component innovation
Which of the innovation types listed above can be accepted as an example of different classifications that are commonly used in the innovation management literature?
Seçenekler
A
i; ii
B
i; iii
C
ii; iii
D
ii; iv
E
iv; v
Açıklama:
The answer is D. On page 33, in your book under the title of “Introduction” four different types of innovations are listed as follows:
- Product versus process innovation
- Radical versus incremental innovation
- Competence-enhancing versus competence-destroying innovation
- Architectural versus component (modular) innovation
Soru 2
Which of the following types of innovation almost always focuses on increasing efficiency and effectiveness within the organization?
Seçenekler
A
Process innovations
B
Product innovations
C
Radical innovations
D
Modular innovations
E
Component innovations
Açıklama:
The answer is A. Page 34, in your book under the title of “PRODUCT INNOVATION VERSUS PROCESS INNOVATION” gives the information that: “Process innovations almost always focus on increasing efficiency and effectiveness within the organization”.
Soru 3
What type of innovation is a car manufacturer’s development of a new hybrid electric car?
Seçenekler
A
Process
B
Radical
C
Product
D
Component
E
Modular
Açıklama:
The answer is C. Page 34, in your book under the title of “PRODUCT INNOVATION VERSUS PROCESS INNOVATION” gives the information that: “A car manufacturer’s development of a new hybrid electric car is a product innovation”.
Soru 4
i- Product improvement
ii-Service improvement
iii- Cost improvements
iv- Efficiency
v- Effectiveness
Which of the listed targets above related to process innovations?
ii-Service improvement
iii- Cost improvements
iv- Efficiency
v- Effectiveness
Which of the listed targets above related to process innovations?
Seçenekler
A
i; ii
B
i; iii
C
ii; iii; iv
D
ii; iv; v
E
iii; iv; v
Açıklama:
The answer is E. Page 34, in your book under the title of “PRODUCT INNOVATION VERSUS PROCESS INNOVATION” gives the information that: “Product innovations target product and service improvement while process innovations mainly target cost improvements, efficiency, and effectiveness”.
Soru 5
Which of the following is among the expected behavior of the customers with respect to product and process innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Product innovations are not visible to the customers
B
Process innovations are exactly visible to the customers
C
Customers do not benefit from process innovations
D
Customers do not experience the process innovations directly
E
Customers do not experience the outcome of process innovations
Açıklama:
The answer is D. Page 34, in your book under the title of “PRODUCT INNOVATION VERSUS PROCESS INNOVATION” gives the information that: “Product innovations are more visible to the customers since these innovations are directly about products and services. On the other hand, process innovations are less visible to customers since they are about internal business processes. However, it does not mean that customers do not benefit from process innovations. Although they do not experience the process innovations directly, they experience the outcome of process innovations”.
Soru 6
Which of the following types of innovation departs slightly from existing practices?
Seçenekler
A
Radical
B
Incremental
C
Process
D
Product
E
Component
Açıklama:
The answer is B. Page 35, in your book under the title of “RADICAL INNOVATION VERSUS INCREMENTAL INNOVATION” gives the information that: “When the innovation departs slightly from existing practices, it is known as incremental innovation”.
Soru 7
Which of the following characteristics related to incremental innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Developing new technologies
B
Developing new markets
C
Developing new business models
D
Developing new strategies
E
Improving products
Açıklama:
The answer is E. Page 35, in your book under the title of “RADICAL INNOVATION VERSUS INCREMENTAL INNOVATION” gives the information that: “Radical innovations are focused on developing revolutionary new technologies, markets, business models, and strategies, incremental innovations refer to innovation processes that seek to improve existing systems and products to make them better, cheaper or faster”.
Soru 8
i-Driven by market pull
ii-Result of R&D policy
iii- Requires education
iv- Result of a rational response
v-Continuous
vi- Implies a high level of uncertainty
Which of the characteristics given aboveChoose the characteristics of a radical innovation between statements listed above.
ii-Result of R&D policy
iii- Requires education
iv- Result of a rational response
v-Continuous
vi- Implies a high level of uncertainty
Which of the characteristics given aboveChoose the characteristics of a radical innovation between statements listed above.
Seçenekler
A
i; ii; iii
B
i; iii; iv
C
ii; iii; iv
D
ii; iii; vi
E
iv; v; vi
Açıklama:
The answer is D. Table 2.1 on page 36, in your book under the title of “RADICAL INNOVATION VERSUS INCREMENTAL INNOVATION” listed the characteristics of radical innovations as follows:
- discontinuous (with or without predecessor; essential, nonlinear improvement obtained by the customer)
- based on new technologies
- lead to a new dominant design
- can lead to a paradigm shift
- implies a high level of uncertainty
- introduces a whole new set of performance features
- requires education, new organization and skills
- result of chance or R&D policy, not necessity
- driven by technology (important in the early stage of technology)
Soru 9
What type of innovation is the introduction of digital cameras?
Seçenekler
A
Competence destroying
B
Competence enhancing
C
Modular
D
Component
E
Incremental
Açıklama:
The answer is A. Page 36, in your book under the title of “COMPETENCE-ENHANCING INNOVATION VERSUS COMPETENCE DESTROYING INNOVATION” gives the information that: “A good example of the competence destroying innovations is the introduction of digital cameras”.
Soru 10
________ changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Incremental innovation
B
Architectural innovation
C
Radical innovation
D
Modular innovation
E
Component innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is B. Page 38, in your book under the title of “ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATION VERSUS COMPONENT INNOVATION” gives the information that: “Architectural innovation changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other”.
Soru 11
_______ are generally defined in terms of the risks associated with them.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Radical innovations
B
Incremental innovations
C
Experiences of the organization
D
Existing practices
E
Degrees of new knowledge
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Radical innovations are generally defined in terms of the risks associated with them. Since the radical-incremental distinction is one of the perceived degrees of new knowledge embodied in the technology, managers likely differ in their judgment of an innovation based on their level of familiarity and experience.
Radical innovations are generally defined in terms of the risks associated with them. Since the radical-incremental distinction is one of the perceived degrees of new knowledge embodied in the technology, managers likely differ in their judgment of an innovation based on their level of familiarity and experience.
Soru 12
Which of the following characteristics belongs to the radical innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Continuous
B
Based on old technology
C
Requires education and new skills
D
Driven by market pull
E
The result of a rational response
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Incremental innovation | Radical innovation |
continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer) | discontinuous (with or without predecessor; essential, nonlinear improvement obtained by the customer) |
based on old technology | based on new technologies |
dominant design unchanged | lead to a new dominant design |
does not lead to a paradigm shift | can lead to a paradigm shift |
implies a low level of uncertainty | implies a high level of uncertainty |
improvement of existing characteristics | introduces a whole new set of performance features |
existing organization and qualifications are sufficient | requires education, new organization and skills |
the result of a rational response or necessity | result of chance or R&D policy, not necessity |
driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology) | driven by technology (important in the early stage of technology) |
Soru 13
Which of the following characteristics belongs to the radical innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Improvement of existing characteristics
B
The result of rational necessity
C
Dominant design unchanged
D
Implies a low level of uncertainty
E
Driven by technology
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Incremental innovation | Radical innovation |
continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer) | discontinuous (with or without predecessor; essential, nonlinear improvement obtained by the customer) |
based on old technology | based on new technologies |
dominant design unchanged | lead to a new dominant design |
does not lead to a paradigm shift | can lead to a paradigm shift |
implies a low level of uncertainty | implies a high level of uncertainty |
improvement of existing characteristics | introduces a whole new set of performance features |
existing organization and qualifications are sufficient | requires education, new organization and skills |
the result of a rational response or necessity | result of chance or R&D policy, not necessity |
driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology) | driven by technology (important in the early stage of technology) |
Soru 14
Which of the following characteristics belongs to the incremental innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Result of chance
B
Requires new organization
C
Based on new technologies
D
Implies a low level of uncertainty
E
Can lead to a paradigm shift
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Incremental innovation continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer) | Radical innovation discontinuous (with or without predecessor; essential, nonlinear improvement obtained by the customer) |
based on old technology | based on new technologies |
dominant design unchanged | lead to a new dominant design |
does not lead to a paradigm shift | can lead to a paradigm shift |
implies a low level of uncertainty | implies a high level of uncertainty |
improvement of existing characteristics | introduces a whole new set of performance features |
existing organization and qualifications are sufficient | requires education, new organization and skills |
the result of a rational response or necessity | result of chance or R&D policy, not necessity |
driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology) | driven by technology (important in the early stage of technology) |
Soru 15
_______ have a strong potential to change the industry structure since they introduce new knowledge.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Competence-destroying innovations
B
Incremental innovations
C
Product innovations
D
Competence-enhancing innovations
E
Radical innovations
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Competence-destroying innovations have a strong potential to change the industry structure since they introduce new knowledge.
Competence-destroying innovations have a strong potential to change the industry structure since they introduce new knowledge.
Soru 16
An innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the overall configuration of the system is known as _______.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Architectural innovation
B
Modular innovation
C
Typical innovation
D
Radical innovation
E
Product innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Thus, an innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the overall configuration of the system is known as component or modular innovation.
Thus, an innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the overall configuration of the system is known as component or modular innovation.
Soru 17
________ changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Process innovation
B
Product innovation
C
Architectural innovation
D
Incremental innovation
E
Modular innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Architectural innovation changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other.
Architectural innovation changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other.
Soru 18
Which of the following is not among the major types of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Architectural innovation
B
Component innovation
C
Competence-enhancing innovation
D
Incremental innovation
E
Technological innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
This chapter mainly focuses on four different types of innovations, namely
• Product versus process innovation
• Radical versus incremental innovation
• Competence-enhancing versus competence-destroying innovation
• Architectural versus component (modular) innovation
This chapter mainly focuses on four different types of innovations, namely
• Product versus process innovation
• Radical versus incremental innovation
• Competence-enhancing versus competence-destroying innovation
• Architectural versus component (modular) innovation
Soru 19
_______ is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Product innovation
B
Process innovation
C
Radical innovation
D
Incremental innovation
E
Modular innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
A product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and output
A product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and output
Soru 20
An organization introduces a new method, technique, or process to reduce defect rates or increase the quantity of products/services that may be produced in a given time, such an initiative is considered to be a _______.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Radical innovation
B
Incremental innovation
C
Component innovation
D
Product innovation
E
Process innovation
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
An organization introduces a new method, technique, or process to reduce defect rates or increase the quantity of products/services that may be produced in a given time, such an initiative is considered to be a process innovation.
An organization introduces a new method, technique, or process to reduce defect rates or increase the quantity of products/services that may be produced in a given time, such an initiative is considered to be a process innovation.
Soru 21
Which of the following are among the types of innovations?
Product versus process innovation
Exponential versus incremental innovation
Competence-enhancing versus competence-destroying innovation
Architectural versus component (modular) innovation
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-II-III-IV
C
II-III-IV
D
I-III-IV
E
I-II-IV
Açıklama:
This chapter mainly focuses on four different types of innovations, namely
Product versus process innovation
Radical versus incremental innovation
Competence-enhancing versuscompetence-destroying innovation
Architectural versus component (modular)innovation
Soru 22
Different types of innovations have a close relationship with each other. Which of the following could be the nature of this relationship?
New processes may lead to the introduction of new products/services,
New products/services may lead to the introduction of new processes,
A product innovation for one company may simultaneously be a process innovation for another.
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-II
C
II-III
D
I-III
E
I
Açıklama:
Although product versus process innovations were exemplified separately, it is important to note that these di erent types of innovations have a close relationship with each other. e nature of this relationship could be as follows:
New processes may lead to the introductionof new products/services,
New products/services may lead to theintroduction of new processes,
A product innovation for one companymay simultaneously be a process innovation for another.
Soru 23
Since radical innovations usually involve new knowledge, they are considered more _______ compared to incremental innovations.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Revolutionist
B
Risky
C
Developed
D
Sophisticated
E
Inductive
Açıklama:
Since radical innovations usually involve new knowledge, they are considered more risky compared to incremental innovations.
Soru 24
The distinction between product versus process innovations is based on the ________ of the innovations.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Cost
B
Scope
C
Number
D
Creativity
E
Finance
Açıklama:
The distinction between product versus process innovations is based on the scope of the innovations.
Soru 25
The distinction between product and process relates to the areas and activities that have a(n) _______ effect.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Financial
B
Business
C
Innovation
D
Technological
E
Architectural
Açıklama:
The distinction between product and process relates to the areas and activities that have an innovation effect.
Soru 26
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, _______ innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Financial
B
Original
C
Enhancing
D
Competitive
E
Process
Açıklama:
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, <
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
Soru 27
Which one of the following is a characteristic of incremental innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Implies a high level of uncertainty
B
Lead to a new dominant design
C
Requires education, new organization and skills
D
Driven by market pull
E
Based on new technologies
Açıklama:
Characteristics of Radical and Incremental Innovations:
- continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer)
- based on old technology
- dominant design unchanged
- does not lead to a paradigm shift
- implies a low level of uncertainty
- improvement of existing characteristics
- existing organisation and qualifications are sufficient
- the result of a rational response or necessity
- driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology)
Soru 28
Which of the following types of innovation is more visible to customers?
Seçenekler
A
Product
B
Process
C
Financial
D
Technological
E
Managerial
Açıklama:
Product innovations are more visible to the customers compared to process innovations since these innovations are directly about products and services.
Soru 29
Which of the following statements about the competence-enhancing and competence-destroying innovations is/are correct?
- An innovation is considered as competence-enhancing when it builds up on an existing technology using the organization's existing knowledge base and competencies.
- An innovation is considered as competence-destroying when it replaces a technology, and therefore renders the organization's competencies obsolete.
- Competence-enhancing innovations render an organization's existing knowledge base and competencies obsolete.
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-III
C
I-II
D
II-III
E
III
Açıklama:
- An innovation is considered as competence-enhancing when it builds up on an existing technology using the organisation’s existing knowledge base and competencies.
- An innovation is considered as competence-destroying when it replaces a technology, and therefore renders the organisation’s competencies obsolete.
- Competence-destroying innovations render an organisation’s existing knowledge base and competencies obsolete.
Soru 30
The more the innovation differs from the existing practices, the more it is considered to be _______.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Technological
B
Costly
C
Traditional
D
Radical
E
Corporate
Açıklama:
The more the innovation differs from the existing practices, the more it is considered to be radical.
Soru 31
When an innovation departs slightly from existing practices, it is known as ________ innovation.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Effective
B
Incremental
C
Expensive
D
Radical
E
Revolutionary
Açıklama:
When an innovation departs slightly from existing practices, it is known as incremental innovation.
Soru 32
Since radical innovations usually involve new knowledge, they are considered more _______ compared to incremental innovations.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Risky
B
Effective
C
Popular
D
Costly
E
Valuable
Açıklama:
Since radical innovations usually involve new knowledge, they are considered more risky compared to incremental innovations.
Soru 33
Which of the following is among the characteristics of the radical innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Based on old technology
B
Can lead to a paradigm shift
C
Dominant design unchanged
D
Implies a low level of uncertainty
E
The result of a rational response or necessity
Açıklama:
All the options other than option B are the characteristics of incremental innovation.
Soru 34
Which of the following is among the characteristics of the incremental innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Lead to a new dominant design
B
Implies a high level of uncertainty
C
Introduces a whole new set of performance features
D
Requires education, new organization and skills
E
Based on old technology
Açıklama:
All the options other than option E are characteristics of radical innovation.
Soru 35
An innovation is considered as _______ when it replaces a technology, and therefore renders the organization’s competencies obsolete.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Cost-effective
B
Competence-destroying
C
Customer-friendly
D
Enhancement-providing
E
Competence-enhancing
Açıklama:
An innovation is considered as competence-detroying when it replaces a technology, and therefore renders the organization’s competencies obsolete.
Soru 36
Which of the folloiwng is/are among the characteristics of architectural innovation?
- innovation to one or more components
- changes how the components interact with each other
- changes the whole configuration of the system
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
I-II
C
II
D
I-III
E
II-III
Açıklama:
Thus, an innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the overall configuration of the system is known as component or modular innovation. On the other hand, architectural innovation changes the whole configuration of the system as well as how the components interact with each other (Schilling, 2019). As shown by the definitions, modular or component innovations are easier to conduct compared to architectural innovations, and architectural innovations have a more disruptive nature.
Soru 37
Which of the following could be identified as a competence-enhancing innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Steam --> diesel locomotives
B
Vacuum --> tubes transistors
C
Jet --> turbofan
D
Piston --> jet engines
E
Records --> compact disks
Açıklama:
Competence-Enhancing
Major Product Improvements:
Jet --> turbofan
LSI --> VSLI semiconductors
Mechanical --> electric typewriters
Nonreturnable --> returnable bottles
Major Product Improvements:
Jet --> turbofan
LSI --> VSLI semiconductors
Mechanical --> electric typewriters
Nonreturnable --> returnable bottles
Soru 38
Which one of the below can be identified as Competence-Destroying innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Open --> closed steel auto bodies
B
Nonreturnable --> returnable bottles
C
Mechanical --> electric typewriters
D
LSI --> VSLI semiconductors
E
Jet --> turbofan
Açıklama:
Competence-Destroying
Product Substitution:
Vacuum tubes transistors
Steam
diesel locomotives
Pistonjet engines
Recordscompact disks
Punched paperautomatic control machine tooling
Discreteintegrated circuits
Openclosed steel auto bodies
Product Substitution:
Vacuum tubes transistors
Steam
diesel locomotivesPiston
jet enginesRecords
compact disksPunched paper
automatic control machine toolingDiscrete
integrated circuitsOpen
closed steel auto bodiesSoru 39
Which of the following is among the characteristics of the radical innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Continuous
B
Requires education, new organization and skills
C
Implies a low level of uncertainty
D
The result of a rational response or necessity
E
Based on old technology
Açıklama:
Incremental innovation
continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer)
based on old technology
dominant design unchanged
does not lead to a paradigm shift
implies a low level of uncertainty
improvement of existing characteristics
existing organization and qualifications are sufficient
the result of a rational response or necessity
driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology)
continuous (linear improvement of value acquired by the customer)
based on old technology
dominant design unchanged
does not lead to a paradigm shift
implies a low level of uncertainty
improvement of existing characteristics
existing organization and qualifications are sufficient
the result of a rational response or necessity
driven by market pull (important in the advanced stage of technology)
Soru 40
Which of the following is among the characteristics of the product innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs
B
Creating or improving a method, technique, and developments
C
Implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers
D
New factors introduced in an organization to increase product quality, improve methods of production
E
Increasing efficiency and effectiveness within the organization.
Açıklama:
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
Organizations that focus on productinnovation should concentrate on new product development or improvement of the existing technologies while organizations launching new organizational methods or techniques as process innovation should focus on knowledge and management culture. In other words, when product innovation may include new product offerings or improvements to existing products as an outcome, process innovation involves creating or improving a method, technique, and developments in the processes or systems.
Process innovation is known as new factors(systems, equipment, techniques, and human resources) introduced in an organization to increase product quality, improve methods of production, or reduce production costs
Organizations that focus on productinnovation should concentrate on new product development or improvement of the existing technologies while organizations launching new organizational methods or techniques as process innovation should focus on knowledge and management culture. In other words, when product innovation may include new product offerings or improvements to existing products as an outcome, process innovation involves creating or improving a method, technique, and developments in the processes or systems.
Process innovation is known as new factors(systems, equipment, techniques, and human resources) introduced in an organization to increase product quality, improve methods of production, or reduce production costs
Soru 41
The distinction between product versus process innovations is based on the ___________ of the innovations.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Scope
B
Type
C
Sort
D
Nature
E
variety
Açıklama:
The distinction between product versus process innovations is based on the scope of the innovations.
Soru 42
While a ___________is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, ___________ is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Product innovation / Process innovation
B
Process innovation / Product innovation
C
Incremental innovation / Process innovation
D
Incremental innovation / Product innovation
E
Process innovation / Incremental innovation
Açıklama:
While a product innovation is forming a new product category or implementing alterations to existing products for the benefit of customers, process innovation is defined as tools, devices, and knowledge in throughput technology that mediate between inputs and outputs (Ar & Baki, 2011).
Soru 43
Organizations that focus on product innovation should concentrate on new product development or improvement of the existing technologies while organizations launching new organizational methods or techniques as process innovation should focus on ___________ culture.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Knowledge and management
B
Process and product
C
Development and improvement
D
Efficiency and effectiveness
E
Supply and demand
Açıklama:
Organizations that focus on product innovation should concentrate on new product development or improvement of the existing technologies while organizations launching new organizational methods or techniques as process innovation should focus on knowledge and management culture.
Soru 44
When product innovation may include new product offerings or improvements to existing products as an ___________, process innovation involves creating or improving a method, technique, and developments in the processes or systems (Ar & Baki, 2011).
Seçenekler
A
outcome
B
improvement
C
upgrade
D
analysis
E
initiative
Açıklama:
When product innovation may include new product offerings or improvements to existing products as an outcome, process innovation involves creating or improving a method, technique, and developments in the processes or systems (Ar & Baki, 2011).
Soru 45
Process innovation is known as new factors (systems, equipment, techniques, and human resources) introduced in an organization to increase product quality, improve ___________, or reduce production costs (Berchicci, Tucci, C. L. & Zazzara, 2014).
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
methods of production
B
techniques of analysis
C
types of production
D
processes of production
E
human resources
Açıklama:
Process innovation is known as new factors (systems, equipment, techniques, and human resources) introduced in an organization to increase product quality, improve methods of production, or reduce production costs (Berchicci, Tucci, C. L. & Zazzara, 2014).
Soru 46
A car manufacturer’s development of a new hybrid electric car is a(n) example of ___________ innovation.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Product
B
Process
C
Incremental
D
Rapid
E
Developmental
Açıklama:
A car manufacturer’s development of a new hybrid electric car is a product innovation.
Soru 47
If an organization introduces a new method, technique, or process to reduce defect rates or increase the quantity of products/services that may be produced in a given time, such an initiative is considered to be a(n) ___________innovation.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Process
B
Product
C
Rapid
D
Developmental
E
Reductive
Açıklama:
If an organization introduces a new method, technique, or process to reduce defect rates or increase the quantity of products/services that may be produced in a given time, such an initiative is considered to be a process innovation.
Soru 48
Product innovations target product and service improvements while process innovations mainly target ___________ improvements, efficiency, and effectiveness.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Cost
B
Procedure
C
Process
D
method
E
application
Açıklama:
Product innovations target product and service improvement while process innovations mainly target cost improvements, efficiency, and effectiveness.
Soru 49
___________ could be considered as the combination of newness and the degree of differentness.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Radicalness
B
Novelty
C
Ingenuity
D
Innovation
E
Originality
Açıklama:
Radicalness could be considered as the combination of newness and the degree of differentness (Schilling, 2019).
Soru 50
The more the innovation differs from the existing practices, the more it is considered to be ___________.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
radical
B
innovative
C
different
D
interesting
E
creative
Açıklama:
The more the innovation differs from the existing practices, the more it is considered to be radical.
Ünite 3
Soru 1
Which of the listed companies below is the most innovative one in 2020?
Seçenekler
A
Apple
B
Alphabet
C
Amazon
D
Microsoft
E
Samsung
Açıklama:
The answer is A. On page 47, in your book under the title of “Introduction” top ten most innovative firms in 2020 listed in table 3.1. Apple is the most innovative company.
Soru 2
i-Chemical
ii-Agriculture
iii-Technology
iv-Manufacture
v-Consumer goods
Which of the listed industries above are among the most innovative industries in 2020?
ii-Agriculture
iii-Technology
iv-Manufacture
v-Consumer goods
Which of the listed industries above are among the most innovative industries in 2020?
Seçenekler
A
i; ii
B
ii; iii
C
iii; iv
D
iii; v
E
iv; v
Açıklama:
The answer is D. On page 47, in your book under the title of “Introduction” top ten most innovative industries in 2020 listed in table 3.1. According to table, technology and consumer goods are the most innovative industries.
Soru 3
i-China
ii-England
iii-Germany
iv-Japan
v-South Korea
vi-USA
Which of the countries listed above are among the home countries of top ten most innovative companies in 2020?
ii-England
iii-Germany
iv-Japan
v-South Korea
vi-USA
Which of the countries listed above are among the home countries of top ten most innovative companies in 2020?
Seçenekler
A
i, ii, iii
B
i; iii; iv; v
C
i; iv; v; vi
D
i; iii; iv; v; vi
E
ii; iii; v; vi
Açıklama:
The answer is C. On page 47, in your book under the title of “Introduction” China, Japan, South Korea and USA are listed among the home countries of top ten most innovative companies in 2020 in Table 3.1.
Soru 4
Which of the following management thinkers suggests seven most widely used sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Alfred Sloan
B
Joseph Alois Schumpeter
C
Winslow Taylor
D
Friedrich Hayek
E
Peter F.Drucker
Açıklama:
The answer is E. Page 47, in your book under the title of “İNTRODUCTION” gives the information that: “The 7 most widely used innovation sources are suggested by Drucker”
Soru 5
Which of the following is among the outside sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
The unexpected
B
The incongruity
C
Changes in the perception, mood, and meaning
D
Innovation based on process needs
E
Changes in the industry or market structure
Açıklama:
The answer is C. Page 48, in your book under the title of “Introduction” gives the information that: “Demographics; Change in perception, mood and meaning; New knowledge, both scientific and nonscientific are the outside sources of innovation opportunities”.
Soru 6
Which of the following is the output of every success or failure of the organization?
Seçenekler
A
Information
B
Agreement
C
Problem solving
D
Coordination
E
Cooperation
Açıklama:
The answer is A. Page 49, in your book under the title of “INSIDE SOURCES” gives the information that: Companies may think about their success or failure in detail. Failures are important learning resources. Information is the output of every success or failure.
Soru 7
i-Environment
ii-Firm
iii-Sector
iv-Demographic changes
v-New knowledge
Which of the sources of innovation listed above is/are among the outside sources of innovation?
ii-Firm
iii-Sector
iv-Demographic changes
v-New knowledge
Which of the sources of innovation listed above is/are among the outside sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
i; ii; iii
B
i; iii; iv
C
iv; v
D
ii; iii; iv
E
iii; iv; v
Açıklama:
The answer is C. Page 53, in your book under the title of “OUTSIDE SOURCES” gives the information that: “The second place among the firm’s sources of innovation is the outside sources of innovation. These sources are located in the environment, not in the firm or sector. ----------- These sources are demographic changes, changes in perception, mood and meaning, and new knowledge”.
Soru 8
i-Per capita income
ii-Dependency ratios
iii-Life expectancy
iv-Family structures
v-Personal revenue
vi-National income
Which of the variables listed above is/are among the demographic variables that organizations need to take into account while analyzing their markets?
ii-Dependency ratios
iii-Life expectancy
iv-Family structures
v-Personal revenue
vi-National income
Which of the variables listed above is/are among the demographic variables that organizations need to take into account while analyzing their markets?
Seçenekler
A
i; ii; iii
B
i; iii; iv
C
ii; iii; iv
D
ii; iv; v
E
i; v; vi
Açıklama:
The answer is C. Page 53, in your book under the sub title of “Demographic Changes” gives the information that: “Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. means demographic changes which is one of the most important variables for firms. Firms need to take the demographic structure into account while analyzing their markets.”
Soru 9
With the unprecedented rise of _______, the relationship between a business and its consumers has become far more personal and transparent.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Cooperation
B
Coordination
C
Communication
D
Social media
E
Transportation
Açıklama:
The answer is D. Page 53, in your book under the sub title of “Demographic Changes” gives the information that: “With the unprecedented rise of social media, the relationship between a business and its consumers has become far more personal and transparent.”
Soru 10
What type of source can be provided by the information produced in public institutions and private organizations with research laboratories for the innovation process of enterprises?
Seçenekler
A
Source of inspiration
B
Source of cooperation
C
Source of communication
D
Source of competition
E
Source of accumulation
Açıklama:
The answer is A. Page 57, in your book under the sub title of “Universities and Research Centers” gives the information that: “The information produced in public institutions and private organizations with research laboratories can also be a source of inspiration for the innovation process of enterprises.”
Soru 11
Which of the following is among the outside sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Changes in perception
B
Unexpected occurrences
C
Incongruities
D
Process needs
E
Industry and market change
Açıklama:
What the source of innovation is widely discussed. Currently, there are studies that group different innovation sources in various ways. The 7 most widely used sources are suggested by Drucker (2002). Four of Drucker’s innovation sources are obtained from the firm’s own or sectoral resources, the other three are obtained from the environment. These sources can be listed as unexpected occurrences, incongruities, process needs, industry and market change, demographic changes, changes in perception, and new knowledge.
Soru 12
The ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success and failure of the firm is called as __________.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Incongruities
B
Unexpected occurrences
C
Process needs
D
Industry and market change
E
Demographic changes
Açıklama:
Unexpected occurrences refer to an unexpected success, failure, or an unexpected external event. Unexpected occurrences as a source of innovation are the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success and failure of the firm. Unexpected successes or failures can be considered an important resource in finding innovation opportunities.
Soru 13
Which of the following is among the examples of unexpected occurrences?
Seçenekler
A
McCoys' Lubricants
B
Schools' using online education
C
Kellogs corn flakes
D
Google search engine
E
Millenials as customers
Açıklama:
Famous Kellogs corn flake is a new product story that comes after a failure. Back in 1894 Dr. John Harvey Kellog and Will Keith Kellog were working at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. The patients were on a strict diet at that time, especially coffee. Instead of coffee, they planned to offer patients a substitute made of granola. Will had left some boiled wheat that got stale by the time he had returned, and instead of throwing it away, he put it through rollers to try and make wheat sheets, but he got flakes in the process! This step produced the first form of corn flakes.
Soru 14
Which of the below companies is NOT among the top ten innovative companies list?
Seçenekler
A
Amazon
B
Apple
C
Huawei
D
Yahoo
E
Alibaba
Açıklama:
Table 3.1 The top 10 most innovative companies in 2020 on page 47 depicts the answer.
Soru 15
In terms of the generation shift, millenials are a good example of __________.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Unexpexted occurences
B
Changes in industry and market
C
New knowledge
D
Changes in perception, mood and meaning
E
Demographic changes
Açıklama:
How the generation shift is increasing the need for innovation
Enter the millennials, a generation who have grown up with the world wide web from a young age and who consider the time before the internet to be a dark and medieval era. Also known as Generation Z, these young people are characterized by their digital prowess and affinity to online socializing. With information at their fingertips, they are accustomed to a fast pace of life and attention spans are measured in seconds.
Enter the millennials, a generation who have grown up with the world wide web from a young age and who consider the time before the internet to be a dark and medieval era. Also known as Generation Z, these young people are characterized by their digital prowess and affinity to online socializing. With information at their fingertips, they are accustomed to a fast pace of life and attention spans are measured in seconds.
Soru 16
Which of the below products is made of graphene, one of the strongest material in the world?
Seçenekler
A
Sports shoes
B
Car tires
C
Windows
D
Cell phone protectors
E
Batteries
Açıklama:
Inov-8 Launches ‘World’s First’ Sports Shoes Made From Graphene, Dubbed Planet’s Strongest Material
A British company called inov-8 has launched what it claims are the world’s first sports shoes made with graphene - a material that’s getting a lot of attention these days for being the strongest on the planet.
A British company called inov-8 has launched what it claims are the world’s first sports shoes made with graphene - a material that’s getting a lot of attention these days for being the strongest on the planet.
Soru 17
I- New knowledge
II- Customers
III- Competitors and suppliers
IV- Universities and research centers
Which of the below options present the other potential sources of innovation?
II- Customers
III- Competitors and suppliers
IV- Universities and research centers
Which of the below options present the other potential sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III
B
II-III-IV
C
I-III-IV
D
I and II
E
I and IV
Açıklama:
Other potential sources of inspiration for companies to innovate include customers, competitors and suppliers, universities and research centres.
Soru 18
How did Haier, a leading manufacturer of white goods such as freezers and stoves, get the idea to develop a wash cycle for vegetables?
Seçenekler
A
from customers
B
from competitors
C
from suppliers
D
from universities
E
from research centres
Açıklama:
Haier is a leading Chinese manufacturer of white goods such as freezers and stoves. While observing its customers, the firm found that they used Haier washing machines to wash the vegetables they had grown in their garden. Turning this unexpected use into a new application, the Haier development team came up with a new wash cycle designed specifically for vegetables.
Soru 19
What does SVIC stand for?
Seçenekler
A
Silicon Valley Information Center
B
Silicon Valley Innovation Center
C
Silicon Valley Innovation Customer
D
Silent Valley Innovation Center
E
Silent Valley Information Center
Açıklama:
World-class tech companies that are situated in Silicon Valley then talk about another innovation hub within Silicon Valley that helps foster new innovations and collaboration between industry professionals called, “The Silicon Valley Innovation Centre” (SVIC).
Soru 20
Which of the below is a social network company?
Seçenekler
A
Apple
B
Google
C
Facebook
D
Tesla
E
Yahoo
Açıklama:
Facebook is arguably the world’s most successful social network company. Facebook was launched in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg as a college social networking website.
Soru 21
The sources in the company itself or its sector are called inside sources. We can divide these sources into ___ groups.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
One
B
Two
C
Three
D
Four
E
Five
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
The sources in the company itself or its sector are called inside sources. We can divide these sources into four groups.
The sources in the company itself or its sector are called inside sources. We can divide these sources into four groups.
Soru 22
Which of the following sources of innovation is among the outside sources?
Seçenekler
A
The incongruity
B
Innovation based on process needs
C
Changes in the industry structure
D
The unexpected
E
Demographic changes
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
The sources in the company itself or its sector are called inside sources. We can divide these sources into four groups. These are unexpected occurrences, incongruities, innovation based on process needs and industry and market change sources.
The second place among the firm’s sources of innovation is the outside sources of innovation. These sources are located in the environment, not in the firm or sector. Therefore, these sources are common to every firm in the sector. Opportunities that can be a source of innovation should be identified by constantly analyzing the environment. These sources are demographic changes, changes in perception, mood and meaning, and new knowledge.
The sources in the company itself or its sector are called inside sources. We can divide these sources into four groups. These are unexpected occurrences, incongruities, innovation based on process needs and industry and market change sources.
The second place among the firm’s sources of innovation is the outside sources of innovation. These sources are located in the environment, not in the firm or sector. Therefore, these sources are common to every firm in the sector. Opportunities that can be a source of innovation should be identified by constantly analyzing the environment. These sources are demographic changes, changes in perception, mood and meaning, and new knowledge.
Soru 23
_______ as a source of innovation refers to the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success or failure of the firm.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Unexpected occurrences
B
New knowledge
C
The incongruity
D
Changes in market structure
E
Innovation based on process needs
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Unexpected occurrences as a source of innovation are the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success or failure of the firm.
Unexpected occurrences as a source of innovation are the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success or failure of the firm.
Soru 24
Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. refers to the _______.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Outside sources
B
Demographic changes
C
Inside sources
D
Changes in perception
E
New knowledge
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. means demographic changes which is one of the most important variables for firms
Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. means demographic changes which is one of the most important variables for firms
Soru 25
I - Innovation based on process needs
II - Changes in the industry or market structure
III - The incongruity
IV - Changes in perception, mood, and meaning
V - New knowledge, both scientific and nonscientific
Which of the sources of innovation listed above is/are among the inside sources?
II - Changes in the industry or market structure
III - The incongruity
IV - Changes in perception, mood, and meaning
V - New knowledge, both scientific and nonscientific
Which of the sources of innovation listed above is/are among the inside sources?
Seçenekler
A
I,II,III
B
I,III,IV
C
II,III,V
D
III,IV,V
E
IV,V,I
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Inside sources: The unexpected, The incongruity, Innovation based on process need, Change in industry structure or market structure
Inside sources: The unexpected, The incongruity, Innovation based on process need, Change in industry structure or market structure
Soru 26
Sometimes the expectations or assumptions of firms, customers, suppliers in the sector may not match what is happening. These types of _______ serves as a high potential source for innovation.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Demographics
B
Unexpected occurrences
C
Incongruities
D
Scientific and non-scientific
E
Innovation based on process needs
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Sometimes the expectations or assumptions of firms, customers, suppliers in the sector may not match what is happening. These types of incongruities are a high potential source for innovation. New ideas or solutions that eliminate incongruities may result in innovation.
Sometimes the expectations or assumptions of firms, customers, suppliers in the sector may not match what is happening. These types of incongruities are a high potential source for innovation. New ideas or solutions that eliminate incongruities may result in innovation.
Soru 27
_______ cause(s) businesses to innovate and develop new products and services that are compatible with the new perspective of customers.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
New knowledge
B
Demographic changes
C
Markets and industries
D
Innovation opportunities
E
Changes in perception
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Changes in perception cause businesses to innovate and develop new products and services that are compatible with the new perspective of customers.
Changes in perception cause businesses to innovate and develop new products and services that are compatible with the new perspective of customers.
Soru 28
The strategies based on the requirements and expectations of the customers are known as ________ strategies. Organizations that follow this strategy include customers in the processes.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Customer-oriented
B
Marketing
C
Developing
D
Increasing
E
Technology-oriented
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
These strategies, based on the requirements and expectations of the customers, are called customer-oriented strategies. Companies that make innovation by following this strategy include customers in the processes
These strategies, based on the requirements and expectations of the customers, are called customer-oriented strategies. Companies that make innovation by following this strategy include customers in the processes
Soru 29
Which of the following is not among the sources of innovation according to Peter F.Drucker?
Seçenekler
A
Changes in perception, mood and meaning
B
Demographic changes
C
Industry and market change
D
Innovation based on process needs
E
Competitors and suppliers
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Apart from Drucker’s highly accepted innovation sources, it is possible to mention different sources of innovation. Anything the firm is inspired by to innovate can be considered an innovation source. Other potential sources of inspiration for organizations to innovate include customers, competitors and suppliers, universities and research centers.
Apart from Drucker’s highly accepted innovation sources, it is possible to mention different sources of innovation. Anything the firm is inspired by to innovate can be considered an innovation source. Other potential sources of inspiration for organizations to innovate include customers, competitors and suppliers, universities and research centers.
Soru 30
Market needs are among the most important sources that guide the innovation processes of organizations. Today, the expectations and demands of _______ from companies are increasing.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Universities
B
customers
C
research centers
D
innovation-related institutions
E
competitors
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Market needs are one of the most important sources that guide the innovation processes of firms. Today, the expectations and demands of customers from companies are increasing.
Market needs are one of the most important sources that guide the innovation processes of firms. Today, the expectations and demands of customers from companies are increasing.
Soru 31
Which of the following is among the outside sources of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
The unexpected
B
The incongruity
C
Demographics
D
Innovation based on process needs
E
Changes in industry structure or market structure
Açıklama:
Demographics is one of the outside sources of innovation opportunities.
Soru 32
Which of the following refers to the organizations' capacity to use the opportunities regardless of the source of innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Capital of the organization
B
Innovation culture of the organization
C
Financial success of the organization
D
International relations of the organization
E
Administrative capacity of the organization
Açıklama:
Regardless of the source of innovation, the capacity to use the opportunity is related to the innovation culture of the firm.
Soru 33
I. They refer to an unexpected success, failure, or an external event.
II. They are the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success or failure of the organization.
III. They could be considered as an important source in finding innovation opportunities.
Which of the following inside sources of innovation opportunities is described above?
II. They are the ability to use the information obtained as a result of the success or failure of the organization.
III. They could be considered as an important source in finding innovation opportunities.
Which of the following inside sources of innovation opportunities is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Unexpected occurrences
B
Incongruities
C
Process needs
D
Market changes
E
Demographic changes
Açıklama:
Unexpected occurrences are described here.
Soru 34
Sometimes the expectations or assumptions of firms, customers, and suppliers in the sector may not match what is happening. What type of innovation opportunities are described here?
Seçenekler
A
Industry Changes
B
Demographic Changes
C
Unexpected Occurrences
D
Incongruities
E
Process Needs
Açıklama:
Incongruities are described here.
Soru 35
I. They are the sources located in the environment.
II. They are common to every firm in the sector.
III. They are identified by constantly analyzing the environment.
Which of the following sources of innovation is described above?
II. They are common to every firm in the sector.
III. They are identified by constantly analyzing the environment.
Which of the following sources of innovation is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Inside Sources
B
Capital Sources
C
Outside Sources
D
Process Sources
E
Local Sources
Açıklama:
Outside sources of innovation opportunities are described here.
Soru 36
A company’s _______ is the sum of all the views, perceptions and beliefs held about the company based on its history and its prospects in comparison to close competitors.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Needs analysis
B
Demographic changes
C
Unexpected occurrence
D
Market changes
E
Corporate reputation
Açıklama:
A company’s corporate reputation is the sum of all the views, perceptions and beliefs held about the company based on its history and its prospects in comparison to close competitors.
Soru 37
Which of the following could be considered among the other sources of innovation apart from the inside and outside sources?
Seçenekler
A
Customers
B
Demographic changes
C
Incongruities
D
Unexpected occurrences
E
New knowledge
Açıklama:
Customers can be considered among the other potential sources of innovation apart from the inside and outside sources.
Soru 38
New ideas, technologies, or knowledge as a result of scientific studies could be the source of new products and services developed by companies. Which of the following sources of innovation can be associated with this idea?
Seçenekler
A
Sales departments
B
Competitor firms
C
Suppliers
D
Universities and Research Centers are associated with this source of innovation.
E
Customers
Açıklama:
Universities and Research Centers
Soru 39
Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. can be regarded as important variables for firms. This type of source for innovation is related to.......................
Seçenekler
A
information processing
B
demographic changes
C
suppliers
D
unexpected occurrences
E
Incongruties
Açıklama:
Any change in the population, for example in terms of average age, dependency ratios, life expectancy, family structures, birth rates etc. can be regarded as important variables for firms. This type of source for innovation is related to demographic changes.
Soru 40
Which of the following is one of the inside sources of innovation opportunities?
Seçenekler
A
Changes in perception
B
Customers
C
Demographic changes
D
Process needs
E
Scientific research findings
Açıklama:
Process needs can be considered as one of the inside sources of innovation opportunities.
Ünite 4
Soru 1
People who have tried the product for the first time are not expected to come out of this group. However, they are also willing to try new products. The difference between this group from early adopters is that they are a bit more difficult to persuade.
Which of the following groups is described in the paragraph given above?
Which of the following groups is described in the paragraph given above?
Seçenekler
A
Early majority
B
Innovators
C
Early adopters
D
Late majority
E
Laggards
Açıklama:
Early Majority - People who have tried the product for the first time are not expected to come out of this group. However, they are also willing to try new products. The difference between this group from early adopters is that they are a bit more difficult to persuade.
Soru 2
Firms which have weak innovation processes with poor innovation success are defined as _______ firms.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Experienced
B
Brittle
C
Robust
D
Decentralized
E
Immobilized
Açıklama:
Firms which have weak innovation processes with poor innovation success are defined as brittle firms.
Soru 3
I. Idea generalization and mobilization
II. Experimentation
III. Sales management
IV. Commercialization
Which of the above is/are among the elements of the innovation process?
II. Experimentation
III. Sales management
IV. Commercialization
Which of the above is/are among the elements of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I-III and IV
D
I-II and IV
E
III and IV
Açıklama:
Statements I-II and IV are among the feature of the innovation process.
Soru 4
I. Failure, risk, and resource expenditures are emphasized.
II. Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
III. Egos play a large role in idea evaluation.
IV. There is a wide range of defined idea sources.
Which of the above is/are among the features of the robust firms?
II. Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
III. Egos play a large role in idea evaluation.
IV. There is a wide range of defined idea sources.
Which of the above is/are among the features of the robust firms?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I and III
D
II and IV
E
I-II and III
Açıklama:
Statements II and IV are among the features of robust firms.
Soru 5
Which of the following is among the features of brittle organizations in the diffusion and implementation process?
Seçenekler
A
External stakeholders are disregarded.
B
Failures are evaluated and considered for further stages or processes.
C
Values and culture are emphasized.
D
Existing initiatives are incorporated.
E
Customer segmentation is established.
Açıklama:
External stakeholders are disregarded in the diffusion and implementation process of brittle organizations.
Soru 6
I. Flexible organizational culture
II. Predetermined failure report
III. Positive organizational climate
IV. Qualified human resources
Which of the above is/are important for the effectiveness of the new idea development process?
II. Predetermined failure report
III. Positive organizational climate
IV. Qualified human resources
Which of the above is/are important for the effectiveness of the new idea development process?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I-III and IV
D
II and III
E
I and II
Açıklama:
Statements I-III and IV are important for the effectiveness of the new idea development process.
Soru 7
Which of the following phases of the innovation process allows us to evaluate an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems?
Seçenekler
A
Experimentation
B
Advocacy and screening
C
Idea generation and mobilization
D
Commercialization
E
Diffusion and implementation
Açıklama:
The Advocacy and Screening phase allows us to evaluate an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems.
Soru 8
I. The idea is tested at this stage.
II. It involves bringing new products or services to the market.
III. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
IV. At this stage, the idea is either eliminated or taken to the idea repository for re-evaluation.
Which of the above is/are feature(s) of the experimentation phase of the innovation process?
II. It involves bringing new products or services to the market.
III. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
IV. At this stage, the idea is either eliminated or taken to the idea repository for re-evaluation.
Which of the above is/are feature(s) of the experimentation phase of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
Only II
B
Only IV
C
I-II and III
D
I and IV
E
II and III
Açıklama:
Statements I and IV are features of the experimentation phase of the innovation process.
Soru 9
Which of the following stages of the innovation process involves the process of bringing new products or services to the market and introducing the idea of innovation to the target audience?
Seçenekler
A
Commercialization
B
Idea generation and mobilization
C
Experimentation
D
Advocacy and screening
E
Diffusion and implementation
Açıklama:
The commercialization stage is defined in the question.
Soru 10
I. It is the final stage of the innovation process.
II. It is the process of acceptance of the product by the consumers.
III. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
IV. At this stage, the product starts to be marketed to consumers.
Which of the stages of the innovation process is described above?
II. It is the process of acceptance of the product by the consumers.
III. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
IV. At this stage, the product starts to be marketed to consumers.
Which of the stages of the innovation process is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Commercialization
B
Advocacy and screening
C
Experimentation
D
Idea generation and mobilization
E
Diffusion and implementation
Açıklama:
Diffusion and Implementation stage is described in the question.
Soru 11
Which of the following is the consumer group that involves the people who do not like the innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Early majority
B
Late majority
C
Laggards
D
Early adopters
E
Innovators
Açıklama:
Laggards is the consumer group that involves the people who don't like the innovations.
Soru 12
I. Idea generation and mobilization
II. Diffusion and implementation
III. Experimentation
IV. Commercialization
V. Advocacy and screening
Which of the following represents the correct order of the innovation process?
II. Diffusion and implementation
III. Experimentation
IV. Commercialization
V. Advocacy and screening
Which of the following represents the correct order of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
I-II-III-IV-V
B
I-V-III-IV-II
C
V-II-III-I-IV
D
I-IV-II-V-III
E
II-III-V-IV-I
Açıklama:
I-V-III-IV-II is the correct order of the innovation process.
Soru 13
I. Procedures are defined to evaluate sources.
II. Idea sources are limited in range and scope.
III. Idea hoarding may be present, limiting mobilization.
IV. There are multiple venues to identify ideas.
Which of the above is/are true about the idea generation and mobilization process in robust firms?
II. Idea sources are limited in range and scope.
III. Idea hoarding may be present, limiting mobilization.
IV. There are multiple venues to identify ideas.
Which of the above is/are true about the idea generation and mobilization process in robust firms?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I and II
D
III and IV
E
I and IV
Açıklama:
Statements I and IV are true about the idea generation and mobilization process in robust firms.
Soru 14
I. Focus is on the short term impact and revenues or local context.
II. Egos play a large role in idea evaluation.
III. Evaluation is as transparent as possible.
IV. Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
Which of the above is/are true about the advocacy and screening process of brittle organizations?
II. Egos play a large role in idea evaluation.
III. Evaluation is as transparent as possible.
IV. Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
Which of the above is/are true about the advocacy and screening process of brittle organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Only II
B
Only III
C
III and IV
D
I and II
E
I-III and IV
Açıklama:
Statements I and II are true about the advocacy and screening process of brittle organizations.
Soru 15
I. Failure is considered the end of the process.
II. Market response feedback is given to experimenters.
III. There is one hit wonder syndrome.
IV. Consumers are involved.
Which of the above is/are true about the commercialization process of the robust organizations?
II. Market response feedback is given to experimenters.
III. There is one hit wonder syndrome.
IV. Consumers are involved.
Which of the above is/are true about the commercialization process of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I and III
D
II and IV
E
I and IV
Açıklama:
Statements II and IV are about the commercialization process of the robust organizations.
Soru 16
I. The whole organization is targeted.
II. Social networks are utilized.
III. Existing initiatives are incorporated.
IV. Objectives may be arbitrary.
Which of the above is/are true about the diffusion and implementation process of the robust organizations?
II. Social networks are utilized.
III. Existing initiatives are incorporated.
IV. Objectives may be arbitrary.
Which of the above is/are true about the diffusion and implementation process of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
I-II and III
B
III and IV
C
Only III
D
II-III and IV
E
I and IV
Açıklama:
Statements I-II and III are true about the diffusion and implementation process of the robust organizations.
Soru 17
_______ is the creative process or procedure that a firm uses to figure out solutions to any number of difficult challenges. In this process, there are existing ideas that can be a source of innovation.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Idea generation
B
Advocacy
C
Experimentation
D
Commercialization
E
Diffusion
Açıklama:
Idea generation is the creative process or procedure that a firm uses to figure out solutions to any number of difficult challenges. In this process, there are existing ideas that can be a source of innovation.
Soru 18
I. This phase allows us to evaluate an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems.
II. It makes it easier for us to make decisions about the potential of the newly created idea.
III. In this process, ideas are transformed from their raw form to their more mature form.
Which of the following phase of the innovation process is described above?
II. It makes it easier for us to make decisions about the potential of the newly created idea.
III. In this process, ideas are transformed from their raw form to their more mature form.
Which of the following phase of the innovation process is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Commercialization
B
Advocacy and screening
C
Idea generation
D
Diffusion
E
Experimentation
Açıklama:
Advocacy and Screening phase is described here.
Soru 19
I. Ideas can be eliminated in this phase.
II. Ideas are tested according to their applicability.
III. Ideas can be taken to the idea repository for re-evaluation.
Which of the following phases of the innovation process is described above?
II. Ideas are tested according to their applicability.
III. Ideas can be taken to the idea repository for re-evaluation.
Which of the following phases of the innovation process is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Advocacy and screening
B
Idea generation
C
Experimentation
D
Commercialization
E
Diffusion and implementation
Açıklama:
Experimentation phase is described here.
Soru 20
_______ is the process of bringing new products or services to the market. At this stage, the idea of innovation is introduced to the target audience. The main purpose is to make the target audience find the idea attractive.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Experimentation
B
Advocacy and screening
C
Idea generation
D
Diffusion and implementation
E
Commercialization
Açıklama:
Commercialization is the process of bringing new products or services to the market. At this stage, the idea of innovation is introduced to the target audience. The main purpose is to make the target audience find the idea attractive.
Soru 21
I. It is the final stage of the innovation process.
II. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
III. It is the process of acceptance of the product by the consumers.
Which of the following phases of the innovation process is described above?
II. It is the creation of the infrastructure required for the production phase of the prototyped product.
III. It is the process of acceptance of the product by the consumers.
Which of the following phases of the innovation process is described above?
Seçenekler
A
Commercialization
B
Experimentation
C
Idea generation
D
Diffusion and implementation
E
Advocacy and screening
Açıklama:
Diffusion and Implementation phase is described here.
Soru 22
Which of the following refers to the firms whose innovation process is defined, well-built and have better performance in developing creative products than others?
Seçenekler
A
Robust
B
Strong
C
Sturdy
D
Bold
E
Competent
Açıklama:
Desouza et al. (2014), in their study, state that firms whose innovation process
is defined and well-built have better performance in developing creative products than others. These firms are defined as robust firms.
is defined and well-built have better performance in developing creative products than others. These firms are defined as robust firms.
Soru 23
Which of the following refers to the firms which have weak innovation processes with poor innovation success?
Seçenekler
A
Brittle
B
Fragile
C
Delicate
D
Frail
E
Rigid
Açıklama:
Firms which have weak innovation processes with poor innovation success are defined as brittle firms. Innovations made by brittle firms are often accidental.
Soru 24
Which of the following is not among the typical idea generation and mobilization characteristics of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
There are multiple venues to identify ideas
B
Procedures are defined to evaluate sources
C
Procedures are defined to evaluate sources
D
Idea sources are connected across departments, geography, and authority ranks
E
Idea hoarding may be present
Açıklama:
There are guidelines and processes to standardize stages of idea generation
• An‘idea’ is defined.
• There are multiple venues to identify ideas.
• Procedures are defined to evaluate sources.
• There is a wide range of defined idea sources.
• Idea sources are connected across departments, geography, and authority ranks.
• Idea sources are focused on the most likely or useful areas for the organization.
• Idea generators and those involved with mobilization interact with stakeholders
• An‘idea’ is defined.
• There are multiple venues to identify ideas.
• Procedures are defined to evaluate sources.
• There is a wide range of defined idea sources.
• Idea sources are connected across departments, geography, and authority ranks.
• Idea sources are focused on the most likely or useful areas for the organization.
• Idea generators and those involved with mobilization interact with stakeholders
Soru 25
Which of the following is not among the typical advocacy and screening characteristics of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Organizational and customer considerations are clear to advocates.
B
Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
C
There are numerous avenues to advocate for ideas and find supporters.
D
A clear, conscious shift towards evaluative objectivity is made.
E
Focus is on short term impact and revenues, or local context.
Açıklama:
Robust organizations' advocacy and screening characteristics are listed below:
• Organizational and customer considerations are clear to advocates.
• Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
• There are numerous avenues to advocate for ideas and find supporters.
• Standards for evaluation are articulated and communicated across the organization.
• A clear, conscious shift towards evaluative objectivity is made.
• Evaluation is as transparent as possible.
• Organizational and customer considerations are clear to advocates.
• Possible ideas are broadly communicated.
• There are numerous avenues to advocate for ideas and find supporters.
• Standards for evaluation are articulated and communicated across the organization.
• A clear, conscious shift towards evaluative objectivity is made.
• Evaluation is as transparent as possible.
Soru 26
Which of the following is not among the typical experimentation characteristics of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Resources are in place for experimentation
B
Process is defined and sanctioned
C
Adoption of external ideas is valued.
D
Documentation of process contributes to the organization.
E
Failure, risk, and resource expenditures are emphasized
Açıklama:
Robust organizations' characteristics of experimentation are listed below:
• Resources are in place for experimentation.
• Process is defined and sanctioned
• Adoption of external ideas is valued.
• Documentation of process contributes to the organization.
• Failure is part of the process, not an endpoint.
• Resources are in place for experimentation.
• Process is defined and sanctioned
• Adoption of external ideas is valued.
• Documentation of process contributes to the organization.
• Failure is part of the process, not an endpoint.
Soru 27
Which of the following is not among the typical commercialization characteristics of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Benefits are articulated and documented.
B
Centralized unit manages this process.
C
Commercialization is controlled and objective driven.
D
Market response feedback is given to experimenters.
E
Failure is considered the end of the process.
Açıklama:
Robust organizations' commercialization characteristics are listed below:
• Public forums are utilized.
• Consumers are involved.
• Benefits are articulated and documented.
• Centralized unit manages this process.
• Commercialization is controlled and objective driven.
• Market response feedback is given to experimenters.
• Public forums are utilized.
• Consumers are involved.
• Benefits are articulated and documented.
• Centralized unit manages this process.
• Commercialization is controlled and objective driven.
• Market response feedback is given to experimenters.
Soru 28
Which of the following is not among the typical diffusion and implementation characteristics of the robust organizations?
Seçenekler
A
Unlearning is understood and prepared for.
B
Values and culture are emphasized.
C
Social networks are utilized.
D
Customer segmentation is established.
E
Objectives may be arbitrary.
Açıklama:
Robust organizations' diffusion and implementation characteristics are listed below:
• The whole organization is targeted.
• Existing initiatives are incorporated.
• Realistic objectives are established.
• Unlearning is understood and prepared for.
• Values and culture are emphasized.
• Social networks are utilized.
• Customer segmentation is established.
• Technology is used for communications.
• Failures are evaluated and considered for further stages or processes.
• The whole organization is targeted.
• Existing initiatives are incorporated.
• Realistic objectives are established.
• Unlearning is understood and prepared for.
• Values and culture are emphasized.
• Social networks are utilized.
• Customer segmentation is established.
• Technology is used for communications.
• Failures are evaluated and considered for further stages or processes.
Soru 29
Which of the following terms refers to the development of early, tangible models of ideas that can be tested with the customer?
Seçenekler
A
Prototyping
B
Sketching
C
Diagramming
D
Storyboarding
E
Wire framing
Açıklama:
Prototyping describes the development of early, tangible models of ideas that can be tested with the customer.
Soru 30
Which of the following refers to the prototypes that relate to the structural aspects of the user interface of a digital product?
Seçenekler
A
Cardboard prototyping
B
Wire frames
C
Wizard of Oz prototyping
D
Paper prototyping
E
Mock-ups
Açıklama:
Wire frames are prototypes that relate to the structural aspects of the user interface of a digital product. They define the positioning of the various interaction elements as well as the functional processes of a feature or application. Wire frames are the skeleton of a user interface that remains when colors, graphics, and design elements are removed.
Soru 31
Regarding various types of innovation adopters, which group of adopters make up the smallest part of the society?
Seçenekler
A
Early Adopters
B
Early Majority
C
Innovators
D
Late Majority
E
Laggards
Açıklama:
Innovators - This group is eager to try new things. New ideas catch their attention. They like to take risks. They want to be a pioneer. When a new product is presented to this group, they will adopt it very easily. This has an important impact on the diffusion of innovation. It is assumed that this group corresponds to 2,5% of the individuals in the society (which is the smallest group).
Soru 32
I. Adapting to changing environmental conditions
II. Differentiating themselves from others
III. Making innovation management practices
Which of the given precautions should be taken by the firms in order to gain competitive advantage in a rapidly changing business environment?
II. Differentiating themselves from others
III. Making innovation management practices
Which of the given precautions should be taken by the firms in order to gain competitive advantage in a rapidly changing business environment?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the idea generation and mobilization process of innovation
In a rapidly changing environment, firms must react quickly to survive. Firms that want to gain a competitive advantage should do more. It is not enough just to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Also, firms should differentiate themselves from other firms and innovate. Today, innovating is a strategy that should be applied to every firm. Recent research shows that firms that can innovate have better performance than other firms, survive for a long time, and increase their profitability. Firms that innovate are more successful in marketing, finance, human resources, production, and research and development than other firms (Daneels, 2002). In the information age, in which it is imperative to adapt to change and innovations rapidly, firms need innovation management practices to survive.
In a rapidly changing environment, firms must react quickly to survive. Firms that want to gain a competitive advantage should do more. It is not enough just to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Also, firms should differentiate themselves from other firms and innovate. Today, innovating is a strategy that should be applied to every firm. Recent research shows that firms that can innovate have better performance than other firms, survive for a long time, and increase their profitability. Firms that innovate are more successful in marketing, finance, human resources, production, and research and development than other firms (Daneels, 2002). In the information age, in which it is imperative to adapt to change and innovations rapidly, firms need innovation management practices to survive.
Soru 33
- Increasing efficiency and profitability
- Enabling entry into new markets
- Enlarging the existing market
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
I, II, III
D
II, III
E
I, III
Açıklama:
Explain the idea generation and mobilization process of innovation
For firms, innovation is a very important competitive tool as it increases efficiency and profitability, enables entry into new markets, and enlarges the existing market.
For firms, innovation is a very important competitive tool as it increases efficiency and profitability, enables entry into new markets, and enlarges the existing market.
Soru 34
- Idea generation and mobilization
- Experimentation
- Commercialization
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the idea generation and mobilization process of innovation
5 stages accepted by MIT Sloan Management Review and developed by Desouza et al. (2014) are used. Desouza et al. examined the studies conducted on the innovation process in their studies and finally defined 5 stages. Accordingly, the innovation process consists of idea generation and mobilization, advocacy and screening, experimentation, commercialization, diffusion, and implementation steps, iteratively.
5 stages accepted by MIT Sloan Management Review and developed by Desouza et al. (2014) are used. Desouza et al. examined the studies conducted on the innovation process in their studies and finally defined 5 stages. Accordingly, the innovation process consists of idea generation and mobilization, advocacy and screening, experimentation, commercialization, diffusion, and implementation steps, iteratively.
Soru 35
- Social networks are utilized in robust organizations
- Values and culture are emphasized in robust organizations
- The technology is fully supported by brittle organizations
Which of the given sentences does not represent the differences between robust and brittle firms and their processes?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the idea generation and mobilization process of innovation
In Robust organizations:
In Brittle organizations:
In Robust organizations:
- The whole organization is targeted.
- Existing initiatives are incorporated.
- Realistic objectives are established.
- Unlearning is understood and prepared for.
- Values and culture are emphasized.
- Social networks are utilized.
- Customer segmentation is established.
- Technology is used for communications.
- Failures are evaluated and considered for further stages or processes.
In Brittle organizations:
- There is a lack of dialogue.
- Objectives may be arbitrary.
- Old processes persist and unlearning is slow and not encouraged.
- Change is not obviously in line with existing values or culture.
- External stakeholders are disregarded.
- Technology is not fully supported.
- Failure is an endpoint.
Soru 36
- It is a creative process
- Used by firms to figure out solutions
- Consists of ideas that can be a source of innovation
Which of the given statements is/are true about idea generation step of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the idea generation and mobilization process of innovation
Idea generation is the creative process or procedure that a firm uses to figure out solutions to any number of difficult challenges. In this process, there are existing ideas that can be a source of innovation. Ideas in the process need not always be completely new. Often, existing ideas or some processes can be changed and renewed.
Idea generation is the creative process or procedure that a firm uses to figure out solutions to any number of difficult challenges. In this process, there are existing ideas that can be a source of innovation. Ideas in the process need not always be completely new. Often, existing ideas or some processes can be changed and renewed.
Soru 37
- Allowing evaluation of an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems
- Makes harder to make decisions regarding the potential of the newly created idea
- Ideas are transformed from their raw form to their more mature form
Which of the given statements is/are false about the advocacy and screening step of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the advocacy and screening process of innovation
The advocacy and screening phase allows us to evaluate an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems. It makes it easier for us to make decisions about the potential of the newly created idea. In this process, ideas are transformed from their raw form to their more mature form. Unnecessary parts of the idea can be discarded or improvements can be made in this process.
The advocacy and screening phase allows us to evaluate an idea and understand its potential benefits and problems. It makes it easier for us to make decisions about the potential of the newly created idea. In this process, ideas are transformed from their raw form to their more mature form. Unnecessary parts of the idea can be discarded or improvements can be made in this process.
Soru 38
- This stage is a feasibility study
- Ideas that have commercial value or can be commercialized are sustainable.
- Innovation must be offered as a service or product and have a commercial value.
Which of the given statements is/are true about the experimentation step of the innovation process?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the experimentation process of innovation
This stage is a feasibility study. If innovation is a product, its prototype is made. Innovation must be offered as a service or product and have a commercial value. Otherwise, ideas cannot progress. Ideas that have commercial value or can be commercialized are sustainable. Tested ideas are evaluated for suitability in a particular context. The experimentation process is more costly than the first two stages. The prototypes can sometimes be difficult for the firm to create in terms of resources. Also, the first version is always the weakest product. Therefore, the proposed innovation must have a high potential in the long run to pass this stage.
This stage is a feasibility study. If innovation is a product, its prototype is made. Innovation must be offered as a service or product and have a commercial value. Otherwise, ideas cannot progress. Ideas that have commercial value or can be commercialized are sustainable. Tested ideas are evaluated for suitability in a particular context. The experimentation process is more costly than the first two stages. The prototypes can sometimes be difficult for the firm to create in terms of resources. Also, the first version is always the weakest product. Therefore, the proposed innovation must have a high potential in the long run to pass this stage.
Soru 39
- Firms overestimate the potential of their products
- Managers should know the process well and have a plan for every situation
- The next stage should not be initiated before the product is fully ready
Which of the given statements is/are among the points that firms should be aware of in the commercialization process?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the commercialization process of innovation
There are some points to be aware of in the commercialization process. The first is that firms tend to overestimate the potential of their products. This overestimation should not be mistaken and the commercialization process should be operated well. This process will prevent unnecessary resource consumption. Another important point is that managers should know the process well and have a plan for every situation. Finally, the next stage should not be initiated before the product is fully ready
There are some points to be aware of in the commercialization process. The first is that firms tend to overestimate the potential of their products. This overestimation should not be mistaken and the commercialization process should be operated well. This process will prevent unnecessary resource consumption. Another important point is that managers should know the process well and have a plan for every situation. Finally, the next stage should not be initiated before the product is fully ready
Soru 40
- Laggards
- Late majority
- Innovators
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the diffusion and implementation process of innovation
It is possible to divide the consumer group into five categories:
It is possible to divide the consumer group into five categories:
- Innovators
- Early Adopters
- Early Majority
- Late Majority
- Laggards
Soru 41
- They are eager to try new things
- They like to take risks
- They follow innovators
Which of the given statements do not/does not represent the characteristics of the innovators?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
I, II
C
Only III
D
II, III
E
I, II, III
Açıklama:
Explain the diffusion and implementation process of innovation
Innovators - This group is eager to try new things. New ideas catch their attention. They like to take risks. They want to be a pioneer. When a new product is presented to this group, they will adopt it very easily. This has an important impact on the diffusion of innovation. It is assumed that this group corresponds to 2,5% of the individuals in the society.
Innovators - This group is eager to try new things. New ideas catch their attention. They like to take risks. They want to be a pioneer. When a new product is presented to this group, they will adopt it very easily. This has an important impact on the diffusion of innovation. It is assumed that this group corresponds to 2,5% of the individuals in the society.
Ünite 5
Soru 1
- Environmental scanning
- Strategy formulation
- Strategy implementation
- Evaluation and control
Seçenekler
A
I-II
B
I-III
C
III-IV
D
II-III-IV
E
I-II-III-IV
Açıklama:
Explain the strategic management process
The strategic management process consists of four essential elements: (1) Environmental scanning, (2) strategy formulation, (3) strategy implementation, and (4) evaluation and control.
The strategic management process consists of four essential elements: (1) Environmental scanning, (2) strategy formulation, (3) strategy implementation, and (4) evaluation and control.
Soru 2
______ is a process encompassing strategy formulation, application, and evaluation of the results.
Which of the following completes the blank above correctly?
Which of the following completes the blank above correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Financial planning
B
Financial management
C
Strategic management
D
Strategic planning
E
Forecast-based planning
Açıklama:
Explain the strategic management process
Strategic management is a process encompassing strategy formulation, application, and evaluation of the results.
Strategic management is a process encompassing strategy formulation, application, and evaluation of the results.
Soru 3
Which of the following is not true about the resource-based approach?
Seçenekler
A
The creation of competitive advantage relies on the organization’s position in its industry
B
Organization’s competitive advantage stems from its endowment of strategic resources
C
It is used interchangeably with the resource-based view
D
The approach focuses on the internal environment of the organization
E
The resource base of the organization is critical in accessing
Açıklama:
Explain the strategic management process
According to the positioning approach, the creation of competitive advantage relies on the organization’s position in its industry.
According to the positioning approach, the creation of competitive advantage relies on the organization’s position in its industry.
Soru 4
If an organization strives to attain superior returns by identifying and positioning itself in the market’s sub-sectors, which of the following strategies does this organization conduct?
Seçenekler
A
Creation
B
Innovation
C
Differentiation
D
Niche
E
Low-cost
Açıklama:
Describe innovation strategies
The niche or focus strategy is based on the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry. An organization adopting this alternative selects a segment of the market and tailor its offerings for that segment. The idea behind the niche strategy is that an organization strives to attain superior returns by identifying and positioning itself in the market’s sub-sectors.
The niche or focus strategy is based on the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry. An organization adopting this alternative selects a segment of the market and tailor its offerings for that segment. The idea behind the niche strategy is that an organization strives to attain superior returns by identifying and positioning itself in the market’s sub-sectors.
Soru 5
What are organizations that have a narrow product-market domain and do not tend to search for new opportunities outside of this domain called?
Seçenekler
A
Analyzers
B
Defenders
C
Prospectors
D
Reactors
E
Entrepreneurs
Açıklama:
Describe innovation strategies
Defenders are organizations that have a narrow product-market domain and do not tend to search for new opportunities outside of this domain.
Defenders are organizations that have a narrow product-market domain and do not tend to search for new opportunities outside of this domain.
Soru 6
Which of the following group are in a vicious cycle of responding inappropriately to environmental change and uncertainty, worsened by their reluctance to act aggressively in the future?
Seçenekler
A
Imitators
B
Prospectors
C
Reactors
D
Defenders
E
Analyzers
Açıklama:
Describe innovation strategies
Reactors are in a vicious cycle of responding inappropriately to environmental change and uncertainty, worsened by their reluctance to act aggressively in the future. In other words, reactors lack a consistent strategy-structure-culture relationship, and their responses to environmental pressures tend to be piecemeal strategic changes
Reactors are in a vicious cycle of responding inappropriately to environmental change and uncertainty, worsened by their reluctance to act aggressively in the future. In other words, reactors lack a consistent strategy-structure-culture relationship, and their responses to environmental pressures tend to be piecemeal strategic changes
Soru 7
Which of the following is not among the advantages of fast-follower strategy?
Seçenekler
A
Allowing market uncertainty to disappear
B
Learning from the mistakes of pioneers
C
Introducing superior manufacturing techniques
D
Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development
E
Introducing products with superior technology or design features
Açıklama:
Describe innovation strategies
Advantages of fast-follower strategy are (1) allowing market uncertainty to disappear, (2) learning from the mistakes of pioneers, (3) introducing superior manufacturing techniques, (4) introducing products with superior technology or design features, and (5) fine-tuning the marketing mix. Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development is one of the disadvantages of first-movers.
Advantages of fast-follower strategy are (1) allowing market uncertainty to disappear, (2) learning from the mistakes of pioneers, (3) introducing superior manufacturing techniques, (4) introducing products with superior technology or design features, and (5) fine-tuning the marketing mix. Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development is one of the disadvantages of first-movers.
Soru 8
Which of the following process of the technology life cycle constructs the pool from that fundamental revisions of the current technology are being made?
Seçenekler
A
Generic research
B
Applied R&D
C
Production scale-up
D
Technological maturity
E
Technology appropriation
Açıklama:
Describe technology strategies
In the first stage, organizations make significant initial investments in generic research. Generic research constructs the pool from which fundamental revisions of the current technology are being made. Generic research is full of uncertainties and risks; thus, businesses tend to leave these efforts to government initiatives.
In the first stage, organizations make significant initial investments in generic research. Generic research constructs the pool from which fundamental revisions of the current technology are being made. Generic research is full of uncertainties and risks; thus, businesses tend to leave these efforts to government initiatives.
Soru 9
Which of the following process of the technology life cycle is characterized by an increased commitment to the technology and formulating strategies for exploitation?
Seçenekler
A
Technology appropriation
B
Technological maturity
C
Applied R&D
D
Generic research
E
Production scale-up
Açıklama:
Describe technology strategies
Production scale-up process is characterized by an increased commitment to the technology and formulating strategies for exploitation. Prototypes transform into marketable product.
Production scale-up process is characterized by an increased commitment to the technology and formulating strategies for exploitation. Prototypes transform into marketable product.
Soru 10
Which of the following has a narrower time-span?
Seçenekler
A
Appropriating Technology
B
Managing Technology
C
Determining Technology Availability
D
Technology Positioning
E
Industry Forecasting
Açıklama:
Describe technology strategies
Formulation of technology strategy can be stretched to more than twenty years, including six stages: Setting horizons (20+ Years), industry forecasting (10-20 Years), technology positioning (5-10 Years), Determining Technology Availability (2-5 Years), Appropriating Technology (1-2 Years), Managing Technology (0-1 Year)
Formulation of technology strategy can be stretched to more than twenty years, including six stages: Setting horizons (20+ Years), industry forecasting (10-20 Years), technology positioning (5-10 Years), Determining Technology Availability (2-5 Years), Appropriating Technology (1-2 Years), Managing Technology (0-1 Year)
Soru 11
From a broader perspective, strategy encompasses the _______, _______, and _______ that enable an organization to succeed.
Which of the following combination completes the sentence above?
Which of the following combination completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
ideas, decisions, actions
B
capabilities, plans, tactics
C
movements, designs, methods
D
ideas, movements, capabilities
E
tactics, decisions, methods
Açıklama:
From a broader perspective, strategy encompasses the ideas, decisions, and actions that enable an organization to succeed
Soru 12
Which of the following is not a feature distinguish strategy from the other related managerial?
Seçenekler
A
Strategy is a result.
B
Strategy requires research activities
C
Strategy formulation is never done in perfectly rational conditions.
D
The distinguishing characteristic is uncertainty.
E
Strategy is more about the journey rather than the destination itself.
Açıklama:
Strategy is a process. It sets a general direction for the organization to grow and develop rather than immediate action.
Soru 13
Strategic thinking requires a sophisticated understanding level, which highlights the importance of structural explanations, designing the future, and _____-level of thinking.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Systems
B
Elementer
C
High
D
Advanced
E
Basic
Açıklama:
Strategic thinking requires a sophisticated understanding level, which highlights the importance of structural explanations, designing the future, and systems-level of thinking.
Soru 14
- New technologies and the rise in the average level of education intensified competition.
- Increasing awareness of sustainability led the organizations to find out environmentally friendly inputs.
- The trend toward digitalization resulted in more integrated economies.
- Attitudes toward consumerism and consumer rights were developed both locally and globally.
Seçenekler
A
I, II and IV
B
I, II and III
C
II, III and IV
D
I, III and IV
E
I and IV
Açıklama:
The trend toward digitalization resulted in more integrated economies is false. The correct statement is "the trend toward globalization resulted in more integrated economies."
Soru 15
Which of the following is a correct statement about strategic management?
Seçenekler
A
It decreases resistance to change by giving logical explanations on decisions.
B
It divides decision-making processes into the organizational objectives.
C
It decreases overall efficiency and effectiveness of the organization.
D
It increases the total time spent on conflict resolution
E
It motivates employees for past-oriented thinking.
Açıklama:
It decreases resistance to change by giving logical explanations on decisions.
Soru 16
________, low-cost, and niche strategies are strategic alternatives that an organization can pursue to create better value prop.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Differentiation
B
First-Mover
C
Follower
D
Time-Focused
E
Reactors
Açıklama:
Differentiation, low-cost, and niche strategies are strategic alternatives that an organization can pursue to create better value propositions.
Soru 17
Which of the following is the elements of the strategic management process correctly listed in?
Seçenekler
A
Environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation & control
B
Environmental scanning, strategy implementation, strategy formulation and evaluation & control
C
Strategy implementation, environmental scanning, strategy formulation and evaluation & control
D
Strategy implementation, environmental scanning, evaluation & control, strategy formulation
E
Strategy formulation, environmental scanning, strategy implementation and evaluation & control
Açıklama:
The strategic management process consists of four essential elements: (1) Environmental scanning, (2) strategy formulation, (3) strategy implementation, and (4) evaluation and control
Soru 18
Successful accomplishment of innovation initiative requires a ____________.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Strategic orientation
B
Strategic management
C
Strategic thinking
D
Innovativeness
E
Focused strategy
Açıklama:
Successful accomplishment of innovation initiative requires a strategic orientation.
Soru 19
_________ are the residual organizations who “missed the bus”.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Reactors
B
Prospectors
C
Analyzers
D
Defenders
E
Keepers
Açıklama:
The reactors are the residual organizations who “missed the bus”.
Soru 20
Which of the following is the process of technology strategy formulation correctly listed in?
Seçenekler
A
Setting Horizons, industry forecasting, technology positioning, determining technology availability, appropriating technology, managing technology
B
Setting Horizons, technology positioning, determining technology availability, appropriating technology, managing technology, industry forecasting
C
Technology positioning, determining technology availability, setting horizons, appropriating technology, managing technology, industry forecasting
D
Technology positioning, setting horizons, appropriating technology, managing technology, industry forecasting, determining technology availability
E
Managing technology, setting horizons, technology positioning, appropriating technology, industry forecasting, determining technology availability
Açıklama:
Setting Horizons, industry forecasting, technology positioning, determining technology availability, appropriating technology, managing technology
Soru 21
From a broader perspective ___ encompasses the ideas, decisions, and actions that enable an organization to succeed.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Strategy
B
Thinking
C
Management
D
Policy
E
Vision
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
From a broader perspective, strategy encompasses the ideas, decisions, and actions that enable an organization to succeed
From a broader perspective, strategy encompasses the ideas, decisions, and actions that enable an organization to succeed
Soru 22
Which of the following is not among the features that distinguish strategy from the other related managerial concept?
Seçenekler
A
Strategy is a process.
B
Strategy requires research activities.
C
Strategy is more about the journey rather than the destination itself.
D
Strategy is made up of a hierarchically coherent set of objectives.
E
Strategy can lead to historical dynamics.
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
1. Strategy is a process. It sets a general direction for the organization to grow and develop rather than immediate action. 2. Strategy requires research activities. Alternatives have to be generated, and the best possible alternative has to be chosen under the organizational circumstances. 3. Historical dynamics can lead to preferred areas and alternatives, but strategy is always about searching for new possibilities. 4. Strategy formulation is never done in perfectly rational conditions; thus, strategy formulation must be based on highly aggregated, incomplete, and uncertain information about the strategic choices. 5. The distinguishing characteristic is uncertainty. Strategy inherently uses feedback to overcome the doubts on strategic alternatives. 6. Strategy is more about the journey rather than the destination itself. 7. Strategy is made up of a
1. Strategy is a process. It sets a general direction for the organization to grow and develop rather than immediate action. 2. Strategy requires research activities. Alternatives have to be generated, and the best possible alternative has to be chosen under the organizational circumstances. 3. Historical dynamics can lead to preferred areas and alternatives, but strategy is always about searching for new possibilities. 4. Strategy formulation is never done in perfectly rational conditions; thus, strategy formulation must be based on highly aggregated, incomplete, and uncertain information about the strategic choices. 5. The distinguishing characteristic is uncertainty. Strategy inherently uses feedback to overcome the doubts on strategic alternatives. 6. Strategy is more about the journey rather than the destination itself. 7. Strategy is made up of a
Soru 23
___requires a sophisticated understanding level, which highlights the importance of structural explanations, designing the future.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Strategic management
B
Strategic thinking
C
Strategic Management Approach
D
Positioning Approach
E
Resource-Based Approach
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Strategic thinking requires a sophisticated understanding level, which highlights the importance of structural explanations, designing the future,
Strategic thinking requires a sophisticated understanding level, which highlights the importance of structural explanations, designing the future,
Soru 24
Which of the following describes the sequential set of the strategic management process?
Seçenekler
A
Environmental scanning - strategy implementation-strategy formulation- evaluation and control
B
Strategy formulation- environmental scanning -strategy implementation- evaluation and control
C
Evaluation and control- environmental scanning - strategy formulation-strategy implementation
D
Strategy implementation-strategy formulation- evaluation and control- environmental scanning
E
Environmental scanning - strategy formulation-strategy implementation- evaluation and control
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
The strategic management process consists of four essential elements: (1) Environmental scanning, (2) strategy formulation, (3) strategy implementation, and (4) evaluation and control
The strategic management process consists of four essential elements: (1) Environmental scanning, (2) strategy formulation, (3) strategy implementation, and (4) evaluation and control
Soru 25
Organizations employing ___ at the business level try to provide unique and superior value to the buyer.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Niche strategy
B
Low-cost strategy
C
Differentiation strategy
D
Risk focused strategy
E
Opportunity focused strategy
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Organizations employing differentiation strategy at the business level try to provide unique and superior value to the buyer.
Organizations employing differentiation strategy at the business level try to provide unique and superior value to the buyer.
Soru 26
___are organizations with fairly broad product lines that focus on product innovation and market opportunities.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Reactors
B
Analyzers
C
Defenders
D
Prospectors
E
Inventors
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Prospectors are organizations with fairly broad product lines that focus on product innovation and market opportunities
Prospectors are organizations with fairly broad product lines that focus on product innovation and market opportunities
Soru 27
Which of the following is among the time-focused innovation strategy?
Seçenekler
A
Opportunity
B
Differentiation
C
Low-cost
D
Niche
E
First-mover
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
Time-Focused Innovation Strategies
When is the right time to enter the market? This is a critical decision surrounding innovation strategies for every organization. Competition is dynamic; therefore, choosing the correct timing is crucial. Correctly calculated entry timing decisions will boost the organization’s competitive advantage while out-maneuvering competitors within an industry (Ahmed and Sheperd, 2010: 90). In addition to timing, another factor that needs to be considered is time to market (TTM) for innovative products. Time to market is the duration of time from the product being conceived to its reaching the marketplace. If products are outdated quickly, TTM gains importance (Trott, 2017: 502). Organizations can employ the first-mover strategy or follower strategy. To decide optimal entry time, answers to the following questions should be clarified (Schilling, 2013: 95-99).
Time-Focused Innovation Strategies
When is the right time to enter the market? This is a critical decision surrounding innovation strategies for every organization. Competition is dynamic; therefore, choosing the correct timing is crucial. Correctly calculated entry timing decisions will boost the organization’s competitive advantage while out-maneuvering competitors within an industry (Ahmed and Sheperd, 2010: 90). In addition to timing, another factor that needs to be considered is time to market (TTM) for innovative products. Time to market is the duration of time from the product being conceived to its reaching the marketplace. If products are outdated quickly, TTM gains importance (Trott, 2017: 502). Organizations can employ the first-mover strategy or follower strategy. To decide optimal entry time, answers to the following questions should be clarified (Schilling, 2013: 95-99).
Soru 28
Technologies grow in a pattern that generally follows an ___. This pattern is usually called the technology life cycle. The cycle includes ___sequential processes.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
S-curve-four
B
Linear-three
C
Horizontal- two
D
Curve- five
E
Cycle-six
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Technologies grow in a pattern that generally follows an S-curve. This pattern is usually called the technology life cycle. The cycle includes four sequential processes.
Technologies grow in a pattern that generally follows an S-curve. This pattern is usually called the technology life cycle. The cycle includes four sequential processes.
Soru 29
The disadvantages of pioneering organizations are the advantages of ___.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Defenders
B
Followers
C
Analyzers
D
Prospectors
E
Reactors
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
The disadvantages of pioneering organizations are the advantages of followers.
The disadvantages of pioneering organizations are the advantages of followers.
Soru 30
Which of the following is not among the disadvantages of the first-mover strategy?
Seçenekler
A
Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development, such as the risk of trivial innovation driving out more profitable breakthrough innovations.
B
Higher costs as a result of the required investments in technology.
C
Low costs due to more thorough concept and prototype testing.
D
Disadvantages related to possible positioning and pricing mistakes inherent with accelerated development.
E
Disadvantages related to being locked in on first-generation technology prevent organizations from taking advantage of the latest technology
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development, such as the risk of trivial innovation driving out more profitable breakthrough innovations. • Higher costs as a result of the required investments in technology. • High costs due to more thorough concept and prototype testing. • Consumer-based disadvantages are related to the inability to exploit opportunities arising from shifts in consumers’ preferences and purchase criteria as the market develops. • Disadvantages related to being locked in on first-generation technology prevent organizations from taking advantage of the latest technology. • Disadvantages related to possible positioning and pricing mistakes inherent with accelerated development
Higher costs due to the hidden costs of accelerating development, such as the risk of trivial innovation driving out more profitable breakthrough innovations. • Higher costs as a result of the required investments in technology. • High costs due to more thorough concept and prototype testing. • Consumer-based disadvantages are related to the inability to exploit opportunities arising from shifts in consumers’ preferences and purchase criteria as the market develops. • Disadvantages related to being locked in on first-generation technology prevent organizations from taking advantage of the latest technology. • Disadvantages related to possible positioning and pricing mistakes inherent with accelerated development
Ünite 6
Soru 1
Which of the following is not an intellectual and artistic works?
Seçenekler
A
Patent
B
Architecture
C
Literature
D
Database
E
Music
Açıklama:
Patent are not an intellectual and artistic works, it is an industrial property.
Soru 2
- Intellectual property rights are the product of the industrial productions.
- They can be built on intangible goods.
- Rights are subjected to private law.
- They provide financial and moral benefits to the right holder.
Seçenekler
A
II, III ve IV
B
I and II
C
III and IV
D
II and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
"Intellectual property rights are the product of the industrial productions." is false.
Soru 3
The World Intellectual Property Organization is an ____________ organization that became one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations in 1974.
Seçenekler
A
Intergovernmental
B
Foundation
C
Association
D
Chamber
E
Affiliation
Açıklama:
The World Intellectual Property Organization is an intergovernmental organization that became one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations in 1974.
Soru 4
Where is the World Intellectual Property Organization headquarter?
Seçenekler
A
Geneva
B
Paris
C
London
D
Washington DC
E
Berlin
Açıklama:
The World Intellectual Property Organization headquarter is Geneva
Soru 5
What does Most-favored-nation mean?
Seçenekler
A
Treating other people equally.
B
Treating foreigners and locals equally.
C
Protection of intellectual property rights
D
Development of intellectual property
E
Providing cooperation between intellectual property organizations.
Açıklama:
Most-favored-nation: Treating other people equally.
Soru 6
Which of the following is not a purpose for the establishment of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office?
Seçenekler
A
To create a monopoly market within the country
B
To contribute to Turkey’s technological progress
C
To present the information and documentation related to industrial property rights at home and abroad to the public’s benefit.
D
To ensure the development of research and development activities
E
To establish industrial property rights with patents and trademark
Açıklama:
To create a monopoly market within the country is not a purpose for the establishment of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office. Contrary to this, the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office aims to create a free competition environment within the country.
Soru 7
Which of the following is false for Turkish Patent and Trademark Office?
Seçenekler
A
It forbidden by the legislation that establish a company at home or abroad.
B
It supports academic activities and educational activities related to the subjects included in its field of duty.
C
It performs other duties assigned by the legislation.
D
It publishes documents on industrial property rights.
E
It carries out mediation activities in compulsory license transactions and is an expert in courts.
Açıklama:
It may establish a company at home or abroad upon the decision of the President.
Soru 8
- Rewarding the idea workers by supporting technological and cultural progress
- Recognition of physical productivity by society
- Enrichment of public information and cultural treasury
- Withdrawal of foreign capital
Which of the above combination is correct objectives of intellectual property protection?
Seçenekler
A
I, III and IV
B
II, III and IV
C
I, II, III and IV
D
I and II
E
I and III
Açıklama:
Rewarding the idea workers by supporting technological and cultural progress, enrichment of public information and cultural treasury and withdrawal of foreign capital are correct objectives of intellectual property protection.
Soru 9
- Literary and Scientific Works
- Musical Works
- Works of Fine Arts
- Cinematographic Works
Seçenekler
A
I, II, III and IV
B
II, III and IV
C
II and III
D
III and IV
E
I, III and IV
Açıklama:
According to regulation the Intellectual and Artistic Works Law, intellectual and artistic works are divided into four groups:
1. Literary and Scientific Works
2. Musical Works
3. Works of Fine Arts
4. Cinematographic Works
1. Literary and Scientific Works
2. Musical Works
3. Works of Fine Arts
4. Cinematographic Works
Soru 10
Which of the following has aesthetic value?
Seçenekler
A
Architectural works
B
Musical arrangements
C
Transforming works
D
Databases
E
Softwares
Açıklama:
Architectural works are works of fine arts, which have aesthetic value.
Soru 11
Which of the following is a form of industrial property rights?
Seçenekler
A
Music
B
Architecture
C
Fine arts
D
Cinema
E
Product design
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
Music, architecture, fine arts and cinema are types of intellectual and artistic works, which can be copyrighted. However, a product design brings an innovation and is categorized as an industrial property right.
Music, architecture, fine arts and cinema are types of intellectual and artistic works, which can be copyrighted. However, a product design brings an innovation and is categorized as an industrial property right.
Soru 12
I. Being a product of human mind
II. Being subject to private law
III. The ability to be claimed against everyone
IV. The ability to be built on intangible goods
Which of the arguments above are among the features of intellectual property rights?
II. Being subject to private law
III. The ability to be claimed against everyone
IV. The ability to be built on intangible goods
Which of the arguments above are among the features of intellectual property rights?
Seçenekler
A
I and II
B
II and III
C
I, II and III
D
II, III and IV
E
I, II, II and IV
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
The features of intellectual property rights are as follows
The features of intellectual property rights are as follows
- Intellectual property rights are the product of the human mind.
- They can be built on intangible goods.
- Rights are subjected to private law.
- They are absolute rights, they can be claimed against everyone.
- They provide financial and moral benefits to the right holder.
Soru 13
"To ensure the protection and development of intellectual property all over the world with the contributions of member states, and to strengthen administrative solidarity by providing cooperation between intellectual property organizations."
To which organization/formation the objective above belongs?
To which organization/formation the objective above belongs?
Seçenekler
A
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
B
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
C
Turkish Patent and Trademark Office
D
Turkish Patent Institute
E
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
The main objective of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is to ensure the protection and development of intellectual property all over the world with the contributions of member states, and to strengthen administrative solidarity by providing cooperation between intellectual property organizations.
The main objective of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is to ensure the protection and development of intellectual property all over the world with the contributions of member states, and to strengthen administrative solidarity by providing cooperation between intellectual property organizations.
Soru 14
According to the law no. 5846 which is on intellectual and artistic works, which of the following is not a type of intellectual and artistic works?
Seçenekler
A
Literary and scientific works
B
Musical works
C
Works of fine arts
D
Cinematographic works
E
Industrial design
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to RIGHTS ON INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS (COPYRIGHT) in Chapter 6 in your book.
According to the law, the intellectual and artistic works are divided into four groups:
According to the law, the intellectual and artistic works are divided into four groups:
- Literary and Scientific Works
- Musical Works
- Works of Fine Arts
- Cinematographic Works
Soru 15
I. Works originating in one of the Contracting States must be given the same protection in each of the other Contracting States as the latter grants to the works of its own nationals.
II. Protection must not be conditional upon compliance with any formality.
III. Protection is independent of the existence of protection in the country of origin of the work. If, however, a Contracting State provides for a longer term of protection than the minimum prescribed by the Convention and the work ceases to be protected in the country of origin, protection may be denied once protection in the country of origin ceases.
Which of the rules above are among the principles on which the Berne Convention based?
II. Protection must not be conditional upon compliance with any formality.
III. Protection is independent of the existence of protection in the country of origin of the work. If, however, a Contracting State provides for a longer term of protection than the minimum prescribed by the Convention and the work ceases to be protected in the country of origin, protection may be denied once protection in the country of origin ceases.
Which of the rules above are among the principles on which the Berne Convention based?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only II
C
I and II
D
I and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to RIGHTS ON INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS (COPYRIGHT) in Chapter 6 in your book.
All of the rules given in the question are the basic principles of the Berne Convention.
All of the rules given in the question are the basic principles of the Berne Convention.
Soru 16
........... can be defined as a document showing that the creative thinking of the inventor is protected under legal provisions for a certain period of time.
Which of the following words is suitable to complete the sentence above correctly?
Which of the following words is suitable to complete the sentence above correctly?
Seçenekler
A
Patent
B
Intellectual property rights
C
Industrial design
D
Fine arts
E
Trademark
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
The description given in the question is about patents. Patents are a type of industrial property rights.
The description given in the question is about patents. Patents are a type of industrial property rights.
Soru 17
I. Being new
II. Involving an inventive step
III. The applicability to industry
Which of the features above are among the conditions of patentability?
II. Involving an inventive step
III. The applicability to industry
Which of the features above are among the conditions of patentability?
Seçenekler
A
Only I
B
Only III
C
I and II
D
Iı and III
E
I, II and III
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
All three conditions given in the question are the prerequisites of patentability.
All three conditions given in the question are the prerequisites of patentability.
Soru 18
Which of the following is not able to apply for a trademark to Turkish Patent and Trademark Office?
Seçenekler
A
Citizens of the Republic of Turkey
B
Natural or legal entities settled or engaged in industrial or commercial activities within the borders of the Republic of Turkey
C
Persons who have the right of the application according to the Paris Convention or Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization
D
According to the reciprocity principle, persons whose citizenships are in states that provide Turkish citizens the protection of industrial property rights
E
People living in the borders of European Union
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
According to the law no: 6769; article 3,
are able to apply for a trademark to Turkish Patent and Trademark Office.
According to the law no: 6769; article 3,
Citizens of the Republic of Turkey,
Natural or legal entities settled or engaged in industrial or commercial activities within the borders of the Republic of Turkey,
Persons who have the right of the application according to the Paris Convention or Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization,
According to the reciprocity principle, persons whose citizenships are in states that provide Turkish citizens the protection of industrial property rights,
are able to apply for a trademark to Turkish Patent and Trademark Office.
Soru 19
Which of the following is not in the scope of the Industrial Property Law (No: 6769)?
Seçenekler
A
Trademarks
B
Geographical signs
C
Patents
D
Translations
E
Utility models
Açıklama:
If your answer is incorrect please refer to INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS in Chapter 6 in your book.
A translation is not considered to be an industrial property right.
A translation is not considered to be an industrial property right.
Soru 20
- Literature
- Utility models
- Fine arts
- Trademarks
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I - III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
Copyrights arise spontaneously with the creation of the work. There is no need for such a procedure as notification or registration. On the other hand, the rights in the industrial property category such as patents, utility models, trademarks, and designs should be registered in and administrative institution such as the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TÜRKPATENT).
Soru 21
When was the Paris Convention adopted?
Seçenekler
A
1867
B
1883
C
1921
D
1967
E
1979
Açıklama:
The World Intellectual Property Organization, headquartered in Geneva, was established on 14 June 1967 with The WIPO Convention. Convention entered into force in 1970 and was amended in 1979. The World Intellectual Property Organization is an intergovernmental organization that became one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations in 1974.
The Paris Convention was adopted in 1883.
The Paris Convention was adopted in 1883.
Soru 22
Since when has Turkey been a party to The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights?
Seçenekler
A
1967
B
1974
C
1983
D
1995
E
2001
Açıklama:
Turkey has been a party to The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) since 1995.
Soru 23
- To contribute to Turkey’s technological progress
- To financially support research and development activities
- To set customs tax ratios for intellectual properties
- To create a free competition environment within the country
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I - III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
Purposes for the establishment of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office can be listed as follows:
Purposes for the establishment of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office can be listed as follows:
- To contribute to Turkey’s technological progress
- To create a free competition environment within the country
- To ensure the development of research and development activities
- To establish industrial property rights with patents and trademarks and to provide protection in this regard
- To present the information and documentation related to industrial property rights at home and abroad to the public’s benefit.
Purposes for the establishment of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office can be listed as follows:
- To contribute to Turkey’s technological progress
- To create a free competition environment within the country
- To ensure the development of research and development activities
- To establish industrial property rights with patents and trademarks and to provide protection in this regard
- To present the information and documentation related to industrial property rights at home and abroad to the public’s benefit.
Soru 24
Which Decision was signed by Turkey that Turkey has entered under the obligation harmonization of intellectual property legislation with the EU acquis?
Seçenekler
A
Decision No 1/74
B
Decision No 1/87
C
Decision No 1/95
D
Decision No 1/12
E
Decision No 1/15
Açıklama:
In terms of international relations, intellectual property rights must be protected. For example, Turkey signed Decision No 1/95, Establishing the Customs Union between EU and Turkey, has entered under the obligation harmonization of intellectual property legislation with the EU acquis, and to effectively protect these rights.
Soru 25
Which of the following is NOT protected as intellectual work?
Seçenekler
A
Architectural works
B
Dances
C
Topographical models
D
Translations
E
Data in the database
Açıklama:
- Databases obtained by the selection and compilation of data and materials according to a specific purpose and a specific plan which are in a form that can be read by a device or in any other form (This protection can not be extended to the data and materials contained in the database.)
- Databases obtained by the selection and compilation of data and materials according to a specific purpose and a specific plan which are in a form that can be read by a device or in any other form (This protection can not be extended to the data and materials contained in the database.)
Soru 26
Which IAWL Article gives the animator of a cinematographic work that was produced with the technique of animation joint authorship?
Seçenekler
A
Article 5
B
Article 8
C
Article 11
D
Article 14
E
Article 15
Açıklama:
For cinematographic works that are produced with the technique of animation, the animator is also among the joint authors of the work (IAWL Article 8).
Soru 27
When did Turkey sign the Berne Convention?
Seçenekler
A
1951
B
1962
C
1974
D
1983
E
1995
Açıklama:
Turkey signed the Berne Convention on 27 October 1951, and it came into force on January 1, 1952. Afterward, in 1995, it adopted the Paris Text of the Convention in 1971 with the law numbered 4117.
Soru 28
Which law regulates industrial property rights in Turkey?
Seçenekler
A
Law No. 6769
B
Law No. 6698
C
Law No. 5651
D
Law No. 5901
E
Law No. 4857
Açıklama:
In Turkey, industrial property rights are regulated by Industrial Property Law (IPL) dated December 22, 2016, and No. 6769. Industrial Property Law No. 6769 came into force on 10 January 2017.
Soru 29
- New
- Marketable
- Industrial applicability
- Lawful
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I - III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
New, Involves an inventive step, Industrial applicability Figure 6.1 Conditions of Patentability
Ünite 7
Soru 1
_______ defined as creating or adopting new ideas, products, services, programs, technology, policy, structure, or new administrative systems.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation
B
Strategy
C
Policy
D
Procedure
E
Tactics
Açıklama:
Innovation is defined as creating or adopting new ideas, products, services, programs, technology, policy, structure, or new administrative systems.
Soru 2
Which of the following is among the fundamental reasons why countries innovate?
Seçenekler
A
Employment
B
Economic growth
C
Human development
D
Economic stability
E
Politic stability
Açıklama:
One of the fundamental reasons why countries innovate and develop is the contribution to economic growth.
Soru 3
Which of the following is true about innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation is always done in products and services.
B
Innovation is always related to new products and services.
C
Innovation is done by only businesses.
D
Innovation is only an economic system.
E
Innovation is also a social system.
Açıklama:
Innovation is not only an economic but also a social system.
Innovation is also a social system.
Innovation is also a social system.
Soru 4
Which of the following is not among the positive contributions of innovation activities to society and the economy?
Seçenekler
A
Reduces living standards
B
Constant economic progress and growth
C
Increase in employment rates
D
Efficient and effective use of resources
E
Leap in the number of patents
Açıklama:
The positive contributions of innovation activities to society and the economy are listed as follows:
• Increases observed in welfare in the social area,
• Improvement in living standards,
• Constant economic progress and growth,
• Increase in employment rates,
• Efficient and effective use of resources,
• Increase in foreign trade,
• Uncovering new resources,
• Increase in regional development,
• Leap in the number of patents,
Reduces living standards
• Increases observed in welfare in the social area,
• Improvement in living standards,
• Constant economic progress and growth,
• Increase in employment rates,
• Efficient and effective use of resources,
• Increase in foreign trade,
• Uncovering new resources,
• Increase in regional development,
• Leap in the number of patents,
- An increase in entrepreneurship rates,
• Efficient and effective use of energy
resources,
• Saving the economy from being foreigndependent
Reduces living standards
Soru 5
Which of the following is not among the benefits of innovation to companies?
Seçenekler
A
Providing competitive advantage
B
Increasing the share rate in the market
C
Increase in costs
D
Increase in profitability
E
Transforming the information into an economic phenomenon
Açıklama:
Innovation reduces the costs.
Increase in costs
Increase in costs
Soru 6
Which of the following is not among the factors that slow down innovation activities or damage expected results?
Seçenekler
A
High costs
B
Lack of demand
C
Skilled personnel
D
Supportive laws and innovation incentives
E
Lack of information
Açıklama:
Various factors can prevent innovation activities. There may be reasons for not starting innovation activities at all, or there may be factors that slow down innovation activities or damage expected results. These include economic reasons such as high costs and lack of demand, enterprise factors such as skilled personnel and lack of information, and legal factors such as regulations and tax rules.
Supportive laws and innovation incentives
Supportive laws and innovation incentives
Soru 7
Which of the following is among the cost factors that hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Inadequate innovation efforts
B
Lack of qualified employees
C
Technology deficiency
D
Lack of information on markets
E
Excessive perceived risks
Açıklama:
Excessive perceived risks is among the cost factors that may hinder innovation.
Soru 8
Which of the following is among the knowledge factors that hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Excessive perceived risks
B
High costs
C
Insufficient outsourcing of information and services
D
Insufficient capital within the enterprise
E
Insufficient external capital in the business
Açıklama:
Insufficient outsourcing of information and services is among the knowledge factors that may hinder innovation.
Soru 9
Which of the following is not among the main factors that may hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Individual factors
B
Cost factors
C
Knowledge factors
D
Market factors
E
Institutional factors
Açıklama:
Individual factors are not among the main factors that may hinder innovation.
Soru 10
_______ model refers to a series of interactions between university, industry, and government to promote economic and social development.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
The triple helix innovation
B
Network
C
Alliance
D
Cluster
E
Industrial cooperation
Açıklama:
The triple helix innovation model refers to a series of interactions between university, industry, and government to promote economic and social development.
Soru 11
Which of the following can NOT be listed among the positive contributions of innovation activities to society and the economy?
Seçenekler
A
Increase in entrepreneurship rates
B
Increase in employment rates
C
Increase in foreign trade
D
Increase in regional development
E
Increase in foreign debt
Açıklama:
The positive contributions of innovation activities to society and the economy are listed as follows (Uzkurt, 2008, p.269):
• Increases observed in welfare in the social area,
• Improvement in living standards,
• Constant economic progress and growth,
• Increase in employment rates,
• Efficient and effective use of resources,
• Increase in foreign trade,
• Uncovering new resources,
• Increase in regional development,
• Leap in the number of patents, • An increase in entrepreneurship rates,
• Efficient and effective use of energy resources,
• Saving the economy from being foreigndependent
• Increases observed in welfare in the social area,
• Improvement in living standards,
• Constant economic progress and growth,
• Increase in employment rates,
• Efficient and effective use of resources,
• Increase in foreign trade,
• Uncovering new resources,
• Increase in regional development,
• Leap in the number of patents, • An increase in entrepreneurship rates,
• Efficient and effective use of energy resources,
• Saving the economy from being foreigndependent
Soru 12
Which of the following can NOT be listed among the benefits of innovation to companies?
Seçenekler
A
Increasing the share rate in the market
B
Increase in productivity
C
Increase in profitability
D
Increase in quality
E
Increase in costs
Açıklama:
We can list the benefits of innovation to companies as follows (Uzkurt 2010, p.30):
• A decrease in costs,
• Providing competitive advantage,
• Increasing the share rate in the market,
• Increase in productivity,
• Providing efficiency in the use of raw materials,
• Increase in profitability,
• Transforming the information into an economic phenomenon,
• Increase in quality,
• Expansion of the product mix and line,
• Discovering new market environments,
• Providing convenience in entering new markets,
• Maximizing customer satisfaction,
• Reducing the manufacturing times of the services and products and minimizing the waste given,
• Providing flexibility in manufacturing, marketing, and supply,
• Providing data sharing by improving the communication environment with suppliers, consumers, and intermediary institutions,
• Improving working conditions.
• A decrease in costs,
• Providing competitive advantage,
• Increasing the share rate in the market,
• Increase in productivity,
• Providing efficiency in the use of raw materials,
• Increase in profitability,
• Transforming the information into an economic phenomenon,
• Increase in quality,
• Expansion of the product mix and line,
• Discovering new market environments,
• Providing convenience in entering new markets,
• Maximizing customer satisfaction,
• Reducing the manufacturing times of the services and products and minimizing the waste given,
• Providing flexibility in manufacturing, marketing, and supply,
• Providing data sharing by improving the communication environment with suppliers, consumers, and intermediary institutions,
• Improving working conditions.
Soru 13
According to the Oslo Manual, which of the following is NOT a cost factor that may hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Excessive perceived risks
B
High costs
C
Insufficient capital within the enterprise
D
Insufficient external capital in the business
E
Excessive external capital in the business
Açıklama:
The factors that hinder or may hinder innovation according to the Oslo Manual are listed below (OECD, 2005, p.113):
Cost factors:
• Excessive perceived risks,
• High costs,
• Insufficient capital within the enterprise,
• Insufficient external capital in the business.
Cost factors:
• Excessive perceived risks,
• High costs,
• Insufficient capital within the enterprise,
• Insufficient external capital in the business.
Soru 14
According to the Oslo Manual, which of the following is NOT a knowledge factor that may hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Insufficient outsourcing of information and services
B
Incomplete cooperation in process innovation
C
Insufficient marketing distribution activity
D
Incompatibility of employees working in innovation
E
Over-eagerness in adopting new technologies
Açıklama:
The knowledge factors that hinder or may hinder innovation according to the Oslo Manual are listed below (OECD, 2005, p.113):
Knowledge Factors:
• Inadequate innovation efforts,
• Lack of qualified employees,
• Technology deficiency,
• Lack of information on markets,
• Insufficient outsourcing of information and services,
• Incomplete cooperation in process innovation,
• Insufficient marketing distribution activity,
• Incompatibility of employees working in innovation,
• Reluctance of the management in making innovation,
• The administrative function of the entrepreneur,
• Innovation flaw,
• Inability to devote staff to innovation activity due to production requirements.
Knowledge Factors:
• Inadequate innovation efforts,
• Lack of qualified employees,
• Technology deficiency,
• Lack of information on markets,
• Insufficient outsourcing of information and services,
• Incomplete cooperation in process innovation,
• Insufficient marketing distribution activity,
• Incompatibility of employees working in innovation,
• Reluctance of the management in making innovation,
• The administrative function of the entrepreneur,
• Innovation flaw,
• Inability to devote staff to innovation activity due to production requirements.
Soru 15
The innovation system reflecting the innovation model that combines R&D facilities of universities, public, and private sector institutions and organizations is defined as what?
Seçenekler
A
Helix model approach
B
Double helix approach
C
Triple helix approach
D
Quadruple helix approach
E
Quintuple helix approach
Açıklama:
In a narrow sense, the innovation system reflects the innovation model that combines R&D facilities of universities, public, and private sector institutions and organizations, and is defined as a triple helix approach.
Soru 16
What is the main idea of the innovation systems approach?
Seçenekler
A
The overall innovation performance of an economy is based not only on
specific organizations such as firms and research institutions but also on their interactions with each other and the government on knowledge generation and distribution.
specific organizations such as firms and research institutions but also on their interactions with each other and the government on knowledge generation and distribution.
B
The innovation system emphasizes the central role of institutions.
C
Learning processes take a central position in the systems approach.
D
The innovation system refers to interdependence and nonlinearity.
E
Conceptualizing the importance of institutions and learning processes as
evolutionary systems, the innovation systems approach has significant effects on institutional strategies and public policies.
evolutionary systems, the innovation systems approach has significant effects on institutional strategies and public policies.
Açıklama:
The main idea of the innovation systems approach is that the overall innovation performance of an economy is based not only on specific organizations such as firms and research institutions but also on their interactions with each other and the government on knowledge generation and distribution.
Soru 17
What is described by “the network of organizations in the state and private sectors that creates new practitioner science, transfers it from abroad, transforms and disseminates it through its work and mutual effects” ?
Seçenekler
A
State innovation system
B
Transformative innovation system
C
Private innovation system
D
International innovation system
E
National innovation system
Açıklama:
The national innovation system is the network of organizations in the state and private sectors that creates new practitioner science, transfers it from abroad, transforms and disseminates it through its work and mutual effects (Freeman, 1987).
Soru 18
Which of the following is NOT among the institutions directly related to innovation in Turkey?
Seçenekler
A
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey (KOSGEB)
B
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TÜBİTAK)
C
The Ministry of National Education
D
The National Intelligence Organization
E
The Council of Higher Education
Açıklama:
In our country’s national innovation system, among the institutions directly related to innovation, there are different types of institutions from the public and private sector organizations. The Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies Council under the Presidency of Strategy and Budget under the Presidency of Turkey, Ministry of Treasury and Finance, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Trade, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey (KOSGEB), Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (Türkpatent), Council of Higher Education (YÖK), Universities and Technology Development Zones are examples of these institutions (Uzkurt, 2020, p.88).
Soru 19
Which element of the national innovation system prepares innovation policies, controls the process, provides the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishes the legal framework?
Seçenekler
A
Political and supervisory institutions
B
Supporting institutions that provide technical infrastructure
C
Public and private research institutions
D
Business sector
E
Science system
Açıklama:
Political and supervisory institutions: They prepare innovation policies and control the process. These constitute indispensable elements of innovation by providing the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishing the legal framework.
Soru 20
Which element of the national innovation system undertakes the task of producing and developing technological innovations?
Seçenekler
A
Political and supervisory institutions
B
Supporting institutions that provide technical infrastructure
C
Public and private research institutions
D
Business sector
E
Science system
Açıklama:
The prominent institutions and organizations that make up the national innovation system are as follows (Özdemir, 2010, p.26):
1. Political and supervisory institutions: They prepare innovation policies and control the process. These constitute indispensable elements of innovation by providing the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishing the legal framework.
2. Science system: These actors, especially universities, undertake the task of making inventions in interaction with the public and private sectors and training the academicians and scientists to do them. The most significant advantage of universities over public R&D institutions is their ability to train qualified research staff.
3. Business sector: Firms play an essential role in implementing technological innovations and benefiting from technological changes.
4. Supporting institutions that provide technical infrastructure: They are support
organizations that offer convenience in financial matters such as loans and tax
deductions and assist in issues such as training and laboratory services.
5. Public and private research institutions: They undertake the task of producing and developing technological innovations.
1. Political and supervisory institutions: They prepare innovation policies and control the process. These constitute indispensable elements of innovation by providing the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishing the legal framework.
2. Science system: These actors, especially universities, undertake the task of making inventions in interaction with the public and private sectors and training the academicians and scientists to do them. The most significant advantage of universities over public R&D institutions is their ability to train qualified research staff.
3. Business sector: Firms play an essential role in implementing technological innovations and benefiting from technological changes.
4. Supporting institutions that provide technical infrastructure: They are support
organizations that offer convenience in financial matters such as loans and tax
deductions and assist in issues such as training and laboratory services.
5. Public and private research institutions: They undertake the task of producing and developing technological innovations.
Soru 21
According to the Oslo Manual, which of the following is not one of the knowledge factors that are likely to hinder innovation?
Seçenekler
A
Lack of qualified employees
B
Technology deficiency
C
Insufficient marketing distribution activity
D
Insufficient capital within the enterprise
E
Reluctance of the management in making innovation
Açıklama:
According to the Oslo Manual, the knowledge factors that may hinder innovation are as follows:
The correct answer is D.
- Inadequate innovation efforts,
- Lack of qualified employees,
- Technology deficiency,
- Lack of information on markets,
- Insufficient outsourcing of information and services,
- Incomplete cooperation in process innovation,
- Insufficient marketing distribution activity,
- Incompatibility of employees working in innovation,
- Reluctance of the management in making innovation,
- The administrative function of the entrepreneur,
- Innovation flaw,
- Inability to devote staff to innovation activity due to production requirements.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 22
I. Improving living standards
II. Promoting effective use of energy resources
III. Uncovering new resources
IV. Providing competitive advantage
V. Increasing the share in the market
Which of the above are among direct contributions of innovation to the society?
II. Promoting effective use of energy resources
III. Uncovering new resources
IV. Providing competitive advantage
V. Increasing the share in the market
Which of the above are among direct contributions of innovation to the society?
Seçenekler
A
I, II and III
B
I, III and IV
C
II, III and IV
D
II, IV and V
E
III, IV and V
Açıklama:
The contributions of innovation activities to the society and the economy are as follows:
"Providing competitive advantage" and "increasing the share in the market" are contributions of innovation to companies.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Increasing welfare in the social area,
Improving living standards,
Constant economic progress and growth,
Increasing employment rates,
Increasing foreign trade,
Uncovering new resources,
Increase in regional development,
Leap in the number of patents,
An increase in entrepreneurship rates,
Efficient and effective use of energy resources,
Saving the economy from being foreign-dependent.
"Providing competitive advantage" and "increasing the share in the market" are contributions of innovation to companies.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Soru 23
The ____________________ refers to a series of interactions between university, industry, and government to promote economic and social development.
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
National innovation system
B
Triple helix innovation model
C
Global innovation network
D
Learning economy
E
Know-how
Açıklama:
The triple helix innovation model refers to a series of interactions between university, industry, and government to promote economic and social development.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Soru 24
_________________ is the type of knowledge acquired through use. The process of learning-by-using creates this type of knowledge. Learning-by-using is vital because customers invariably use technological systems differently from how they were designed or produced. Learning occurs through interactions between vendors and customers. Customers use a system and provide feedback to vendors on the desirable system configuration and range of possible uses. Based on this feedback, vendors can modify system configuration.
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Which of the following terms is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Know-how
B
Know-why
C
Know-what
D
Learning economy
E
Learning society
Açıklama:
Know-what is the type of knowledge acquired through use. The process of learning- by-using creates Know-what. Learning-by-using is vital because customers invariably use technological systems differently from how they were designed or produced. Learning occurs through interactions between vendors and customers. Customers use a system and provide feedback to vendors on the desirable system configuration and range of possible uses. Based on this feedback, vendors can modify system configuration.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 25
In which of the following options, five main stakeholders of the national innovation system are provided?
Seçenekler
A
1. Public Sector
2. Universities
3. Business
4. Media
5. Industry
2. Universities
3. Business
4. Media
5. Industry
B
1. State
2. Education
3. Business
4. Relevant Foundations
5. Non-governmental Organizations
2. Education
3. Business
4. Relevant Foundations
5. Non-governmental Organizations
C
1. Public Sector
2. Private Sector
3. Schools
4. Economic Market
5. Foreign Representatives
2. Private Sector
3. Schools
4. Economic Market
5. Foreign Representatives
D
1. State
2. Businesses
3. Universities and Research Institutions
4. Financing Institutions
5. Public-University-Industry Cooperation
2. Businesses
3. Universities and Research Institutions
4. Financing Institutions
5. Public-University-Industry Cooperation
E
1. Schools and Universities
2. Factories
3. Enterprises
4. Ministries
5. Non-governmental Organizations
2. Factories
3. Enterprises
4. Ministries
5. Non-governmental Organizations
Açıklama:
The national innovation system is based on the interaction between institutions. In this system, the main actors are the state, businesses, universities and research Institutions, financing institutions, and the public-university-industry cooperation.
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is D.
Soru 26
This actor of the national innovation system is expected to contribute to practice by carrying out results-oriented studies, and to finance research and invest in new technologies.
Which of the following actors of the national innovation system is defined above?
Which of the following actors of the national innovation system is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
State
B
Universities
C
Industry
D
Media
E
International Financing Institutions
Açıklama:
In Public-University-Industry Cooperation activities, it is expected that the industry will use the supporting mechanisms and incentives within the system created by the state and knowledge created by universities to transform them into high value-added goods and services. Therefore, what is expected from the industry in this cooperation is to contribute to practice by carrying out results-oriented studies. Another expectation from the industry is to finance research and invest in new technologies.
The correct answer is C.
The correct answer is C.
Soru 27
When was the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST) established in Turkey?
Seçenekler
A
1983
B
1987
C
1991
D
1993
E
1997
Açıklama:
The Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST) was established on October 4, 1983 to carry out the national science policy.
The correct answer is A.
The correct answer is A.
Soru 28
Which of the following is not one of the main components of Turkey’s 2023 Industry and Technology Strategy document?
Seçenekler
A
High Technology and Innovation
B
Digital Transformation and Industry Movement
C
Entrepreneurship
D
Human Capital
E
Research and Development
Açıklama:
Turkey’s 2023 Industry and Technology Strategy (“Strategy Document”) was announced on September 18, 2019. The Strategy Document has been prepared with the vision of “National Technology, Strong Industry” by targeting the year 2023 in which the 100th anniversary of the Republic will be celebrated.
The Strategy Document consists of 5 main components. These are:
The Strategy Document consists of 5 main components. These are:
- High Technology and Innovation,
- Digital Transformation and Industry Movement,
- Entrepreneurship,
- Human Capital and
- Infrastructure.
Soru 29
Which of the following is one of the areas that require mission-oriented approach according to the National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (2011- 2016) document?
Seçenekler
A
Defence
B
Health
C
Space
D
Food
E
Automotive
Açıklama:
According to the National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (2011- 2016), the areas in which the R&D and innovation capacity are vital in the country are the areas where the private sector allocates significant resources for R&D and innovation, export capability, and the competitive power based on R&D and innovation. These areas require mission-oriented approaches. In the strategy document, these areas include automotive, ICT and machine manufacturing.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
Soru 30
___________________ specialize in a specific field in terms of both infrastructure and human resources and provide R&D, training, and support services to develop that field.
Which of the following components of the national innovation system in Turkey is defined above?
Which of the following components of the national innovation system in Turkey is defined above?
Seçenekler
A
Angel investors
B
Centers of excellence
C
Clusters
D
Technology development zones
E
Technology transfer offices
Açıklama:
Centers of excellence specialize in a specific field in terms of both infrastructure and human resources and provide R&D, training, and support services to develop that field. Centers of excellence can be established in all fields, including social sciences. Such centers can be separate and independent on their own, or they can be small units specialized in specific areas within an institution.
The correct answer is B.
The correct answer is B.
Ünite 8
Soru 1
________ is an acronym that includes different types of direct human activities such as knowhow, knowledge, invention and innovation, and plays an important role in explaining measurable economic variables such as productivity, growth, employment and competitiveness.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Technology
B
Strategy
C
Policy
D
Innovation
E
Procedures
Açıklama:
Technology is an acronym that includes different types of direct human activities such as knowhow, knowledge, invention and innovation, and plays an important role in explaining measurable economic variables such as productivity, growth, employment and competitiveness.
Soru 2
Which of the following is not among the factors that reveal technology
entrepreneurship?
entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Changing and increasing competition
B
Disadvantages based on technology and knowledge
C
Emerging new sectors
D
The necessity to be flexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
E
The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
Açıklama:
Advantages based on technology and knowledge is among the factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship.
Disadvantages based on technology and knowledge
Disadvantages based on technology and knowledge
Soru 3
According to Schumpeter _______ is to create a reform or revolution by pursuing and bringing innovations in the production process by making a new invention or by producing a new product, or even by producing an old product with a new method.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation
B
Strategy
C
Policy
D
Entrepreneurship
E
Tactics
Açıklama:
According to Schumpeter (1934) entrepreneurship is to create a reform or revolution by pursuing and bringing innovations in the production process by making a new invention or by producing a new product, or even by producing an old product with a new method.
Soru 4
Which of the following is not among the themes of technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
External factors
B
Region’s development
C
Independence
D
Contribution to another field
E
Operations and transformation of small firms
Açıklama:
Interdependence is among the seven themes of technology entrepreneurship.
Independence
Independence
Soru 5
Which of the following is not among the clusters related to the themes of technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Technology Venture Formation
B
Small Technology Firms
C
Mid-sized Firms
D
Large Firms
E
NGOs
Açıklama:
NGOs are not among the three clusters related to the themes of technology entrepreneurship.
Soru 6
Which of the following is not among the subjects covered by the technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Increasing employment
B
Operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists
C
Finding problems of or applications for a particular technology
D
Starting new ventures
E
Working with others to produce technology change
Açıklama:
Increasing employment is not among the subjects covered by the technology entrepreneurship.
Soru 7
_______ technological entrepreneurship is a purposeful and goal-oriented process
that is created and managed by a person or a community through the creation of a technology-oriented organization or renewal of the existing one in an environment where scientific, technical, cultural, social, economic, legal and political elements are articulated in a complex way.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
that is created and managed by a person or a community through the creation of a technology-oriented organization or renewal of the existing one in an environment where scientific, technical, cultural, social, economic, legal and political elements are articulated in a complex way.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation
B
Radical improvement
C
Kaizen
D
Technological entrepreneurship
E
Strategy
Açıklama:
Technological entrepreneurship is a purposeful and goal-oriented process
that is created and managed by a person or a community through the creation of a technology-oriented organization or renewal of the existing one in an environment where scientific, technical, cultural, social, economic, legal and political elements are articulated in a complex way.
that is created and managed by a person or a community through the creation of a technology-oriented organization or renewal of the existing one in an environment where scientific, technical, cultural, social, economic, legal and political elements are articulated in a complex way.
Soru 8
Which of the following is not among the characteristics of technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
(High-tech) Innovation Processes
B
(Techno-Innovative) Project-Idea-Product-R&D-Commercialization Processes
C
(Intensive) Risk Taking
D
Global Competition
E
Kaizen
Açıklama:
Kaizen is not among the characteristics of technology entrepreneurship
Soru 9
_______ is an entrepreneurial initiative that aims to provide technology or research-based innovative products, applications and services to the market; creates, develops and commercializes them, and is led by the founding team or one of these teams.
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Which of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Innovation
B
Product development
C
Diversification
D
Continuous improvement
E
Technology enterprise
Açıklama:
Technology enterprise is an entrepreneurial initiative that aims to provide technology or research-based innovative products, applications and services to the market; creates, develops and commercializes them, and is led by the founding team or one of these teams.
Soru 10
Which of the following is not among the terms used instead of technology enterprise?
Seçenekler
A
Technology-Based Enterprise
B
New Technology-Based Firm
C
Multinational Enterprise
D
Small Technology-Based Firm
E
Technology Venture
Açıklama:
Multinational Enterprise is not among the terms used instead of technology enterprise....
Soru 11
___ is an acronym that includes different types of direct human activities such as knowhow, knowledge, invention and innovation, and plays an important role in explaining measurable economic variables such as productivity, growth, employment and competitiveness.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Technology
B
Globalization
C
Information
D
Entrepreneurship
E
Commercialization
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Technology is an acronym that includes different types of direct human activities such as knowhow, knowledge, invention and innovation, and plays an important role in explaining measurable economic variables such as productivity, growth, employment and competitiveness.
Technology is an acronym that includes different types of direct human activities such as knowhow, knowledge, invention and innovation, and plays an important role in explaining measurable economic variables such as productivity, growth, employment and competitiveness.
Soru 12
___ is a tool that provides wealth for individuals, businesses, territories, and nations.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Information society
B
Technology Entrepreneurship
C
Commercialization of technology
D
Innovative product
E
Innovative policy
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Technology Entrepreneurship is a tool that provides wealth for individuals, businesses, territories, and nations.
Technology Entrepreneurship is a tool that provides wealth for individuals, businesses, territories, and nations.
Soru 13
Which of the following cannot be considered among the factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Emerging new sectors
B
Advantages based on technology and knowledge
C
The social and political conjuncture
D
The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
E
Superior innovative technologies able to create value and respond to consumer needs
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
There are some factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship:
• Advantages based on technology and knowledge
• Changing and increasing competition
• The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
• Emerging new sectors
• The necessity to be flexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
• Superior innovative technologies able to create value and respond to consumer needs
There are some factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship:
• Advantages based on technology and knowledge
• Changing and increasing competition
• The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
• Emerging new sectors
• The necessity to be flexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
• Superior innovative technologies able to create value and respond to consumer needs
Soru 14
Which of the following cannot be considered among the subjects that cover technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists
B
Finding problems of or applications for a particular technology
C
Working with others to produce technology change
D
Taking all the risks and come out for commercial gain
E
Starting new ventures, introducing new applications
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
For the reasons mentioned above, technology entrepreneurship has had different definitions since the past. The definitions in the literature suggest that technology entrepreneurship covers the following subjects (Bailetti, 2012): • operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists, • finding problems of or applications for a particular technology, • starting new ventures, introducing new applications or seizing opportunities based on scientific and technical knowledge, • working with others to produce technology change.
For the reasons mentioned above, technology entrepreneurship has had different definitions since the past. The definitions in the literature suggest that technology entrepreneurship covers the following subjects (Bailetti, 2012): • operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists, • finding problems of or applications for a particular technology, • starting new ventures, introducing new applications or seizing opportunities based on scientific and technical knowledge, • working with others to produce technology change.
Soru 15
I. Motivation
II. Setting goals
III. Technical management skills
IV. Egoistic passion
V. Business management skills
Which of the following are among the key factors that characterise the performance of technology entrepreneurs?
II. Setting goals
III. Technical management skills
IV. Egoistic passion
V. Business management skills
Which of the following are among the key factors that characterise the performance of technology entrepreneurs?
Seçenekler
A
I, III and V
B
II, III and IV
C
III, IV and V
D
I, III and IV
E
II, IV and V
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Motivation, technical management skills and business management skills are three key factors that characterise the performance of technology entrepreneurs.
Motivation, technical management skills and business management skills are three key factors that characterise the performance of technology entrepreneurs.
Soru 16
Which of the following is not among the typical personality profiles of technology entrepreneurs?
Seçenekler
A
Innovator
B
Prodigy
C
Visionary
D
Strategist
E
Bossy
Açıklama:
The answer is E.
1. The Hustler: This person is a go-getter. With an outgoing personality and a presence that exudes confidence, they can sell just about anything.
2. The Innovator: Armed with an adventurous and forward-thinking attitude, Innovators are all about experimenting with the old and exploring the new.
3. The Machine: Equipped with a strong sense of duty and an aptitude for solving problems, The Machine always delivers a product on schedule.
4. The Prodigy: The Prodigy is blessed with an inherent business sense and is instinct, and leverages these skills across all facets.
5. The Strategist: A creative and tactical thinker, The Strategist always comes up with effective and efficient game plans.
6. The Visionary: The Visionary is constantly on the lookout for new and innovative ideas and devising new ways to put them into action.
1. The Hustler: This person is a go-getter. With an outgoing personality and a presence that exudes confidence, they can sell just about anything.
2. The Innovator: Armed with an adventurous and forward-thinking attitude, Innovators are all about experimenting with the old and exploring the new.
3. The Machine: Equipped with a strong sense of duty and an aptitude for solving problems, The Machine always delivers a product on schedule.
4. The Prodigy: The Prodigy is blessed with an inherent business sense and is instinct, and leverages these skills across all facets.
5. The Strategist: A creative and tactical thinker, The Strategist always comes up with effective and efficient game plans.
6. The Visionary: The Visionary is constantly on the lookout for new and innovative ideas and devising new ways to put them into action.
Soru 17
___ is a process by which the results of research projects are transformed into marketable products or services by the researchers themselves or by another group of producers.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Start-ups
B
Commercialization
C
High-tech company
D
Innovation
E
Entrepreneurship
Açıklama:
The answer is B.
Commercialization is a process by which the results of research projects are transformed into marketable products or services by the researchers themselves or by another group of producers
Commercialization is a process by which the results of research projects are transformed into marketable products or services by the researchers themselves or by another group of producers
Soru 18
___ is a person who makes capital investments in companies in exchange for an equity stake.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Mentee
B
Angel investor
C
Venture capitalist
D
Evaluator
E
Educator
Açıklama:
The answer is C.
A venture capitalist is a person who makes capital investments in companies in exchange for an equity stake.
A venture capitalist is a person who makes capital investments in companies in exchange for an equity stake.
Soru 19
Equipped with a strong sense of duty and an aptitude for solving problems, The ___ always delivers a product on schedule.
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Which one of the following completes the sentence above?
Seçenekler
A
Visionary
B
Strategist
C
Prodigy
D
Machine
E
Innovator
Açıklama:
The answer is D.
Equipped with a strong sense of duty and an aptitude for solving problems, The Machine always delivers a product on schedule.
Equipped with a strong sense of duty and an aptitude for solving problems, The Machine always delivers a product on schedule.
Soru 20
Which of the following characteristics is about "crowdfunding"?
Seçenekler
A
New generation investment and funding system based on small donations from large numbers of individuals.
B
Special investment technique which provides capital, invests, and transfers experience to entrepreneurs.
C
Relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person guides a less experienced or less knowledgeable person.
D
Contribute to the technology entrepreneurship ecosystem in the field of education.
E
Activate and manage the flow of information and technology between universities, R&D institutions, companies.
Açıklama:
The answer is A.
Crowdfunding is a new generation investment and funding system based on small donations from large numbers of individuals.
Crowdfunding is a new generation investment and funding system based on small donations from large numbers of individuals.
Soru 21
Which of the following is NOT a defining factor of technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Advantages based on technology and knowledge
B
The necessity to be fexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
C
The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
D
Changing and increasing competition
E
Social welfare and value
Açıklama:
- There are some factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship:
- Advantages based on technology and knowledge
- Changing and increasing competition
- The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
- Emerging new sectors
- The necessity to be fexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
- Superior innovative technologies able to create value and respond to consumer needs.
- There are some factors that reveal technology entrepreneurship:
- Advantages based on technology and knowledge
- Changing and increasing competition
- The increasing importance of knowledge and technology capital
- Emerging new sectors
- The necessity to be fexible, responsive, proactive and innovative
- Superior innovative technologies able to create value and respond to consumer needs.
Soru 22
Which of the following is NOT covered in technology entrepreneurship?
Seçenekler
A
Operating small business owned by engineers or scientists
B
Finding problems of or applications for a particular technology
C
Starting new ventures, introducing new applications or seizing opportunities based on scientific and technical knowledge
D
Working with others to produce technology change
E
Working with traditional practices
Açıklama:
The definitions in the literature suggest that technology entrepreneurship covers the following subjects (Bailetti, 2012):
The definitions in the literature suggest that technology entrepreneurship covers the following subjects (Bailetti, 2012):
- operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists,
- finding problems of or applications for a particular technology,
- starting new ventures, introducing new applications or seizing opportunities based on scientific and technical knowledge,
- working with others to produce technology change.
The definitions in the literature suggest that technology entrepreneurship covers the following subjects (Bailetti, 2012):
- operating small businesses owned by engineers or scientists,
- finding problems of or applications for a particular technology,
- starting new ventures, introducing new applications or seizing opportunities based on scientific and technical knowledge,
- working with others to produce technology change.
Soru 23
- High-tech innovation
- Very low risk taking
- Local competition
- Techno-innovative process
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
Technology entrepreneurship has different characteristics from other types of entrepreneurship. It mostly differs from traditional entrepreneurship by these characteristics:
Technology entrepreneurship has different characteristics from other types of entrepreneurship. It mostly differs from traditional entrepreneurship by these characteristics:
- (High-tech) Innovation Processes
- (Techno-Innovative) Project-Idea-Product-R&D- Commercialization Processes
- (Intensive) Risk Taking
- Global Competition
Technology entrepreneurship has different characteristics from other types of entrepreneurship. It mostly differs from traditional entrepreneurship by these characteristics:
- (High-tech) Innovation Processes
- (Techno-Innovative) Project-Idea-Product-R&D- Commercialization Processes
- (Intensive) Risk Taking
- Global Competition
Soru 24
Which of the following is FALSE for technology enterprises?
Seçenekler
A
Technology enterprises invest more in R&D activities
B
Technology enterprises are dynamic and easily changing
C
Technology enterprises have short product development cycles
D
Technology enterprises usually have short and volatile lives
E
Technology enterprises always focus on local market
Açıklama:
Technology enterprises;
Technology enterprises;
- Invest more in R&D activities,
- employ a higher number of engineers and scientists,
- offer technologically advanced innovative products with complex designs and configurations,
- are dynamic and easily changing,
- have short product development cycles
- usually have short and volatile lives,
- Often lack resources although they are rich in ideas,
- mostly need operational capital for the steps in the process until the launch of an idea.
Technology enterprises;
- Invest more in R&D activities,
- employ a higher number of engineers and scientists,
- offer technologically advanced innovative products with complex designs and configurations,
- are dynamic and easily changing,
- have short product development cycles
- usually have short and volatile lives,
- Often lack resources although they are rich in ideas,
- mostly need operational capital for the steps in the process until the launch of an idea.
Soru 25
- Professional experience
- Traditional status
- Non-agreeable focus
- High fluid intelligence
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
Professional Experience, High Fluid Intelligence, High Openness, Moderate Agreeableness
Figure 8.2 Traits that correlate positively with technology entrepreneurship
Figure 8.2 Traits that correlate positively with technology entrepreneurship
Soru 26
- The Hustler
- The Fixer
- The Traditionalist
- The Visionary
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
According to a study conducted by the Founder Institute, the majority of the founders of successful technology enterprises fit into six main “personality profiles” (see Figure 8.4)
The Hustler, The Innovator, The Machine, The Prodigy, The Strategist, The Visionary
Figure 8.4 Typical Personality Profles of Technology Entrepreneurs
The Hustler, The Innovator, The Machine, The Prodigy, The Strategist, The Visionary
Figure 8.4 Typical Personality Profles of Technology Entrepreneurs
Soru 27
- Producers of Innovations
- Sellers of Innovations
- Customers of Innovations
- R&D of Innovations
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
This ecosystem is formed by the combination of three different areas (see Figure 8.5).
Producers of Innovations
R&D of Innovations
Supporters of Innovations
Figure 8.5 Technology Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
Producers of Innovations
R&D of Innovations
Supporters of Innovations
Figure 8.5 Technology Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
Soru 28
- Researchers
- Government
- Customers
- Inventors
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
The R&D stage covers the process from the idea stage to the production of innovations. Researchers, inventors, universities and organizations play a major role in this process.
Soru 29
- Start-ups
- Traditional Companies
- Government
- Large-scaled high-tech companies
Seçenekler
A
I - II
B
I -III
C
I - IV
D
II - III
E
II - IV
Açıklama:
The producers of the innovations realized by the commercialization of the products resulting from R&D are part of the technology entrepreneurship ecosystem. These producers include technology enterprises of all sizes. Start-ups/spin-offs and large-scaled high-tech companies can be counted among them.
Soru 30
- Governments
- Customers
- Educators
- Angel Investors
- High-tech Companies
Seçenekler
A
I - II - III
B
I - II - IV
C
II - III - V
D
I - III - IV
E
I - II - V
Açıklama:
In the technology entrepreneurship ecosystem, governments, angel investors, venture capitalists, accelerators, technology transfer offices, educators and mentors provide technology entrepreneurs with support in areas such as financial, technical and managerial.