The first difference is related to the responsible speech. The second difference is related to the size of the field from which the material is drawn. The third difference is related to how we understand events. The last difference is related to dogmas.

At the macro level, sociology investigates the structure and change of the societies or social institutions. In other words, macrosociology studies the analysis of large-scale social organizations such as political or economic systems.

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present.

With the technological changes in the 20th century, a new type of society emerged. In the post industrial society, the majority of the production shifted from industrial production to service sector.

Social action is an action which is oriented towards the past, present or future actions of the other people. For example, taking revenge out on someone or buying a burglary insurance are social actions.

The statuses that the individual has in birth, are ascribed statuses. Sex, age, race, ethnic group are examples of ascribed status.

Formal norms are written, established rules such as laws, university exam requirements, and “don’t step on the grass” signs at public parks. The formal norms are the most specific norms.

August Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology.

A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables.

According to Postmodern approach, there is no difference between social science and art or literature. This approach argues that research can not have a function other than describing, and all descriptions are the same in terms of their value.

Page 37.
Durkheim claims that there are four kinds of suicide. These are egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. While the egoistic and the altruistic suicides are influenced by social integration levels, the anomic and the fatalistic suicides are influenced by moral regulation levels of the society. Very low levels of social integration are related to egoistic suicide. Egoistic suicide occurs when family, work and community ties weaken, people can not bound to social groups and find little social guidance about values, norms, traditions and goals. Because of the lack of social integration, they feel that they do not belong to the society. When bonds weaken due to loss of family, loss of friends, or a retirement, probability of egoistic suicide increases. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Page 37.
Durkheim claims that there are four kinds of suicide. These are egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. While the egoistic and the altruistic suicides are influenced by social integration levels, the anomic and the fatalistic suicides are influenced by moral regulation levels of the society. Very high levels of moral regulation are related to fatalistic suicide. The opposite of anomic suicide, fatalistic suicide occurs when people are excessively regulated and disciplined. For example, people in prisons may prefer to die rather than continue to live under oppressive conditions. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Page 4.
there are important differences between commonsense and sociology. These can be summarized in four points:
• The first difference is related to the responsible speech. Unlike people depending on commonsense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech.
• The second difference is related to the size of the field from which the material is drawn.
• The third difference is related to how we understand events.
• The last difference is related to dogmas. In everyday life, repeated actions become habitual and commonsense does not ask critical questions.
Therefore, the correct option is D.

Page 7.
In the most general level, societies before the 18th century are called “traditional societies”. In the Western world, the majority of the traditional societies transformed through Enlightenment, Scientific and Political Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution, and a new society emerged. This new type of society is called “the industrial society” or “the modern society”. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Page 7.
Hunting and Gathering Societies: The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. However, today there are only a few hunting and gathering societies in the world. This type of society consists of small numbers of people, such as 30-40 people. People are nomad and gain their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering edible plants. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Page 9.
In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Page 11.
When they are born, individuals do not have any idea about who they are. In time, they learn what other people think about them and they learn to think in the same way. While children grow, they see that people perceive women different from men, Christians different from Muslims, the poor dıfferent from the rich. They learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual develops widely depends on how people define their status in society. Self is the totality of the perceptions and thoughts related to our identity and our qualifications. In other words, self is a relatively stable set of perceptions and thoughts of who we are in relation to the others and ourselves. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Page 13.
Socialization is the interaction process in which the individuals learn the language, values, norms, attitudes, knowledge and skills, in short, the culture of the society they live in. Socialization is the process by which a society transmits its social values, norms, and culture to its members. Socialization must not be confused with socializing. Socializing is interacting with other people, the members of the family or workplace, or friends. Socialization is the process in which the individual learns how to be a member of the society he/ she lives in, the process that prepares them to function in social life. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Page 17.
Positive sciences split up to physical sciences and social sciences. Physical sciences are the sciences which study animated and unanimated substances and material facts. Some of the physical sciences are astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and zoology. Social sciences are the sciences which study social world and the relations among people. Sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics and political science are some of the social sciences. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Page 20.
Theories consist of a set of interrelated propositions, some of which are testable. A proposition is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two concepts. Hypotheses are testable propositions. A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables. Variables are measurable indicators of concepts. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Durkheim, in his seminal study entitled “Suicide” (1897) shows that suicide rates are higher in men than women, higher for singles than people in a relationship and higher among Protestants than Catholics. He also found that suicide rates are higher in times of peace than times of war; and higher in times of economic crisis than times of economic welfare. The correct answer is Choice D.

Depending on these similarities and differences, Durkheim developed a theory and explained suicide as a sociological phenomenon, as a social fact. The correct answer is Choice C.

Durkheim developed a theory and explained suicide as a sociological phenomenon, as a social fact. He claimed that there are four types of suicides and the rates of suicide are based on the degrees of social integration and moral regulation in that society. When these two social factors increase or decrease too much, suicide rates get higher. The correct answer is Choice A.

Sociologist C. Wright Mills used the concept of sociological imagination to define the awareness of the relationship between personal, private experience and the wider society. Sociological imagination means to comprehend the history, the biography, and their relationship in the society. Mills argues that people have to understand wider patterns in order to understand the problems related to their works, families or neighbors. The correct answer is Choice C.

Sociologists classify the types of societies depending mainly on their characteristics of production. Therefore, although
human groups have established many types of societies through the history, sociologists usually refer to six types of society. Correct answer is Choice A.

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. The correct answer is Choice B.

Agrarian societies are the societies of small rural communities which are engaged in agriculture. They often hunt animals and gather edible plants in addition to agricultural production. The correct answer is Choice C.

With the technological changes in the 20th century, a new type of society emerged. In the post industrial society, the majority of the production shifted from industrial production to service sector. The service sector, including communication, health, banking and insurance had a larger proportion in industry than before. Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. Agrarian societies are the societies of small rural communities which are engaged in agriculture. The correct answer is Choice E.

Not every action is a social action. Social action is an action which is oriented towards the past, present or future actions of the other people. For example, taking revenge out on someone or buying a burglary insurance are social actions. If two people on the way change their directions because of only personal reasons, this is not a social action. However, if they think they are going to crash each other and they change their directions in order to prevent this clash, this is a social action. In short, if an action is made towards other people’s actions, it is a meaningful social action. The correct answer is Choice D.

As a separate social science discipline, sociology originated with Comte in the middle of 19th century. Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology. Positivism is the philosophy of knowledge which asserts the social world can be understood, explained and estimated with scientific methods, mostly the methods of physical sciences. The correct answer is Choice B.

E

A

B

E

A

B

b

c

Statement in option A explains the essentials of the positivist approach. Accordingly, this approach regards reality regardless of subjective opinions and tries to understand it through objective discovery.

D

The areas that sociologists investigate are parts of our everyday lives. Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories, religion, authority, etc. In everyday life, people do think and talk about these issues depending on their own experiences, in other words, with commonsense. This is not the same for physical sciences. For example, the experiences of people do not mean anything for astronomy or chemistry.
Sociologists live in the society they investigate, they have families, they work in the work places, they are a part of the economy. They cannot completely isolate themselves from the society. In addition, what people say and do is the basis of the research subject of sociology. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Unlike people depending on common sense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech. People who talk with regard to common sense generally think and talk depending on few people’s lives and experiences. Sociologists, on the other hand, broaden their horizons, use a wider perspective and can link individual biographies to social processes. Sociologists do not make personalized interpretations. Sociology discusses the flow of the life in details.
The statement, 'Sociology is always in conflict with common sense' doesn't explain the difference between sociology and common sense. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Sociologists classify the types of societies depending mainly on their characteristics of production. Therefore, although human groups have established many types of societies through the history, sociologists usually refer to six types of society. These are; Hunting and Gathering Societies, Pastoral Societies, Agrarian Societies,Traditional States, Industrial (Modern) Societies and Post-Industrial Societies.
Communication is not a means of production and, it is not one of the types of societies sociology classifies. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Social institution refers to arrangements involving large numbers of people whose behaviors are guided by norms and roles. Social institutions include thoughts on how to reach the aims that are considered significant. The main social institutions, family, religion, economy, education, health and politics exist in every society, although sometimes they appear in different forms.
'A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals.
'Social facts consist of ways of acting, thinking, and feeling, which are external to the individual, and endowed with a power of coercion. They are the creation of human activities but they are not intended' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Social groups are the main blocks of the society. The group is a set of people who are in mutual interaction, who share specific expectations and who take into consideration the other’s behaviors. In other words, social group is a set of people who share common goals and interests, who are interrelated and who have a continuous interaction for a while.
Members of the group do share a sense of unity and bond of solidarity. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Socialization is the interaction process in which the individuals learn the language, values, norms, attitudes, knowledge and skills, in short, the culture of the society they live in.
'Socialization is the process by which a society transmits its social values, norms, and culture to its members' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Social scientists must not manipulate the data or the findings with the intent of supporting their assertions. They should consider all kind of evidence, including the ones which have the capacity to refute their arguments or to reject their hypothesis.
Objectivity in research requires using all kind of evidence, including the ones which have the capacity to refute your own argument or to reject your hypothesis. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

The Interpretive approach claims that unlike the physical world, which exist independent of human activity, the social world is established through the cultural relations, the meaningful and intentional actions of people. According to Interpretive approach, social facts are not fixed and stable, they constantly continue to be established.
Interpretive approach argues that social reality cannot be investigated with the methods physical scientists use to investigate the physical realities. The purpose of social research for Interpretive approach is not to explain the casualty relationships, it is to explore how people create meaning, understand and interpret social action and social life. Interpretive approach ultimately makes an explanation too. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Factual, comparative and developmental questions are important for gathering information, but this is not enough for sociologists. Sociologists also try to understand what the facts mean. Questions such as “Why are women politically represented less than men?”, “Why did crime rates increase in the last 50 years in Turkey?” are theoretical questions.
Theoretical question questions ask what underlies beneath the social facts. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The areas that sociologists investigate are parts of our everyday lives. Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories, religion, authority, etc. However, sociologists live in the society they investigate, they have families, they work in the work places, they are a part of the economy. They cannot completely isolate themselves from the society. What people say and do is the basis of the research subject of sociology. Nevertheless, there are important differences between commonsense and sociology. Thus, B is the correct answer.

All of those are among the factors that distinguish sociology from commonsense. Hence, E is the correct answer.

Society is not the sum of gathered people. What makes a society is not people themselves. Rather, it is the totality of the relationships among the people. Although the concept of society is often used to refer to a nation, they are different concepts. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. Thus, C is the correct answer.

Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. Hence, D is the corect answer.

Social facts are sui generis, in other words, they are peculiar in their characteristics. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

According to Mead, the language phase allows individuals to respond to each other’s opinions or emotions. Emotions like anger or happiness, and opinions about a person or a subject are conveyed through the language. B is the correct answer.

Scientists do not take any finding as absolute truth. Any finding in the future research may confute the former information about a fact. Scientific knowledge accumulates by gathering new information, rejecting theories and developing better ones. Therefore, E is the correct answer.

An independent variable is a reason; it is the variable which affects the dependent variable. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Also known as Hermeneutic Approach, Interpretive approach depends on the thoughts of Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber. B is the correct answer.

Unlike people depending on commonsense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech.

At the meso level, which is known as mesosociology, sociologists study the experiences of groups and the interactions between groups.

Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep.

Social structure is composed of these social actions of and the interactions among the members of the society. In other words, the social structure is the regular, permanent and stereotyped relations among the members of the society.

Self is the totality of the perceptions and thoughts related to our identity and our qualifications. In other words, self is a relatively stable set of perceptions and thoughts of who we are in relation to the others and ourselves.

As a separate social science discipline, sociology originated with Comte in the middle of 19th century. Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology.

To clarify the difference in their perspectives, let us look what different social science disciplines would focus on when they study family. Psychologists may study how the personality develops in the family context. Anthropologists may study different family structures in different cultures. Political scientists may study how a particular political decision would influence the families. Economists may study the consumption patterns or unemployment levels of families. Sociologists may study how the families are shaped by the society they exist in or how the changes in the family structure influence the structure of the society.

Social scientists are members of the society they investigate, they may influence the people they investigate and may be influenced by them.

Data gathering techniques used in quantitative research design are structured (controlled) observation, structured (controlled) interview, questionnaire, experiment, quasi-experiment and survey.

The case study is the examination of a social fact in its own social context, through a variety of data gathering techniques.

Durkheim, in his seminal study entitled “Suicide” (1897) shows that suicide rates are higher in men than women, higher for singles than people in a relationship and higher among Protestants than Catholics. He also found that suicide rates are higher in times of peace than times of war; and higher in times of economic crisis than times of economic welfare. Depending on these similarities and differences, Durkheim developed a theory and explained suicide as a sociological phenomenon, as a social fact. The correct answer is Choice C.

Sociology has three levels of inquiry. At the macro level, sociology investigates the structure and change of the societies or social institutions. In other words, macrosociology studies the analysis of large-scale social organizations such as political or economic systems. At the meso level, which is known as mesosociology, sociologists study the experiences of groups and the interactions between groups. At the micro level, namely microsociology, sociologists investigate the smallest levels of interaction, such as the everyday behaviors in face-to-face interactions. Microsociology studies may include interactions between friends or couples, or only the perception of the self. The correct answer is Choice D.

In the most general level, societies before the 18th century are called “traditional societies”. In the Western world, the majority of the traditional societies transformed through Enlightenment, Scientific and Political Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution, and a new society emerged. This new type of society is called “the industrial society” or “the modern society”. In specific, the traditional societies are categories as hunting and gathering societies, pastoral societies, agrarian societies and traditional states. The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. However, today there are only a few hunting and gathering societies in the world. This type of society consists of small numbers of people, such as 30-40 people. People are nomad and gain their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering edible plants. Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. These societies generally live in areas which are not suitable for agriculture. These societies consist of a larger population than hunting and gathering societies. Their population varies from a few hundred people to many thousand people. Agrarian societies are the societies of small rural communities which are engaged in agriculture. They often hunt animals and gather edible plants in addition to agricultural production. Their existence period is approximately same with pastoral societies. The societies known as traditional states or non-industrial civilizations existed between 6000 BC to 19th century. The correct answer is Choice A.

Social institution refers to arrangements involving large numbers of people whose behaviors are guided by norms and roles. A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms. Neither the society nor the members of the society obtain themselves incidentally. Most of our activities are structured, regular, continuous and repetitive. Social structure is composed of these social actions of and the interactions among the members of the society. In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals. A status is the rank, the position that one holds in the society. Anybody may occupy the status of a son or a daughter, a husband or a wife, a teacher, or a mother. Statuses are divided into two basic types. These are ascribed and achieved status. Society expects specific behaviors from people who hold specific statuses and these expected behaviors are called “roles”. Roles are composed of the rights and assignments appropriate to the social status. The correct answer is Choice D.

As a separate social science discipline, sociology originated with Comte in the middle of 19th century. Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology. Positivism is the philosophy of knowledge which asserts the social world can be understood, explained and estimated with scientific methods, mostly the methods of physical sciences. Positivist sociologists believed that as there are natural laws in the physical world, so there are universal and structural laws in social life and sociology should reveal these laws and regularities. The correct answer is Choice B.

The roots of the social sciences, which emerged in the 19th century, lie in the Enlightenment period. There are many disciplines of social sciences, such as economics, history, political science, anthropology, psychology, and these are all related to each other. All of these disciplines examine human behavior, they are all interested in the human- built social World. Philosophy and sociology have a close relation. The rise of sociology is mostly the result of a philosophical desire, the desire to give meaning to human history, to explain the social crisis in the 19th century and to create a social doctrine that will guide to social politics. The relation between philosophy and sociology has three main dimensions. First, sociology makes use of philosophy of science, as it is a science itself. Second, sociology is interested in values while studying social facts, so it has to know the debates of values in ethics and social philosophy. Third, sociology helps new philosophical questions to arise. The correct answer is Choice B.

The sciences, in the most general sense, are divided into two; the mathematic sciences and positive sciences. Mathematical sciences are divided into mathematic and logic. Positive sciences are divided into physical sciences and social sciences. Mathematic is an observable and objective science, because the starting point of mathematical concepts is observation, and the entities they symbolize are objective realities, even though they are abstract. The other branch of mathematic sciences is logic. Logic is a science that shows the conditions of validity and correctness of deductions, and like mathematics, logic is also tautological. Mathematics provides precision and logic provides consistency to our knowledge. Thus, mathematical sciences are tools that other sciences use for quantification, knowledge derivation and deducting. Positive sciences are innovative sciences, they have observable, empirical study subjects and make deductions on these subjects. Positive sciences split up to physical sciences and social sciences. Physical sciences are the sciences which study animated and unanimated substances and material facts. Some of the physical sciences are astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and zoology. Social sciences are the sciences which study social world and the relations among people. Sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics and political science are some of the social sciences. The correct answer is Choice C.

There are some important differences between physical and social sciences: (1) Physical scientists may conduct experiments in order to test and prove hypotheses. In social sciences, the study subjects are human beings and they have the right not to join the test. In addition, creating an environment of a laboratory may hinder people from behaving naturally, thus may be an obstacle to reaching the actual facts. For this reason, social scientists prefer to investigate people in their natural environments rather than in a laboratory environment. (2) In physical sciences, providing that all conditions of the circumstance will be the same, experiments enable scientists to make explicit predictions. However, it is impossible to make predictions with this much certainty in social sciences. The interaction of individuals, groups and society are complex and people may change their minds with their own will, for this reason making estimations in social sciences is not this easy. People may react and behave differently in the same circumstances, they may interpret the same fact differently, or may change their minds. Consequently, the regularities or laws in the social world cannot be put forward with the same certainty degree as in physical sciences. (3) In physical sciences, scientists cannot influence the reaction of their subjects. However, social scientists are members of the society they investigate, they may influence the people they investigate and may be influenced by them. Thus, it is harder to be objective in social sciences than it is in physical sciences. In addition to this, unlike social sciences, physical scientists do not have to persuade the study subjects to cooperate in research. In social sciences, the subjects have free will, the scientists have to persuade the people they investigate to cooperate. People may prefer not to cooperate in research, refuse to answer the questions, or they may give incorrect or deficit information, or may lie intentionally. This kind of behavior would make a sociological research impossible, difficult or unreliable. (4) In physical sciences scientists may investigate facts singly and examine the causality relationship between them. On the contrary, because the structure of the society is complex and there are many factors influencing the causality relations, social scientists have to take the social world as a whole. (5) Measurement is much easier in physical sciences. The subjects of physical sciences are often in measurable conditions, they may be expressed by measures such as weight, length, density or volume. Because there are not standard measures for measuring behaviors, perceptions or attitudes of people, it is harder to make measurements in social sciences. The correct answer is Choice E.

The approach which depends on the thoughts of Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber is Interpretive Approach. Critical approach depends on the thoughts of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. When the structure of social reality is examined, it will be seen that Critical Approach supports the idea that social realities are the conflicts which are created by the underlying mechanisms of the surface. They cannot be seen at first glance by individuals. On the other hand, the approach which supports the idea that social realities are the regularities which exist independent of individual subjectivity and which wait to be discovered is the Positivist Approach. In Critical Approach, the aim of the social research is to criticize and transform social relations and to change the World not to understand and define social action and to put forward how people make sense of social facts in their natural environments. It is the aim of the social research in Interpretive Approach. In Critical Approach, a good finding displays the illusions and uncovers social realities. In terms of human nature, Critical Approach supports the idea that people are creative entities with potential, who are trapped by illusions and exploitation not the idea that people do not act with their own will, they act rationally and their behaviors are shaped by exterior forces. It is supported by the Positivist Approach. The correct answer is Choice C.

Unstructured (not controlled, in-depth) interview is an interview design in which the researcher interviews a few people but gathers very in-depth and detailed information. Interview forms are not used in unstructured interviews; the interviews are conducted in a conversation environment. In life story interview the researcher interviews people who reflect the research problem. The interview includes the entire life course in details. The researcher tries to understand the social fact s/he studies through the life experiences of the participants. Oral history is similar to the life story interview. However, in oral history, not the entire life is subject to the interview. The interview includes only a part, a historical period of the life of the participant. The case study is the examination of a social fact in its own social context, through a variety of data gathering techniques. In case study, only a single critical case is examined rather than a larger sample of the population, and the researcher focuses only on this case rather than more general indicators of the research problem. Thus, the researcher may make longer and more detailed observations. The “case” in the case study may be an event, an institution, a group or a person. For example, the case may be a specific hospital, a specific strike, or a person who had an occupational injury. The analysis of documents like books, newspapers, magazines, reports, records, correspondences, proceedings, diaries, memoirs or letters are called document analysis or documentary analysis. There are a number of analysis methods for analyzing documents, such as content analysis or critical discourse analysis. The correct answer is Choice D.

Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories,
religion, authority, etc.

The construction of relationships is a social matter involved with society and types of societies, which is not entirely related with common sense. The final differentiation between common sense and sociology relates to dogmas.

The answer is E because at the micro level, namely microsociology, sociologists investigate the smallest levels of interaction, such as the everyday behaviors in face-to-face interactions. Microsociology studies may include interactions between friends or couples, or only the perception of the self.

Hunter-gatherer societies, usually consisting of small numbers of people, have very little social inequality and any inequalities that do exist are based on honor rather than wealth. As a result, there are no rich or poor people and no social division based on wealth, but rather cooperation among members. This is caused by their lack of agriculture, resulting in a lack of long term storable food, requiring cooperation and sharing of their limited resources to sustain their livelihood.

Agrarian societies are rooted in agriculture, but also hunt animals and gather edible plants in addition to agricultural production. The first form of agrarian societies emerged when people cultivated small gardens with simple tools, and important economic inequalities exist among their people.

The answer is D. A,B,C are examples for social action and E is a social fact.

The answer is A

Completing the requirements of a professional degree or level of education is an achieved status. The other examples are ascribed statuses

Social values are the standards that we consult to know what is wrong and what is right. Empathy towards animals could be a social value in a society that respects creatures other than humans.

The industrial revolution was an important set of changes in technological, economic and social developments characterised by the emergence of new energy sources allowing for mass production.

Unlike people depending on common sense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech. This means they make a clear distinction between untested personal claims and the statements corroborated by evidence. This is very important point because the trust to and credibility of scientific knowledge depends on the belief that scientists follow rules of responsible speech.

The areas that sociologists investigate are parts of our everyday lives. Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories, religion, authority, etc.

Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. These societies generally live in areas which are not suitable for agriculture. These societies consist of a larger population than hunting and gathering societies. Their population varies from a few hundred people to many thousand people. There is also more social inequality in this type of societies. Members of pastoral societies are engaged in trade and this causes a division between the rich and the poor. In these societies, there are non-economic social inequalities, too.

Social institution refers to arrangements involving large numbers of people whose behaviors are guided by norms and roles. A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that
reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms.

Individuals learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual
develops widely depends on how people define their status in society.

Although the knowledge of the main concepts like the numbers or shapes depends on observations, the relationship among these concepts is based on some presuppositions. For example, the triangle concept, a shape consisting of three intersecting lines, is based on observations. But the presupposition that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, has no concern with observations.

Theories consist of a set of interrelated propositions, some of which are testable. A proposition is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two concepts.

All people related to the research problem consists the research
population. However, often it is neither possible nor necessary to gather data from all the population. In this phase of reseach, the researcher decides from whom s/he will gather the data. The researcher sets the sample size and selects the sample by using an appropriate sampling technique.

• All of them are empirical, because all of them investigate observable facts related to human actions such as behaviors, images, voices or states.
• All of them are systematical because all of them refuse arbitrary, defective, inadequate studies and all include rigorous and meticulous studies.
• All of them are theoretical because although the nature and purpose of theories are different for each approach, none of the approaches claims that the social world consists of chaos and disorder; all of them defend that explaining or understanding
the social world is possible.

The extrinsic factors are not totally under control in
quasi-experiments. In quasi-experiments, the control group is not constituted in the beginning of the experiment. After observing the results of the experimental group, a new group is selected in order to make a comparison. This new group has similar characteristics with the experimental group but it is not formed in the laboratory environment.